ELLIOTT'S FRUIT BOOK ; OR, THE American Jfntit-fokfs ORCHARD AND GARDEN. BEING A COMPEND OP THE HISTORY, MODES OF PROPAGATION, CULTURE. &C., OP FRi'TT TREES AND SHRUBS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OP NEARLY ALL THE VARIETIES OF FRUITS CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY : NOTES OF THEIR ADAPTATION TO LOCALITIES AND SOILS, AND ALSO A COMPLETE LIST OP FKUIT3 WORTHY OF CULTIVATION. BY F. K. ELLIOTT. \\ NEW YORK: C. M. SAXTON, AGRICULTURAL BOOK PUBLISHER, No. 152 FULTON STREET. 1854. Eiitered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by C. M. SAXTON, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in acd for the Southern District of New York. E. O. JENKINS, |3rtntrr anti Stmotppcr, 114 Nassau Street. BRAIXARD & BPBRIWGJ ISncfrabrrs, Herald Block, TO PEOF. JAEED P. KIETLAND, s 00Iwmc is geiuattfr, BY HIS FRIEND, THE AUTHOB 6G786? PREFACE. FEW objects are more engaging than the culture of fruit. Hope, with all her pleasing fancies, encircles every planter of a fruit tree ; while year after year, as it is nurtured and advanced to a bearing state, Hope yet remains entwined with prospective reality ; until at last its branches, loaded with ripe, ruddy, delicious fruits, bear out the goddess in sustaining the efforts of man to gratification of taste and feeling, as well as profit pecuniary. Fortunate is it for the author of a work on fruits in this practical age, that no excuse is required for presenting himself before the pub lic, or crowding upon ground apparently now so fully occupied. Hazardous as the thought may appear, after so much of matter upon the subject has been prepared and published, minutely, practi cally, and theoretically explanatory, by such writers as Coxe, Lind- ley, Downing, Thomas, and others, I yet have imagined there was room for another work ; at least it may induce an extended interest in the subject ; and in a country so broad of extent — so prolific of fruits and men— composed of such great diversity of soil and cli mate as ours, there may possibly be garnered some little items that heretofore have escaped the vision of my brother lovers of the sub ject. Pleasantly, therefore, during the past ten years, have I been nur turing of trees and noting their products ; gradually have I drawn in from the stores of my many friends, the votaries of Pomona, specimens of their skill and trust. These I have carefully examined and compared, and have meted to them in the following pages such award as seemed to me just. (v) yi PREFACE. That I have trodden upon the favorites, and therefore the views of some of my friends, I shall not pretend to deny ; but that I have so done in aught but a true feeling of interest to the cause, I beg they will not for the moment believe. Such is the vast variety of garden and orchard fruit — such the diversity of circumstances which affect the growth of trees, the size and qualities of the fruit — such the great number of new sorts, and new modes of treatment discovered, that one book, however care fully prepared, cannot embrace all the knowledge of the subject ; but each lover of Pomona and her gifts must cherish and examine, each for himself, relying only on the book as a guide comparative ; and looking on the pages of this present, as the result of an inten tion to create a plain, practical work, to classify and describe fruits in such order, to embody their history, and the best modes of cul ture, in such manner, that the amateur or extensive orchardist may gather at a glance most of the requisite information to success ' The mere test of quality, it is well known, does not render a fruit worthy or unworthy of general cultivation ; therefore, the classifica tion of the National Pomological Society was imperfect as a guide to fruit-growers ; but by changing or modifying this to first, second, and third class, and explaining in many of the texts descriptive of varieties, the reasons for position given, I trust to have somewhat improved the matter. New fruits are daily being brought to light ; the soils of the West producing them almost spontaneously ; the science of the East creat ing them with rapidity and certainty ; pomological meetings and Horticultural Societies are monthly recording and describing them ; it is, therefore, generally conceded requisite that some order of classi fication be carried out, if we expect any limit or bounds to our cause. The classes adopted in the following pages, corresponding with tho;-3 of the National Society, have therefore seemed to me well adapted to the end in view. There are some varieties now placed in the second class, that will undoubtedly, when more generally known and distributed, become worthy a place in the first class ; but those now placed in the third class, I feel confident will never PREFACE. Vll advance from their present position, if their friends have reasonable opportunities of comparing them with first-class varieties ripening at the same time. That the number of the first class could now readily be increased, will, I am aware, appear apparent to many por mologists ; but, as it already embraces a sufficient number to meet all wants, I have preferred rather to add hereafter, than to retract. Believing that in fruits, the seeds, cores, and stones are often as, or perhaps more, sure guides to indicate a variety than the outward form, I have made my drawings from specimens of medium size, (discarding both the largest as well as smallest for such purpose,)* representing the appearance of the fruit when halved, except in the cherry, where the pit is shown whole. In my drawings illustrative of form, I have followed the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. " Of the descriptions of fruit, some explanation may be necessary. First, is given the standard name in capitals. Below this are placed, in smaller type, the various synonymes, or local names, by which the same fruit is known in various countries or parts of the country." The names of authors previously having described many of the fruits, I have omitted, as not essential to the value of description or fruit, nor necessary to the practical purposes for which I intend the work. The text descriptive has been, in almost the entire work, made either anew or revised from those already published, with specimens of the fruit before me ; and, following the established rules of pri ority in description, I have (while retaining so much of the original that it may at once be recognized) endeavored to reduce and Ame ricanize. In a few cases I have preferred continuing an erroneous name, because of its being now generally known. Where a de scription is given written by another, and the fruit not seen by my self, I have endeavored to give, if of importance, the initials of the author, or abbreviation of title of the work from whence such de scription was drawn, for which see pages 13, 14. Of the importance of fruit culture, it is deemed superfluous to * A friend who has carefully examined these drawings and descriptions, says I have represented them all, or nearly all, rather below, than of, medium size. Vlii PREFACE. more than remark, that the interest evident in the establishment of journals devoted almost wholly to its cause ; the fact that no news paper is now counted of value without being more or less occupied with matter relating to the orchard ; the universal growing desire of every one who has ground of his own to plant thereon trees and vines productive of luscious fruits — all speak volumes illustrative of the extent which the subject holds in the minds of our energetic, ambi tious, persevering people. And here I must be permitted to record my tribute to the memory of A. J. Downing, to whom the pomologists, the fruit-growers, the nation, owe more than to any one man yet existent ; by and through whose work on the " Fruits of America,'' the advocates of nomencla ture received the first bold stand, and in a way which has led to extri cation of much that was previously in state of confusion ; to whose graceful, easy, attractive, yet bold manner of writing, is owing much of the care and attention, culture and embellishment, of and through tree, plant, and flower, of the homes of Americans. This work has been commenced and completed more at the sug gestion and request of friends than from any feeling of my own ability ; and, while I have endeavored to avoid error, I yet feel that numerous corrections will have, in subsequent editions, to be made ; this, partly, from omission and commission, consequent on one's first work, and partly from the constant state of advancement in pomo logy. And as it is intended to revise and correct it as soon as the cause demands, I shall consider myself, and the cause, indebted to those gentlemen who in reviewing it may observe errors, if they will communicate the same to me. To the following gentlemen, who have kindly furnished me with notes, descriptive of their experience, or of varieties or specimens of fruits, by which I have the better been enabled to prepare this work, I sincerely tender my acknowledgments : In Massachusetts, to Messrs. M. P. Wilder and C. M. Hovey, Boston ; Samuel Walker, Roxbury ; B. V. French, Braintree ; Robert Manning and J. M. Ives, Salem. In New York, to Messrs. Chas. Downing, Newburg ; S. B. Parsons, Flushing; P. Barry and Geo. Ellwanger, Rochester; John J. PREFACE. ix Thomas, Macedon; David Thomas, Aurora; Benj. Hodge, Buffalo; Herman Wendell and B. P. Johnson, Albany. In Pennsylvania, to Doctor W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia. In New Jersey, to Mr. Thomas Hancock, Burlington. In Ohio, to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., and Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland ; Messrs. A. H. Ernst, J. A. Warder, and R. Buchanan, Cincinnati ; M. B. Bateham, Columbus ; Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island ; D. C. Richmond, San dusky. In Michigan, to Daniel Cook, Esq., Jackson. In Indiana, to Mr. John C. Teas, Raysville. In Kentucky, to Messrs. H. P. Byram, Louisville ; James Allen, Nelson Co. Doctor J. A. Kennicott, The Grove, Northfield ; Adna Williams, Galesbury. In Wisconsin, to Mr. F. K. Phoenix, Racine. In Mississippi, to Doctor M. W. Phillips, Log Hall. F. R. E. Pomona Gardens, near Cleveland. • v -y, ,-''••> » „ • ABBREVIATIONS AND BOCMI3 QUOTED- Of these we enumerate here those only that we have used most freely in the forming of our pages, either by extract, or as serving for authority to our decisions. Allen. A practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine. By J. Fisk Allen. 1852. Arboretum Britannicum, or the Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described, by J. C. Loudon. London, 1845. Annales de la Socttte d* Horticulture de Paris. Paris. In monthly Nos. 8vo., from 1827 to 1845. Adhim. A Memoir on the cultivation of the Vine in America, and the best mode of making Wine. By John Adlum. Washington, 1828. Buchanan. A treatise on the Grape. By R. Buchanan. Cincinnati, 1852. Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour 1'Annee 1844. Contenant des principes generaux de culture, etc. Par A. Poiteau et M. Vilmorin. Paris. Yearly volume. Bridgeman. The Young Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeman. Tenth ed. New York, 1844. Bawnann's Cat Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre dispanible dans PEta- blissement des Freres, a Bolwiller, 1842. Cole. American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole, 1851. Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Frees in the United States, and of the Management of Orchards and Cider. By William' Coxe. Philadel phia, 1817. Chaptal. Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal. American ed. Boston, 1835. Cobbett. The American Gardener. By Win. Cobbett. London, 1821. Coleman. Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman. Boston, 1840-41. Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly journal of Agriculture, &c., edited by Luther Tucker. Albany, continued to the present time. Downing. Downing's Fruit and Fruit Trees of America. 1845. Dom. Gard. The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By John Towers. London, 1839. 12 ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. Jhthamel. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. Paris, 1768, 2 vols. Dec. Pbysiologie Vegetale, ou Exposition des Forces et des Fonctions ritales des Vegetaux. Par A. P. Do Candolle. Paris, 1832, 3 vols. Ernst Mans, MnMiscvipt Notes on Fruits. By A. H. Ernst, Esq., Cincin nati. Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By William Forsyth, 7th ed. London, 1824. Floy. Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by Michael Floy. New York, 1845. Fessenden. New American Gardener, containing practical directions for the culture of Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston, 1828. Gard. Mag. The Gardener's Magazine, conducted by J. C. London, in monthly nos., 19 vols. to 1844, London. Hort. The Horticulturist, a monthly journal of Horticulture, &c. Pub lished by Luther Tucker, and edited by A. J. Downing, from 1846 to 1852, and continued to the present time. By Jas. Wick, jr., publisher, and P. Barrey, ed. Hoare. A Practical Treatise on the cultivation of the Grape Vine on open walls. By Clement Hoare. London, 1840. Hort. Soc. Cat. See Thompson. Harris. A Report on the insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation. By Dr. T. W. Harris, Cambridge, 1852. Hov. Mag. or H. M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Rural Af fairs. Conducted by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo. monthly nos., 1834 to the present time. Johnston. Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. By Jas. W. F. Johnston. American ed., New York, 2 vols. 1842. Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier, par Louis Noisette. 2 ed. Paris, 1839, 2 vols. Knight. Various articles in the London Horticultural Society's Transactions. By Thomas Andrew Knight, its late President. Kenrick or Ken. The new American Orchardist. By William Kenrick, Bos ton, 1844. Kollar. A Treatise on Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers. By Vincent Kollar ; notes by Westwood. London, 1840, 12mo. Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. By J. C. London. London, 1835, 1 thick vol. . An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the same. London, 1836. 1 thick voL . An Encyclopedia of Agriculture. By the same. London, 1831, 1 thick vol. ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 13 Lowlun, Hortus Britannicus. A Catalogue of all the plants in Britain, by the same. London. . The Suburban Horticulturist. By the same. London, 1842. . The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By the same. Lon don, 1838, 1842. . Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. By the same. London, 1838. Liebig. Organic Chemistry in its application to Agriculture and Physiology. By Justus Liebig. American ed., Cambridge, 1844. Lind. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden, or an account of the Fruits and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley. London. 1831. Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London. 1832. . An introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley. London, 1835, 2d ed. . British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine ; it is the same work. . The Theory of Horticulture, or an attempt to explain the Operation of Gardening upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. Lon don, 1840. . The same work, with Notes by A. Gray and A. J. Downing. New York, 1841. L. or Linnceus. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, 1810, 5 vols. Mass. Hort. Society. Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 1842 to the present time. Man. The New England Fruit Book. By R. Manning, 2d ed. enlarged by John M. Ives, Salem, 1844. Man. in H. M. Manning's articles in Hovey's Magazine. Michanx. The North American Sylva, or Descriptions of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, &c. By A. F. Michaux. Paris, new edition. Philadelphia, 1852. MUntosh. The Orchard and Fruit Garden. By Charles M'Intosh. London, 1819. N. Y. Trans. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, from 1842 to present time. Nois. See Jardin Fruitier. New England Farmer. A weekly periodical, devoted to Agriculture, Horti culture. &c. Boston, continued to the present time. 0. Dnh. See Duhamel. Pom. Mag. or P. M. The Pomological Magazine, or Figures and Descriptions of the most important varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. London, 1828. Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual. By William R. Prince. New York, 1831, 2 Yols. 14 ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. Prince. A Treatise on the Vine. By William B. Prince. New York, 1830. Prince. A short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York, 1828. Poit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Frangaise. Recueil des plus beaux Fruits, cultives en France, Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to nos. Rivers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Rivers. Saw- bridgeworth. Ron. or Ronalds. Pyrus Malus Brcntfordienses ; or. a concise description of Selected Apples, with a figure of each sort By Hugh Ronalds, Lon don, 1831. Revue Horticole. Journal des Jardiniere et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur. Paris, 1844, et chaque mois. Torrcy & Gray. A Flora of North America, containing abridged descriptions of all the known plants growing North of the Gulf of Mexico. By John Torrey, M. D., and Asa Gray, M. D., New York. Thomp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticul tural Society of London. 3d ed., London, 1845. [Prepared with great care by Robert Tbompson, the head of the Fruit Department.] Thachcr. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M. D., Boston, 1822. Wilder, MSS» Manuscript Notes on Fruita By M. P. Wilder, Esq. W. D. B. Doct. W. D. Brinckle, in ad interim Reports of Pennsylvania Horti cultural Society. IF. R. P. Articles and Descriptions by Wm. R. Prince, in various Horticul tural Journals. Warder Review. Western Horticultural Review. J. A. Warder, editor and publisher. A Monthly Journal of Horticulture, etc. Cincinnati, 1850, to the present time. Wilder in Hort. Articles and Descriptions written by Hon. M. P. Wilder, and published in Horticulturist. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS — HISTORY AND ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS IN OHIO AND THE WEST — VALUE AS FOOD. A SUBJECT so boundless, in a country of such extent and capacity of soil and climate as ours for the production of all the finer fruits ; in a country which, until within a few years, was but a wilderness — a wild, uncultivated tract, now yielding, with the most common, or rather with no care, immense quantities of luscious ripe fruits for transportation to countries where the arts of culture were fully known and understood before we were, filling our store-houses with food, our hearts with gladness, adding to our wealth while contribu ting to the blessings of others ; (for what meets the eye or gladdens the heart more pleasantly than the sight of the perfect fruits of the earth?) — a subject, we say, then so boundless, merits more of enwreathing plaudit than our limits here may allow, though our fancy picture it. Nor have we space, although especially applicable to the practical use of our work, to more than commend the study and practice, in a scientific view, of man to perfection of that de picted in the following stanza : " The heaven-taught gardener's wondrous skill Shall wreath the earth with flowers, While new and luscious fruits shall grow Throughout her Eden bowers." As yet the western soils present comparatively little toward the inducement of study and practice ; for so freely does every variety of fruit grow, that man has only to plant in order to reap. Soon, however, the grower will learn that skill and care only will reward him with product from his trees — skill, in the thorough understand ing of the principles of vegetable physiology ; the care and practice, necessary in applying the same. Rapidly as the West has grown from a tract of country only inhabited by the red man and beasts, to the presenting almost, at this day, of the " Garden of America ;" her prairies, her limestone- hills and broad levels ; her sandy alluvial bottoms, located in almost as many different climates as positions, abound with all of nature's food, stored for years in the production of tree, fruit, and flower, to 15 16 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. such extent that she may yet be said to be in her infancy. And no one who has not visited and traversed her wide borders — no one reared. and trained on .soils where four-sixths is rock — can have, but by travel ing over it, anj conception of the wealth stored up in the soil of the ,W'CsJc^ ', '."We" Gpeak here more of this from believing, that while the East may yield her supplies liberally, attended by the care and expense of supplying fresh food annually, the West will ere long far outstrip all ; as she only needs among her sons more study of the nature of plant and tree to bear the palm in producing any fruit. It is for the West then, more especially, that our work is destined. Although ourself, reared at the East, and all our life familiar with her fruits, her soils and capabilities, we shall yet endeavor to blend the one with the other, that our work may be applicable there as here, even as we cherish at this day our " loved old home," with her rough, rocky surroundings, incentive only to the greater perfection and action of mind ; in that, self-dependence is made apparent from day to day. Before the West was, i. e,, settled by white man, the impression prevailed, among other errors connected with fruit culture, that " he who plants pears, plants for his heirs ;" and we well recollect being told when a boy, on planting out a young pear-tree, that possibly our children might eat of it, but we, never. Such prophecy, how ever, failed in our case, as nearly all others, for we have eaten often of it. And now, whether we attribute it to the locomotive age, to the active minds of our eastern brethren, or the spontaneous growth of the West — aided by her industrious denizens — we hardly wait for the season to come around ere we eat of the fruit ; our own experience having been to receive trees and plant them in March, and eat of the fruit in November following. Let this be attributable to what it ^ may, such is now the impress, that no one buys a city lot, intending to keep it over one year, but he plants trees upon it, expecting and reaping the fruit thereof. All this is encouraging ; but there is also a dark side in fruit cul ture gradually coming on us, to be met only by the general diffusion of knowledge on this subject; a knowledge that, as before remarked, will enable us to compete skilfully with deficiencies or over-luxu riance in soil ; to know the insects destructive, and their habits, that we may secure our products from their ravages ; and a just appreci ation of the nature of trees, that we may know how to shape them to the withstanding of our changeful climate. ^ As under each appropriate head we give somewhat of the olden history of fruits, our remarks here will relate mainly to their intro duction and advancement to Ohio and the West. Previous to 1796, there was very little other than the natural fruit of the soil culti vated in Ohio ; and not until about 1820 or '22, was there any con- ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 17 siderable introduction and planting of "grafted fruits " in the north part of the State. At that time the nursery of William Coxe, Esq., Burlington. New Jersey, seemed the nearest from which to obtain trees ; and therefore from thence came most of the first plantations of good fruits. Later, the nurseries of Prince, Kenrick, and Buel, supplied our northern pioneers ; and from these, with the liberal hand which always characterizes a fruit culturist, a lover of the Cre ator's best gifts, grafts were distributed freely to whoever would. As early as 1796 or 1797, Israel Putnam introduced and propa gated many ofxthe older and best eastern varieties on the borders of the Ohio river, and there cultivated both trees and fruits, from whence most of the older orchards of southern Ohio, and probably Indiana, were procured. Gov. Worthington, at an early day, 1803, or previous, introduced many fine varieties of fruits into central Ohio. In 1820, Prof. Kirtland imported, from New Jersey to Trumbull County, Ohio, some two hundred sorts of the best fruits then known; and in 1827, or :28 Geo. Hoadley, Esq., sent about one hundred kinds to Cleveland. Alfred Kelly also introduced many fine eastern varieties; and, as before mentioned, grafts from all these were liberally distributed, followed by additional introductions of new varieties, in succeeding years. Add to these, that nearly every pioneer brought with him seeds of the best fruits known in the vicinity of his former residence East, which he planted and grew with care, and we have the heads of the principal introduction of varieties up to about 1832. Since that period, not only have importations of extended varieties been largely made and planted from eastern nur series, but the nurseries of trees grown for sale have so multiplied in the whole West, that millions of trees are nowr annually grown and planted. For the history that follows, relating to Illinois and Wisconsin, we are indebted to the zeal, enthusiasm, and courtesy of Doctor J. A. Kennicott : " The Grove, Northfield, Cook Co., Illinois, October, 4, 1853. " The first permanent settlements in Illinois were made by the French about 1682, in and about Kaskaskia and Cahokia ; and it is said, that ' the first generation of fruit trees, there planted, had done good service, and gone the way of all the living,' long before the ad vent of the present race who people ' Lower Egypt.' The Kev. John M. Peck (whom I quote from memory) affirms, that he ate most luscious fruits, some twenty or thirty years ago, the product of the second generation of these old French trees, even then of almost forest size. From many sources I gather the fact, that among these old trees were, and still are, perhaps, individuals producing very desirable 18 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. fruit ; all, doubtless, of mature growth, though some may have been brought from Canada, whence the seeds very evidently came, in their route from the old world. From this you perceive, that Illinois is one of the oldest fruit growing states ; and it is very certain, that our seedling trees gener ally yield better fruit than the mass of chance varieties in the East ; though, good sooth, I have been unable to trace any of our cele brated varieties in cultivation, to those glorious old trees, so graph ically described by the Rev. Mr. Peck ; and yet, I am by no means certain, that some of our most valuable local varieties did not originate in that classic fruit-land of Southern Illinois. It is very probable, also, that, in Central and Northern Illinois, there may now be native varieties, surpassing in value a large ma jority of the sorts named in the books, for local cultivation, at least. Analogy would lead to such a conclusion ; for, as a general rule here, of fifty seedling trees, in almost any orchard, at least five will be found worthy of notice, and worth preserving in their natural state, though not desirable for propagation. From personal observation you are already aware, that some fruits of high repute East, are nearly worthless here ; and that others are wonderfully improved by the peculiarities of our soil and climate. It is thought, too, that many old fruits have become so changed as to be no longer easily recognized ; and, as their history has been lost, and several local synonyms have been used to designate them, much difficulty and doubt attend our western nomenclature. Perhaps these difficulties will soon be removed, and the doubts cleared up, as in Ohio, by the re-fruiting of our celebrated varieties East, from scions obtained here, or by further observation on the fructification here, under the true names. Many of our varieties, of the first trees transplanted in western Illin ois, and southern Wisconsin, were disseminated by tree pedlars from the region of the Wabash, in Indiana, and central-eastern Illinois ; and I am only aware that some of their sorts came from Ohio, and others from Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, and a few, doubtless, from the Eastern States ; though what proportion, or what varieties of those brought us by these tree pedlars, I am un able to determine. Very few were sold under EASTERN NAMES, how ever, and, now and then, a variety is, doubtless, of native origin. Among these pedlars' trees, the RED JUNE is decidedly the most valuable, and the MILAM the most abundant. Here-away, I know the origin of four-fifths of the trees planted out in the last ten or twelve years, apart from the pedlars' trees, which continued to arrive up to three or four years ago. The Buffalo nur series and your Cleveland dealers have furnished the most. The nurseries of Chautauque County sent some early, and the Rochester establishments a great many more recently, and a few ten or twelve ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 19 years ago. The Flushing nurseries are also represented in our or chards, and, quite lately, those of Michigan and Northern Indiana; and, in fact, there is scarce an eastern establishment which has not sent trees to the lake region of Illinois and Wisconsin." Similar to those named, is that of most Western States, in the his toric introduction and origin of fruits. Chance seedlings, of value sufficient to retaining of the original tree, are abundant, while those meriting a first place are rare. The character of "very good" will apply to probably one-tenth of the fruit, while that of " best" will hardly apply to one-thousandth. Of the value of fruits as food, of their free use and tendency to health of system and morality of character, much has been written ; but the following, by Doctor Kennicott, sums up all in few words : " The free use of ripe fruits not only prevents disease, but their reg ulated enjoyment helps to remove that which already exists. All ripe fruits are, also, more or less nutritious. Professsor Salisbury has clearly demonstrated that the APPLE is superior to the POTATO, in the principles that go to increase the muscle and the brain of man, and in fattening properties, it is nearly equal, when cooked, for swine, or fed raw to other domestic animals." Ripe grapes have cured Epidemic dysentery. Physicians have, occasionally, advised the use of "cooling acid fruits ;" and the ear liest writers have directed the sugary ones, as " figs," for food in con valescence. Families, where fruit is most plentiful and good, and prized as an article of daily food, are most free from disease of all kinds, and more especially from fevers and "bowel complaints." Most fruits aid digestion, some directly, some indirectly, and lessen the desire for alcoholic or stimulating drinks. The juicy ones act as " diluents," and all as " diuretics ;" the free acids neutralizing, or rendering soluble the earthy matters in the blood, and carrying them off rapidly through the natural channels. CHAPTER II. ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES — THEIR PROPAGATION, BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, LAYERS, CUTTINGS, RUNNERS AND SUCKERS. "OuR garden varieties of fruits are not natural forms. They are the artificial productions of culture. Seedlings from them have always a tendency to improve, but they have also another and a stronger tendency to return to a natural or wild state" Of this, we have here a strong evidence, in the production of seedling cherries by Prof. Kirtland, where from several hundred grown from seed gathered from the same tree, only about one tenth have surpassed, and two tenths equaled, the parent ; the remainder mostly falling back toward the original mazzard. Most of our choicest varieties cultivated, are from seeds of chance cross-impregnation : few have been the result of artificial skill and care ; cross breeding and hybridizing are too often confounded, and while we are constantly in the production of new varieties from cross breeding, none are known in fruits from hybridizing. Lindley says : " If the pistils of one species be fertilized by the pollen of an other species, which may take place in the same genus, or if two distinct varieties of the same species be in like manner intermixed, the seed which results from the operation will be intermediate be tween its parents, partaking of the qualities of both. In the first case, the progeny is hybrid or male ; in the second, it is simply cross bred." Although of the same genus, no hybrid has ever yet been created between the apple and the pear, or the gooseberry and cur rant. These cross-breds, when closely resembling the female parent, are termed sub-varieties. This practice of producing new varieties by cross fertilization was advocated by Thomas Andrew Knight, a distinguished horticulturist of England : while that of Dr. Van Mons of Belgium, was the re production of seedlings from seedlings in succession ; selecting each time those of the seedlings to procure the seed, which proved the best in the fruit. At the eighth generation, in growing from the pear, his seedlings produced fruit at four years old, while at the com mencement it required twelve to fifteen years. This he regarded as the correct course to pursue in the amelioration of varieties ; and to this theory, this fruiting at an early stage, according as the parem is far removed from its original state, may we not attribute much of the habits of many of our pears ? The Frederic of Wurtemburg, (-0) PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING ETC. 21 originating by Prof. Van Mons in this way, it is well known pro duces its fruit often in the nursery at two years from the bud ; while the Dix, a seedling from we know not what variety, requires twelve or fifteen years. This process however, if taken, as by Van Mons, from the commencement, i.e., a wildling, would require a life-time ; but our people have all around them seedlings which at an early age are producing fruit ; if, therefore, seed be taken from the best of them, and the choicest again selected, it is not probable that more than ten years would elapse to produce something very superior. On the other hand, the process of Mr. Knight, of producing by crossing, gives the grower the choice of selecting and growing to whatever form, size or character he may desire, and this with an almost absolute certainty of success. This process being fully described by Thomas in his Fruit Culturist, we extract therefrom : " A familiar instance of cross-impregnation in plants occurs in the Indian corn. The pistillate or seed-bearing flowers covering the young ear, are remotely situated on the plant from the staminate or ifertilizing flowers on the summits, or tassels. Hence, from this re mote position, the pollen or fertilizing dust from the summits may not certainly fall on the ear ; and if different sorts grow near, a mix ture will probably result. It is well known to farmers, that if dif ferent sorts, as white, yellow, and purple, are planted in the same field ; or, if common and sweet corn are planted together, each sort no longer remains distinct, but each ear, the second year, is speckled with a promiscuous assemblage of white, yellow, and purple, and of common and sweet corn, of various grades. In fruit trees, the stamens and pistils are in the same flower, and the chances of acci dental mixture from other trees, become very small, unless affected by insects, which becoming thickly dusted with powder from one flower, plunge into the recesses of another, and affect a cross-fertiliza tion. Where many varieties grow in one garden, in close proximity, cases of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring, which can be developed only by raising fruit from the seedling?. In the annexed figure of the pear blossom (tig. 1), the five central organs a, are the pistils; the upper extremity of each is the stigma. The surrounding thread-like organs, £>, are the stamens, surmounted by the anthers. The anthers are little bags or cases filled with the pollen or fertilizing dust. When the flowers open, the anthers burst, and dis- charge the pollen on the stigma, which operates on the embryo fruit at its base. The production of new varieties is greatly facilitated by cross-im pregnation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety with the pollen of another. This was performed with great success by Knight. 22 ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES. Selecting two varieties, while yet early in flower, and before the anthers had burst and discharged the pollen, he cut out with a fine pair of scissors all the stamens, leaving the pistils untouched (fig. 2). When the stigma became sufficiently mature, which was indicated by its glutinous surface, he transferred the pollen of the other sort, on the Fi ., point of a carnel's-hair pencil. The fruit, thus yielded, was unchanged ; but its seeds partook variously of the nature of both parents, and the trees growing from them bore new and intermediate varieties. For the success of such experiments, several precautions are req uisite. The flower must be deprived of its stamens before it has fully expanded, or before the anthers have already burst and scattered their dust ; the pollen must be procured from a bursting or fully matured anther, when it will be dry and powdery ; the stigma must be inoculated as soon as it becomes adhesive or glu tinous, otherwise it may be fertilized from another source, and then the intended pollen cannot possibly take effect. For a stigma once inoculated, cannot be inoculated again. It is safest, where practi cable, to force the trees by artificial heat into flowering a few days earlier than others, so as to be secure from accidental inoculations of pollen floating in the air ; and to prevent its spread by bees, to apply a temporary covering of gauze. A want of attention to these minutiae, has led some experimenters to fancy they had obtained crosses, when they had only natural seedlings." Budding. — This mechanical process, in connection with that of grafting, layers, and cuttings, is performed for the purpose of increasing the number of trees or plants of any one variety ; and is performed on stocks of the same or closely allied species. These are designated under each particular head of Apples, Pears, &c., on other pages. The process and practice is also one, which, although well and truly described in all fruit works and most of the leading journals, is nevertheless too often attended with so much of failure, that while we here repeat descriptions, we at same time advise every new beginner to visit the leading nursery-man or successful amateur grower in his immediate neighborhood, and learn more in half a day from practical example than could be told him were one to write a month. In order to be successful, it is requisite that the stock on which it is intended to operate should be in a thrifty, healthy state, not too early or late in the season, but the best time is usually just when the terminal bud is forming. Various modes of budding are known and described ; but that most successful, most rapid, and in common use, is the one termed incorrectly, American shield budding, described by Forsyth in 1802 — which differs from the PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC. 23 Fi«r. 8. Fig. 5. Fig. 4. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. common shield budding, only in leaving a small piece of wood at base of the bud inserted, instead of taking all out. An incision is made lengthwise through the bark of the stock, and a small cut at right angles at the top, the whole somewhat resembling the letter T., fig. 3. A bud is then taken from a shoot of the present years growth, by shaving oft' the bark an inch or an inch and a half in length, with a small part of the wood directly beneath the bud, fig. 4. The ed ges of the bark, at the incision in the stock, are then raised a little, fig. 5, and the bud pushed downward under the bark, fig. 6. A bandage of bass-bark, woolen-yarn, or other substance, is then wrapped around, commencing at the bottom and passing the bud, re turning again and tying just below, covering all but the bud, fig. 7. The pressure should be just sufficient to keep the inserted portion closely to the stock, but not such as to bruise or crush the bark. In about ten days or two weeks after insertion, the strings will require to be loosened, and at expiration of three weeks removed altogether. The ensuing spring, as soon as the buds begin to swell strongly, cut off the stock about six inches above the bud ; and as the shoot or bud grows, tie it to the piece of stock above its inser tion until about midsummer, when it will be time to cut away the piece of stock above the bud, leaving a sloping cut downward from the top of insertion of bud. An improper practice with some is to place the buds in water ; this so saturates them with moisture, that they have no attractive force left to imbibe the sap of the stock, and hence often fail to grow. In cutting the shoot containing buds in tended to be inserted, the leaf should immediately be cut off to within half an inch of the bud, otherwise the evaporation will exhaust and injure its vitality. If buds are wanted to be kept a number of days, they should be wrapped in damp moss or wet cloths ; or if desired to send any distance, the whole wrapped in oiled silk. In this way they will keep without injury ten days or more. " Annular budding is applicable to trees of hard wood, or thick or rigid bark, as the walnut and magnolia. A ring of bark is removed from the stock, and another cor responding ring, containing the bud, slit open on one side, is made to fit the denuded space. Fig. 8. " Trees which have been girdled in winter by mice, may be preserved by a process similar to annular bud ding, by cutting away evenly the gnawed portions, and applying one or more pieces of bark peeled from the branch of another tree, so as to restore fhe con- 24 ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES. nection between the two severed portions. This is done as soon as the bark will separate ; the same end may, however, be accom plished early in spring by cutting away portions of the sap-wood with the bark, and connecting the two parts by several pieces of a branch, care being taken that they coincide accurately, as in graft ing. The whole, in either case, is then covered with wax." Grafting, like budding, has numerous modes and forms, all resolving into the same thing — that of transferring one variety on to another. The modes most regarded, and in most common prac tice, we describe. Whip or tongue grafting. This is most generally practised \vhen the stock and scion are nearly of equal size. The whole gist of it lays in so forming the graft and stock that the two outer surfaces of albumen, or wood of last year's growth, match one with the other, or if the stock is too large that they match on one side. See fig. 9. The tongue is a notch cut in the stock corresponding with one cut in the graft, and when put together, to serve as support in steady ing the graft until the circulation of sap has united it with the stock. This is practised to a large extent by nursery-men on pieces of roots, and is then termed " root-grafting." Splice Grafting is similar to tongue grafting, except that no slit is made in either stock or graft. See fig. 10. Crown Grafting is performed in the same manner, only that it is done on small stocks standing in the ground, at a point near the upper rootlet or fibre. See fig. 11. Saddle Grafting. In saddle grafting, the stock is pared obilquely on both sides, till it becomes an inverted \vedge, and the scion is slit up the centre, when its sides are pared down till they fit the sides of the stock. See fig. 12. This is the best mode to pursue with the cherry and other stone fruits. Side Grafting, as seen in the cut, fig. 9, is per formed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch long in the side of the stock, paring the outer por tion, splitting the graft and paring the inner por tion, then inserting it so as to give a union of the barks and woods — leaving meanwhile the top of Fig. 9. the stock to carry on the circulation of sap until the graft becomes united, when it is to be cut away. This is the best for the magnolia and for the hickory, ash, &c. ; and also when scions may have been received late in the spring, or the work of grafting unavoidably delayed. PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC. 25 Fig. 13. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 10. Cleft Grafting is an easy though clumsy mode, rarely prac tised, except on limbs or branches too large for whip grafting. In this the scion is cut like a wedge, sloping on both sides. The stock is split with a grafting chisel or large knife, which is drawn to one side and holds open the split while the scion is pressed in, so that the albu men or inner barks match, when the chisel or wedge is drawn away. Wrapping or Tying. After the operation of grafting is per formed, bass bark, or bass matting, or soft woolen, or cotton yarn, is then wrapped around to retain them perfectly in their places. Where small trees or roots are engrafted, and to be planted in nur sery-rows, this is all that is necessary ; but when grafting is performed on standard trees, it is best to cover the matting with a wax, made in the following manner : Grafting Wax. 4 parts rosin, 3 parts beeswax, 3 parts lard. This should be well incorporated together, while warm, strips of cot ton cloth dipped into it, and when cold, cut to the length and width required for the size of limbs you are to engraft, will facilitate the labor, and when this is done, the first tying of bass mat or woolen string, may be dispensed with. Grafts which have become dry, may be restored if the moisture is applied so gradually that its absorption may require several weeks. In one instance shoots cut early in autumn, and subjected to tho rough drying, were restored to perfect freshness by the next spring, by wrapping them well in moss and burying them in a dry spot of ground ; and being set, they all grew. Scions for sending to a distance, are usually packed in damp moss, saw-dust, or fibrous peat. They may be sent by mail, within a very small compass, with great safety, by enwrapping them with oil-silk or thin oil-cloth, drawing it closely round them to include the moisture, by means of small thread. 2 ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES. Layers. This is practised in low shrubs and vines, as the quince and grape. It consists in bending down carefully without breaking a branch, cutting a notch or slit on the under side, and pegging it securely, sojthat the centre will be about four inches under ground, see fig. 14. With the grape trailing the vine on the surface, as shown in fig. 15, and after buds have started a few inches, cover with soil, the vine; each bud will throw out roots, and if the operation be performed in spring, they may be taken up and separated in the fall. Cuttings. Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of mul tiplying a variety. It consists simply in the insertion of a shoot of one year's growth into the soil ; the moisture of the soil renews the supply of sap, the buds swell, the leaves expand, and the descending juices ex pend themselves in the production of new roots, which shoot downwards into the soil, fig. 16. Under ordi nary circumstances, or in open ground, this mode is only applicable to such species as readily throw out roots, as the currant, gooseberry, quince, and grape. The cutting should be made from eight inches to a foot long, and have all the lower buds cut out, in order to prevent its throwing up suckers. Wood of the last year's growth is used, and the lower end cut square across at the base of a bud. They should be inserted perpendicularly, or when long enough, curved, as see, under the head of grapes ; the earth should be pressed securely at the bottom, and lightly at the top, and Fig. 16. when possible, a mulch of two inches of tan bark, saw-dust etc » tnrown over them to preserve moisture. Runners, are the mode of self-propagation in the strawberry ; as soon as well rooted they are suited to be removed. PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 27 Suckers, are underground runners — often the result of careless cultivation in breaking off roots. .They should always be destroyed, but never replanted, not even the Frost Gage plum, proving healthy when so propagated. CHAPTER III. TRANSPLANTING TREES HOW, WHEN; PACKING, CARE OF WHEN RE CEIVED; PRUNING TIME WHEN, HOW, THE TOPS, THE ROOTS; LABELS FOR J PROTECTION FROM SHEEP, RABBITS, ETC. ; TRAINING ; FORM OF YOUNG TREES. NOTWITHSTANDING our people are, as a nation, " planters of trees," yet how few, comparatively, ever succeed in carrying the existence of trees planted, beyond the first season ; or if a second year, only with a puny sickly habit, anything but satisfactory. The first thing, in the removal of trees, should be care not to destroy the roots in digging. Small trees are less liable to injury from such cause than large ones, but too often have we seen them wrenched out of the ground, by the strong arm of man, apparently not to injury of roots, but really they were cracked through every portion, and all the pores through which the circulation of sap is had, broken and in jured, often as much or more to injury of tree, than if one half the roots had been cut off. Again, have, we seen trees cut out with spades, leaving only about four to six inches of main root, and a few small fibres. Such trees require a whole year's nursing, with severe shortening-in of limbs, to recover anything like their native vigor, and are .not worth, to the planter, over one-half price of trees well and carefully dug, with roots nearly entire. Preparing the Soil. If an orchard is to be planted, and on soil retentive of moisture, or, in other words — level clayey soil — it should first be thoroughly subsoiled, at least twenty-two inches deep ; it should then have sufficient number of under drains, that no sur plus water would ever remain on it over forty-eight hours. Digging deep holes should never be practised, but the whole soil should be made of fine tilth, and if the ground is well drained, or naturally dry, dig broad spaces, four feet diameter, and one foot deep. If the ground is not drained and naturally wet — a location and condition which should never be adopted — let the planting be made by plac ing the tree on the level ground, and earthing up around it. Upon the level prairies this course has been found most successful, and at times, without even removing the sod beneath the tree. Many suppose, that a tree grown in nursery on sandy soil, will not TRANSPLANTING TREES. succeed on clay and the reverse ; this, if they will only use reason, and study the nature of obtaining food by the tree, they will see, at once, has no foundation in fact ; but a tree taken from the rich ground of a well kept nursery, and placed in a barren, half-starved soil, amid grass and weeds, has no more chance of continuing in vigor and health, than an animal raised upon the rich pastures of our western country would have, transplanted to some of the bleak, bar ren hills of New England. Food for the plant is therefore requi site, and this should be prepared, in a well and previously cultivated and enriched soil, and not expected to be supplied in a raw state, by application of animal manures immediately to the roots ; this should never be done ; but, Prof. Lindley says, " that a small quantity of super-phosphate of lime, as it is called, that is to say, a mixture of oil of vitriol and burnt bones, mixed with dry mould, and thrown in round the roots of a newly-transplanted tree, will generally aid in the formation of root fibres, and, consequently, assist very much in establishing the plant in its new situation ; or, if scattered over the soil next the roots, the rains will distribute it to the places where most required." How to Plant. Having prepared the place and the soil, we next proceed to plant the tree. Supposing that the roots, in removing, have been carefully preserved, our tree will present, when placed in the hole pre pared for it, the appear ance represented in our fig. 17, the upper root being about four inches lower than the level of the surrounding soil. If the roots are broken, prune, by a cut from the under side of each end. Now, one man should scatter carefully in the fine earth, while another holds the body of the tree with one hand, and with the other care fully presses the earth around and beneath every root, taking care to keep the small roots and fibres, each in its place, lifting them as the work progresses, so that their ends are horizontal with their base. Leave the earth, if the planting be done in Spring, level around the tree, and with the surrounding surface ; if planted in the Fall, earth up a little mound around the stem-end, and over the Fig. 17. PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 29 entire circle of roots, to be drawn away again in the Spring. Avoid treading or other pressure around the tree, other than that made by the hand in firmly placing the earth among the roots, in the process. Time When. With nearly all trees and all locations, Fall is the best time to transplant ; new granulations have to be made, ere the roots broken by the process can again supply themselves, or the plant, with food. This process, if trees are removed in Fall, will often be found to have taken place during winter, and ere the ex haustion by the leaves by growth in Spring, of their food laid up in bud and bark the year previous, the roots are again furnishing their support as nature orders. If, however, trees are removed in Spring, it often happens, especially with cherries, that the supply of food previously laid up is exhausted, ere new rootlets are formed. Mul ching, and other cares, are often, therefore, more requisite, in order to keep the roots, and prevent too rapid exhaustion in Spring-planted trees, than those of Fall planting. Packing. Amateurs, as well as nurserymen, often have occasion to forward trees to a distance, and it is desirable they be so packed, as to ensure success when received. In order to this, they should be made into a bundle with damp moss liberally mingled among the roots, the larger trees upon the outside of the bundle, and the small within; band securely with twisted straw bands, then take long straw, lay it down about two inches thick, with its butts near the center of the roots of bundle ; lay another layer, with the butts four inches below the tops of the last, and so on, until you have the length of bundle. Now, lay down the bundle, and carefully lay straw over it, in same manner as underneath, only commencing at top, so that when cords are around it, all will be covered ; proceed with one end of cord, first lashed to a strong root, to bind it around, once in about ten inches, all the way to the top. If intended to go any considerable distance, with risk of rough handling, a stout stick should be packed in centre of each bundle, extending about four inches beyond the tops of the trees. Next, lay down a strong bass mat, or strong cloth, scatter on it straw, then moss, and placing the roots of bundle upon it, draw it up carefully over, and secure it by strong pack-thread. If moss is not obtainable, let the roots be well puddled, as it is termed, that is, dipped in a thick clayey mud, but avoid packing leaves, grass, etc., among them. Care of, when received. Trees are often lost by not knowing how to care for them when received after long voyages. If dry, or withered, or frozen, they should be unpacked and immediately bu ried, roots and tops, underneath the earth, and there left for some days ; or, if late in fall, and buried where the water drains off readily, let the roots be buried deep, while the tops have only a couple of inches upon them. Trees received dry in spring, may be immedi- so TRANSPLANTING TREES. ately immersed in a running stream of water, and after the buds are swollen, planted out in some location for the season, where the mid day sun will not strike them, and where the earth can be always kept moist by mulching, etc. Pruning. That certain principles of the nature and habits of a tree, must ever be borne in mind in pruning, to ensure success, is evident \. but that the cutting away of small branches, or twigs, if correctly made, will materially affect the health and longevity of a tree, whether made in spring, just before midsummer, in fall or win ter, we do not believe. In pruning an old tree, long neglected, where it is requisite to cut away many large branches, attention to the circulation of sap, the new formation of wood, &c., &c., should, by- all means, be the guide. Experience, as well as theory, teaches, that the most healthy formation of wood commences in July ; that all growth previous is imperfect, and, were it not for that and ensu ing months, would rapidly decay ; that while wood is not made as rapidly at that time, and afterward, as previous, it is of a firmer, closer, and more healthy character. If, therefore, large limbs are to be removed, let the time from July to September, inclusive, be se lected. A subject so liberally treated upon as this has been, from the earliest authors down, it would seem should be better understood than appears from the quantity of ill-shapen, malformed trees, to be seen in almost every orchard. Barry says : " It is not only necessary to know what and why, but also how to prune. Theory is only useful as it serves to guide in practice. The great point to be observed in making incisions on the stems and branches of trees, is to provide for the speedy and perfect heal ing of the wounds or cut surfaces. In removing a portion of a branch or stem, if we cut between two joints, and thus leave a portion of wood above the bud intended to be cut to, as in fig. 18, this wood dies, and we have the trouble of another pruning to remove it. If we cut too close to the bud, and thus re move a portion of the wood with which it is connected, as in fig. 19, the bud will either die or disappoint us Fig. 18, cutting too far above the bud. Fig. 19, cutting too bv producing a very close. Fig. 20, tho cut as it should be. Fig. 21, re- /? i i _Ti mi/ moval of a branch, the cross line indicating the proper feeble growth. Ine proper way is to take the branch to be operated on in the left hand, place the edge of the •21 FIGS PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 81 knife on it, opposite the lower part of the bud to be cut to, and then make a firm, quick, smooth draw-cut, sloping upwards, so that the knife will come out on a level with the point of the bud, as in fig. 20. In soft-wooded, pithy trees, like the grape vine, for example, half an inch of wood ought to be left above the bud. The cut should also be made, as much as possible, on the lower side of the branch, to prevent rain from lodging in the centre. The position of the bud cut to, is also worthy of consideration in pruning, to produce or modify certain forms. When we wish the new shoot of a lateral branch to take as much as possible, an upright direction, we prune to a bud on the inside ; and if we wish it to spread, we choose one on the outside. In the annual suppression, or cutting back young trees, to form a stem or side branches, the bud selected to form the leader is chosen on opposite sides every successive year, in order to maintain the growth in a straight line. If cut every year to a bud on the same side, it would, in two or three seasons, show an inclina tion to that side injurious to the symmetry of the tree. The Removal of Large Branches, where they are to be entirely separated from the tree, is often very clumsily performed. In orchards it is not at all uncommon to see them chopped off with a common axe ; and even in gardens there seem to be few persons who either know how, or take the proper care in this matter. They are either cut so that a portion of the base of the branch remains, and sends out vigorous shoots, defeating the objects of the pruning, or they are cut so close that a portion of the wood of the main branch or stem is taken with them, and a wound made that years are required to heal up. Both these extremes ought to be avoided. The surface of the cut made by the removal of a branch, should in no case be larger than the base of the branch. Where a branch is united to another, or to the main stem, we notice, both above and below the point of union, a small projection or shoulder, as at the cross line in fig. 21. The knife must enter just below that shoulder, and, by being drawn upwards in a straight line, the base is so com pletely removed that no shoots can be produced there ; and yet the cut surface on the stem is no larger than the base of the branch. When the saw is used, the surface of the cut should be pared smooth with the knife, to prevent water lodging on it, and facilitate the healing of the wound." Pruning at the time of Transplanting. This is performed, not only to remove bruised and broken roots and branches, but to re store the tree to a proper balance. As trees are ordinarily taken from the ground, the roots are bruised, broken or mutilated, to a greater or less extent. This obviously destroys the natural balance or proportion that existed between the roots and stem, and in such a condition the tree is unable to grow. The demand upon the roots 32 TRANSPLANTING TREES, must, therefore, be lessened, by reducing the stem and branches in length or number, or both ; and the more the roots have suffered, the greater must be the reduction of the stem and branches, to bring them to a corresponding condition. " Pruning the Roots. This is practised as well to promote fruit- fulness as to lessen the dimensions of trees. The roots are the organs that absorb from the ground the principal food of the tree, and in proportion to their number, size, and activity, other things being equal, are the vigor and growth of the stem and branches. Hence, when a tree is deprived of a certain portion of its roots, its supply of food from the soil is lessened, growth is checked, the sap moves slowly in its channels, is better elaborated in the leaves, and the young branches and buds begin to assume a fruitful character. Roots are also pruned to prevent them from penetrating too deeply into the earth, and induce the formation of lateral roots near the sur face, similar to the cutting back of a stem to produce lateral branches. The principle is the same. The work is performed by opening a trench around the tree, just at the extremities of the roots : the distance from the tree will, there fore, depend on its size, and the spreading character of the roots. The trench should be the width of a common garden spade, and deep enough to admit of an inspection of all the roots of the tree. If the lateral roots are to be shortened, this is done first. The knife should be placed on the lower side of the root, and the part separated with a clean draw cut, such as would be performed on a branch. If the tree has vertical, or tap roots, they are most easily operated on with a sharp spade, prepared and kept for the purpose. A smart stroke with such a spade, in as nearly a horizontal direction as possible, will separate a pretty strong root. The extent to which root pruning may be performed, depends on the character of the species, the con dition of the tree as regards growth, and the object aimed at. Those practising it for the first time should go to work with great caution. It will be better to operate too lightly than too severely. As re gards the season, it may be performed either at the end of the first growth, in July or August, or in the autumn or winter, when vege tation is quite suspended. We have operated on cherry trees, with complete success, in August, in a dry time when little growth was going on. At this season, a copious watering should be given after the pruning is performed." Pruning, to form particular shapes, to promote the formation of blossom buds, to enlarge the fruit, to cure disease, to increase or lessen bulk, are all treated of at length by London and others ; but all seems to us summed up in the following, written by M. Dubreuil, in France, and first published in this country in Barry's " Fruit Garden." It is more especially applicable to training of trees in gardens, than of standards in orchards. He says : PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 33 " The theory of the pruning of fruit trees rests on the following six general principles : "1. The vigor of a tree, subjected to pruning, depends, in a great measure, on the equal distribution of sap in all its branches. " In fruit trees abandoned to themselves, the sap is equally dis tributed in the different parts without any other aid than nature, because the tree assumes the form most in harmony with the natural tendency of the sap.* " But in those submitted to pruning, it is different ; the forms im posed on them, such as espalier, pyramid, vase, &c., change, more or less, the normal direction of the sap, and prevent it from taking the form proper to its species. Thus nearly all the forms given to trees require the development of ramifications, more or less numerous, and of greater or less dimensions at the base of the stem. And, as the sap tends by preference towards the summit of the tree, it hap pens that, unless great care be taken, the branches at the base become feeble, and finally dry up, and the form intended to be obtained, dis appears, to be replaced by the natural form, that is, a stem or a trunk with a branching head. It is then indispensable, if we wish to preserve the form we impose upon trees, to employ certain means, by the aid of which the natural direction of the sap can be changed and directed towards the points where we wish to obtain the most vigorous growth. To do this, we must arrest vegetation in the parts to which the sap is carried in too great abundance, and, on the con trary, favor the parts that do not receive enough. To accomplish this, the following means must be successively employed : " 1. Prune the branches of the most vigorous parts very short, and those of the weak parts long. We know that the sap is attracted by the leaves. The removal of a large number of wood-buds from the vigorous parts, deprives these parts of the leaves which these buds would have pro duced ; consequently, the sap is attracted there in less quantities, and the growth thereby diminished. The feeble parts being pruned long, present a great number of buds, which produce a large surface of leaves, and these attract the sap, and acquire a vigorous growth. This principle holds good in all trees, under whatever form they may be conducted. " 2. Leave a large quantity of fruit on the strong part, and remove the whole or greater part from the feeble. We know already that the fruit has the property of attracting to it the sap from the roots, and of employing it entirely to its own growth. The necessary result of this is, what we are about to point out, viz., that all the sap which arrives in the strong parts, will be absorbed by the fruit, and the * This is not in all cases true. Peach trees, we know, left to themselves, ex hibit a very striking example of the unequal distribution of the sap. The ends of the branches attract nearly the whole, leaving the lateral shoots and lower parts to die out. In other species, similar instances might be quoted, and, as a general thing, the proposition is unsound, except in a comparative sense. 34 TRANSPLANTING TKEES. wood there, in consequence, will make but little growth, while on the feeble parts, deprived of fruit, the sap will all be appropriated by the growing parts, and they will increase in size and strength. " 3. Bend the strong parts and keep the weak erect. The more erect the branches and stem are, the greater will be the flow of sap to the growing parts ; hence, the feeble parts being erect, attract much more sap than the strong parts inclined, and, consequently, make a more vigorous growth, and soon recover their balance. This remedy is more especially applied to espalier trees. " 4. Remove from the vigorous parts the superfluous shoots as early in the season as possible, and from the feeble parts as late as pos sible. The fewer the number of young shoots there are on a branch, the fewer there are of leaves, and, consequently, the less is the sap attracted there. Hence, in leaving the young shoots on the feeble parts, their leaves attract the sap there, and induce a vigorous growth. " 5. Pinch early the soft extremities of the shoots on the vigorous parts, and as late as possible on the feeble parts, excepting always any shoots which may be too vigorous for their position. By thus pinching early the strong parts, the flow of sap to such points is checked, and naturally turns to the growing parts that have not been pinched ; this remedy is applicable to trees in all forms. " 6. Lay in the strong shoots on the trellis early, and leave the fee ble parts loose as long as possible. Laying in the strong parts ob structs the circulation of the sap in them, and, consequently favors the weak parts that are loose. This is only applicable to espaliers, " 7. In espalier trees, giving the feeble parts the benefit of the light, and confining the strong parts more in the shade, rf stores a balance, for light is the agent which enables leaves to perform their functions and their actions on the roots, and the parts receiving the greater proportion of it acquire the most vigorous development. 2. " The sap acts with greater force and produces more vigorous growth on a branch or shoot pruned short, than on one pruned long. This is easily explained. The sap acting on two buds must evidently produce a greater development of wood on them, than if it were divided between fifteen or twenty buds. " It follows from this, that if we wish to obtain wood branches, we prune short, for vigorous shoots produce few fruit buds. On the contrary, if we wish to obtain fruit branches, we prune long, because the most slender or feeble shoots are the most disposed to fruit. " Another application of this principle is to prune short for a year or two, such trees or parts as have become enfeebled by overbear ing. (This principle deserves especial attention, as its application is of great importance. ) 3. " The sap tending always to the extremities of the shoots causes the terminal bud to push with greater vigor than the laterals. Ac cording to this principle, when we wish a prolongment of a stem or PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 35 branch, we should prune to a vigorous wood-bud, and leave no pro duction that can interfere with the action of the sap on it. 4. " The more the sap is obstructed in its circulation, the more likely it will be to produce fruit buds. This principle is founded on a fact to which we have already had occasion to refer, viz. — that the sap circulating slowly is subjected to a more complete elaboration in the tissues of the tree, and becomes better adapted to the forma tion of fruit buds. " This principle can be applied to produce the following result : when we wish to produce fruit buds on a branch, we prevent a free circulation of the sap by bending the branches, or by making annular or circular incisionsNon it; and on the contrary, when we wish to change a fruit branch into a wood branch, we give it a vertical posi tion, or prune it to two or three buds, on which we concentrate the action of the sap and thus induce their vigorous development. 5. " The leaves serve to prepare the sap absorbed by the roots for the nourishment of the tree, and aid the formation of buds on the shoots. All trees, therefore, deprived of their leaves are liable to perish. This principle shows how dangerous it is to remove a large quantity of leaves from trees, under the pretext of aiding the growth or ripening of fruits, for the leaves are the nourishing organs, and the trees deprived of them cannot continue to grow, neither can the fruit ; and the branches so stripped will have feeble, ill-formed buds, which will, the following year, produce a weak and sickly growth. 6. " Where the buds of any shoot or branch do not develop before the age of two years, they can only be forced into activity by a very close pruning, and in some cases, as the peach, this even will often fail. This last principle shows the importance of pruning the main branches of espaliers particularly, so as to ensure the development of the buds of their successive sections, and to preserve well the side shoots thus produced, for without this, the interior of the tree will become naked and unproductive, and a remedy will be very difficult." " If these principles and practices of pruning be carefully studied in connection with the habits of growth and bearing of the different fruit trees, pruning will be comparatively an easy matter. The mode of obtaining any particular form or character cannot fail to be perfectly plain and simple ; yet no one need hope to accomplish, in all things, the precise results aimed at, for even the most skilful operator is sometimes disappointed ; but those who give constant attention to their trees, will always discover a failure in time to apply a remedy." Training. We give the accompanying fig. 22. taken from " London's Encyclopedia of Gardening" merely as illustrative of the varied modes of training trees in England. Our more favored 36 TRANSPLANTING TREES. land requiring no such practice to enable trees to produce abundantly ; the forms are only seen in some small gardens, or when the useful and ornamental are attempted to be combined, in training a tree to hide some out-building or unsightly prospect. As the foregoing principles are sufficient, connected with the illustration, to enable almost any one to practice, we add only the terms by which each form is known ; a, the herring-bone fan ; 6, the irregular fan ; c, the stellate fan ; d, the drooping fan ; e, the wavy fan ;/, the horizontal ; g, the horizontal with screw stem ; 7*, the vertical with screw or wavy shoots ; i, same with upright shoots. Labels. For nursery rows, the best are stakes of red cedar or pine about eighteen inches long, and four wide, having one side smooth, painted with white paint, or even oiled, and written on with a soft lead pencil, and driven down one foot into the ground, at the commencement of each variety. For standard trees, slips of wood three inches long and half an inch wide, and either painted and written on as above — or, having the name burned in with iron type, which is better, then secured to a side branch by strong copper wire ; are those most in use. Labels are also made of sheet zinc, written upon with a mix ture of two parts (by weight) of verdigris, two of sal-ammoniac, one of lamp-black, and thirty of water. The ingredients are to be mixed in a mortar with a small portion of water at first, and the whole added afterwards. Preserve the mixture in a well corked bottle, shaking it repeatedly at first, and keep the cork downwards to prevent the escape of ammonia, and it will remain fit for use for years. If the pieces of zinc are suspended by copper wire it should be firmly twisted round the zinc so as not to remain loose, or else the PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 37 constant motion from wind, will soon wear off the wire. The wire should be nearly as large as a small knitting-needle, to prevent cracking off by long use. The loop should be large, and pass round a side-shoot, instead of a main branch to prevent the danger of cutting in by the growth of the tree ; and should be attached below a small fork, to prevent its blowing off the end of the branch. The wire may be wholly dispensed with by the following con trivance : cut the zinc into long triangular strips, half an inch wide and six to ten inches long. Draw the narrow or slender end round the twig, bring it through a hole punched mid- way between the ends, and clinch or twist it with the fingers or a small pair of pincers. These labels may be punched by a tinman at a cheap rate. Sheet tin may be used instead of zinc, using a sharp awl to write the name, and being particular to cut through the tin coating. Oxidation soon renders the letters distinct. Protection. It often happens that young orchard trees are injured by sheep and rabbits. A simple method for protection, is to take three strips of common lath, set them up around the tree, and with strong wire secure them one to another. If closely placed, they will also serve to protect in a great measure from mice ; but for protec tion from the latter, strong "hardware paper" as it is termed, secured around the tree by fine wire, and coated with coal tar is best. The form of young trees most desirable to be obtained for planting, are those so grown as to present a regular tapering form of stem from the root to the terminal bud. This is only obtained by per mitting the side branches to grow, and be regularly shortened in in the nursery, so that not only the stem but the whole tree presents the form of a pyramid. One tree so grown, is worth more to the planter, than ten grown with long slender stems of uniform size six or seven feet high. A tree rightly (or as first described), grown, will have double the quantity of roots, and when removed will need no staking, while the latter will require staking four or five years, and then never make a fine tree. CHAPTER IV. DEGENERACY OF VARIETIES LIMITED AGE, ETC. INFLUENCE OF SOILS CLIMATE STOCKS. THE theory of degeneracy of varieties at certain periods of exist ence in the parent-tree, once had strong supporters ; but we have never been able to reconcile it with any known laws existent in vegetable life, beyond theory. That all cuttings taken from a seed ling plant, no matter how propagated, are but the continuation of a single plant, having existence in a healthy state only so long as the original exists in vigor and health, although advocated, and with con siderable of reason to support, is a proposition we cannot accede to. Not only is this adduced as correct, but also that no variety can be procured of a healthy origin except grown on the principle of Van Mons, from seed of a wildling. The failure of varieties to produce fruit on trees of advanced age, and without care, of size equal to its first appearance when the trees were young, is often cited as evi dence of the " running out " of that variety ; those so citing seeming not to know, that fruit is being produced elsewhere on younger trees, under good treatment, fully equal or surpassing the original. All seedlings are not equally vigorous and healthy, whether grown from a wildling or cultivated variety; and varieties are undoubtedly under propagation unhealthy ; but that they are more so on account of the term of years they have been continued, admits of doubt. That every tree has its natural limit of life, and this natural limit shortened or lengthened as the tree is over stimulated or evenly treated, we do not question ; but that every bud taken from a tree, propagated in various sections of soil and climate, on seedling stocks, or otherwise, must decay at or near the time of the original tree, is a point of belief to which we have not yet arrived. The white Doyenne Pear, the Pennock Apple, the Golden Pippin, have all been cited as evidence to sustain the theory, and yet we have grown all in as perfect state as could be desired by the most critical. The influence of soils on both tree and fruit is now too well known among horticulturists, and the exhaustion thereof too often, unwittingly, accepted to support the theory of exhaustion of vari eties. We have repeatedly written that, at no very distant day, will it be requisite for the orchardist to fully understand the nature of soil requisite for each distinct variety. We do not believe a fruit originating in soil abundantly supplied with lime will preserve FRUIT ROOM FOR KEEPING. 39 the same character and quality when grown in one utterly devoid of that material. Analysis has shown us somewhat of this, while practical experience is teaching it yearly, in the evidence of rot, &c., exhibited in varieties grown on trees long unsupplied with aught but the natural ingredients of the soil. As under the head of each variety of fruit we give the analysis belonging thereto, we shall not extend remarks here on a subject too well understood and accepted to require argument in its support. The influence of climate on varieties has, we think, only this effect, viz. : to create more or less rapid growth of both tree and fruit as we go north or south, causing in the tree a coarser, more spongy, soft wood, and more subject to injury from sudden changes of atmosphere, when grown south; and in the fruit, greater size, more open and coarser texture of flesh, and corresponding depreciation in flavor, with earlier maturity in apple and pear ; but in the peach, apricot, and nectarine, additional charac ter and sweetness, as the juices are more elaborated. The influence of Stocks on varieties seems one not easily ex plained; for while all know that to propagate a strong growing variety upon a slow growing stock has a tendency at once to reduce its growth of wood and create a producing habit ; and vice versa, when a slow grower is placed on one of vigorous habit. Yet the reason why a fruit is better or worse in quality when grown on varied stocks and subject to like soil, has not been explained. Seed ling stocks, as most used by nursery-men, are not all alike vigorous or hardy ; hence the apparent difference in trees propagated on them and removed to various locations. Under each general head of varieties of fruits, we give such information as we have been ena bled to gain of the adaptation of certain stocks to the variety, and refer thereto for further remark. CHAPTER V. GATHERING FRUIT TIME WHEN FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING AND RIPENING. THE gathering of hardy fruits, such as apples, pears, quinces, grapes, etc., should be performed in the middle of a dry day, not in the morning before the dew is evaporated, nor in evening when it is depositing; neither should they be gathered immediately after a 40 GATHERING FRUIT. rain. All fruits should be left until the full size is acquired ; but under our clear sun, most varieties of pears are improved if they are gathered and permitted to mature their juices in the house. If on raising the fruit level with the foot-stalk it separates, it may be accounted ripe ; or, if one be cut open, and the seeds found well colored brown or blackish, it is time to pull them. Gathering with " fruit gatherers " is esteemed most perfect, but if we could induce all our orchard farmers to gather by the hand, we should consider we had accomplished very much. Step-ladders, as seen in fig. 23, are used to facilitate the operation. The delicate thin-skinned varieties of winter apples should be gathered some ten days earlier than the thick-skinned varieties, if it is intended to have them keep well. Of the quality of pears being varied by the process of ripening, much has been said, and often with good reason and truth. The following description of a fruit room, is from a foreign jour nal, and regarded as valuable. Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, has a house built after this manner, except, that in place of the cavity between the inner and the outer walls, the space is filled with char coal, as a non-conductor, and deemed an improvement, in that it produces a cooler temperature in Summer. " Experience has shown that fruit will not keep well on the tree, after the latter has ceased to grow ; nor will its flavor be so good, because the stoppage of vegetation implies a corresponding fall of the temperature ; consequently, the elaboration of the fluid in their tis sues cannot be effected. On the contrary, we commonly see fruit become shrivelled and dry, if gathered too soon. Hence, the neces sity of gathering fruit at two different periods from one and the same tree. First from the lower half of the tree, where vegetation ceases first, and eight or ten days later from the upper half, or ex tremities of the tree. For this reason, fruits are sooner fit for gath ering from espalier trees than from standards ; and likewise, sooner from old trees than from young and luxuriant ones. The best guide for ascertaining whether they are fit for gathering, is their easy part ing from the tree. The different kinds of nuts, walnuts, chestnuts, etc., are better in flavor, and preserve best, if left on the tree until they drop of themselves. Grapes, destined for either immediate consump tion, or to be preserved, must first have attained complete maturity. The longer grapes are allowed to hang, the more their saccha rine properties will be enriched. In localities where grapes ripen in the open air, they should be kept from those ripened in houses or on espaliers. In storing fruit, fine dry weather should be chosen, as then it is charged with less humidity, consequently, in the best FRUIT ROOM FOR KEEPING. 41 condition for being laid on the shelves of the fruit room. The best method of gathering fruit is to pluck it off singly with the hand, care being taken not to cause the least pressure, which would produce a brown speck, and, ultimately, decomposition. Various contrivances have been introduced for the purpose of gathering fruit without the aid of a ladder ; but practically, they require too much time, and therefore, a common ladder is, perhaps, the most convenient after all. Long, shallow and wide cross-handled baskets, having a piece of car pet at the bottom, are in general use about Montreuil. In these baskets the fruit is placed in layers — three layers — separated by leaves, being the usual contents of each basket, which, as they are filled, are carried gently to the fruit room on the head. The fruit, we shall now suppose, having been gathered with due care and at the proper time, the first condition necessary to preserve it during the winter, is perfect immunity from frost. The process of ripening should also be promoted or retarded, according to circumstances, so as to have only a certain number ready for dessert at one time, thus keeping up a succession from the time they are gathered till the succeeding year's fruit come in. For this purpose, the fruit room should have the temperature uniform and equal ; for frequent change of temperature absorbs the fluids, and fermentation soon follows. The temperature should be from 46 to 48 deg. Fahr. A higher temperature would accelerate the process of ripening too much, and a lower would retard it. If fruit is placed in a room or cellar where the temperature is very low — say an ice-house — it will keep a long time, if not destroyed by moisture ; but, before it is wanted for dessert, it should be exposed for some time in a higher temperature to attain complete maturity. Light is found unfavorable to the keeping of fruit, and therefore, it should be excluded. The atmos phere should be kept rather dry than humid, and the fruit should be placed separately, so as not to touch one another. We would select a northern aspect, and dry place, sheltered if pos sible, by high evergreen trees, fer the purpose of building the fruit room ; the quantity of fruit to be preserved must determine its di mension. The annexed plan is fifteen feet long bv twelve feet wide, and GATHERING FRUIT. nine feet high (inside measure). In a room of this size, 8,000 fruit can be conveniently preserved. It is surrounded by two walls (fig. 24, a and 6). A body of air is interposed between the two walls, at c, and which serves to keep the interior from exterior atmospheric influence. The walls are one foot and a half thick, and are built of wood, clay, and straw, which on account of being bad conductors, are preferable to common masonry. The ground (or floor), both in the interior, and at c, are made of the same material as the walls. The entrance door is at the north side. In the exterior wall is a double door, c?, one to open at the outside, and the other in the in side. The door e, which is a single one, opens direct into the fruit room, and in severe weather, it is filled up with straw. Four wooden shutters, /, two in the interior, and two at the exterior wall, are placed four feet off the ground, and level, for the purpose of clean ing and airing the fruit room, before fruit is put into it. The ceil ing is composed of a layer of moss, maintained and covered with laths ; the outside is thatched, projecting beyond the exterior wall. In^the interior, benches, or shelves, (fig. 25,) from the bottom up to the ceilings, are placed a foot above one another. To facilitate the inspection of the fruit, the shelves above four feet from the ground are placed at an angle of 45 deg., a, in the form of a stage ; the lower ones are fixed horizontally, b. To ensure the circulation of air between the shelves, they are divided in five parts, and a space of an inch left between each of Fig. 25. Section showing the arrange- them ; those in front, c, are provided with aleclgeboard. The centre of the fruit room is reserved for a table ( fig. 24), of about six feet long by three feet broad, for the purpose of receiving the fruit previously to being ar ranged upon the shelves. Such, then, is the mode of constructing a fruit room, by the aid of which we are enabled to furnish the table with an equal quantity of dessert fruit every day throughout the year. When the fruit is brought into the fruit room, they are at first placed upon the central table, which is provided with a quantity of dry moss or cotton ; and after having been sorted, all the bruised ones are removed ; the sound ones are left for three or four days, to throw off the superabundant moisture ; when this has been effected, the shelves are covered with a thin layer of perfectly dry moss or cotton. The fruit are wiped with a piece of flannel, and placed one by one upon the shelves, not touching one another. Grapes can, also, be preserved for a length of time in this place, having been gathered as described above, and taken to the fruit room. Every branch is examined, and the injured berries cut out carefully with a FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING. pair of scissors, and fixed the reverse way to a metalic hook, of the form of an S, (fig. 26.) Attached thus, they are less likely to rot, because the ber ries are placed in a freer position, and do not touch each other. They are hooked to one or two hoops, as Fig. 27. Movable frame for sus pending the Grapes. Fig. 26. Method of sus- shown at fig. 27, and pending cheers of suspended with a cord cord to the ceiling, and made movable with two pulleys. Having thus all the fruit disposed in the fruit room, the doors and shutters are opened during eight or ten days, to deprive the fruit of the superabundant moisture ; and after this has been done, a fine dry day is chosen to close the fruit room hermetically. The doors are no more opened, except for the work necessary to be done in the interior. Until now, no other mode was known of dry- ing-up superabundant moisture in fruit rooms during winter, except by permitting a greater or less current of air to pass through the apartment. The inconveniences this plan presents are obvious ; the interior temperature will change according to the exterior; and, bad as this plan is, if the thermometer stands under freezing point, no use can be made of it at all ; hence, the fruit must be abandoned to chance, and disappointment will soon follow. In this case we recom mend the use of chlorine of calcium. This substance has the prop erty of absorbing about double its own weight of moisture, when it becomes liquid after being exposed for a certain length of time to a humid atmosphere, produced by the moisture emitted by the fruit. It is thus suited to maintain the atmosphere in the best condition. To use chlorine of calcium, a wooden box is made (fg. 28, a,) one foot and a half square by three inches deep, and placed upon a table 6, which is at the side, c, an inch lower than on the other. The chlorine of calcium, after having absorbed a certain quantity of moisture, becomes liquefied, and runs into the earthenware vase, d, placed underneath for the purpose. Should the chlorine become dissolved before the total con sumption of the fruits, the dose must be renewed ; in which case, the liquid in the vase, if put in a pan, and Fig. 28 44 GATHERING FRUIT. placed above the fire, becomes again chlorine of calcium, and as good for use as before. Fruit in Cellars. — "A great deal of winter fruit suffers early decay, in consequence of a deficiency of ventilation, especially during autumn, and after the fruit is deposited. Another cause of decay, is the im proper location of the shelves or bins, which are placed against or around the walls. By this inconvenient arrangement, the assorting of decayed specimens must be done all from one side, and the shelves must hence be very narrow, or the operator must stretch himself in a most irksome horizontal position. The circulation of the air is, at the same time, greatly impeded by the want of space next the walls. To avoid these evils, the shelves should be in the centre, with a pas- sa'ge all round. This allows circulation of air ; and the shelves may be twice the width, with the same conveniences in assorting or picking. If suspended from the joists above, on stiff bars, rats can not reach them. It is said, that the Germans are very successful in the ventilation of their cellars, by a communication with the princi pal chimney, the heated air in which necessarily maintains a cur rent, which sweeps out the noxious and stagnant gases from the vegetable and other contents." THE ALMOND. Amygdalus communis — Dec. Rosacea of Botanists. THE almond tree is a native of the north of Africa ; of the moun tains of Asia ; and, of Russia. Linnaeus places it in the same genus with the peach and nectarine, and many botanists regard it as the parent of both. The fruit of almond, peach, and nectarine, it is said, have been found growing naturally upon the same branch. How true this may have been, when so recorded, we do not know, but we do know, that nature produces no such variations in the present age. The tree bears a general resemblance to the nectarine, but is easily distinguished by its more glossy leaves, and the pecul iar color and hardness of the wood. The flowers resemble those of the peach, but are larger than most varieties, and produced in greater profusion. It is a fruit which has been too much neglected, and especially in our south-western States, where it should be grown in such quantities, as to entirely exclude importation from Europe. Propagation. Easily grown from seed, which should be placed in sand, kept moist during winter, cracked in spring, and sown in drills three feet wide, and one pit every eight inches in the drill, covered two inches deep. Varieties are continued by budding on the wild plum (which is best) the peach and almond. In light soils, the peach answers a very good purpose, but for strong, rich soils, the plum is best. Soil, Hardihood, and Cultivation. The soil should be well drained ; but in our clear, sunny clime, a warm, sandy soil is not essential. The long, hard shell variety is hardy, and productive in the middle, and portions of the northern States ; while South, the soft shell, or ladies' almond, is grown without difficulty. The cultivation needed is same as that of the peach. Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is esteemed as an article of food, and used in confectionery, cookery, and perfumery. Bitter almonds are used in medicine, furnishing somewhat of the prussic acid of the shops. 46 THE ALMOND. VARIETIES. CLASS I. Varieties worthy cultivation. LONG HARD SHELL. Long Hard Shell Almond, | Amandier a gros fruit , | Amandier a gros fruit doux. flowers, large, pale rose color, opening before the leaves ; stone, about as large as the soft shell, but the kernel larger and plumper ; very hardy ; ripens about last September. LANGUEDOC. Great-fruited sweet, | Great Soft Shell, | Large Persian The trees are hardy, but its fruiting qualities we do not know It is said to be very large and sweet. SOFT SHELL SWEET. Soft Shell Sweet Almond, I Ladies' Thin Shell, Doux a coque tendre, Sultan a coque tendre, Amandier a coque tendre, Amandier des Dames, Ou Amande Princesse. This is the variety common in the shops of the confectioners, wtih a shell so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers ; and the kernel of which is so generally esteemed at the dessert. The flowers open at same time with the leaves, and are deeply tinged with red. Fruit, oval, compressed ; nut, oval-pointed, one-sided, tender shell ; kernel, sweet ; ripens in August, or in July at the South, where it is only adapted. CLASS III. Varieties unworthy Cultare. COMMON ALMOND. Common Sweet, | Amandier a petit Fruit, | Amande Commune. A variety usually found in nurseries, inferior to the Long Hard Shell. • SULTANA SWEET ALMOND. Amande Sultane, | Sultan . A tender-shelled variety, inferior to the Soft Shelled Sweet. PISTACHIA SWEET. Amande Pistache. Small, pointed, inferior fruit. PEACH ALMOND. , Pecher, | Amandier Pecher. A cross between the Peach and Almond. Nearly sweet — often bitter. BITTER ALMOND. Differing from the common Almond in its bitter kernel. THE APRICOT. Armeniaca vulgaris—Dec. Rosacce of Botanists. THE common apricot is a fruit tree in occasional, but not general cultivation. It is of olden date, having been mentioned by Colu- mella, and, afterward, by Pliny and Dioscorides. The latter describes it as known in Italy under the name prcccoci-i • while the former mentions, that it was introduced into that jountry about the six teenth year of the Christian era. Thunberg describes it as abound ing in Japan, and attaining the size of a large spreading tree. " The Chinese," says Grossier, " have many varieties, which they cultivate both for ornament and use." The barren mountains west of Pekin, are described by the same author, as being covered with these trees. And Professor Pallas states it to be " a native of almost the whole range of the Caucasus." It is, also, stated to be from Armenia and Arabia, and its name, derived from the Arabic, berkoche, whence the Tuscan, bacocke or albicocco, and the English, apricock, and, finally, apricot, about the end of the last century. Coxe, in his work, pub lished in 1817, says of the apricot, " This fruit is extremely tender, in our severe winters in exposed or open situations, unprotected by a wall." And similar statements have been made by writers, from time to time, until, on account of this erroneous impression, of late years, its cultivation has been too much neglected. It is not more tender as a tree than our sweet cherries ; and, contrary to general statements, they do not require sheltered southern positions ; for in climates like ours, such situations are the most objectionable, tend ing suddenly to excite or check the circulation of sap, expanding and breaking the tissue of liber, often destroying the tree in an hour, during the months of February or March, although not, perhaps, apparent, until the flow of sap commences returning toward the root, in June or July following. Northern or eastern exposures are best, but, in southern or western positions, shielding the bodies and lower limbs with cotton cloth dipped in whitewash, will often act as a preventive. The trees should be shortened-in " freely, as with the peach; and standards should always be grown more in manner of round-headed dwarfs, than otherwise ; for if so grown, injury to the fruit from late spring frosts, can often be prevented, by covering them with a cloth. Propagation. The apricot is generally propagated by budding 48 THE APRICOT. on the plum. The small, yellow wild plum of our Western States makes one of the best stocks for it. Some use the peach, which answers very well on light, sandy soils, but generally gives too much tendency to wood growth rather than producing fruit. The seeds grow readily, and pits from isolated trees often produce very good sorts ; few, however, ever get into notice, from not surpassing the parent in size, although often proving more hardy and produc tive. Budding into the limbs of a standard peach, or plum-tree, has been thought to add hardihood to the apricot. Soil and Diseases. Deep, strong, loamy, but not wet soils, are best adapted to successful fruiting the apricot ; although they are often grown readily and beautifully on light sand. In the latter case, however, it requires mulching or free watering, otherwise the tree ripens its wood and drops its fruit before fully matured. The diseases belonging to the apricot as a tree are only the result of exposure, as stated previously ; but the fruit is a favorite of the curculio, and frequently destroyed ere half grown. Trees trained against buildings and near walks are often exempt from attacks of this insect. Uses. " A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior to the peach, ripening about midsummer, after cherries and before plums, at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving in sugar or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and, where it is abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ; it is also dried for winter use." It is also used, when partially grown, in the preparation of tarts. VARIETIES. CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation. BREDA. Amande Aveline, I Ananas, DeHollande, | Persique, Hasselnussmandel. This old variety withstands severe frosts in spring, is hardy as a tree, a good grower, productive although small, and hangs well, even after ripe. Fruit, small, roundish, often approaching four-sided ; suture, well marked ; skin, orange, becoming rich brownish orange in the sun ; flesh, deep orange, parting freely from the stone, juicy, rich, and high-flavored ; stone, small, roundish, compressed ; kernel, sweet. Season, first of August. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 49 EARLY GOLDEN. Dubois' Early Golden , | Dubois' Early Golden Apricot. Raised by Charles Dubois, Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Tree, thrifty yet close wood, hardy, productive, and said to bear considerable of late frosts without injury to the blossom. Fruit, small, one and a quarter inch diameter, roundish oval, narrow suture ; skin, smooth, pale orange ; flesh, orange, moder ately juicy and sweet, but not high flavor ; separates from the stone ; kernel, sweet. Season, 10th to 15th July. Very valuable as a market variety. LARGE EARLY. Gros Precoce, I De St. Jean Rouge, De St. Jean, | Gros D'Alexandrie, Gros Freche. This proves to be the finest large early apricot known, and an abundant bearer : foliage, large, leaves, tapering toward the foot stalks, with little ear-like appendages in place of glands. Fruit, medium size, oblong compressed ; suture, deep ; skin , downy, pale orange in the shade ; fine bright orange with a few ruddy spots in the sun ; flesh, pale orange, rich, juicy, separates freely from the stone; stone, brown, much flattened, oval, perfora ted along the back from base to apex ; kernel, bitter. Season, 10th to 15th July. MOORPARK. Anson's, Dunmore, Sudlow's Moorpark, Oldaker's Moorpark, De Xancy, Anson's Imperial, Peche, Peche Gros, Temple's, Dunmore's Breda, Hunt's Moorpark, Walton Moorpark, Peach, Royal Peach, Abricot Peche, Wurtemburg. This variety has its name from Moorpark, the seat of Sir William Temple, who began gardening in England about 1672, and previous to his decease, in 1698, this variety was cultivated. Moderate bearer. Fruit, large, roundish, about two and a quarter inches diameter each way, larger on one side of the suture than the other ; skin, orange in the shade, but deep orange or brownish red in the sun, marked with numerous carmine specks and dots ; flesh, firm, bright orange, parting free from the stone, quite juicy, with a rich and lus cious flavor ; stont, uneven, peculiarly perforated along the back, 3 50 THE APRICOT. where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end to the other ; kernel, bitter. Season, early in August. We have been unable to detect any difference between the Moor- park and Peach apricot, and have therefore made the Peach a syno nym of Moorpark. CLASS II. Adapted to certain Localities ; or, Gardens of Amateurs. New and untested. BURLINGTON. This variety originated at Burlington, N. J., from a seed of the Peach Apricot planted by Mrs. Sarah Woolinan in 1838. Native soil, poor gravel. Tree, vigorous, young wood reddish. Fruit, medium size, oblong, somewhat compressed at sides, with distinct suture ; skin, golden yellow, with red spots, and a ruddy cheek in sun ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, fine flavor ; stone, rough, perforated. Season, last of July. BROWN'S EARLY. Origin Chelsea, Mass. Fruit, large, short oval, yellow, bright red cheek; flesh, yellow, melting, rich, juicy, luscious flavor. Season, middle to last July. HEMSKIRKE. A foreign variety, ripening at same time as the Peach Apricot. Tree very short jointed wood. Fruit, above medium, roundish, compressed ; skin, orange, with a brownish red cheek ; flesh, bright clear orange, tender, juicy, rich flavor ; stone, small; kernel, partially bitter. Season, last of July. KAISHA. From Syria, new, and but recently introduced into this country. The Journal of the London Horticultural Society, describes it as " roundish, semi-transparent, skin slightly downy, pale citron color in shade, tinged, and marked with red in sun. Flesh, tender, juicy, citron color, sugary and delicious, parting freely from the stone, which is small roundish, with a sweet kernel." LARGE RED. Under this name we received a tree three years since, but it has not yet fruited. Mr. Downing, in the Horticulturist, speaks of it as large, round, dark .orange red, sweet, and juicy. MUSCH. Musch Musch, | D' Alexandria, Gros Musch. This variety takes its name from the city of Musch, on the frontiers ADAPTED TO CERTAIN LOCALITIES. 51 of Turkey in Asia. The Moorpark is often sent out for this variety ; and 80, receiving it from three different sources, we for a long time supposed them identical. The true variety is not of quite as strong growth as Moorpark, wood being very short jointed. Fruit, medium, roundish, about one and a half inch in diameter ; skin, rich yellow, with orange red spots and marblings on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow, tender, melting, sweet ; kernel, sweet. Season, last of July. NEWHALL'S EARLY. Origin, Lynn, Mass. Fruit, medium, short, oval, bright orange, deep red cheek, tender, juicy, rich delicious flavor; clingstone; season, last July, early in August. (Cole.) ROMAN. Abricpt Commun, J Grosse Genuine, Germine, | Transparent. A strong grower, hardy tree, suited to cold unfavorable situations ; good bearer ; poor flavor. Fruit, medium, oblong, compressed, pale yellow, dotted with a few red spots ; flesh, dull yellow, soft, dry ; stone, oblong ; kernel, bitter ; season, first August. ROYAL. Abricot Royale. A French variety, with large leaves, and vigorous habit of growth. Fruit, above medium, roundish oval, slightly compressed, dull yellow, with a little red; flesh, pale orange, firm and juicy; last of July. SHIPLEY'S. Shipley's Large. | Blenheim. From England, a good grower, and productive. Fruit, large, oval, orange yellow, juicy, sweet ; kernel, bitter ; season, last July. SHAKER PARA. A variety not yet, to our knowledge, introduced. We have only seen it noticed in the journal of the London Hort. Society. Its name, meaning "bit of sugar," is the only description given. TURKEY. Large Turkey, | De Nancy. Fruit, medium, round, deep yellow in the shade, mottled with brownish orange in the sun; flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy; kernel, sweet; seasoa, middle August. The Blotched Leaved Turkey, or Gold Blotched, is a sub-variety, in all respects resembling the common Turkey, except having most of the leaves more or less blotched with yellow. 62 THE APK1COT. CLASS III. Varieties unworthy farther Culture. ALBERGE. Albergier. Fruit, small, roundish, yellow, flesh, firm, vinous. Middle of August. BRUSSELS. Fruit, medium, oval, compressed, pale yellow, with dark brown specks ; flesh, yellow, firm, brisk flavor. Middle of August. Kernel, bitter. BLACK. Purple, I Noir, Angoumois, Violet, Du Pape. Fruit, small, resembling a plum, round, reddish violet, or purple; flesh, tender, juicy, adhering to the stone, astringent ; kernel, sweet August. George Hoadley, Esq., informs us that this variety has been brought from Germany under name of " Hamburgh Apricot," probably from Booth's nursery, near Hamburgh. ORANGE. Early Orange, I Royal George, Royal Orange, | Persian, Royal Persian. Fruit, medium, roundish, orange color, with a ruddy tint in the sun ; flesh, dark orange, dry, insipid ; kernel, sweet. Middle July. RED MASCULINE. Early Masculine, I Abricot Precoce, Brown Masculine, | Abricotier Hatif, Abricotier. Fruit, small, round, yellow, spotted with dark red on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow, poor flavor 5 kernel, bitter. Season, middle July. WHITE MASCULINE. White Apricot, I Abricotier Blanc, Abricot Blanc, | Early White Masculine, White Algiers. Differing from the above only in its color, and ripening a few days later. THE APPLE. Pyrus Malus, L. — JRosacea of Botanists. OF all fruits natural to temperate climates the apple has ever had preference. The " crafte of graftynge, alterynge, and plantynge of fruits," was written on by a British writer in 1502, but it had then long received the attention of " wise men of the East," and had arrived to all the perfection of the present day ; the art of producing and propagating varieties, probably, being then as well understood as now, except however, as compared to the population, by a less number of persons. A native, in its wild state, of this country and of Europe, it is generally understood, that, from the variety pyrus mains of Lindley, our cultivated sorts have originated. Twenty- two varieties are the number first mentioned and named by Roman writers ; these have increased, until now probably 2000 would not include the whole number named and partially or wholly de scribed. To the labors of Thompson, Downing, Thomas and others, as well as of local and national Pomological Societies, we owe much in aid toward winnowing from this immense number, the wheat from the chaff; and yet such is the extent of our country, and the habit of all our pioneer settlers to sow seeds of the best apples, that we are yearly in the production of vast numbers of new seed lings, adapted mainly only to their own locality, but occasionally of such excellence as to warrant their general introduction. It is owing to this, that, notwithstanding pomological writers are daily condemning, our list of esteemed varieties is constantly swelling, to the almost utter confounding of the seeker after a knowledge rela tive to " what varieties to plant." Orcharding in its profits pecuniary, as relating to the apple, has become well understood, and no one, who has land in any way suited now hesitates to plant. We have no certain data, but think we do not overstate when we say, that, besides large quantities im ported from Eastern States, there are propagated and planted annually over 6,000,000 trees in the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. The Western country is already pro ducing by millions of bushels, and her " orchards," so to speak, are not yet planted. Such is the value placed on fruit, such the rapid increase of people in cities, that no one should be at all deterred 64 THE APPLE. from continued planting ; for, we have not only the wants of in creased population of our own land to supply, but that of foreign countries. Already our fruits are sent to England and other distant shores, and eagerly sought for and purchased at what would here be termed high prices. Although the Newtown pippin as sent from the Pell orchard on the Hudson Eiver, has done much toward establishing our reputation abroad, we anticipate an advance in good- favor, when the same variety grown on our Southern Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois soils, shall be shown ; for certainly they are, like all our Western growths, when compared with those of the East, far superior in size. The duration of the apple when worked and grown on a healthy seedling stock, was regarded by Mr. Knight, of celebrity in horticul ture, at 200 years ; yet trees are recorded as being over 1000 years old, and in annual healthy fruiting condition. So also Mr. Knight regarded " many varieties" as in his time " already on the decline," which Coxe, in his " View of Fruit Trees" published in 1817, says " grow and appear more healthy than any variety in the orchard." Trees of over 200 years are known, in this country, to be healthy and yearly producing their abundance of fine fair fruit. The puberty or fruit bearing age of the apple tree varies accord ing to variety, climate, and cultivation. In the rich deep soils, and under the clear sun of our western states, most varieties come into bearing at about eight years from the bud ; or about four or five years from planting out. We speak here only of the cultivated varieties. Wild seedlings would probably require from twelve to fifteen years. Propagation — By seeds. These should be selected if intended for stocks to work varieties upon, from native seedling trees of strong, vigorous, healthy growth. The common practice is to visit a cider mill in the months of October or November and take therefrom in discriminately such as first come to hand ; but he who desires to grow fine healthy trees had much better purchase the apples from such trees as we describe, and, if he choose, take them to the press himself. The seed should be entirely separated from the pumice or pulp, al though much of it will grow if spread immediately on the land thinly and plowed in lightly ; but this is a coarse unworkmanlike method. To free it from the pulp, take a coarse sieve, and after it has lain upon boards for forty-eight hours, proceed to sift it ; the next process, is washing in tubs, when most of the pulp which passed through the sieve will rise to the top of the water and may be taken off. If the ground is ready it may now be sown, the ground being made rich in vegetable, or partially mixed with ivell rotted animal manure, trenched or plowed twenty inches deep ; sow the seed in drills of about one foot wide and two feet between each drill ; scatter thi BUDDING. 65 seed so that when it grows there will be one plant to every two inches and cover with about one inch of earth, and one inch of leaf mould, or tan bark, or sawdust. Fresh raw manure induces insects, and consequently diseased roots. If the seed is intended for ship ment or keeping over until the spring planting, boxes not over six inches deep should be procured with holes made in the bottom for drainage, and then the seed packed in shallow layers with sand or moss, and placed in the open air on the north side of some building or fence. By Grafting. All of the modes described in previous pages are used in propagating the apple. Seedling stocks of diameter at crown of from one quarter to three-eighths inch are the best ; these are generally obtained from seedlings of one year's growth in our rich western soils; they should be dug up, have their side roots trimmed to within one inch of the main root, and that cut off to about eight inches; the graft should then be inserted, in the whip or tongue method, just at the crown or union of top and root. The same course may be adopted with seedlings in the ground, with excep tion of shortening the roots. Grafting on small pieces of roots, may answer for the growing of some varieties in the nursery ; but very few, when removed, are found to have made much but small fibrous roots ; and when planted in the orchard, require staking for years, and rarely ever make good trees. The practice has been largely followed, but is now condemned by most nurserymen, and that of grafting only on the whole of a root, as first mentioned, advised. Cleft grafting is generally pursued on trees of large size in the orchard, and may be done in October or November often with as good success as in spring. Nurserymen generally practise taking up the seedling trees late in autumn, and heeling them in, as it is termed, viz., covering them, when laid down at an angle of 45°, with earth. This is done in the cellar or root house, from whence they are taken and grafted in February and March, and repacked in boxes just deep enough to allow one inch of sand on the bottom ; and the stock grafted just coming level with the tops, sand is mixed intimately among them, covering all of root and union of graft. They are then set away in a cool place, but free from frost, until the day of planting. By Budding. This course, from the immense demand for trees and the more ready and extended propagation by means of roots, has almost been discarded during the past six or eight years. Bud ding is now again, however, coming into favor. Stocks for bud ding should be thrifty, of about half inch diameter, and the bud, inserted about four to six inches above the ground, and as much on the north side of the stock as possible. The time when, is usually 56 THE APPLE. the month of August, varying from early to late in month, as the location is South or North, and the season early or late. By layers and cuttings. This course is only pursued to increase the quantity of stocks of the Paradise apple on which to dwarf varieties. Some growers, however, west, have reputation for increas ing largely, and making fine saleable trees more rapidly by means of layers, than otherwise : we have never seen them. Cutting of Scions. These may be cut at any time from the fall of the leaf in October, to the swelling of the bud in spring — always, however, taking care that there is no frost in the wood at the time of cutting. We consider the best time late in the fall, when they may be packed in moss, damped, and wrapped in oil silk, laid in a cool cellar, where they will usually keep well until spring. The wood of the past season's growth is that required, and best to cut, if possible, from bearing trees. When the cuttings are not made until toward spring, a black and diseased appearance at the pith will oft be seen in those of vigorous growth. This, while it would, perhaps, be of no moment on the original tree, sometimes is thought to lessen the vitality and success of the scion. Selection of Trees from a Nursery. Trees of thrifty, not over luxuriant habit, five to seven feet high, three years from bud or graft, with branches from three feet up, well formed into rounded heads, are worth double the price of trees six years old, ten and twelve feet high, without a branch within eight feet of the ground. It should, however, always be recollected by the purchaser, that all varieties have not the same habit and regular form of growth ; that while a nursery-man can supply a tree of the Baldwin, straight, and just to the fancy, he may often find it difficult, nay, impossible, to do so with the Fall Wine, American Pearmain, and many other varieties at the same age. All this should be remembered by the purchaser, and in his selection be guided more by the stocky pyramidal form of the stem, and the position of branches, rather than height of tree. Influence of Climate and location. Climate, as we have said on a previous page, has no farther influence than to enhance maturity and vigor as we go South ; but location, in its preventing of injury from frosts or severe cold, is quite another thing, and deserving the attention of every planter. Too often do we see orchards planted out in the rich level valley of a farm, when the hills around are . neglected. Too often on small farms is this done also, to the loss comparatively of the best piece of plow land, when, had the planter known that trees planted on his hills would have been more hardy, and have produced fruit five years to every three when grown in the TRANSPLANTING AND DISTANCES. 57 valley, he would have, without doubt, made his orchard on his hills. There are some parts of the West, and very much at the East, where the hills are entirely unsuited to the plow ; yet by planting with trees, and digging around until of twelve or more years old, they will make the most profitable of orchards. On the prairies, a belt of trees around the orchard is considered of great benefit in protecting from the sweeping winds, sometimes destructive to fruit and tree. Here also the selection of the highest knolls and oak groves is found best for success in fruit growing. Influence of Stock and hardihood. Recently there has been much speculation respecting the hardihood as well as bearing of budded or grafted trees, all of which has doubtless arisen from the indis criminate use of small pieces of roots. That budding will be found in the main any better than the grafting process, when performed, as advised, at the crown, and on the whole of a seedling root, we are disposed to doubt, although many good orchardists now favor it. The only point we can see in its favor is the comparative hardihood of the stock as compared with that of the variety intended to be grown : this will in some varieties make budding the preferable mode, as it is now well known that some, indeed most, of the strong rapid-growing sorts, of northern or eastern origin, are somewhat dis posed to " bark burst" near the ground, and to remedy this, budding will be adopted. But again, all seedlings are not alike hardy — al though as a whole, more so than worked varieties ; and undoubtedly cultivated sorts may be found, which, if worked as grafts on whole roots, and again re-worked at three feet from the ground, would en sure as much hardihood as is in the nature of trees ; yet this will never be practised to any considerable extent, on account of its ex pense in the growing a tree. That the habit of bearing will be in creased or lessened by budding or grafting, as we advise, is also another feature at this time in dispute, but we can see nothing to favor it, except the fact that trees budded do produce better than roots grafted on the old common indiscriminate practice of using anything in shape of a piece of root, depending on the richness of soil to create from it a tree for sale. For other remarks on influ ence of stock, see previous pages. Transplanting and distances. Trees when taken from the nursery should have their roots immediately covered in the ground, on ar riving at their destination. Often trees are left out over night on wagons, subject to severe cold and frost, by which they are not al ways ruined, but frequently so far injured as to check their entire growth one season. We do not like the practice of shortening back the tops of apple trees where they have been taken up with care ; but as usually dug it is requisite to success that the top be shortened 2* 58 THE APPLE. back to correspond with the diminished root. One reason for ob jecting to the shortening in, is, that it has a tendency to start the top of the tree too thick, and we prefer with the apple to thin out, rather than increase the number of branches. The mode of how to plant has been written on a previous page. The distance apart, for an apple orchard, depends very much on the soil and the variety — rich deep soils requiring a greater dis tance than those of shallow depth, and inferior quality. And of varieties, such as the Harvest, American Pearmain, Lady Ap ple and other stocky or upright growing sorts, twenty-five feet apart would be sufficient; while the Baldwin, Gravenstein, Sweet Bough, &c., or those of rapid broad growth, would need, on rich soil, forty feet. Soil and Manures. Of the soil, it is impossible to designate any one that will suit all varieties ; we therefore, in our text descriptive designate the principal character of the soil suited to each. " All deciduous trees require a considerable proportion of potash for the elaboration of their juices in the leaves, and are prosperous, or otherwise, in proportion to plentiful or scanty supply of that sub stance in the soil. Liebig has shown that the acids generated in plants are always in union with alkaline or earthy bases, and cannot be produced without their presence. * * * Now, the apple tree du ring its development, produces a great quantity of acid ; and there fore in a corresponding degree, requires alkaline, and probably, earthy bases alone, as an indispensable condition to the existence of fruit.'' " It cannot be denied that ammonia, and also the humus of decay ing dung, must have some influence on the growth of the tree in such soils, and also in the development of the fruit ; but it is most certain, at the same time, that these alone would be perfectly ineffi cient for the production of the fruit without the co-operation of the alkaline bases. The size, and perhaps the flavor of the fruit may be somewhat affected by the organic part of the manure, but its very existence depends upon the presence in the soil of a sufficient quan tity of those inorganic or mineral substances which are indispensable to the formation of acids." "The analysis of the apple (fruit) shows in 100 Ibs. of ashes, de prived of carbonic acid, about 13 Ibs. of phosphoric acid, 7 Ibs. of sulphuric acid, 38 Ibs. of potash, and 25 Ibs. of soda ; these four bodies forming about 83 per cent, of the whole ash :" while analysis of the ash of the wood exhibits about 16 per cent, of potash, 19 of lime, and 17 of phosphate of lime ; and in the ash of the bark, about 5 per cent, of potash, 50 per cent of lime, and 3 of phosphate of lime. Another analysis gives 45 per cent, of lime in the ash of INSECTS AND DISEASES. 59 the wood. From these it is apparent that on most of our western soils, application of lime and potash will be found requisite to the production of healthy wood and fruit. Upon much of the heavily timbered lands of the west, which have been cut and burned, the ashes from the burned wood has furnished all the lime and potash requisite to success for a certain length of time ; but, already, there are orchards in Ohio, where application of lime and potash in the form of wood ashes or otherwise, is required in order to retain health of trees, and perfection in fruit. The western prairie soils require these only ; of all other ingredients they are naturally abundantly sup plied, and application of animal manure is not needed. Cultivation. Cultivation of the soil of a young orchard is as req uisite to success as cultivation of a crop of corn ; but while the trees should be kept free from weeds, suckers, insects, and the like, they should not be so stimulated by application of animal or liquid ma nures as to induce rank growth. All such over-supply of stimulus induces a degree of tenderness in the constitution, early fruitfulness and consequent early decay. We recall to mind as we write, two orchards planted about thirty-five years since, one of which has always been highly, even excitingly, cultivated, and is now decay ing ; while the other has been more regularly and moderately grown, and is now in a healthy fruiting state. All crags besides wheat, rye, oats, and clover, may be grown in an orchard. Pota toes, peas, and corn are most advisable. Pruning. The pruning of the apple, as an orchard tree, if an nually attended, is but a light task ; it should consist mainly of cutting away all branches that have a tendency to cross or overlap one another — to stop back side limbs that are apparently drawing too rapidly and creating irregular form, and to cut out rank shoots. This is the main of orchard pruning, after the heads are once formed, as they should be at planting, or the first year thereafter, by cutting to a regular rounded form. Some varieties produce their fruit upon short spurs on the limbs ; others on the extreme ends of slender shoots of previous year's growth, and must be pruned with refer ence thereto ; others, again, naturally grow upright and thick, these require thinning out ; while others, are of straggling rampant habit, requiring only the checking of branches at ends to maintain an even ly balanced tree ; these qualities will be found partially noted in our descriptions of varieties. For the art of pruning, to create particu lar forms for the garden, and of dwarf trees, we refer our readers to a previous chapter. Insects and diseases. Of insects injurious to fruit trees, western cultivators have, until within a few years, been comparatively ex- 60 THE APPLE. empt ; they are now, however, through the great amount of importa tions of trees from the Eastern States, becoming numerous and troublesome. The Borer, (Saperdabivittata), is yet little known ; a few instances only of its appearance West have been noticed. It is an insect that should be watched and checked on its first appearance. It is de structive, not only to the apple, but the quince, thorn, mountain ash, suffer equally. The perfect insect is a brown and white striped beetle, about half an inch long, which, flying at night, may be de stroyed in the month of June by building bonfires in the orchard. In its larvae state, in which it does its work of destruction, it is a fleshy white grub, which enters the tree at the collar, just at the sur face of the ground, girdling or perforating the wood to such an ex tent as often to cause death before its attack is noticed, except by the careful observing orchardist ; the small round holes from which dust is ejected indicate its presence. Some cut out the worm with a knife, others use a barbed wire, which is .either thrust into the hole and destroys the worm, or on withdrawing brings it out. Downing advises as a preventive, washing the bodies of trees with the follow ing mixture : " one pint of sulphur, one gallon soft soap, and suffi cient tobacco water to reduce to the consistence of paint." The Caterpillar, (Clisiocampa Americana,) or common orchard Caterpillar, has been long known as destructive of the foliage of orchards. This, says Thomas, is hatched in spring as soon as the leaf buds begin to open. At this time, it is not the tenth of an inch, long, nor so large as a cambric needle, but it continues to increase constantly in size for several weeks, until two inches long, and a quarter of an inch in diameter. It then spins a cocoon, and passes to the pupa state. In the latter part of summer, it comes out a yellowish brown miller, lays its eggs, and dies. The eggs are deposited in cylinders or rings, containing three to five hundred each, encircling the smaller branches, and usually within a few inches of the extremity. They remain through winter, protected from the weather by a vesicular water-proof varnish, and hatch in spring, as just stated. Each collection of eggs makes a nest of caterpillars." A mode for their destruction, is to cut off the small branches which hold the eggs, during autumn or winter, and burn them. Those that escape this mode, may be destroyed in May and June by attaching a sponge or round brush to a pole, and saturating the first with spirits of ammonia, turn it around among their nests. For this work, one hour in the morning early, is worth four at any other time in the day. The Canker Worm. (Anisopteryx pometaria.) This insect we INSECTS AND DISEASES. 61 have never seen West until the present season. It is not confined to the apple, but, if anything, it prefers the elm to all others. " The male is a moth, with pale, ash-colored wings, with a black dot, a little more than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval, dark ash-colored above, and gray beneath. The worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the spring, as soon as the ground is free from frost, though a few find their way up in the autumn. The females having no wings, climb slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged males hover about to pair with them. Very soon after this, if we examine the trees, we shall see the eggs, of which every female lays some sixty or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in the forks of branches, and among the young twigs. About the twen tieth of May, these eggs are hatched, and the canker worms, dusky- brown, or ash-colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, and commence preying upon the foliage." The remedies preventive of their injuries, are, a belt of canvass saturated, with tar and train oil, and encircling the body of the tree. Another is a leaden trough, encircling the body, secured by wooden wedges between it and tree, and filled with oil. Another, is spading up the ground underneath all trees on which they appear, in the fall, and dressing liberally writh lime. Another, is bands of straw and cotton batting tied around the tree, and examined daily to kill all that have become entangled therein. The Apple Moth, (Carpocapsa pomonana,) is the insect which disfigures so many of our apples and pears, causing them to fall prematurely from the tree. The moth has a head and thorax of brown mingled with grey, fore wings light grey and brown, and a dark brown oval spot on the hinder margin. In the months of June and July, they deposit their eggs in the eye or blossom end of the fruit ; these hatch in a few days, and the worm, a reddish white grub, eats its way to the core, soon after which the apple falls to the ground, when the worm leaves and seeks shelter and protection in the crevices and underneath the rough bark of the tree, where it spins a white web-like cocoon, and remains until the next season. Remedies. Keeping the bodies well scraped, and annually washed with lye-water early in spring, picking up all the fruit as fast as it falls, or letting swine run in the orchard to eat it. Old cloths or tufts of grass, laid in the branches of the trees, attract them, from whence the cocoons may easily be destroyed The Bark Louse, a species of coccus or scale insect, is of a brown color, about one tenth of an inch in length, of oblong oval form, attaching itself to the branches, and injuring the tree by sucking the 62 THE APPLE. sap. It is destroyed by strong lye-water, by whale oil soap, or a mixture of lime soft soap and water, of the consistence of common whitewash, and applied to the bark with a hard brush, in winter or early spring. The Wooly Aphis, (Aphis lanigera) makes its appearance in the form of minute White down, in the crotches and crevices of branches. It is easily destroyed by washing the tree with ley-water, lime wash, or whale oil soap. A good wash for all insects is made of, say five gallons of weak ley, one pound powdered sulphur, and four ounces soot, or " lamp black," thoroughly mixed. The blight or blackening and decay of terminal shoots we have elsewhere written on, and refer thereto. Boring holes in the trees, and plugging them with sulphur, are about as remedial as whistling to the moon. Rust on the surface of the leaf is a disease said to affect some of the older plantations in Southern Ohio. We have never seen it, but suspect from accounts, that it is caused from an unhealthy state of the tree in exhaustion of elements in the soil, and therefore a result not a cause of disease. Of terms used in description of varieties. — Thomas, in his " Fruit Culturist," has the most perfect explanation of terms in general use in the description of fruits, form of trees, etc., as yet published. We therefore adopt most of them, in order to continue uniformity. These terms, as applied to the growth of tree, in its shoots, has refer ence mainly to young trees, and comparatively, as follows : Erect, as in the Early Strawberry. Diverging, as in the Domine, or Rib- ston Pippin. Spreading, as in Rhode Island Greening. Droop ing, when they full below the horizontal, which many spreading trees assume, as they grow into the larger branches of older trees, As- cending, when they curve upwards, as in Gravenstein. Irregular, as in black Gilliflower. Straggling, similar to preceding, but more slender and curved, as in Jonathan. Straight, as in Northern Spy. Stout, as in Red Astrachan. " The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety at dif ferent periods of the year, as well as with different degrees of ex posure to the sun, and with a change of soil, climate, and season. When fresh, or very young, all have a greenish color, but gradually assume various shades of yellow, olive, brown, red, purple, and nearly black, as the season advances, and as they become bare, and are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason, in describing the color, the terms must be relative, and can only be correctly ap plied by a comparison at the time with the color of other sorts. FORMS OF THE APPLE. 63 During winter, and early in the spring, the shoots of most trees be come so much darker than at other times, that it is only practice and by placing the different sorts side by side, that accuracy may be obtained. Skilful culturists will readily distinguish, by a glance at the color of shoots, many of the kinds they cultivate ; but the peculiar cast is hard to describe in words, in the same way that it is impos sible to describe the hand-writing of an individual, so as to be known from fifty others, although many can, at a glance, know the penman ship of hundreds of different persons. A few of the most strongly marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color which form use ful points of distinction. No one for instance, could easily mistake the yellow shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown or purple of the Tyson and Forelle ; or the light greenish cast of the Bough and Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the Northern Spy, or dark brown of the Baldwin ; nor the downy or greyish ap pearance of the Ladies Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburg, for the clear shining brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astrachan." The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description, as light green in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo ; deep green, as in the Rhode Island Greening ; bluish green, as in Peck's Pleasant. Forms of the Apple. — In these we follow the general impression understood of terms by most horticulturists, and represented by Barry, from whom we extract : Round or Roundish (fig. 29,) when the outline is round, or nearly so, the length being about equal to the breadth. Flat (fig. 30,) when the ends are compressed, and the width considerably greater than the length. Conical (fig 31,) in the form of a cone, tapering from the base to the eye. Ovate or Egg-shaped (fig. 32.) Oblong (fig. 33,) when the length is considerably greater than the width, and the width about equal at both ends, not tapering, as in the conical. In addition to these forms and their various modifications, some varieties are — 64 THE APPLE. X^^=-N Angular, having projecting angles on the sides. One sided, having one side larger than the other. Ribbed (34,) when the surface presents a series of ridges and fur rows running from eye to stem. Of size — Small as in Gilpin, medium as in Fameuse, and large as in Rhode Island Greening. Of the meaning of many terms, as Calville, Pippin, Greening, &c., there seems to be no certain definition beyond that of accepted usage. Calville, generally intended to convey the idea of a fruit of light specific weight, and somewhat ribbed or furrowed, especially about the calyx. Pippin generally conveys the idea of a firm brittle, texture of flesh, in the apple ; while Greening is understood to imply a breaking, tender character. Pearmain, to indicate a particular, roundish, conical form, \vith an aromatic perfume in the flesh. Uses, — The uses of the apple are so generally known, that it seems superfluous here to mention aught of them. Aside from table use, raw and cooked, making of cider, drying, &c., &c., the apple deserves more attention as food for animals ; analysis having shown that it is about equal to the potato in fattening properties. VARIETIES. CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation. AMERICAN PEARMAIN. American Summer Pearmain. | Watkin's Early. Early Summer Pearmain. This variety rarely ripens earlier than September, and we there fore discard the word " summer." In the nursery, the growth of the tree is slow, and, as an orchard fruit, it will not " pay." It cannot, however, be dispensed with for supplying home wants, ripening gradually, as it does, during the whole of September. The trees require thinning out of small branches ; but, as it fruits mostly on the ends of branches, should never be WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 65 shortened back. It requires a deep, warm soil, well supplied with lime and potash, when it succeeds admirably in all sections. Size, medium ; /arm, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; the form varies, and also size, as grown on top or bottom limbs, and in good or poor soil ; color, red, streaked and dotted with grayish yellow ; stem, medium, projecting about even with the surface ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, erect, slightly recurved ; basin, deep, round, smooth ; flesh, tender, subacid, — best ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pyriform. AUTUMN STRAWBERRY. Late Strawberry. Strawberry. American : originated, Western New York. Size, medium, or rather below ; form, roundish ; color, light and dark red, streaked, and, in the sun, the dark red prevailing, and with a bloom like a plum ; stem, slender, medium length ; cavity, open, regular ; ca lyx small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; jllesh, 66 THE APPLE. AUTUMN BOUGH. yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, large, full. Season, October. Autumn Sweet Rough. American : tree, vigorous, productive ; size, medium or above ; form, obtuse conical ; color, clear light yellow, with occasionally a russet blotch, and a few small russet dots ; stem, slender, curved to one side; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, closed with long seg ments; basin, ribbed or furrowed; flesh, white, crisp, tender, del i- ciously sweet ; core, small ; seed cavity, hollow ; seed, plump, full. Season, September. BALDWIN. Late Baldwin, I Woodpecker, Pecker, | Steelcs Hcd Winter. American : originated in Massachusetts. This variety inclines to bitter or dry rot on soils deficient in lime and potash ; and for the western soils should be worked where intended to have the head commence. Tree, vigorous, upright, dark brown shoots, very pro ductive. Our drawing was taken from an Eastern grown specimen, and is not more than one-half the size of this variety when grown in Illinois. Size, large ; form, roundish, narrowing a little to the calyx ; color, yellowish, nearly covered and striped with red, dotted with a few russet spots, and with radiating streaks of russet about the stem; stem, three-fourths inch long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closnd ; WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 67 basin, rather narrow, plaited; flesh, yellowish white, crisp tender, sub-acid; core, small, compact; capsules, ovate hollow; seeds, long ovate, pyriform. Season, December to March. BALTIMORE. Baltimore Pippin, | Cables GillLflower. 68 THE APPLE. Origin unknown. Tree, thrifty, slender, very productive, on warm rich soils. Size, medium to large ; form, round ; color, light yellow, striped, and splashed with red, a little bronzed russet about the stem, and often a blue tinge marbled toward the stem resembling a bloom; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep, regular ; calyx, small, half open ; basin, shallow, regular ; flesh, white, with a slight tinge of yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly; core, medium or small; seeds, obo- vate pyriform. Season, December to March. This is distinct from the Baltimore, of Lindley, which is of pale lemon color, tinged with red, and with large open calyx. BETHLEHEMITE. "This is a variety somewhat resembling the Newton Spitzenberg, and we have testimony of one or two who say they know it under that name. We are not, however, satisfied of their identity, and as the really good qualities of this fruit are such as to make it desira ble in all collections, we have no hesitation in recommending it. Thus far all specimens we have seen were from trees grown in rich, loamy soils, and all we can learn of its history is that it came from Bethlehem, in Ohio. Size, medium ; form, roundish, flattened, tapering slightly to the apex ; color, pale yellow ground, striped and stained with two shades of bright red, dotted with irregular shaped brown dots, some russet about the stem : calyx, medium, sometimes large ; basin, deep, broad, irregular, somewhat furrowed ; stem, short; cavity, narrow, irregular ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, with a mild sub-acid juice, and exceedingly pleasant flavor ; core, small, compact ; seeds, obovate, obtuse pyriform. Season, November to January, but keeps until April. Trees, upright, strong growers. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 69 BELMONT. Gate, I White Apple, Mamma Beam, Kelley White, Golden Pippin of some, \ Waxen of some. American. By some stated to have originated in Virginia, by others in Pennsylvania, and, on the authority of Prof. Kirtland, Mr. Downing in his first edition of u Fruits and Fruit Trees," made it synonymous with the " Waxen" of Coxe. As this is yet uncertain, we adopt the name by which the fruit is most largely known. Tree, healthy, vigorous, spreading, wood yellowish, good bearer, does not succeed on the alluvial soils of the West, but on all high, warm, or limestone soils does finely, and makes a large tree. Size, medium to large ; form, irregular, usually roundish, some times oblong rounded. South it grows very large, and also West, on new rich soils in Wisconsin; but grown South its delicacy, fine grain and flavor are lost. Skin, thin, smooth, glossy, or oily ; color, rich clear light yellow ; at South with a few dark brown specks, and North with a clear vermillion red cheek, with carmine spots ; South slight russet marblings, and much of mould or fungus ; stem, me dium length, projecting slightly beyond the surface, always slender ; calyx, varying from small and close to open and reflexed ; basin, from shallow to rather deep, always furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, very tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid; core, 70 THE APPLE. rather large ; seeds, ovate, pointed, abundant, brownish red. November to February. BELLFLOWER. fellow Bellflower, | Yellow Belle-fleur, | Lady Washington. American. Tree, 01 slender, yet healthy growth, with yellowish, rather upright shoots ; fruit, on ends of limbs, very hardy, but grafted on pieces of roots does not bear well, otherwise, very pro ductive. Size, large; form, oblong, a little irregular, tapering to the eye ; color, pale yellow, with a blush next the sun ; stem, long, slen der, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, plaited, deep ; flesh, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, large ; capsules, long, hollow ; seeds, large, ovate, pyriform, angular at broad end. Season, December to March. BROADWELL. Broadwell Sweet, American. Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading, light yellowish shoots, good bearer. Size, medium to large ; form, regular, roundish, flattened at base, and tapering slightly toward the calyx ; skin, thin, smooth ; color, light yellow, cloudy flakes, sunny side brownish bronze ; stem, short ; cavity, expanded ; calyx, open ; WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION". 71 segments, short; basin, narrow; flesh, white, fine-grained, sweet, juicy ; core, close, compact ; seeds, small, plump, light-brown. Sea son, November to March. BULLOCK'S PIPPIN. American Golden Russet, I Golden Russet. Sheepnose, | Little Pearmain, Fall-Winesap, erroneously. American. Tree, ultimately of only medium size, with a round regular head, shoots erect, rather slender, admirably suited to rich soils of Southern Ohio, Indiana, etc., etc. Grown south, the fruit is almost en tirely covered with russet ; north, and on sandy soils, it is a warm, rich yel low, with only mar- blings of russet. 72 THE APPLE. Size, small to medium ; form, roundish, ovate, tapering much to ward the eye ; color, generally rich golden yellow, overspread with soft russet, and in sun, a marbling of red ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, regular ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, sometimes furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, almost buttery, delicate, sprightly ; core, large for size of fruit ; seeds, full, ovate, pyramidal. Season, December to March. CANADA PIPPIN. Canada Reinette, Canadian Reinette, Pomme de Caen, Reinette Grosse du Canada, De Bretagne, Jannarea, German Green, Reinette du Canada, Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre, Reinette du Canada Blanche, Reinette du Canada a'Corles, Portugal, Wahr Reinette, White Pippin, Yellow Newiown Pippin, erroneously. Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive, very hardy. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened, irregularly an gular, much ribbed, sometimes almost oblong and smooth ; color, light greenish-yellow, a blush in sun, and small dark green specks, surrounded with light green suffused beneath the skin ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, slightly russeted ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, angu- ler, with prominent ribs ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ; core, small, compact ; seeds, dark, almost black. Season, January to May. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 73 CHALLENGE, American. Origin, near Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, productive, har dy. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich yellow, with- many russet dots, and occasionally a russet patch ; when fully ex posed to sun, the russet spots become vermillion red ; stem, pro jecting even with surrounding surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, with long irregular segments ; basin, broad, open, medium depth, always furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet, tender; core, medium ; seeds, large, plump. Season, October and November. CLOTH OF GOLD. Drap d'Or, VraiDrapd'Or, Bonne duMai. Early Summer Pippin, of some. Bay Apple, This is, by some, said to be identical with " Cooper." We do not yet so recognize it. Tree, strong grower, wide, broad foliage, moderate bearer. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, dull yellow or gold color, with distinct brown or russet specks ; stem, short; cavity, wide, open; calyx, small, half closed; basin, shallow, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, mild, sub-acid, not fine grained, ten der, juicy, well flavored ; core, with open hollow capsules ; seeds, short, ovate, dark reddish brown. Season, August to October. 4 74 THE APPLE. CORNISH AROMATIC. Foreign. Requires rich, warm, sandy soil. Size, medium ; form, roundish, regular, sometimes a little conical; color, yellow ground, mostly overspread with rich red, dotted with yellow russet spots ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, regular, open, rather deep ; calyx, small ; basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, of flavor closely allied to Esopus Spitzenburg ; core, open. hollo\v, regular form ; seeds, large. Season, November to February. DANVERS WINTER SWEET. Epse's Sweet. American. Tree, vigorous, spreading, shoots yellowish, very pro ductive ; valuable winter fruit for baking or stock. Size, medium ; form, roundish, oblong ; color, dull yellow, with orange blush, and small russet specks ; stem, slender, inclining to one side ; calyx, small, woolly ; basin, shallow, rather narrow ; flesh, yellow, firm, sweet ; core, large, open ; seeds, ovate, pointed, dark rich brown. Season, December to April. DUTCH MIGNONNE. The Dutch Mignonne — Darling, or Favorite, is from Holland, and a fruit which has proved valuable wherever grown. Tree, with WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 75 strong upright shoots, and producing abundantly ; very fine in South Ohio. Size, large ; form, roundish, regular ; color, dull orange, mostly covered with rich dull red, dotted and mottled with large yellow russet specks, and a dash of russet about the cavity of stem ; stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, open ; la- sin, deep, round, regular ; flesh, whitish, firm at first, becoming ten der when well matured, sub-acid aromatic flavor ; core, small, com pact ; seeds, few, defective. Season, November to January. DYER. Pomme Royal, Golden Spice, Tompkins, Beard Burden, Pomme Water, Bullripe, Mygatt's Bergamot, Bard Apple, White Spice. American. Tree, a fair grower, not strong, shoots spreading irregular, moderately productive. Size, medium ; form, round, or roundish flattened ; color, clear yellow, with russet marbled more or less over the surface ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, slightly fur rowed ; calyx, with long recurved segments ; basin, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sprightly, tender, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, small. Season, October and November. EARLY JOE. American : origin, claimed Ontario Co., N. Y. It is somewhat questionable, if it is not an old Connecticut variety. This apple 76 THE APPLE. has the most of delicate pear flavor of any variety ; and while it is all unsuited to orcharding, one tree should always be planted. While young it is of slow growth, but, as trees get older, it improves, and makes a tree of round irregular spreading form of medium size. It is very hardy, but should have rich strong soil ; shoots, dark colored ; and so foliage. Size, medium, or rather below ; form, roundish, flattened ; stem, rather slender ; cavity, open, deep, a little russeted ; color, pale yellowish green, overspread and striped with deep and pale red ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, very delicate ; core, medium, centre open ; seeds, short ovate, pyriform. Season, last of August. EARLY STRAWBERRY. American Red Juneating. | Red Juneating. American. Tree, very erect in growth, dark wood, numerous leaves erect, with long footstalks ; productive, and successful in all localities, and although not best in quality, yet generally esteemed. Size, small ; form, roundish, varying to angular and conical ; color, yellowish white, striped and stained over with bright and dark red ; stem, varying from long, straight, and slender, to medium, curved ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow and shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, tinged with red, sub-acid, sprightly, tender ; core, medium ; seeds, small. Season, July. ESOPUS SPITZENBERG. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 77 American. Origin on the Hudson River. Tree, healthy, slender shoots ; when in bearing, drooping and spreading, making an open head ; requires age to produce much or good fruit, and much of lime and potash, when it is a good bearer. Size, above medium, large when carefully grown ; form, flattened at base, oblong, tapering roundly toward the eye, considerably ribbed and irregular in its surface, and almost always slightly angu lar ; color, rich lively red on yellow ground, dotted and marbled with yellow russet ; stern, varying, sometimes short and stout, at others long and slender ; cavity, deep, regular, open ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, almost abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, a little tough, exceedingly high flavored and delicious ; core, regular, ovate, rounded in form ; seeds, large. Season, January to March. FAMEUSE. Pomme de Neige. | Sanguineus, Snow. Foreign, or rather Canadian origin. It is admirably adapted to all northern sections producing yearly, and always fair smooth fruit. Tree, of moderate, rather diverging habit ; shoots dark ; and as an orchard tree, only of second size. Without being a fruit of high character, it is just so good that, taken with its production of regular handsome fruit, it cannot be dispensed with. Tree, hardy, and rich strong or heavy soils suit it best. Size, medium ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color, green ish yellow, mostly overspread with pale and dark rich red ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, narrow ; flesh, remarkably white, tender, juicy, with a slight perfume ; core, close compact ; seeds, light brown, long pointed. Season, October to January. FALL WINE. Wine, of Cole. American. Its origin unknown, introduced west from the garden of Judge Buel, Albany, about 1832. Tree, of slender, slow growth ; drooping, when in bearing state, very ' healthy ; producing mode rately, but annually, large beautiful fruit on the rich Western soils ; and fruit of medium size on soils of moderate quality. Our figure exhibits it from the two soils. It is now much grown in Indiana and Illinois as " Wine," from which it is quite distinct. Size, medium to large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich red marbled over clear yellow, and with many spots or specks of brownish — sometimes it is faintly striped ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, open, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, delicious, sub-acid, vinous. Season, September to November. 78 THE APPLE. Although evidently an old eastern fruit, it appears now unknown there, if we except the short description made of it by Cole, and his notice of where grown. FALL PIPPIN. Philadelphia Pippin. This is unquestionably an American seedling, and probably from the " White Spanish Reinette," which it closely resembles in all but its period of ripening. Great confusion exists among growers re specting it, as the Holland Pippin is often grown under this name as well as its parent. It is extensively grown at the West and in the Eastern states, and universally succeeds well ; but where the soil is of a clayey nature, on the alluvial bottoms and deep prairies, it does not answer as well. Tree, of growth vigorous, shoots, dark, di verging or spreading, becomes large. Size, large ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at ends ; color, greenish yellow, until fully ripe, then rich yellow with a faint blush, when grown in good soil and exposed to sun ; stem, long, moder- WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 79 ately stout ; cavity, deep, round ; calyx, above medium, with seg ments in divisions ; basin, deep, wide, and open ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, medium, for size of fruit ; seeds, ovate. Season, October to December. FALLENWALDER. Fallawater, Green Mountain Pippin, Dutch Codlin, erroneously. Tulpahocken, Pirn's Beauty of the West, Pound, erroneously, Mountain Pippin. American. Originated in Berks Co., Penn. " It sprung up in the woods, and was left standing after the other trees were cut down ; hence the name Fallemvalder, or apple of the cut-down woods." Not worthy a place in small orchards or gardens ; but on rich lime stone soils, when grown for distant market, it is highly valuable, being of thick skin, fruit always fair and large, and keeping a long time, even in southern latitudes. Tree, strong, vigorous grower ; shoots, stout, partially spreading. fruit, large; form, round, varying to roundish, flattened and roundish ovate ; color, pale yellowish green, dull red cheek, dotted with a few small irregular-shaped russet dots, suffused or surround- 80 THE APPLE. ed with a shade of light green, presenting at first glance, appearance as of white specks; stem, short: cavity, open, generally regular; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, open, broad, often slightly fur rowed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse texture, tender, juicy, mild, suh-ncid; core, medium, somewhat open ; seeds, ovate pointed. Season, December to May. FORT MIAMI. Scandiana Mala. American. Originated near Fort Miami, in Ohio. In April, 1846, we made our outline and description from specimens sent us by A. Spafford, Esq., Perrysburgh, O., since which we have been unable to obtain of the fruit. Trees, thrifty, healthy growth ; shoots, dark color, nearly upright, spreading ; not an early bearer, but the original tree said to be very productive. Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish oblong, flattened at both ends, widest at base, uneven, somewhat ribbed ; color, brownish red, more or less russeted; stem, medium size, three-fourth inch long; cavity, deep, open, uneven ; calyx, medium size, closed ; bn in. me- WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 81 dium depth, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, breaking, exceed ingly high-spicy, sub-acid flavor. Season, February to May. GARDEN ROYAL. American. Originated in Mass. Tree, slender, slow grower while young, hardy, and makes a tree of medium size, annually productive ; suited to small orchards or gardens where a delicious fruit is desired for table use. Fruit, rather below medium ; form, roundish, inclining to flat, very regular ; color, a yellowish ground, with dull red stripes, be coming brighter in sun ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, mild, sub-acid. Season, last of August and September. GOLDEN SWEET. Orange Sweet, | Trenton Early. American. Originated in Connecticut. Tree, free grower while young, making, however, an orchard tree of only medium size, spreading irregular branches ; succeeds well in all soils ; productive annually of large crops of fair fruit. This variety was shown two years, late in season, and in bad state, at the Ohio Pom. Convention, as " Trenton Early." We this year received specimens of it through the kindness of Dr. Warder, when in season. 4* 82 THE APPLE. Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish, rather deeper than wide; color, yellow on green, suffused slightly underneath skin, and with many small greenish dots that become russety in sun ; stem, medium to long ; cavity, round, shallow, regular ; calyx, closed; basin, round, moderately deep, slightly furrowed or crimped at base of calyx ; flesh, yellowish white, very rich, sweet, hardly tender ; core, medium, round, ovate; seeds, abundant, ovate pointed. As a baking fruit, or to grow for stock feeding, this is unsurpassed. Season, July and August. GOLDEN BALL. Belle et Bonne, | Connecticut Apple. The origin of this variety is somewhat in doubt, but it is probably a native of Connecticut, from whence it has been largely distributed East. The trees do not bear well while young, but improve as they advance in years. Tree, hardy, forming a large round head, with large, glossy, rich green foliage ; exceeding valuable for cooking ; requires a rich, strong, heavy soil. Fruit, large ; form, roundish, narrowing to the eye ; color, rich WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 83 yellow, sometimes a faint blush near the stalk, and with rough dots ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, broad ; calyx, half closed ; basin, shallow ; fash, yellowish, tender, sub-acid, nearly acid, perfumed ; core, me dium ;" seeds, large, and plump. Season, October to December. The Belle Bonne of Lindley is quite another fruit, and should not be confounded with this. GREEN SWEET. Honey Greening. Tree, hardy, productive, half spreading, shoots rather slender, fruit valuable for cooking and for stock ; wants deep, rich, strong soil ; fruit always fair. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish ; color, dull greenish white or yellow, with greenish white, or sometimes pale russet dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, narrow, russeted ; calyx, above medium size for the fruit, closed; basin, medium, slightly furrowed; fash, green ish white, tender, juicy, and quite sweet ; core, medium, round ; seeds, ovate. Season, December to March. Grown in Indiana, it is large, has a brownish cheek, and matures in October and November. GRAVENSTEIN. Ohio Nonpareil, | Grave Slije. Foreign. A variety indispensable to every collection, succeeding finely on all soils, annually productive, fruit always fair, fit for cook- THE APPLE. ing in August, and eating in September and October ; shoots strong, smooth, upright. Tree large, regular, round head, foliage broad. Fruit, large ; form, roundish, flattened, a little irregular, some what ribbed, on surface undulating; color, at first pale greenish, yellow ground, becoming rich yellow, beautifully striped, and splashed with bright red ; exposed to sun, red prevails, and becomes of a dark hue, beautiful, few faint light green dots ; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, with open half reflexed segments ; basin, rather deep, irregular, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub- acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, large, capsules open, hollow ; seeds, ovate pyriform, reddish brown. HARVEST. Early Harvest, Yellow Harvest, Prince's Harvest, Early French Reinette, Early June, July Pippin, Large White Juneating, Yellow Juneating. American. Universally esteemed, requires a soil well supplied with lime and potash, otherwise the fruit is unfair. Shoots erect., straight ; slow growth, not successful root-grafted as an orchard tree. fruit, medium ; form, roundish, rarely a little flattened ; color, pale light yellow, with a few dots of white ; stem, medium length, rather slender, often short, and a little stout; cavity, open, deep, regular ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant, light brown, ovate. Season, July. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 85 HEREFORDSHIRE PEARMAIN. Winter Pearmain , erroneously, Parmin Royal , Royal Pearmain , Old Pearmain , Royale d'Angleterre. Foreign. Tree, hardy" requiring rich, strong soil, when the fruit is of the highest excellence ; shoots slender, diverging, partially droop ing. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical ; color, brownish red, mottled, and slightly striped, on a dull russety green, or when fully matured, yellow ground, with stripes and marblings of russet, from the stem, dotted with greyish specks ; stem, slender ; cavity, acuminate, russeted ; calyx, open ; basin, medium ; flesh, yellow ish, tender, mild, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, medium, Jaying nearest the stem end ; seeds, large, ovate, light brown. Season, December to February. BUTTON. Hubbardston Nonsuch, Sutton, 1 Sutton Beauty. American. Originated in Mass. A superior fruit, succeeding even better when grown West, than in its native locality. Tree, vigorous grower ; shoots, rather slender, very different from the Baldwin, which has often been disseminated as this variety ; spreading ; very- productive. 86 THE APPLE. Fruit, large, West very large ; form, roundish ovate, very regular ; color, yellow ground, mostly overspread, and partially striped with rich red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, with short open seg ments ; basin, deep, round, rarely ribbed ; flesh, yellowish, mild, sub-acid, juicy. Season, October to February. JERSEY SWEETING. American. Succeeds in all localities, and produces abundantly of fair fruit in all soils, warm, sandy ones giving a closer texture, and more character to the flesh. Shoots stout, short-jointed, reddish. Tree, spreading, round head. For dessert, cooking, or stock, valu able. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye ; color, greenish yellow, marked and streaked, often nearly covered with stripes of pale and dull red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, half closed ; basin, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, tender, sweet : core, rather open, me dium, round, ovate ; seeds, full, ovate pointed. Season, September, and October. JONATHAN. Philip Rick, King Philip, Winesap, erroneously, Wine, American. Originated Kingston, N. Y. Shoots, light brown, WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 87 slender, diverging ; when grown and fruiting, tree has a drooping and pendent habit ; very productive ; needs rich, strong soil. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, regular ; color, light yel low ground, mostly overspread, streaked, or stained with rich light red, and with- few minute white dots ; stem, rather long, slender ; cavity, open, wide ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, slightly acid unless fully matured, when it is sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medi um ; seeds, full, abundant, dark brown. Season, December to Feb ruary. LADY APPLE. Api, Pomme Rose, Petit Api, Pomme d'Api Rouge, Pomme d' Api, j Petit Api Rouge, Gros Api Rouge. Foreign. Trees very upright, forming almost pyramidal heads, like that of a pear tree, producing the fruit in clusters ; require to be ten or more years old, ere bearing much, after which, very produc tive. Shoots, very dark color, straight, erect, leaves small ; appears to succeed in all soils, and the fruit, though small, from its beauty, always commands a high price. Fruit, small ; form, flat ; color, brilliant red, on light, clear yellow ; very glossy ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, fur rowed ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy ; core, small. Season, Decem ber to May. THE APPLE. LADIES' SWEETING. American. We have repeatedly fruited and met with this variety West, where it seems generally to succeed, but neglecting to make, or having lost our description, we copy that of Mr. Downing, who first introduced and disseminated the variety : " Wood, not very strong, grows thriftily, bears abundantly." " Fruit, large, roundish ovate, narrowing rapidly^ to the eye ; skin, very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, pale yellow ish green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is sprinkled with well-marked yellowish gray dots, and covered when first gathered, with a thin white bloom. There is, also, generally, a faint marbling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the fruit, and rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx quite small, set in a narrow, shallow plaited basin ; stalk half an inch long, in a shal low cavity ; flesh greenish white, exceedingly tender, juicy, crisp, delicious, sprightly, agreeably-perfumed flavor ; keeps without shriv eling or losing its flavor, till May." LOWELL. Orange, of some, Tallow Apple, Tallow Pippin, Greasy Pippin , Queen Anne, Pound Royal, erroneously. American. The early habit of productiveness, with the large fair WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 89 fruit, will always command a place in large orchards, where this variety is known. Trees, thrifty, rather strong growers, spreading, most valuable on rich heavy soils. Fruit, large ; form, roundish oblong, slightly conical ; color, green, becoming rich yellow ; oily surface ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, deep, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, sub-acid, fine aroma ; core, medium or small ; seeds, ovate. Season, August and early September. LONDON SWEET. London Winter Sweet, | Winter Sweet, Heicke's Winter Sweet. American. Much cultivated in Southern Ohio ; often abundant in Cincinnati market. We have been unable to connect it with any other named variety, though it nearest resembles Broad well. Adapted to the rich deep soils of the West ; said to be produc tive. fruit, medium, occasionally large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, pale yellow, with rarely an irregular patch of bronzed russet; very smooth ; grown South, has the fungus or mould, as we think, marring its beauty ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open, medium depth, round, regular; calyx, small, closed; basin, deep, round, regular ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, pleasantly sweet ; core, rather small ; seeds, ovate pointed. Season, November to Jan uary, but will keep through February. MELON. Norton's Melon. | Watermelon. American. Origin questioned — whether New York or Connecti- THE APPLE. cut. (See Horticulturist, vol. ii., page 357.) It proves fine so far, and wherever it has been tested, and we confidently place it in the class worthy of general cultivation. Tree, vigorous, spreading; shoots, reddish brown ; requires deep, strong soil. Fruit, medium to large ; form roundish, flattened, regular ; surface, glossy, uneven ; color, pale yellowish white, much overspread with broken streaks and stripes of reddish purple, becoming rich and dark in the sun ; stem, medium, slender ; cavity, wide, round, open, marked with greenish russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, finely plaited at bot tom ; flesh, white, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly ; core, ra ther small ; seeds, broad, nearly black. Season, October to Decem ber. MELTING. Melt in the Mouth, | Melting Mouth. American. Origin, Pennsylvania ; introduced to Ohio, and ex hibited (as grown in the centre of that State) at the Pornological meetings for three years. Tree, hardy ; shoots, slender, diverging ; fruit borne mostly on ends of limbs ; requires rich soil, abounding in lime ; on young trees, fruit quite small ; improves and increases as they advance in years and size, and under good culture. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly flattened ; color, yellow ground, overspread with warm yellow red, dotted and marbled with yellow russet ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, with short erect segments ; basin, shallow, broad, open ; flesh, yellowish crisp, WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 91 juicy, tender, sub-acid ; care, small, compact ; seeds, long oval point ed, abundant. Season, January to April. MICHAEL HENRY PIPPIN. White Pearmain, | White Winter Pearmain. 92 THE APPLE. American. Native of New Jersey. It is in extensive cultivation throughout the West, and is very successful. Trees very produc tive. Fruit, medium to large ; form, angular, roundish, conical ; color, light yellowish green, with a flush of red, in sun, dotted with irregu lar formed specks of russet ; often there is a shade of rich yellow marbled, or striped, apparently underneath the skin ; stem, usually short ; cavity, narrow, regular ; calyx, with long segments in divis ions ; basin, shallow, narrow, somewhat furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; much valued for cooking and keeping well, being in use from October to March ; core, small, compact, surrounded by a broad coarse vein, giving semblance of a large core ; seeds, ovate pointed, light brown. MONMOUTH PIPPIN. Red Cheek, of some., \ Red Cheek Pippin. American. Native of Monmouth County, N. J. It is stated as very productive, and of healthy, vigorous growth. We are conver sant only with the fruit. Fruit, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; sometimes roundish coni cal ; color, pale greenish yellow, with blush-red cheeks, small, raised rough brown specks, with a shade of light green suffused around them underneath the skin ; stem, rather short ; cavity, deep, regular ; WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 93 calyx, medium, segments woolly and often nearly closed ; basin, wide, abrupt, deep, much plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse grained ; breaking, tender, moderately juicy, sub-acid, with consider able aroma, or perfume ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong ovate, abundant. Season, December to February, and often till April. NFWTOWN PIPPIN. Green Newtown Pippin, American Newtown Pippin, Green Winter Pippin, Petersburg Pippin. American. Native of Newtown, Long Island. It requires a rich limestone clay soil, or a warm sandy rich loam, well dressed with lime and bone dust, in order to secure healthy wood, and fair, smooth fruit. On sandy soils, abounding more or less with iron, we have never seen good fruit grown of this variety. It is distinct in fruit from the Yellow Newtown Pippin, for which see farther pages ; but is difficult, if not impossible to detect one from the other by the wood. Growth slender, slow ; as an orchard tree, a fine round head, with branches diverging, pendant. On the rich limestone soils of Ohio, and farther west, this and the Yellow Newtown Pippin succeed, and produce fruit even superior to the world-renowned Pell Orchard. Fruit, medium ;/orm, roundish oblong flattened ; color, dull green when first gathered, becoming, when ripe, a yellowish green ; small 94 THE APPLE. minute russet dots, with occasional spots or blotches of russet, and, grown on alluvial soils south, patches of dark green mould ; stem, slender ; cavity, acuminate regular ; calyx, small ; basin, deep, abrupt, hollowed, and slightly wrinkled ; flesh, greenish white, very fine grained, juicy, crisp, sprightly perfumed ; core, compact ; seeds, dark brown, ovate. Season, February to May. NEWTOWN SPITZENBERG. Ox-Eye, Burlington Spitzenberg, Joe Berry. Matchless, Kountz, American. From Newtown. Long Island. It is extensively and successfully grown in the West as Ox-Eye, and highly estimated. Fruit, medium ; form, round, flattened ; color, yellow ground, mostly striped and splashed with red, which often has appearance as of a bloom ; russet dots and lines that near the calyx look like the crests of waves ; stem, long, slender; cavity, narrow, deep, regular ; calyx, small, segments erect; basin, open, regular, not deep ; flesh, yellow, tender, slightly sweet, rich, aromatic ; core, small ; seeds, few, ovate pointed. Season, December to February. NORTHERN SPY. American. Native of East Bloomfield, N. Y. While the quality of this variety secures it a place among first class fruit, it cannot be considered a profitable variety until the trees have acquired at WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 95 least twenty years of age, as it is tardy in coming into bearing. It is of thrifty, vigorous growth, requiring a rich soil, high state of cul tivation, and as an orchard tree, severe thinning out of the tops, as it inclines to make an upright, close head ; young shoots stout, dark, spotted ; blooms late, often escaping late frosts in spring. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, sometimes ribbed ; skin, thin and tender ; color, light yellow, mostly over spread with light red, striped and slashed with streaks of carmine red, and, when first gathered, covered with a fine bloom ; stem, slender, projecting about even with surface ; cavity, open, wide, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, open, regular, other than the furrows produced by ribs of the fruit — not deep, but rather abrupt ; flesh, yellowish white, very tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, large, capsules open ; seeds, abundant, many of them triangular ovate pointed. Season, January to April. South, it wTill probably become an early winter variety. ORTLEY. Ortley Pippin, Woolman's Long, White Bellefleur, White Bellflower, Green Bellflower, Willow Leaf Pippin. Ohio Favorite, Detroit, White Detroit, Van Dyne, Jersey Greening, Hollow Core Pippin, Greasy Pippin, Melting Pippin, Crane's Pippin, Warren Pippin, White Pippin; erroneously, Yellow Pippin, Golden Pippin, of some, Woodward's Pippin, Tom Woodward Pippin, Inman. American. Native of New Jersey. First described by Lindley 96 THE APPLE. as Ortley, and we therefore follow, as it is as well known by that as any other one of its names. In strong rich soils, throughout the entire Western States, it proves one of the hardiest, most pro ductive, profitable, as well as best varieties known. In size, it is also largely increased over specimens grown North, where the form is more oblong, the texture somewhat closer, and sprightliness a little, enhanced. Shoots, slender, brownish, yellow, upright, long jointed. Fruit, large, when grown on rich soils ; skin, smooth ; form, ob long oval, occasionally or often roundish conical ; color, pale yellow ish white at the North — South it becomes a richer yellow, with specks of dark red, and a vermilion tinge surrounding when exposed to sun ; stem, varying from short and stout to long and slender ; cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed or plaited from the surrounding angles or ribs that are often apparent in the fruit ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, sprightly, mild acid ; core, WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 97 large, open ; seeds, abundant, loose in the capsules. Season, January to April. PECK'S PLEASANT. Waltz Apple. American. Native of Rhode Island. Shoots rather erect, slightly diverging, vigorous, productive. If on sandy soils, it is of firmer texture than on clays, and keeps better, but is not so large. fruit, medium to large; form, roundish, slightly (sometimes very much) flattened, with an indistinct furrow on one side ; color, when first gathered, green, with a little dark red — ^when ripe, a beautiful clear yellow, with bright blush on sunny side, marked with scattered gray dots, which become small and almost indistinct near the apex ; stem, varies, mostly short and fleshy ; cavity, broad, open, and almost always with a slight ridge or wave on one side, connecting with stem ; calyx, medium size, usually segments half open ; basin, round, regular ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, firm yet tender, juicy, mild, aromatic, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant, ovate, dark reddish brown. Season, December to February ; often keeps to April. PHILLIPS' SWEETING. American — native of Ohio. Growth vigorous, upright, wants strong heavy soil. fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, slightly flattened ; 5 98 APPLE. color, yellow ground, mostly overspread and mottled with red ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, crisp. Season, December and January. This may yet prove identical with " Richmond," described on future page. PORTER. American — native of Massachusetts. Tree slender, slow growth, a regular even bearer, requires strong soil in which there is 'good supply of lime and phosphates ; succeeds wherever grown — one of the best at South. Fruit, medium to large ; form, oblong conical ; color, bright, clear yellow — when exposed to sun, a fine blush cheek ; stem, slender , cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, closed ; basin, narrow, deep ; flesh, fine-grained, juicy, firm yet tender, acid. Season, September and October. POUGHKEEPSIE RuSSET. English Russet, | Winter Russet ? As this variety, described by Downing as the " English Russet," is probably an American seedling, and as there are so many sorts known under the general term of English Russet, we prefer to adopt the name of Poughkeepsie Russet, as commemorative of the sec tion whence it was first disseminated. Growth, upright. Shoots, lively brown, profuse bearer, and although only of medium size, its quality of keeping over year renders it very profitable. There is also another called " Crow's Nest," sometimes sold under this name, WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 99 of which the fruit is larger, does not keep as well, and the tree when grown makes a dense top. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, or roundish ovate, regu lar ; color, light greenish yellow, mostly overspread with brownish russet, when well matured, becomes yellowish ; stem, rather short ; cavity, round ; calyx, small, close ; basin, abrupt, regular, round ; flesh, yellowish white, fine texture, rather firm, aromatic ; core, small ; seeds, ovate, reddish brown. Season, all Winter and Spring. There is cultivated in Central Ohio, a Golden Russet (see our figure) which resembles this, but is larger, and with an open calyx, and often beautifully bronzed with russet yellow. We think they may prove identical, and the soil and location make the apparent difference. POMME GRISE. Grise, | Gray Apple. A delicious little apple from Canada, that is especially adapted to Northern sections, and to gardens. It is a good bearer, of slender growth, forming a tree of small size. Fruit, below medium ; form^ roundish, somewhat flattened ; color, yfellow gray, or russet, with a little red towards the eye ; stem, slen der ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, round ; flesh, yellow, tender, sprightly ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant. Season, December to February. PRYOR'S RED. Prior's Red, I Pitzer Hill, Big Hill. This is evidently a seedling from seed crossed with Westfielc1 Seek-no-further and Roxbury Russet, partaking most largely of the 100 THE APPLE. Seek-no-further. Its certain origin we have not learned. It is not regarded as an early bearer, but as very hardy, and the fruit keep ing well when grown South, and on rich alluvial soils. Grown at the North, the trees come into bearing at about eight years, and the fruit has very little russet (unless unusually warm seasons), except at stem end ; South, in good culture, it attains a size of four inches diameter, by three inches from stem to eye, and mostly covered with russet. Fruit, medium to very large ; form, at North, regular, roundish, tapering to the eye — South, always angular, sometimes even broad at apex, being roundish, angular, flattened ; color, pale yellow, ground mostly overspread with rich, warm red and russet, marbled and splashed with bronzed yellow near the stem, dark yellow russet spots surrounded with a lighter shade ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small, segments erect ; basin, abrupt, pretty deep, round and even, occasionally shallow ; flesh, yellowish, tender, mild, sub-acid, much resembling Westfield Seek-no-further ; core, medium, marked at distance with a line encircling ; seeds, varying, generally ovate*. Season, January to April. EAULE'S JANET. Raul's Gennetting, Rawl's Janet, Winter Genneting, Rock Remain, Jennette, Raule's Jannctte, Rawle's Jennette, Rock Rimmon, Never fail, Yellow Janette. Indiana Jannetting. This variety, according to H. P. By ram, .Esq.. was first brought to WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 101 the south-western sections, from Amherst Co., Va., near the Blue Ridge, where it was originated by Caleb Raules, who named it Janet, hence the name. According to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., Gov. Worthington had it in his orchard 40 years since, and from thence it was brought to northern Ohio. The Scriptural name of Rock- Rimmon, given it in the Sciota valley, was probably on account of its sure bearing, and long keeping qualities. The tree is tardy in spring in leaving out, and blossoms some ten days after other varie ties ; thus often escaping late Spring frosts. In quality it is only second rate, and at the North is not desirable, but south of Cincin nati is highly so, as it succeeds when many others fail. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at stem end ; skin, thick, tough ; color, a ground of light pale yellowish green, mostly overspread, striped and stained with dull red, and with a blue or grayish shade laying within as of a bloom ; small russet dots, that show most when the fruit is high colored ; South many patches of mould or fungus ; stem, slender, rather long ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, short segments ; basin, open, regular, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed near the calyx ; flesh, yellowish, tender, mild, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, angular ovate. Season, late spring. 102 THE APPLE. RAMBO. Romanite, Bread and Cheese Apple. Seek-no- farther, Terry's Red Streak. American. A' n^tvvfc of- Delaware, it succeeds in all soils and lo cations, and has no superior, as a whole, in the general estimation. It succeeds: en 'sandy "6oils^ but.tjie largest and best fruit is grown on slrdtig" limestone soil's, giving evidence of the food suited best to it. Fruit, medium ; form, flat, or roundish flattened ; color, yellowish white, marbled and streaked with yellow and red, and with large rough spots ; stem, long, slender, often curved ; basin, acuminate ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, broad, slightly furrowed ; flesh, green ish white, tender, sprightly, mild, sub-acid ; core, large, rather hol low; seeds, abundant, ovate pyriform. Season, October to De cember, but often keeps to March. RED CANADA. Richfield Nonsuch. Old Nonsuch, | American. Probably a native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender growth ; shoots diverging ; requires rich strong soil, when it is pro ductive; and always fair and uniform size of fruit. One of the most valuable for orchard or garden. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION". 103 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at stem end ; color, rich clear yellow ground, when exposed to the sun, overspread with bright handsome red, two shades light and dark intermingling, or striped, many light gray dots presenting at first sight an appear ance of a somewhat rough exterior ; skin, thin, tender ; stem, vary ing from short and stout, to slender and long, usually as seen in our figure ; cavity, deep, regular, a touch of light russet ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, open, moderate depth, slightly furrowed, or uneven ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid, aro matic ; core, small, compact ; seeds, ovate, pyriform. Season, January to April. RED ASTRACHAN. Foreign. Most valuable as a hardy, strong grower, regular moder ate bearer of fruit always fair. As a dessert fruit — it is rather acid, unless fully ripe ; but for marketing or cooking, it has few equals, at its time. Shoots stout, dark brown, broad foliage. Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, tapering toward the apex ; color, greenish yellow, mostly overspread with rich purplish crimson. a little russet near the stem, and a white bloom ; stem, varying, generally short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow, uneven : 104 THE APPLE. flesh, white, crisp, juicy, acid : core, small ; seeds, ovate, dark brownish black. Season, August. RHODE ISLAND GREENING. Burlington Greening, | Jersey Greening : Coxe. Hampshire Greening. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 105 This variety has been condemned in many sections because of not producing as fine fruit on the same trees without care, us when the trees were young. Testimony has shown that it is a gross feeder, and needs soil well drained, rich in lime and phosphates ; on usual soils, where the variety is defective, liberal dressing with wood ashes, will answer. On sandy soils well manured, the texture is closer than on clay. Fruit, large -,form, roundish, flattened, sometimes a little angular at the base end ; color, green, yellowish green when ripe, with a dull blush, on sun-grown specimens, near the stem ; stem, medium ; cavity; open ; calyx, rather small, woolly; basin, medium depth, slight ly furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, tender, slightly aromatic, lively acid juice ; core small; seeds ovate, pointed. Season, Decem ber to February. RICHMOND. "We received this fine variety from D. C. Richmond, Esq., near S; ndusky, as a native seedling, and are unable to identify it with p.r.y known sort. Fruit, large ; form, roundish, occasional specimens have one side «i little enlarged ; color, light yellow ground, mostly or quite over spread with light and dark red stripes, many dots or specks of light russet ; stem, varying, mostly short, slender ; cavity, deep, open, regular, a little 'brownish at bottom ; calyx, large, segments, 106 THE APPLE. long ; basin, deep, open, uniformly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, delicate sweet; core, medium; seeds, large, full. Season, October to December. ROME BEAUTY. Roman Beauty, | Rillett's Seedling. American. Native of Southern Ohio. In fruit and tree it some what resembles Sutton; requires, to perfect good fruit, a rich, warm, loamy soil. On poor clay, it is undersized, deficient in character, and inclined to overbear. Fruit, large; form, roundish; color, rich light yellow, mostly overspread and striped with shades of clear bright red ; stem, slen der ; cavity ; open, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, segments distinctly separate ; basin, round, open, moderately deep ; flesh, yellow, crisp, mild, sub-acid ; core, medium, somewhat hollow ; seeds, long, ovate, large and full. Season, October to December. ROXBURY RUSSET. Boston Russet, I Putnam Russet, Marietta Russet. | Belpre Russet, Sylvan Russet. American. Origin uncertain, either Connecticut or Massachusetts, WORTHY GENKKAL U It was introduced to the Ohio Valley, in 1796 or '97, by Israel Put nam, and from thence distributed throughout the southwest. It is a thick-skinned fruit, generally a good keeper, but hardly above second rate in quality ; grown on rich prairie soils, it is sometimes liable to " bark burst " near the ground, but elsewhere perefectly hardy, and very productive. Spreading growth, with rather downy shoots ; young trees often crooked. Fruit* medium, to large ; form, roundish, flattened, and often angular ; color, dull green, overspread with brownish yellow russet, occasionally a faint blush on the sunny side ; stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, closed ; basin, round, moderate depth ; flesh, green ish white, moderately juicy, mild, sub-acid ; core, compact ; seeds, ovate, defective. Season, January to June. SUMMER ROSE. Wolman's Harvest, | Woolman's Harvest, Lippincott. This variety is not valuable for market purposes, but its juicy, sprightly sub-acid character makes it very desirable for the dessert, Tree, a slow grower, diverging — shoots downy ; requires rich, strong soil, lime and phosphates to perfect the fruit, or keep the tree healthy. Moderate, regular bearer. Fruit, medium, or rather small ; form, roundish, sometimes flat tened ; color, rich glossy yellow, blotched and streaked with red ; stem, varying from stout to slender, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, partially closed ; basin, round, slightly furrowed ; fash, white, tender, 108 THE APPLE. crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate. Season, last of July and August. SWAAR. American, " produced by the Dutch settlers, on the Hudson ; its name in low Dutch 'meaning heavy." On all warm, rich, sandy soils it is one of the very finest fruits, and a good keeper. On cold clayey grounds it does not succeed well, as a general thing ; the past year, however, we have received of it grown on clay loam, limestone sub soil, equalling or surpassing any ever grown on sand. On the rich prairie soils of the west, it is said to succeed, proving a good bearer and profitable. Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, slightly ribbed or un equal on its surface and often a little angular ; color, greenish yel low at first, becoming a dull rich yellow, dotted with distinct brown specks, sometimes marbled with gray russet on the side and round the stem, and often tinged with dull red ; stem, slender ; cavity round, deep ; calyx, small, half closed', basin, shallow, somewhat plaited; flesh, yellowish, fine grained, juicy, tender, spicy aromatic perfume ; core, small, to medium ; seeds, broad, ovate. Season, January to March. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 109 SWEET BOUGH. Bough, Early Sweet Bough, Large Yellow Bough, Sweet Harvest, Washington, Niack Pippin. American. First described by Coxe as Bough; we add, Sweet, as expressive of its character. Valued as a dessert fruit. Young shoots, yellowish, somewhat irregular, ascending. Tree, a moderate, annual bearer, succeeding in all good soils not wet. Fruit, large, (our figure hardly medium ;) form, roundish, conical, ovate ; color, greenish, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe ; stem, varying in length ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open ; basin, narrow, deep ; flesh, white, tender, crisp, sprightly, sweet ; core, medium, open cap sules ; seeds, ovate, light brown. Season, August. SWEET PEARMAIN. This variety, according to Downing and Thomas, is the u English Sweeting ;" but according to Mr. Manning, the " English Sweeting" is the " Ramsdell's Sweeting," of Downing, (See Hovey's Mag. vol. r.?. page 150.") This variety is extensively grown in central Ohio, THE APPLE. and farther west, suiting well the rich soils ; keeping finely all win ter ; highly valued for baking or eating. Fruit, medium size or often above ; form, roundish, slight ly angular ; color, dull red, rough russet dots and bluish bloom ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep wide and open ; calyx, woolly ; basin, medium ; flesh, yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, sweet ; core, medium, with outer or consecutive lines ; seeds, ovate, pyriform, dark brown. Season, December to March. TALMAN'S SWEETING. Tallman's Sweeting, | Tolman's Sweeting, Brown's Golden Sweet. American. Native of Ehode Island ; its name from a family by name of Talman. Its value is for baking and stock feeding. Tree, great bearer, fruit keeping well ; growth rapid, upright, strong, wood dark. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yel low, with a greenish line from stem to apex ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, wide, regular ; calyx, medium ; basin, moderate depth, fur- WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION, 111 rowed ; flesh, white, firm, very sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, light brown, ovate pointed. Season, November to April. TETOFSKY. A Russian variety. Trees, very stout and upright growth ; leaves large, broad, light green, pecufiar ; regular annual bearer ; in quali- 112 THE APPLE. ity about with Red Astrachan, but maturing some ten days or two weeks earlier; very valuable for cooking or marketing; a gross feeder, requiring good soil ; needs little pruning. Our figure does not well represent it, being far too small for an average. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yel low ground, striped and splashed with red, and a beautiful white bloom ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, farrowed ; calyx, rather large, long segments ; basin, abrupt, deep, irregular, furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, sprightly, juicy, slightly acid, or sharp sub-acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, small, fleshy ; seeds, plump, light brown. Season, last of July. SWEET ROMANITE. Sweet Nonsuch, | Orange Sweet, erroneously, This is a variety introduced to the Ohio Pomological Society by W. B. Lipsey, of Morrow County, Ohio. We have not been able to identify it with any variety heretofore described. The flesh being fine grained and firm — somewhat like the Gilpin or Romanite — prob ably induced the name. Tt is grown in Illinois, under name of " Sweet Nonsuch," and introduced there under the erroneous name of " Orange Sweet." Tree, hardy, moderate but regular bearer. Size, medium ; form, roundish flattened, very regular ; color, greenish yellow ground, mostly striped and overspread with bright red and covered with a fine bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, open, regu lar, with little russet ; calyx, large, segments in divisions, short, half erect ; basin, broad, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 113 crisp, juicy, sweet — superior to Ramsdell's or Danvers' Sweeting ; core, medium, or rather small, compact — centre slightly hollow j seeds, ovate, oblong, pyriform. Season, November to March. There is another Sweet Romanite grown in the Western States, which is oblong ; stem, long and slender ; color, light yellow, striped with red ; flesh, more yellow and dry — an inferior or unworthy variety. There is also a Sweet Nonsuch grown which is flat, with slender stem ; cavity, deep light red on pale yellow ; flesh, white, sweet, dry, and tough ; inferior. VANDERVERE. Vandervere, of Cincinnati, Smokehouse ? Gibbon's Smathhouse ? Millcreek, Vandervere Pippin Red Vandervere, Fall Vandervere, Fellow Vandervere, Spiced Ox Eye, I Baltimore, of some incorrectly, Gibbon's Smokehouse ? | Striped Ashmore ? Millcreek Vandervere, Imperial Vandervere, Pennsylvania Vandervere, Striped Vandervere, Staalclubs, Watson's Vandervere. American. Native of Delaware. There is much confusion rela tive to this apple, and, while it is extensively distributed and grown, it has numerous synonyms. The variety described as "Smoke house," by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, in Horticulturist, vol. 3, p. 334, we received specimens of, last winter, from Pennsylvania, and could de tect no difference from the Vandervere when well grown. It may, 114 THE APPLE. however, be distinct. The tree is a free grower, productive, and early bearer. Grown on soils deficient in lime, like many of our western bottoms, and some of prairie ; it has always more or less of dry bitter rot, but, when supplied with lime, the rot disappears, and the fruit increases in size and improves in quality ; needs good culture. Grown North, it is smaller in size and much more conical, and less highly colored than South. Young shoots spotted. Fruit, from medium to large ; form, round flattened, sometimes angular ; color, orange yellow, striped and stained with yellow red, few streaks of deeper red when grown exposed to sun, dotted at in tervals of a quarter to half inch with large yellow russet specks ; when grown North, these specks are more of gray and much smaller, often russeted about the stem ; stem, projecting about even with surrounding surface ; cavity, deep, open, regular ; calyx, with small segments ; basin, open, broad, sometimes slight waves or furrows ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sprightly, mild sub-acid ; core, round, compact ; seeds, large, ovate pyriform. Season, December to February. WARENER. American. " Origin, Penn Yan, Yates County, N. Y. ; seed sown in 1791. Tree, thrifty; young shoots, pale green; old wood, dark red. requires free trimming in order to produce large sized fruit abundantly : annu \\ bearer." WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 115 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, flattened, slightly ribbed at base ; color, yellow ground, mostly covered with deep glossy red, with stripes and splashes of light red, and marked with irregular light russet specks ; stem, slender ; cavity, wide, deep ; calyx, small ; ba sin, broad and open; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, crisp, juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid ; core, small, oblong ovate ; seeds, light brown, ovate pyriform. Season, November to March, but will keep to May. WESTFIELD SEEK-NO-FURTHER. Connecticut Seek-no-furtiier, | Seek-no-further. Red Winter Pearmain, of some. An old variety from Connecticut. For all qualities of tree and fruit has no superior. Very popular in its native State, all South and West. Grown in rich loamy alluvial soils of the South, it is much russeted, and about the stem the russet has appearance of rich bronze ; progressing northward, it gradually loses its russet, until on light sandy soils in Michigan, it becomes a pale yellow ground, with stripes and splashes of clear red and minute dots. Fruit, medium ; form, regular, roundish, conical — broad at base ; color, light yellow ground, the sunny side striped and splashed with red, small russet dots shaded around with light russet yellow ; often considerable russet about both stem and calyx ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, usually small, closed, sometimes open, 116 THE APPLE. with short segments ; basin, regular form, moderate depth ; flesh yellowish, tender, sub-acid, pearmain flavor ; core, medium ; seeds ovate. Season, December to February. WOOD'S GREENING. Coate's Greening. American. Native of New-Jersey. First described by Coxe, from whose nursery it was introduced to the west by Prof. Kirtland, about 1820. Tree, hardy, slender growth, becoming somewhat spreading. It is well adapted to strong heavy soils, producing abun dantly fruit of uniform medium size, and always fair and of " best " quality. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, flattened ; color, pale green, becoming yellowish, with a few rough spots ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ; calyx, rather large ; basin, slightly plaited ; flesh, greenish white, fine grained, juicy, tender, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, small ; seeds, ovate. Season, January to March. WINE. v Wine Apple, I Hay's Winter, Hay's Winter Wine, | Winter Wine, Hollow Crown Pearmain. American. Native of Delaware. Extensively disseminated, and WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 117 everywhere successful. Strong heavy clay loams produce the largest fruit, while best quality are grown on sandy loam. Tree, thrifty ; shoots rather slender, spreading ; foliage small. Fruit, medium to large ; form, round flattened, often quite angu lar, or largest one side ; color, light pale yellow ground, mostly over spread and striped with lively red, russet about cavity of stem ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate or narrow, deep ; calyx, large ; basin, broad, open, slightly plaited ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, vinous, sub- acid ; core, small ; seeds, large. Season, November to February. WINE SAP. Wine Sop. Probably originated in New-Jersey. First described by Coxe. The tree is hardy, an early and very productive bearer, irregular in its growth, not 'forming a handsome head, but producing fair fine fruit in all soils, from poor sand to limestone clay — largest in the latter, and finest texture in the former — fine on dry prairies. Fruit, medium ; form, ovate conical, flattened at base, some times roundish conical, occasionally angular and slightly ribbed ; color, grown North, a bright clear red stained and striped with darker shades, and with spots of light yellow ; grown South, the dark red becomes most prominent, while the patches of light yel low at base are more often seen ; it is also more irregular or an gular in form, and oft with russet about the stem ; stem, varying in length, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; 118 THE APPLE. basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medium, capsule, hollow ; seeds, short ovate. Season, October to January, often keeps till March. YELLOW NEWTOWN PIPPIN. This variety is extensively grown ; West it becomes large ; keeps well. Trees, though slender growth, good bearers and apparently perfectly at home in rich limestone soils. That there are two New- town Pippins, we do not question ; see " Newtown Pippin ;"but we have the past year supposed there might be three, but whether the distinction is without a difference we are yet unprepared to decide. We give here two figures, and descriptions, of which the latter New- town Pippin of Lewis Sanders, Esq., may possibly prove identical with Y. N. P. Fruit, medium, to large ; form roundish, flattened, angular, or broader than long; color, clear yellow, with considerable russet from the stem, many small russet dots, and, where exposed to the sun, the yellow becomes very rich and dotted with carmine dots ; stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, large open, segments short, stiff, broad ; basin, broad, irregular only from the slight ribbing of the fruit ; flesh, yellowish, very firm, crisp, juicy ; core, medium ; seeds, purplish black, oblong pyriform. Keeps to June. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. NEWTOWN PIPPIN, OF LEWIS SANDERS, KY. 119 Fruit, large ; form, angular, roundish conical, prominently ribbed ; color, dull pale yellow, with whitish yellow, marbled and splashed, the latter prevailing mostly at stem end ; stem, short; cavity, acu minate, somewhat russeted ; calyx, medium, short segments ; basin, pretty deep, irregular, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, vinous, juicy, sub-acid, with tinges or lines, and specks throughout, as if decay had partially taken place ; core, medium, or rather large ; seeds, dark rich reddish brown, ovate, pyriform. CLASS II. New and untested. Adapted to certain Localities, or Amateur Gardens. ABBOTT SEEDLING. American. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly conical, dull green, tinged with red ; flesh, tender juicy, wants flavor. Winter. (Hov. Mag.) 120 THE APPLE. ADAMS. Noll's No. 1. A Pennsylvania seedling of White Deer township, Union County. Large ; roundish oblate ; faintly mottled and striped with red on a greenish yellow ground ; stem, half an inch long ; cavity, broad acute ; calyx, rather large, segments closed; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited; flesh, greenish white, of fine texture, rather juicy; "very good" (W. D. B.) ADAM'S PEARMAIN. Foreign. Fruit, medium, conical, pale greenish yellow, with gray rus set; stem, slender; flesh, yellowish, crisp, aromatic. Early winter. (Lindley.) ALBEMARLE PIPPIN. Fruit, medium or large, round, yellow, with brown specks ; flesh, pale yellow, sub-acid. Grown in Virginia ; keeps well. (Thomas.) ALEXANDER. Emperor Alexander. Foreign. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at base, red streaked on green ish yellow ; stem, small ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, coarse crisp; showy ; poor bearer. October. ASHMOEE. Red Ashmore, | Fall Wine, erroneously. American. A desirable variety deserving attention. Fruit, above medium, regular, round, bright clear red; short slender stem ; deep cavity ; calyx, small, closed ; deep, regular basin ; core, large ; capsules, hollow ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white crisp, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly. Octo ber and November. The Black Vandervere, a third rate fruit, is some times grown as this variety. ASHLAND. American. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical, dull greenish yellow, striped and splashed with dull red mingled with bluish gray, and large russet dots ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet, dry ; hardly "very good;" stem, short; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, ovate flattened. November to January. AUNT'S APPLE, Fruit, medium to large, ovate flattened, light yellow, streaked with red, radiating from stem, which is short, stout ; cavity, open, broad, russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, finely folded ; flesh, yellow, breaking, sub-acid, musky perfume, juijcy ; "very good;" core, medium. November to January. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 121 AROMATIC CAROLINA. From South Carolina. " Tree, spreading, pendent, short fruit wood, abrupt terminal buds; fruit, large, oblate, conical, pale red, slightly streaked; heavy bloom; wide basin; open calyx; flesh, tender, melting, aromatic. July. Abundant bearer." (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.) AUTUMN SEEK-NO-FURTHER. American. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale green, faintly striped with red in sun; stem, slender; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, open, erect seg ments; basin, round, medium depth; core, medium; flesh, white, juicy, tender, sprightly, sub-acid ; " very good." October, AUTUMNAL SWAAR. Autumnal Sweet Swaar, I Sweet Swaar, Sweet Golden Pippin. Tree, spreading; shoots, vigorous, diverging; fruit, large, round, flat tened, slightly ribbed, rich golden yellow ; stem, long ; basin, open, shallow; calyx, half closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, tender, yellowish, spicy, sweet, not juicy ; '• very good." October. AUTUMN PEARMAIN. English Summer Pearmain, I Royal Pearmain, Summer Pearmain, | Pafmain d'Ete, Sigler's Red. Foreign. Tree, slender, slow growth, irregular ; fruit, medium, oblong conical, brownish yellow and green, red blended with yellow in sun. small brown specks ; stalk, short ; calyx, in a broad shallow basin, slightly plaited; flesh, pale yellow, crisp ; nearly "best." September. AUNT HANNAH. From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish, light yellow; flesh, tender, crisp, sub-acid; "very good." Winter. BAILEY SPICE. American. From Plattsburg, N. Y. Growth, moderate ; shoots, reddish brown; fruit, medium, round ovate, tapering to eye, light yellow, faint blush in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep; calyx, closed ; basin, nar row ; flesh, yellowish, greenish tint, sprightly, spicy; core, large, open; seeds, light brown. October. "Very good." BAILEY SWEET. Patterson Sweet, | Edgerly Sweet. From Perry. N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, round, ovate flattened, sometimes ribbed, clear yellowish red, wit}) an occasional russet patch; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt, often plaited; flesh, yellow, rather dry, sweet; "very good;" core, me dium ; seeds, ovate pyriform. November to December. 6 122 THE APPLE. BELZER. American. Ohio. Fruit, medium, red striped on greenish yellow; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid. August, (T. S. Humrickhouse, in Hov. Mag.) BENONI. Prom Massachusetts. Growth, vigorous, erect, good bearer; fruit medium, roundish, narrowing towards the eye, deep yellow striped with crimson, dotted with white specks; stem, short, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed; flesh, yellow crisp, tender, juicy, vinous; '-very good;" core, close; seeds, pale brown. August and September. BEVAN. Bevan Favorite, | Striped June. From New Jersey. Valuable as a market fruit, to transport long dis tances ; we have thought the Red June, which comes to us at Cleveland from Kentucky, might be this apple, but have had no opportunity of com paring them in season. Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened, slight ly conical, distinct broad red stripes on yellow ; stem, varying from short to long; cavity, shallow; calyx, large; basin, plaited; flesh, firm, tough, sub-acid ; seeds, plump, ovate pyriform. August. We are also of opinion this may be the Carolina June, of the West. BENTLEY'S SWEET. From Virginia. Tree, moderately vigorous, hardy, good bearer, great keeper; valuable south, in rich soils. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ir regular, flattened at ends ; red and yellow striped, or blotched ; stem, long, curved ; calyx, large ; basin, open, deep, furrowed ; core, compact ; seeds, large, ovate, pointed; flesh yellowish, firm, tender, juicy; "very good." January to Sept. BETTER THAN GOOD. Juicy Bite. From Pennsylvania. May prove identical with some already described. Tree, slender, irregular; fruit, medium, roundish, tapering to the eye; yellowish white ; flesh tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Early Winter BEAN SWEET. " This fruit I procured of the late Judge Buel. Medium size, ovate, oblong. Color, nearly white, producing a splendid appearance when ripe on the tree ; crisp and juicy ; ripe in Oct. ; will keep till Feby. or March ; a good baking apple." (B. V. French, Esq., Ms.) BLUE PEARMAIN. Tree, hardy, shoots stout, dark color ; buds, large, unsuited to exposed situations, the fruit being large and heavy is easily blown off Fruit, very FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 123 large, roundish, slightly conical, striped and blotched with purplish red over a dull ground ; white bloom ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, mild sub-acid ; " very good." Early Winter. BLACK APPLE. Black American, | Jersey Black, Dodge's Black. American. Tree, slender, moderate growth, drooping, when old ; a good bearer ; negative quality, often esteemed. Fruit, medium, round slightly flattened, dark red, almost black, whitish bloom, and many whitish specks ; stem, medium : cavity, deep ; calyx rather small ; basin, shallow ; core large ; capsules, long, ovate, hollow ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellow ish white tinged with red, crisp, juicy. Nov. to Feby. There is much confusion at theWest with this variety, and several fruits are grown under the same name. One under name of Black, or " Canada Black," is oblong, with greenish flesh, inferior ; tree, a fine grower. Another is of medium size ; fruit depressed at ends ; skin rough ; flesh, aromatic ; ripening in September ; tree upright grower, with rough uneven bark. BLACK COAL. Welcome. This is also another of the Black apples grown West. Fruit, above medium, round, regular smooth, glossy, rich dark red striped, and mostly overspreading a lighter red ; numerous specks; stem, short; cavity, deep, slightly russeted ; calyx, closed, woolly or downy ; basin, open ; core, large, hollow; seeds, loose; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, crisp, juicy, tender, rather acid. Nov. to Feby. BLEDSOE. "From Kentucky. Resembles White Pippin, (Canada Pippin.) Fruit, large, conical, flattened at base, greenish yellow, light bronze at base, brownish specks ; skin, smooth ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, open ; seeds, large, light brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy ; " very good." March and April. Claimed as a seedling ; new." (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) BLOOD. From central Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, occasionally angular ; dull red, marbled and striped with shades of purplish red, occasional rough gray dots; stem, varying; cavity, funnel shaped ; calyx, half open ; broad segments ; basin furrowed ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong ovate, dark red ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with red near the surface, break ing mild almost sweet; " very good." Dec. to March. BOALSBURG. A seedling of Centre County, Pennsylvania. Large, oblong, inclining to 124 THE APPLE. conical, delicately mottled and striped with red on a yellow ground ; stem, short, thick ; deep, acuminate, russeted cavity ; basin, deep, moderately wide; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sprightly, and refreshing; "very good." (W. D. B.). BOHANON. A variety probably originally of Virginia, lately brought to notice as grown by Lewis Sanders, Esq., of Ky. It much resembles Maiden's Blush. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, with in clination to a ribbed surface ; light pale yellow, crimson blush on sunny side, russet about stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, partly closed ; basin, deep expanded ; core, open ; seeds, numerous, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, slightly aromatic, sub-acid. Sept. BOURASSA. Foreign. Succeeds finely in Canada and northern sections, — Vermont, North Michigan, on poor soil, etc. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, slightly ribbed, occasionally irregular ; color, rich, orange russet on yellow, reddish brown in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, small, irregular ; calyx, with long segments; basin, narrow; core, rather large; seeds, few; flesh, white, fine grained, sub-acid ; " best." October to January. BRABANT BELLFLOWER. Brabant Belle-fleur, | Iron Apple. Foreign. Tree, strong, irregular growth, making, however, a good head. Valuable for cooking. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, flattened at ends; pale yellow, mostly coverered with red striped and FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 125 splashed ; calyx, large ; basin, wide ; flesh, firm, crisp, sharp sub-acid. Nov. to Jany. BROOKE'S PIPPIN. A native of Virginia. Large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely ribbed ; greenish yellow, with a faint blush ; stem, short, rather stout, deep, irregular, russeted cavity ; basin, small, shallow, waved, sometimes furrowed ; seed, long, slender acuminate ; flesh, crisp, juicy, of fine tex ture, with a pleasant aroma ; best ;" winter ; bearing abundantly every year in localities where the Newtown Pippin, to which it bears some re semblance, does not succeed. BUCK'S COUNTY. Buck's County Pippin. A Pennsly vania Seedling. Large, roundish oblate, inclining to conical ; greenish yellow, with sometimes a faint brown cheek ; stem, short, not stout, inserted in a deep, open cavity ; basin, wide, deep, slightly plaited ; seed, small, short ; flesh, tender ; texture fine ; flavor excellent ; " very good. (W. D. B.) BUTTER APPLE. American ; probably from Pennsylvania. Fruit, below medium, regu lar roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few yellow russet dots, russet near and in cavity of stem ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, nar row, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, abrupt ribbed ; core, medium ; seeds, roundish ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet ; " very good." Nov. to Feby. BUFFINGTON'S EARLY. A moderate bearer; origin unknown. Fruit, below medium, flattened, little ribbed, yellowish white, with faint blush ; cavity, deep ; basin, shallow furrowed ; flesh, tender, delicate sub-acid ; " best." Last of July. BURR'S WINTER SWEET. Native of Hingham, Mass. Tree, good grower, spreading. Early and abundant bearer. Fruit, large, roundish oblate, flattened at base, full at crown ; smooth, greenish yellow, striped and splashed with vermilion, russet at stem ; small gray specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, broad, open ; eye, medium, closed ; segments, short ; basin, open ribbed ; core, small ; seeds, medium ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, slight aromatic perfume. Dec. to March. (Hov. Mag.) BUSH. Native of Boalsburg, Pa. Size, medium, oblate, conical ; greenish yel low, russet dots near the crown ; calyx, small ; basin, deep plaited ; flesh, " very good." (W. D. B.) 126 THE APPLE. CARNAHAN. Cannahan's Favorite. Native of Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering to the eye, yellow, with stripes of red, greenish russet dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, large, long segments ; basin, ribbed ; core, compact ; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy ; " very good." Dec. to Feby. CANNON PEARMAIN. American. Tree, good grower, branches diverging. Fruit, small, roundish, often angular, yellow with dull red, and large yellow specks ; stem, long curved ; cavity, shallow, russety ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly ; " very good." Dec. to March CANN. American. Fruit, medium, nearly conical, dull green, little red in sun, and near the stem ; flesh, white, sweet ; " very good." Oct. to Dec. Tree, thrifty, spreading. CAMPFIELD. Newark Sweeting. American. Tree, vigorous, nearly upright, spreading. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened ; greenish yellow, with dull red in sun ; flesh, white, dry sweet ; valued for stock and cider. CAROLINA WINTER QUEEN. American. We have seen but little of this apple, but are impressed with the idea that it is destined to be a valuable and popular variety South, far superior to Northern Spy. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical ; greenish yellow streaked and stained with red from the stem, a little russet at stem, and few small faint dots ; calyx, open, segments, re- flexed ; basin, round, medium ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant; flesh, yellowish, sprightly, crisp, juicy; "best." Nov., Jany. CAYUGA RED STREAK. Twenty Ounce, I Twenty Ounce Apple, Eighteen Ounce, | Gov. Seward, Twenty Ounce Pippin, erroneously. From Western New York. We adopt the name " Cayuga Red Streak," to prevent continued confusion with " Twenty ounce Pippin." Fruit, large, roundish conical, dull yellowish green striped and marbled with yellowish red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, crisp ; sub-acid. Nov., Dec. Esteemed for cooking. CAT FACE. From Kentucky. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at ends; greenish yel- FOB AMATEUR CULTURE. 127 low, streaked with light and dark red ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, wide ; calyx, prominent ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, white, tender, brisk, sub-acid. April and May. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) CLYDE BEAUTY. Mackie's Clyde Beauty. From Clyde, N. Y. Productive. Fruit, large, roundish conical, slightly ribbed.; pale, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with light red, deep crimson in the sun ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." October to December. Deserves more attention. COLE. Scarlet Perfume. Foreign. Tree, slender growth, irregular, diverging or spreading, hardy, an early bearer of a pleasant sprightly fruit. Fruit, medium, roundish, little conical, bright red ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, medium, partly closed ; flesh, white, juicy ; " very good." August. COOPER. Beauty Red, | Lady Washington, Seek-no-further, of some erroneously. An Eastern variety, recovered at West, where it was brought in 1796 ; its identity with any variety now known East, is not established ; hence we must continue under its present name. Growth, upright, stout; branches at right angles; wood, reddish, "subject to canker;" a good bearer, maturing its fruit nearly all at the same time. Succeeds best on rich limestone clay. Fruit, large, often very large ; roundish flattened, greenish yellow with stripes and blotches of pale red ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; stem, slender, short ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, not fine grained, crisp, juicy ; " very good." September, but often keeps to November. COOPER'S EARLY WHITE. Grown in Illinois and Wisconsin, where it is regarded as productive and profitable. Fruit, medium ; roundish, little flattened ; pale yellow, with faint blush, greenish tinge at stem ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp, sprightly. September and October. COCKLIN'S FAVORITE. Small, roundish, truncated apple, native of Allen Township, Cumber land Co. ; quality, <; very good." (W. D. B.) CHIEF GOOD. Summum Bonum. From Kentucky, near Louisville. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, 128 THE APPLE. flattened at base, light yellow, streaked and mottled with red, few splashes of green ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open ; calyx, small, partly closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, open ; seeds, large, light brown. September and October. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) COURT-PENDU-PLAT. Court-pendu, Garnon's Apple, Cour pendu, Rond Gros, '; " Musque, Coriandra Rose, _, Afollaton Pippin, Capendu Cour pendu, Extra, Rouge Musque, Pomme de Berlin, Russian, Princisse Noble Zoete. Foreign. Tree, slender; early and prolific bearer. Fruit, medium, regular, flat; pale greenish yellow, crimson in sun ; stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, large ; basin, wide, shallow ; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly little acid ; " Very good." November to February. COURT OF WICK. Barlow, Court de Wick, Fry's Pippin, Wood's Huntingdon, Philip's Reinette, Week's Pippin, Court of Wick Pippin, Rival Golden Pippin, Golden Drop, Transparent Pippin, Knightwick Pippin, Yellow. Foreign. For those who like a firm, spicy, sprightly fruit for dessert, this may be esteemed. Tree, very hardy — suited to the North. Fruit, small, regular, roundish ovate, flattened ; greenish yellow in shade, little red and dotted with russet specks in pun ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, with long wide spread segments ; basin, shallow ; core, large ; seeds, ovate ; flesh yellow, sharp, sub-acid, crisp, juicy. October to February. CUMBERLAND. Cumberland Seedling. From Cumberland County, Pa. Tree, fine grower. Fruit, esteemed valuable for market ; large, roundish, flattened ; flesh, white, sub-acid ; "good;" new. CUMBERLAND SPICE. The Blenheim Pippin has been received at the West as this variety. In absence of fruit to examine, we copy Thomas's description : " Rather large, varying from roundish-conical to long-conical, the taper ing sides being nearly straight and not rounded ; color, waxen yellow, with a slight vermilion tinge near the base, and with black specks on the surface ; stalk, half to three-fourths of an inch long; cavity, wide, slightly russeted ; calyx, open ; basin, even ; flesh, yellowish-white, break ing, rather light ; core, hollow ; flavor, mild sub-acid, v.-ith a peculiar and agreeable spiciness ; of good second-rate quality." FOR AMATEUR CTJLTURE. CRACKING. 129 "From Harrison County, Ohio. Tree, strong grower; requires little pruning." Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white; flesh, tender, juicy ; "very good." October to January. (Dr. J. A. Warder's Notes.) New ; highly esteemed where known. CAT PIPPIN. West's Spitzenberg, Haymaker, Honemaker Pippin, Hommacher Apfel. Western Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium to large, greenish; flesh, greenish, juicy, sub-acid. December to April. New. DARLINGTON. Darlington. Russet . Fruit, medium, roundish, clear smooth rus- Native of northern Ohio. set ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, white ; hardly " very good." January to June. DELIGHT. From R. Buchanan, Esq., Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish flat tened, slightly angular, yellow russet at stem, irregular russet spots, ver milion red cheek in sun ; stem, very short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large, short segments ; basin, round, slightly furrowed ; core, compact ; seeds, 180 THE APPLE. ovate angular ; flesh, yellowish, firm, mild sub-acid, almost sweet ; " very good." New. February to May. DETROIT. Red Detroit, | Black Detroit, Crimson Pippin. Foreign. Introduced to Detroit, Michigan, by early French settlers. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, dark blackish crimson, dotted and marbled with fawn specks in sun ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, plaited ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, white, often stained with red to the core, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. October to February. This is sometimes grown as the Black Apple. DlLLINGHAM. From D. C. Richmond, Esq., Sandusky, Ohio. Native. Fruit, medium, round, regular, whitish yellow, dots of red in sun ; cavity, deep russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; core, small ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sweet; "very good;" great bearer. October and November. DOCTOR. Red Doctor, | De Witt. Native of Pennsylvania. Much grown in southern Ohio and Indiana, producing abundantly of second-rate fruit. Fruit, medium to large, flat ; yellow striped and washed with several shades of red and occasional spots of russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; cavity, deep ; core, small ; seeds, oblong, pyriform ; flesh, tender, juicy. October to January. DOMINE. Origin uncertain. Tree, strong, vigorous grower ; shoots, long, diverg- FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 131 ing ; early good bearer ; profitable orchard sort West ; succeeding finely in most soils. Fruit, medium to large, flat, greenish yellow, with stripes and splashes of bright red and large russet specks ; stem, long, slender, inclining to one side ; cavity, wide ; calyx, small ; basin, broad ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant, purplish brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy ; "very good." November to April. DlJTCHESS. Tutchess of Oldenburgh. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with dark, upright shoots, moderate bearer ; valued for cooking. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, light red striped and splashed on yellow ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ; basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-acid. August and September. EMPEROR. Dickson's Emperor. From Scotland. New. Fruit, large, irregular, slightly ribbed ; yellow, with dashes of carmine red, and minute specks of straw color; dull red cheek in sun; stem, short; calyx, large; basin, deep, irregular; core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy ; "very good." November to January. EARLY PENNOCK. Shakers' Yellow, i August Apple, Indian Queen ? [ New Jersey Red Streak? Warren Pennock. This is probably an old Eastern variety so changed by our Western soils as not to be recognized. It was distributed West from Harrison or Belmont Counties, Ohio. Trees, thrifty, hardy, early prolific bearers of fruit, rather below second rate quality ; fruit, large, roundish, tapering to the eye; greenish yellow, blotched and streaked with lively red; stem, long; cavity, deep, irregular; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid. August. Resembles, but is distinct from, Summer Queen. ENGLISH GOLDEN RUSSET. Golden Russet, of New York. Foreign. Growth, irregular; fruit, medium, roundish, russet on yellow; stem, slender ; flesh, fine grained, crisp ; nearly " best." December to March. ENGLISH SWEETING. Ram^dell's Sweeting, I Ramsdell's Red Pumpkin Sweet, Ramdell's Sweet, Red Pumpkin Sweet, Avery Sweeting. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, early prolific bearer; fruit, medium to large, oblong, tapering to the eye, green and rough in shade, dark red dotted with fawn specks, and with a blue bloom in sun ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, angular, often a fleshy knob; calyx, with short stiff seg ments; basin, round, regular; core, long ovate; seeds, imperfect; flesh, yellowish white, sweet ; " very good.' October to February. 132 THE APPLE. ESTEN. From Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, oblong ovate, slightly ribbed ; yellow, faint blush in sun, large green dots ; stem, slender; cavity, deep ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, sub-acid. October. Benx Native Mass. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened ; red and yellow striped or splashed ; stem, slender, inclined one side ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, closed : basin, open ; core, small ; seeds, ovate angular ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, aromatic, sub-acid. December to January. FALL JENNETTING. Fall Gennetting. Probably American. An old variety known to us in Connecticut when a boy, although Mr. Hovey says, in 1847 — " New and very desirable." Fruit, large, roundish, flattened, ribbed at base, narrowing to the eye, pale greenish yellow, blush in sun. russety specks; stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, closed ; basin, round ; core, small ; seeds, angular ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy ; 4i very good." October and November. (Hov. Mag.) There is another Gennetting grown in Ohio, maturing from July to September, which is sour and unworthy. FOUNDLING. Funtling. Native of Mass. " Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, yellowish green, with broken stripes pale red, greenish specks ; stem, short, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, closed; basin, furrowed; core, me dium; seeds, small; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sprightly, sub-acid. August and September." (Hov. Mag.) FALL QUEEN. Horse Apple, I Red Gloria Mundi ? Oldfield, I Fall Beauty. Origin unknown. Valued -highly South and West for cooking. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, little irregular, greenish yellow to orange, blush in sun, russet lines about stem ; stem, short ; cavity, shal low ; basin, narrow ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, yellow, coarse, acid. Last July. FALL HARVEY. Native of Mass. Not productive. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, with scattered brown dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; flesh, white, mild sub-acid, juicy ; " very good." October and November. FAVORITE. From Kentucky. Fruit, small, roundish, tapering to the eye, pale yel- FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 183 low, striped and splashed with red, and small rough dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep; calyx, small; basin, medium, regular ; core, medium; seeds, long ovate; flesh, yellow, juicy, mild sub-acid; not quite " very good." November to January. FATHER ABRAHAM. From Virginia ; considerably grown in Kentucky. We copy Coxe's description : " Small, flat, red, little yellow, spots and blotches of darker red; texture, thin, tender ; fle^h, white, tinged with red next the sun, juicy, agreeable. Early winter. Keeps till April." FERDINAND. Native South Carolina. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright ; fruit, large, oblate, irregular, pale greenish yellow ; stem, thick ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish, tender. November to March. New. (Wm. Sumner in Hort.j FLEINER. Foreign. Tree, great bearer, growth upright; fruit, medium, oblong, lemon yellow, red cheek; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; "good." Sep tember and October. Productiveness it& chief merit FRANKLIN GOLDEN PIPPIN. j.ree, upright, vigorous, early annual bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate, conical, pale light greenish yellow, interlined with fine whitish net work, few russet dots; stem, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, small, closed ; basin, narrow, slightly plaited ; flesh; crisp, juicy ; " very good." October. FRENCH'S SWEET. The seedling trees are still standing in Braintree, Mass. Large, round ovate, green, inclining to a yellow when fully ripe, great bearer, highly perfumed ; flesh, firm. Ripe October and November, and will keep° till January or February. Richest baking I know. (B. V. French, Ms.) FRONCLIN. '' Native of Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, rapid grower, great bearer ; fruit, medium, regular, round ; bright red ; flesh, yellowish, acid, vinous. New. (Pom. Trans.) FLUSHING SPITZENBERG. American. Tree, vigorous, strong brown shoots ; fruit, medium, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, mostly covered with warm yellowish red, russet dots, with suffused fawn shade surrounding ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; core, rather large ; flesh, white, tinged 134 THE APPLE. yellow, juicy, crisp, mild, nearly sweet; "very good." November to February. FULTON. Native of Canton Co., 111. Original tree, when 19 years old, gave 36 1-2 inches circumference, 3 feet from ground, 25 feet high, and 28 feet across top, and had produced large crops ten years in succession. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, pale clear yellow, bright red cheek, little russet in stem cavity, small dots ; stein, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, short seg ments ; basin, rather deep; core, small ; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid ; '; very good." November and December. GABRIEL. Ladies Blush. The origin of this variety is uncertain. It will most likely yet prove identical with some variety heretofore described. Our engraving is under medium size of the apple. Trees, moderate growth, good bearers ; fruit, medium or below, roundish conical, yellowish, striped, and splashed with pale red ; stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 135 core, medium ; seeds, long ovate, pointed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." October and November. GARRETSON'S EARLY. John Garretson's Early. Native probably of New Jersey. Tree, vigorous growth, early, abun dant bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; pale green, becoming yellowish, dotted with whitish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; basin, ribbed ; core, large ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, crisp, ten der, sub-acid ; " very good,'' August. GEORGE. From Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree, spreading, free bearer ; fruit, me dium, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with russety blotches and specks, oft quite russety ; calyx, large, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, firm, juicy, mild acid. July. GILPIN. Carthouse, | Romanite of the West. From Virginia. Its keeping and bearing qualities will always render it more or less popular. Fruit, below medium, roundish, flattened at apex, deep red and yellow; stem, varying; cavity deep ; calyx, closed; basin, sometimes furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, will keep a year. GILES. From "Wallingford, Conn. Fruit, medium, conical, dark red ; flesh, tender, juicy ; " very good." October and November. 186 THE APPLE. GRAY VAND.ERVERB. Windower, I Indian Apple, Great Vandervere, j Betsey's F^acy, White Vandevrere, Vandervere Pippin, of some. A great bearer, good keeper, by some preferred to the Vandervere. Dr. Warder says, this is the variety common in Philadelphia market, and esteemed highly for cooking. Fruit, medium or slightly above, round flattened ; skin, rough, uneven, mostly a dull red, with gray bloom, small specks of russet, a little bronze at the stem ; stem, long ; cavity, open ; calyx, with short segments ; basin, broad, open ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, breaking, moderately juicy. December to March. GRANNY EARLE. - Fruit, small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red ; flesh, white, crisp, tender. November to January. (Hov. Mag.) *GRANNIWINKLE. Tree, slow grower, compact head, first described by Coxe ; esteemed only for cider. Fruit, medium, roundish, oblong, dark red ; flesh, yellow ish, sweet. October and November. GULLY. From Lancaster co., Pa. Fruit, small to medium, white with blush cheek ; flesh, white, juicy. New. (Pom. Trans.) FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 187 GREEN SEEK-NO-FURTHER. Seek-no-further of Coxe, | Bracy's Seek-no-further. Growth, vigorous, upright ; fruit, large, roundish conical, greenish yel low, with dark specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, slightly ribbed ; flesh, white, little coarse, mild sub-acid. November to January. HAGLOE. Summer Hagloe. Tree, medium bearer, dark colored strong shoots, valued for cooking, often fine for dessert ; fruit, medium, roundish flattened, bright red on yellow ; flesh, tender. July. Distinct from Hagloe Crab, a small ovate cider fruit. HARRISON. Generally grown for cider, but, in absence of better fruit, and kept until March.it becomes " very good" for dessert. Tree, thrifty, hardy, very productive ; fruit, medium or small, roundish ovate, jrellow, with black specks, light suffused shade around ; stem, one inch ; cavity, wide ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow furrowed ; flesh, yellow, firm, spicy, sub-acid ; core, large ; seeds, long ovate. November to March. It is from this variety, mixed with a small proportion of Campfield, that the celebrated Newark, cider is made. HARTFORD SWEETING. Spencer Sweeting, | CLamp Sweeting. Native of Hartford, Conn. Growth, slow, hardy, productive; fruit, large, roundish flattened ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender ; •' very good." December to March. HASKELL SWEET. Sassafras Sweet. Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific, deserves more general culture ; fruit, large, nearly flat, greenish, with dull brown cheek in sun; stem and cavity, medium ; flesh, tinged with orange yellow, tender, sweet ; almost " best." October. HAWLEY. Douse, | Dow's. Native of Columbia Co., N. Y. Much resembles Fall Pippin, but larger and ripens earlier, and is invariably affected with dry rot in all soils, otherwise it would take first class. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened, conical, yellowish green to yellow, with few brown dots; stem, slender; cavity, wide ; calyx, small, partly closed ; basin, medium, slightly plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October, sometimes in September. 138 THE APPLE. HECTOR. From Chester county, Pa. Large, oblong, conical, striped and mottled with red on a yellow ground ; stem, slender ; deep, open russeted cavity ; basin, narrow, deep, furrowed ; flesh, crisp ; texture, fine : " very good." (W. D. B.) HELEN'S FAVORITE.. From Troy, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, dark red shades, light spots ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; core, compact ; seeds, small; flesh, white, streaked with red, tender, juicy ; "very good." January and February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) HERMAN. From Cumberland co., Pa, Tree, productive ; fruit, medium, oblong, red striped on greenish yellow ; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy ; "very good." December to April. (Pom. Trans.) Reinette d' Holland, Summer Pippin, HOLLAND PIPPIN. Pie Apple, French Pippin, of some. Tree resembles Fall Pippin, with which it is often confounded, but from which it is distinct. It is esteemed for cooking, for which it is fitted FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 139 in August, but we think surpassed by Gravenstein. We refer for descrip tion to Fall Pippin, with this difference, more regular round, stem shorter, cavity not as deep, more broad and open, calyx smaller, and basin not as wide. HOUSUM'S RED. From Berks county, Pa. Large, oblong, compressed at the sides, skin red in stripes, yellow at base ; stem, short, thick ; cavity, narrow, not deep, slightly russeted ; basin, moderately deep, plaited ; flesh, fine tex ture, tender, with delightful aroma ; " very good" at least. October to February. (W. D. B.) HIGH TOP SWEET. Summer Sweet, of Ohio, | Sweet June, of Illinois. From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, upright, productive; fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with greenish white dots; stem, slender; calyx, closed ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " very good." Last of July. HUNTER. From Delaware Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish, conical, striped and splashed bright red on yellow; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; flesh, white tinged with pink, tender, crisp, juicy. October. JABEZ SWEET. From Middletown, Conn. Fruit, medium, nearly round, pale green, dull red in sun, sweet. October to April. (Hov. Mag.) JEFFERSON. Tree, good habit, spreading, much grown and esteemed in some parts of Kentucky, from whence we once received specimens in April (after laying in a warehouse during winter), in fine condition. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, dull red on yellow, splashed ; stem, slender ; cavity, moderate ; calyx, small, partially closed ; basin, open ; core, com pact ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; almost " best." October to March. JEFFERIS. From Chester co., Pa. Tree, moderate grower, upright habit, constant, abundant bearer ; fruit, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and stained with red, becoming dark in sun, dotted with white spots and russet at stem ; stem, half inch, slender ; cavity, narrow,.deep ; calyx, nearly closed, woolly ; basin, deep, regular; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy; "best." September and October. New. JERSEY PIPPIN. Foreign. Fruit, medium, round, oblong, conical, flattened, pale yellow- 140 THE APPLE. ish green, faint stripes red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, rather large ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; flesh, greenish yellow, juicy, vinous, sub-acid ; " very good." November to February. New. JENKINS. Native of Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, small, roundish ovate ; red, interspersed with numerous large white dots, on a yellowish ground ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, rather wide, sometimes russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, open, furrowed ; core, above medium ; seed, grayish brown, acute-ovate ; flesh, white, tender, fine texture, juicy ; flavor, agreeably saccharine, exceedingly pleasant and aromatic ; <: very good," if not " best." The Jenkins is one of those delicious little apples pecul iarly fitted for the table at evening entertainments. (W. D. B.) JEWETT'S RED. Jewell's Fine Red, | Nodhead. Tree, slow, rather slender diverging growth ; fruit unfair while young; best adapted to strong clay soils North, where it is hardy, and said to succeed well. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, tapering to the eye, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, mostly overspread or striped with red, numerous white dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small, partially closed ; basin, shallow, wrinkled ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate, rounded ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, tender, mild aromatic sub-acid; "best." November to February. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 141 KAIGHN'S SPITZENBERG. Red Spitzenberg, Red Pearmain, Red Winter Pearmain, Long Pearmain, Lady Finger, Scarlet Pearmain, , erroneously, Ohio Wine, Long John, Red Pippin, Red Phoenix, Sheepnose, of some, Russam. This variety is showy, annually productive, and that is all of its good qualities. We present the drawing to aid the unacquainted to detect it, as the name often aids in its sale. Dr. Warder, at the late Ohio Pom. Meeting, stated that it came originally from Kaighn's Point, and the name SpitzenW^r, was derived from a mountain " berg." Fruit, large, oblong rounded ; yellow, mostly overspread with bright clear red ; stem, about even with surrounding surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, small; basin, slightly furrowed ; core, small ; seeds, irregular in form ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, dry; "good." November and December. Often grown in Michigan as Red Belleflower. KESWICK CODLIN. Foreign. Very productive. Tree, hardy ; valued for cooking, and suited 142 THE APPLE. to Western soils ; one of best. Fruit, medium or above, roundish ovate conical ; greenish yellow, with brownish cheek in sun. and light dots, one or two raised lines from stem to apex ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed imperceptible ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, greenish or yellowish white, tender, acid. September and October. KlNGSLEY. From Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree, erect, moderate grower, hardy, profuse early bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; yellowish, striped and splashed with pinkish red, white dots, russet near calyx ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed; basin, shallow; core, medium, open; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." November to July. (H. Wendell in Pom. Trans.) KING APPLE. There are two distinct fruits under this name, one grown in Western N. Y., and one in Mason Co., Ky. The first is as follows: Fruit, large, roundish oblong, somewhat ribbed, pale yellow ground, mostly covered with two shades of red, striped and splashed, brown dots, and russet patches on sunny side ; stem, stout, thick ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, slight furrows, and projecting ribs surrounding ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. November and December. The second is : Fruit, yellow, clouded, and mostly obscured with dull red, small specks, and large patches of mould or fungus peculiar to the Southern grown fruits ; oblong, flattened at base ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; core, small ; seeds, me dium ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. January to February. LANCASTER. Lancaster Greening. From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, hardy, vigorous, productive ; fruit, medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with brown dots and blotches; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub- acid ; valued for keeping till April. LECKER. Laquier, ] Lacker. From Lancaster, Pa. Described by Thomas as Laquier. Medium, roundish oblate ; skin, striped with crimson on a paler red, with numer ous large dots ; stem, short and slender, sometimes stout ; cavity, russeted, narrow, rather deep ; basin, wide, deep, plaited ; core, small ; seed, dark cinnamon, short, plump ; flesh, whitish, fine texture, tender, juicy ; «* good" at least. December to March. (W. D. B.) FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 143 LAKE. Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, abundant bearer, fruit hangs well ; fruit, below medium, round ovate conical, yellow, mostly overspread and striped with deep lake red, many dots ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; core, medium ; seeds, plump ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." October. LATE QUEEN. Brown's Late Queen. American Native of Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish conical, pale red on yellow, bluish tinge at stem end, and many large russet dots ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, round, slightly furrowed ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." September and October. LELAND SPICE. Leland Pippin. | New York Spice. From Mass. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, and ribbed ; green ish yellow, mottled with crimson stripes, dark crimson in sun ; stem, half inch ; cavity and basin, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sub-acid ; " best," October to December. Deserves more attention than yet received. LEDGE SWEET. From Portsmouth, N. H. Tree, productive, regular bearer; fruit, large, roundish flattened; yellowish green, tinged with blush in sun, reddish rus set specks ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, partially closed > basin, shallow ; core, open ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, juicy, crisp, sweet. January to June. (Hov. Mag.) LIMBER TWIG. James River. A valuable fruit in Southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Tree, hardy, productive ; fruit, large, roundish, tapering a little to the eye ; light yellow, striped and splashed with red in sun, rough russet specks, and occasional patch of russet; stem, long, slender; cavity, open, funnel shape, russeted ; calyx, rather small ; basin, irregular, round ; core, large. 144 THE APPLE. hollow ; seeds, plump, pyriform ; flesh, whitish, tender, sub-acid ; good." Keeps to May. For varieties of this, see Willow Twig, &c. : very LOWRE QUEEN, Loure Queen. Trees, upright, early bearers, extensively grown in Central Ohio ; somewhat resembles the Yandervere. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, oft, angular ; yellow, striped and splashed with dull red, rough irregular dots, or specks of dull russet, russet at stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, regu lar, deep ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, broad, slightly furrowed; core, small; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy " very good." November to February. LOUDON PIPPIN. Tree, productive, most grown in Northern Virginia ; fruit, large, round ish conical ; greenish yellow ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; flesh, greenish; white, sub-acid ; valued only for its size, where people know what apples should be. LONG STEM. Below medium, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; skin, red in faint stripes, with a number of grey russet dots; stem, long; cavity, me- FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. U5 dium, acuminate ; basin, small, shallow, plaited ; flesh, greenish white, tender ; agreeably sub-acid flavor, with Spitzenburg aroma ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) This is distinct from the " Long Stem" of Cole, which is large, round ish, pale yellow, brown in sun ; calyx, large ; basin, broad, shallow ; flesh, white, juicy, aromatic. September and October. A native of Mass. LORING SWEETING. Loring Sweet. Native of Mass. Fruit, medium, oblate ; greenish yellow, tinged with pale red in sun, brownish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, medium, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, plump ; flesh, yel lowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet; "very good" November to January. LYSCOM. Matthew's Stripe, | Osgood's Favorite. From Mass. Fruit, large, round, greenish yellow, broken stripes, and splashes of red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small; basin, plaited ; flesh, fine grained, mild sub-acid. September to November. MARGARET. Early Red Margaret, I Red Juneating, Early June, \ - , ,. Striped Juneatmg, Red June, June, of sortie in Ohio, } of South, Early Red Juneating, Eve Apple, of the Irish, Margaretha Apfel, of Germans. This should not be confounded with Early Strawberry; oftener grown as Red Juneating. Tree, a regular moderate bearer, upright downy shoots. Fruit, medium or below, roundish, oblong conical ; green in shade, dark crimson red in sun ; stem, short, thick ; cavity, medium ; calyx, half closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender ; " very good." July. MANOMET. Manomet Sweet, | Horseblock. From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, vigorous, good bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish ; lemon yellow, bright red in sun, dotted with russet specks, and trace of russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, large, closed, long segments ; basin, shallow ; core, compact ; seeds, me dium ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sugary sweet ; " very good." Au gust and September. MAJOR. Native of Pennsylvania, Northumberland Co. Size, large, roundish ; red, sometimes blended with yellow on the shaded side ; stem, variable in length, of medium thickness ; ca-vity, rather wide, moderately deep ; basin, uneven, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp ; flavor, pleasant, agreeably sac charine, and resembles, in some measure, that of the Carthouse, to which, however, it is superior ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) 146 THE APPLE. MARSTON'S RED WINTER. From New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, round ish oval ; yellow in shade, red in sun, russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, partly open ; basin, abrupt ; core, compact ; seeds dark brown; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy; "very good." Jan. to April. MELVIN SWEET. From Concord, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green ; striped with pale red; flesh, juicy, sweet. November to February. (Hov. Mag.) MARKS. From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Size, medium, roundish, tapering slightly to the crown, somewhat angular ; yellowish white, with few russet dots, nearly covered with a faint orange blush ; stem, half inch long ; cavity, narrow, deep, acuminate ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, narrow, rather deep, slightly russeted ; seed, yellowish gray ; flesh, whi tish, tender, fine texture ; flavor, delicately perfumed ; quality, " very good," if not " best." (W. D. B.) MALE CARLE. Mela Carla, I Pomme de Charles, Mela de Carlo, | Pomme Finale, Charles Apple. FOR AMATEUK CULTURE. 147 Foreign. In our Southern and Southwestern sections, where the soil is rich and summers long, this is one of the very finest apples, and should always have a place. North it does not answer. Fruit, medium, globu lar, slightly tapering to the eye ; pale waxeny lemon yellow, with distinct brilliant crimson cheek in sun, irregular russet dots, and oft marred by patches of mold or fungus when grown on the alluvial bottoms ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core^ small ; seeds, round, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, delicate rose per fume ; " best." October to January MOUSE. Moose. From Ulster Co., N. Y. Fruit, large, roundish conical ; pale greenish yellow, brownish blush in sun, russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, closed ; flesh, white, sprightly, faintly perfumed ; not more than " very good." December to March. MONARCH. A fruit considerably grown West ; will yet probably prove identical with some variety already described. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; rich dark red over a lighter shade, with many specks ; stem, long, slender , cavity, deep, open ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow, furrowed ; core, me dium ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, tender, perfumed ; " good." October. MONK'S FAVORITE. From Randolph Co., Indiana. Tree, very thrifty, rapid growth, annual bearer ; fruit, large, roundish flattened, slightly angular ; yellow, mottled, striped and splashed with dark red, gray russet dots; stem, short; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, broad, obscure furrows ; flesh, yellow ish white, sub-acid, tender ; " very good." December to June. McLlXLAH. Martin. From Woodstock, Conn. Trees, moderate growth, annual productive bearers ; fruit, medium, round ; bright straw color, striped and marbled with lively red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, round ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, medium, slightly plaited ; core, medium ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, fine grained, 'tender, mild sub-acid; nearly "best." December to March. MOTHER. From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, moderate growth, annual bearer ; fruit, large, roundish ovate ; yellow, mostly overspread, marbled and striped with shades of dark red, few russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, plaited ; flesh, yellowish, tender, spicy, sub- acid ; " very good." October to January. MINISTER. From Massachusetts. Tree, productive; fruit, large, oblong conical, ribbed ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ; 148 THE APPLE. basin, furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, spongy ; " good;'' showy. October to December. MUSK SPICE. Fruit, small, roundish flattened; yellowish, bright clear red cheek ; stem, long ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." October. MUNSON SWEETING. From Massachusetts. Tree, strong, upright grower, dark colored, short jointed shoots, good bearer ; fruit, medium or above, roundish flattened ; pale yellow, blush in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, rather dry, sweet ; " very good." October to December. MIFFLIN KING. From Mifflin Co., Pa. Fruit, small, oblong ; red on yellow ; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid; "best." October to December. (Pom. Trans.) s MYER'S NONPAREIL. From Massillon, O. Tree, straight, stout growth, forming a compact head ; an annual bearer of fruit uniform in size ; fruit,, large, roundish flattened ; red and yellow marbled and splashed ; stem, medium ; cavity, regular ; calyx, partially open ; basin, not deep ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub -acid; "best" October to December. New. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 149 NEWARK PIPPIN. French Pippin, | Yellow Pippin. Tree, crooked, irregular growth; fruit, large, roundish, oblong; greenish to clear yellow, small black dots ; cavity and basin, deep ; flesh, yellow, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." November to February. NEVERSINK. From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, roundish ; exterior of an exceedingly beautiful waxen orange yellow color, with a few russet dots, and a delicately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek ; stem, short and rather stout; cavity, narrow, acuminate, shallow ; calyx, large; basin, deep, rather wide, furrowed ; seeds, grayish yellow, acute ovate ; flesh, yellowish, somewhat tough, owing probably to the fruit being much shriveled ; flavor, approaching that of the Pine Apple ; " quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) NORTHERN SWEET. Northern Golden Sweet. From Vermont. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, early abundant bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish flattened, occasionally ribbed and angular ; rich yellow, often carmine red cheek ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, slightly furrowed; stem, rather stout, swollen at base; cavity, shallow; flesh, white, tender, sweet ; nearly " best." November. ORANGE. Fall Orange. From Connecticut. Tree, with dark colored stout shoots; early and productive bearer ; fruit, large, roundish ovate ; greenish to yellow ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly plaited ; core, small ; flesh, greenish white, perfumed, tender, sub-acid • best when fresh from tree. October to December. ORNDORF. From Putnam, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly angular; lemon yellow, rich red blush in sun, and few stripes and blotches of red ; stem, slender; cavity and basin, deep; calyx, open; core, small; seeds, ovate; flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; nearly " best." October and November. ORNE'S EARLY. Foreign. Fruit, large, somewhat ribbed ; pale yellow, sprinkled with thin russet, dull red cheek towards the sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy. September. (Thomas.) OLD TOWN CRAB. Spice Apple, of Va. Growth, strong, compact ; fruit, small ; greenish yellow, brown specks ; flesh, crisp, fragrant, juicy, sweet. December to April. (Thomas.) 150 THE APPLE. OSBORN'S SWEET. Osborn's Fall Sweet. Fruit, large, roundish; lemon yellow, with specks; flesh, yellow, crisp, tender, sweet. October. OVERMAN'S SWEET. From Fulton Co., 111. Fruit, medium, conical ; pale yellow, striped with red ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, obscure ; flesh, white, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet ; "very good;" baking. October and November. OSCEOLA. From Indiana. Fruit, above medium, flat ; yellow, striped with red, dotted with dark spots ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid. Keeps till May. Hov. Mag.) PARADISE WINTER SWEET. Honey Sweet, of some. From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, large, roundish flat tened ; dull green, with a pale brownish blush ; stem, short ; cavity, rather deep ; calyx, medium ; basin, not deep ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate pyriform; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sweet; " very good." November to March. FOB AMATEUR CULTURE. 151 PARAGON. Fruit, above medium, round ovate, flattened at ends; pale yellow, faint blush ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half open ; basin, deep, slightly ribbed; core, medium; capsules, open; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, sub-acid ; nearly " best." November to February. PEACH POND SWEET. From Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree, moderate growth, spreading ; annual moderate bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish ; pale red, marbled and striped on yellow ; stem, slender ; cavity, open, slightly russeted ; calyx, with segments in divisions ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pyriform ; flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet; very good." October. PEOPLE'S CHOICE. A small red apple, with peculiar markings; quality, "very good;" native of Chester County, Pa. (W. D. B.) PFEIFFER. From Berks County, Pennsylvania. Size, below medium, roundish ; sparsely streaked with red on a yellowish green ground, (on the shaded parts, the streaks being more numerous,) and on a fawn colored ground, on the side exposed to the sun; stem, slender; narrow cavity ; calyx, rather large ; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited. July. (W. D. B.) 152 THE APPLE. PlCKMAN. Pickman Pippin. From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish ; yellow, with scattered shades of russet and small russet specks ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ; calyx, large, half closed ; core, medium, center somewhat hollow ; seeds, light brown ; fiesh, yellowish white, crisp, sharp acid ; valued for cooking. January to April. PINE APPLE RUSSET. Hardingham's Russet. Foreign. Fruit above medium ; roundish ovate, greenish yellow, over spread with thin russet ; stem, long ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, crisp, spicy, sub-acid. October to November. PUMPKIN SWEET. Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet, | Yankee Apple. An old Connecticut fruit, only valued for baking. In wet soils or heavy clay, liable to be water-cored. We suspect the Pound Sweeting to be the same; bears regularly, and evenly distributed. Fruit, large, roundish, ribbed at base ; yellowish green, whitish dots and streaks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep greenish, russeted ; calyx, small ; basin, irregular ; flesh white, tender, sweet; " good." September to November. PUMPKIN RUSSET. Sweet Russet, I York Russet, Flint Russet. Fruit, large ; roundish ; yellowish, green , thinly russeted ; stem, long ; FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 153 cavity wide, shallow ; basin, smaU ; flesh, dry, sweet ; " good." Septem ber to December. PRIMATE. Rough and Ready. A variety lately come into favorable notice in Central New York, that may yet prove an old sort improved by soil and location. Fruit, medium, roundish, tapering to the eye; pale yellow; occasionally, blush red cheek ; calyx, closed ; basin deep ; stem varying ; cavity rather narrow ; core, with open seed capsules ; seeds, pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white ; very tender, delicate, juicy-mild sub-acid ; " best." September and October. PROGRESS. From Connecticut. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large ; yellow, specked with greenish russet, blush in sun ; conical ; flesh, tender ; keeps till Spring. (Hov. Mag.) QUINCE. Cole's Quince. From New York. Originally described by Coxe. Great bearer; should be better known. Fruit, medium ; roundish ovate, with ridges ; pale yellow, occasional faint blush, little russet from the stem, distinct line or ridge from stem to calyx ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, with long segments ; basin, shallow, much ribbed ; core, small, surrounded by broad concentric lines ; seeds, short, ovate, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, aromatic perfume, sub-acid; "very good." December to March 7* 154 THE APPLE. RAGAN. From Fulton County, III. Ne\v. Fruit, large, roundish; pale yellow, overspread, striped and marbled with light red, an occasional russet patch ; stem, long, rather stout, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, nearly closed; basin, open, deep, slightly plaited; core, small; seeds, abundant; flesh, white crisp, little coarse, sharp sub-acid. Promises valuable as an early winter market variety. RANDEL'S BEST. Randal Bert. Fruit, medium, globular slightly flattened; greenish yellow, mostly striped and overspread with dark red ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow; core, compact; seeds, brown; flesh, white, tender, smooth- grained, sweet November to February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) RARITAN SWEET. From New Jersey. Tree, productive, valued for baking and stock. Fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; dull yellow tinged with red in sun, irregu larly scattered brownish red spots; stem, short; cavity, deep, little russeted ; calyx, with bold stiff segments ; basin, deep, irregular, slightly wrinkled; core, medium; seeds, ovate, pointed; flesh, white, tender, sweet. October, November. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 155 RED QtJARRENDEN. Devonshire Quarrenden, | Sack Apple, Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; clear deep red, with specks of russet green ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted at base ; calyx, large, half closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, white, ten der, sub-acid ; "very good." Aug. RED SWEET. Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, good bearer ; fruit uni formly fair, regular, heavy specific weight, valuable for dessert or cooking. Fruit, medium, round, flattened ; yellow, overspread and striped with lively red ; stem, short ; basin, deep ; calyx, with stiff closed segments ; core and seeds, small; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet. Nov. to Feb. REPUBLICAN PIPPIN. From Lycoming Co., Pa. Considerably distributed South and West. A poor beaVer, on deep, rich limestone soils. Tree, strong grower, spread ing habit. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; greenish yellow, mottled and striped with red, few large gray dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; core, small ; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sub-acid. Sept. to Oct. RIBSTON PIPPIN. Glory of York, I Travers, Formosa Pippin. Foreign. Valued in Northern sections, not esteemed South or Central. Fruit, medium, roundish ; greenish yellow, russet near the stem, dull red in sun ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, open ; core, small ; seeds, flattened ovate : flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, aromatic, sub-acid. Nov. to Feb. ROMAN STEM. French Pippin, of some. From New Jersey. Shoots slender, diverging ; succeeds finely on the dry prairies, and on all rich limestone soils ; productive. Fruit, medium, roundish oblong ; whitish yellow, with brownish or red russet, and patch es of blackish russet, unless well grown ; stem, with a fleshy knob one side ; cavity, russeted ; calyx, small, closed ; basin narrow : core, open, long ovate ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ; " very good." Nov. to Feb. Ross NONPAREIL. Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, below medium, roundish ; dull red, blotched and striped, over which is a marbling of thin mellow russet ; stem, slender ; calyx, medium ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub-acid, aro matic ; " very good," nearly " best," Oct. to Nov. 156 THE APPLE. SELMA. From Clark Co., 0. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, flattened ; yel low, with pale russet patches, especially around stem, dull, faint red in sun ; stem, long ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep, abrupt ; core, medium ; capsules, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, breaking, mild sub-acid; " very good." Nov. to Dec. SEEVER. Seevers' Red Streak. From Coshocton Co., 0. Fruit, medium, globular ; lemon yellow, striped with bright clear red ; stem, short, slender ; calyx, with long seg ments ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; seeds, roundish ovate ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid; "best." Oct. to Nov. SCHOONMAKER. Schoolmocker. Probably Foreign. Grown in Detroit in 1804. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, bronzed blush in sun ; skin, little rough ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, open ; core, small, compact ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, brisk, sub-acid ; " very good." Jan. to March. SCOLLOP GILLIFLOWER This is entirely distinct from Red Gilliflower, with which it has been con- FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 157 founded. It requires rich, strong soil ; is largely grown, and much esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium to large, roundish con ical, flattened at base, tapering toward the eye, sometimes angular, always much ribbed or scolloped ; light yellow, striped and splashed with shades of light and dark red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted, ir regular ; calyx, with long segments ; basin, abrupt, deep, ribbed ; core, large, hollow ; seeds, ovate, rounded ; flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, slight tinge of sweet. Nov. to Feb. SIBERIAN CRAB* The Pyrus baccata of botanists. There are a number of varieties, as, Red, Large Red, Yellow, Purple, Striped, Transparent, Oblong, Double White, Fragrant, Cherry, Showy, Astrachan, Currant, all used only for preserving, or grown for ornament. SlNE-QUA-NON. From Long Island. Slow, poor grower, and an indifferent bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish ; greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, closed ; flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, rnild, sub-acid. Aug. SCARLET PEARMAIN. Bell's Scarlet Pearmain, | Oxford Peach. Foreign. A good bearer, valued on poor, light soils. Fruit, medium, conical ; red on yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, sub-acid ; " good." Sep. to Oct. SMITH'S CIDER. Extensively grown West. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; bright red and yellow, mostly red; stem, varying; cavity, regular; calyx, half closed, long segments ; flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid; " very good ;" varies much in soils. Nov. to Dec. SOPS OF WINE. Sops in Wine, | Sapson, Foreign. Tree, vigorous, early bearer, esteemed for its peculiar pink flesh, as a curiosity for dessert. Fruit, medium or small, roundish ; light red, nearly covered with bright purplish red, in streaks yellowish in shade with yellow specks, whitish bloom ; stem, short, slender ; calyx ; with broad segments; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed; core and seeds, medium ; flesh, yellowish, stained with pink, juicy, mild sub-acid ; " very good." Aug. to Sep. SPONGE. Fruit, large, round, flattened at base ; yellowish green, with blotches and stripes of red; stem, short; cavity, shallow; calyx, closed; basin, open ; core, large, open ; flesh, white tender, juicy, sub-acid ; very good." October. 158 THE APPLE. 9 SPRING PIPPIN. Springport Pippin. Tree, unproductive, upright, thrifty. Fruit, above medium, roundish ; yellowish green, with few scattered minute dots; calyx, closed; stem, short ; flesh, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid. Dec. to May. STANARD. r Stanard's Seedling. From Erie Co., N. Y. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, roundish ; yellow, overspread with red ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, rib bed ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy, acid; not quite ''very good." Nov. to Feb. ST. LAWRENCE. Montreal. From Canada. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened ; pale yellow, striped and splashed with red and deep crimson ; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly furrowed ; core, large ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ; " very good." Sept. to Oct. STROAT. Straat. The Dutch name for Street, where the original tree is said to have grown. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical; yellowish green ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, yellow, tender, brisk sub-acid. Sep. to Nov. STRIPED PEARMAIN. Large Striped Pearmain, | Snorter. Grown in Ky., from whence we have received fruit. We copy descrip tion from Mr. Ernst's manuscript. Fruit, medium to large, globular, slightly flattened ; yellow striped and blended with two shades of red ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; stem, short, slender ; core, open ; seeds, large; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Dec. to Feb. SUMMER SWEET PARADISE. From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, abundant, early bearer, spreading shoots. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong, flattened at ends ; pale green, yellow in sun, dark russet marblings and gray dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, oft russeted ; calyx, with coarse segments partially closed ; basin, deep ; core, small; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet; "very good." Sep. SUMMER QUEEN. Lancaster Queen. Extensively grown, profitable in some sections of Ohio ; in Michigan FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 159 the reverse. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, tapering to the eye; yellow, striped and splashed with purplish red; stem, medium; cav ity, narrow; calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed ; flesh, white, sometimes a pink tinge, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Aug. to Sep. SUMMER BELLFLOWER. Summer Belle-fleur. From Dutchess County, New York. Tree, strong, upright growth, spreading head, early regular bearer. Fruit, above medium, roundish ob long, slightly conical, two or three obscure ribs ; clear yellow, few green ish dots, faint orange blush ; stem, long, stout at base ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed, small reflexed segments ; basin, five sided ; core, medium, hollow; small seeds; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, sub-acid; "best." New. August, September. (Hort.) There is a Summer Bellflower grown in Ohio, which we have only once seen, which is an inferior fruit, distinct from above. SUGAR SWEET. This apple I received from Hingham. Size, medium ; ovate ; dull yel lowish, inclining to a russet ; abundant bearer ; ripe, September, October ; a very rich baking apple ; flesh, breaking and juicy. (B.- V. French.) SWEET BELLFLOWER. Butter, of some. There are two apples cultivated in Southern Ohio under this name. We append Mr. Ernst's descriptions. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, slightly ribbed ; lemon yellow, slight blush in sun, numerous light and dark specks; calyx, closed; basin, ribbed; stem, long, slender; cavity, deep ; core, open ; seeds, small ; flesh, whitish yellow, breaking, juicy, slightly sub-acid. October, November. Sweet Bellflower of Wyandoit County. — Fruit, large, globular, slightly conical ; light yellow, dark cloudy flakes and reddish specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large, partly closed ; basin, shal low; core, small, compact; seeds, small; flesh, white, tender, sweet. November, December. There is also a Sweet Grilliflower, which closely resembles this, and may prove identical. SWEET PIPPIN. Moore's Sweeting, | Red Sweet Pippin, of Indiana, Pound Sweet, of some West. Fruit, medium to large, round, flattened ; yellow striped and mostly covered with red, white bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, broad; core, small; flesh, firm, rather dry, sweet, good baking. December to February. There is also a Sweet Pippin grown in South Ohio, which is globular, pale green, tender, juicy, open texture, sweet. Early Winter. 160 THE APPLE. SWEET WINESAP. From Clark County, Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, rough skin, greenish yellow with blotches of dark green ; calyx, medium ; basin, open ; stem, short ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, mild sub-acid, almost sweet. November, December. SPICE RUSSET. Sweet Russet, of some erroneously. Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened; light yellow russet, numerous small fine dots ; exposed to sun, carmine and yellow bronzed ; stem, slen der; cavity, narrow; calyx, closed; basin, shallow; core, large, some what hollow ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with yellow, fine grained, juicy, slightly sweet, aromatic ; " very good." December to March. TEWKSBURY BLUSH. Tewksbury Winter Blush. | Fink's Seedling. From New Jersey. Tree, rapid, rather upright growth, very pro ductive, always fair, great keeper. Fruit, small, round ovate flattened ; yellowish green, with minute russet dots and occasionally a red cheek ; stem, slender ; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, firm, tender, sub-acid. January to August. TOWNSEND. From Pennsylvania. Tree, mo'derate spreading growth, abundant early bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish ; pale yellow, overspread and streaked with red in sun, marblings of russet at stem, grayish white dots rough, blue bloom; stem, slender; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed, segments narrow in divisions ; basin, abrupt, medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, breaking, rather dry, sub-acid ; " very good." September. TRUMBULL SWEETING. Fenton Sweeting. From Trumbull County, Ohio. Fruit, above medium, roundish flat tened ; pale yellow, slight blush and red spots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " very good." September to November. VIRGINIA GREENING. Fruit, large, roundish oval, flattened at ends, slightly angular; dull green ish yellow, brownish in sun, scattered brown specks with whitish green circle suffused around them; stem, medium; cavity, acuminate; calyx, large, short segments ; core, small ; seeds, long ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, mild sub-acid; not quite "very good." December to March. Es teemed at the South as a keeper. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE, 161 WADDEL'S HALL. Another Southern rarity. Fruit, medium, oblong ; dull greenish yel low striped with red ; flesh, whitish, sub-acid ; great keeper. WALWORTH. Vermont, | Large Golden Pippin. From New Jersey. Fruit, large, roundish conical ; clear yellow, bright red in sun, dotted with greenish russet specks; stem, short, slender; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, large, open ; seeds, plump ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. (Hov. Mag.) We suspect this an old variety under a new name. WALPOLE. From Massachusetts. Fruit, lar^e, roundish tapering to the eye ; yellow with bright red stripes, deepest in sun and yellowish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly ridged ; core, large, open ; seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish tinged with pink, tender, juicy, brisk sub- acid. August and September. (Hov. Mag.) The following description of the Sparhawk is from B. V. French. Esq. We suspect the two identical. The Sparhawk originated in Walpole, N. H., and is known in the family of Mr. Sparhawk, on whose farm it was found as the " Grail " Apple. It was introduced to our Society by A. De Copen, of Dorchester, and the Society gave it the name of Sparhawk. It is a large Apple ; oblate ; skin smooth and glossy ; color, yellowish ground, striped with red ; abundant bearer ; the size, color, and gloss, serve to give it a desirable appearance ; flesh, firm, with a sprightly acid ; highly desirable for cooking, and is ripe September, October, but will keep longer ; it will class well with the 20 oz. Pippin. WELLS' SWEETING. From Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, strong, upright growth. Fruit, medium, roundish; dull light green, brownish red cheek; stem, slender; calyx, small; basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy sweet; "very good." Nov. to Jan. WELLS. Hogan, | Striped R. I. Greening, English Winter Red Streak, of some, j Well Apple. An old variety, probably originally from Maryland. It is much grown in Central and Southern Ohio, as Wells ; hence we give the name. It is only good on strong clay soil. Fruit, large, roundish, narrowing to the eye ; yellowish green, streaked and blotched with red ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; " very good." Nov. to March. The trees grow vigorously, spreading tops, slen der branches, bear abundantly every year There is also a ' Cook's Well Apple," grown in Indiana, that originated in Ohio. It is a great and regular bearer, small size, largest at blossom end ; stem, slender ; flesh, " good ;" keeps well. 162 THE APPLE. WESTERN SPY. From Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, slender, spreading. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; pale yellow, with red, becoming bril liant on sunny side, small white specks; stem, short; cavity, narrow; calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ; " very good." Dec. to March. WHITE SWEETING. Wetherill's White Sweeting. From New Jersey. Tree, vigorous ; productive on light soils. Fruit, large, roundish oblong ; pale yellow ; stem, short ; flesh, white, sweet, valued for baking and for stock. Sep. WHITEWATER SWEET. From Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, round ; bright yellow, with dark spots ; stem, short ; calyx, slightly sunk ; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet ; keeps till May. (Hov. Mag.) WHITE SEEK-NO-FURTHER. Pomme Royal, of some, \ Pound Royal, Flushing Seek-no-further. From Long Island. Tree, healthy, not strong grower ; abundant, not regular bearer. Fruit, medium to large, roundish oblong, conical, uneven or waived surface ; yellowish green, rarely a faint brownish blush, small brownish dots, light shade of green suffused around underneath skin ; stem, slender ; cavity, irregular, acuminate ; basin, broad, abrupt, furrow ed ; core, open ; flesh, fine grained, very juicy, tender, sub-acid ; " best." Nov. to Feb. WHITE JUNEATING. Juneating, I Owens' Golden Beauty, Caroline, | Early May, Carolina, of some. Foreign. Its early maturity, its chief merit. Tree, fair, upright growth, moderately productive. Fruit, small ; pale green, marbled slightly with a darker shade, small russet dots ; stern, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; broad basin ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Last of June, early July. WHITE SPANISH REINETTE. Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. I D'Espagne, De Ratteau, | Concombre Ancien, Foreign. Probably the parent of Fall Pippin. Fruit, large, roundish oblong, sometimes ribbed; calyx, large, open ; basin, deep, irregular; stem, half inch long ; cavity, even ; color, yellowish green ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sharp sub-acid ; valued for cooking. Nov. to Feb. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 163 WHITE RAMBO. Considerably grown and esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened at ends ; skin, rough, yellow, russet dots and spots, which, in sun, are of a reddish tinge ; stem, stout ; cavity, broad, open; calyx, large, segments, in divisions; basin, large, open, deep; core, small ; seeds, round ovate, plump ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, break ing, mild sub-acid ; " very good." ^T~" +^ T?<^ Nov. to Feb. WINTER HARVEY. Fruit, large, conical, slightly ribbed; pale yellow; stem, short; flesh, yellowish, firm, tender, juicy. Dec. to April. (Hov. Mag.) WILLIAMS. William's Favorite, I Williams' Red, Williams' Favorite Red, Williams' Early Red, Williams' Early. From Mass. Tree, medium growth ; shoots, reddish brown. Fruit, medium to large, oblong ; fine clear red, very dark in sun ; calyx, closed ; basin, narrow; stem, slender; flesh, yellowish white, tender; "very good." Aug. 164 THE APPLE. • WILLOW. Willow Twig? j Willow Leaf? Under these names we have examined specimens, and although there is a slight difference, we are inclined to think it only from varied location and soil. The variety came from New Jersey. It is esteemed for or charding on rich bottomlands or prairies, being a good bearer, great keeper, and valuable for Southern exportation. Fruit, above medium to large, roundish ; dull yellow, striped, splashed or mottled with light and dark red; calyx and basin, medium; stem, generally short, slender; cavity, roundish acuminate ; core, rather small ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, yellowish, rather dry, breaking, mild sub-acid; not quite "very good." Dec. to May. WILLIAM PENN. A native of Columbia, Pennsylvania. Rather large, roundish oblate, slightly conical ; color, grayish, delicately mottled, and striped with red on a greenish yellow ground, with numerous white specks, in the centre of which, is a minute russet dot ; stem, short, not very stout, sometimes fleshy, inserted in an open, rather deep, russeted cavity ; basin, sometimes wide and shallow, usually narrow, rather deep and furrowed ; flesh, greenish yellow, juicy, with a delicious Spitzenberg aroma ; quality, " very good," if not "best;" represented as being an abundant bearer. (W D. B.) FOB AMATEUR CULTURE. 165 WlNSLOW. From Virginia. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, rounded towards calyx ; dark and light red, somewhat streaked, little russet near calyx, light brown specks, and dark flakes ; calyx, open, segments, short; basin, expanded; stem, short, slender; cavity, narrow, rather deep; core, small, compact ; seeds, plump, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Fall and early winter. (A. H. Ernst's, Ms.) WING SWEETING. Fruit, small, round, flattened ; light and dark red indistinctly striped on light yellow; calyx, small, closed; basin, broad, deep; stem, long; cavity, narrow ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, reddish yellow, dry, sweet, productive. Winter. WINTER PEARMAIN. This is distinct from, and far inferior to the Herefordshire Pearmain. Fruit, medium, oblong ovate ; dull red on greenish yellow ; stem, slender j cavity, narrow ; basin, small ; flesh, greenish yellow, not juicy, tender, sub-acid ; not quite '' very good." December to March. YOST. Rather large, roundish, oblate, beautifully striped and delicately mottled 166 THE APPLE. with crimson on a yellow ground ; stem, short ; wide deep cavity ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant flavor ; " very good" quality. (W. D. B.) YACHT. Medium, roundish ; striped with red of various hues on yellowish ground ; stem, half an inch long ; cavity, open, obtuse ; basin, very shallow, plaited : flesh, fine texture, tender, pleasant flavor ; " very good." (W. D. B.) YORK IMPERIAL. Johnson's Fine Winter. From York County, Pennsylvania. Size, rather below medium ; trun cated-oval, angular ; the unexposed side is mottled and striped, so as to present a grayish red aspect on a greenish yellow ground, and, on the sunny side, the color is a dull crimson ; stem, short and moderately stout ; cavity, wide, and rather deep ; calyx, small, closed, and set in a deep, wide, plaited basin; flesh, greenish white, tender, crisp, juicy; flavor, pleasant and agreeably saccharine ; quality, at least "good, to many tastes "very good." (W. D. B.) CLASS III.— Unworthy of Cultivation. ALFRISTON. Foreign ; large, oblong, pale green, orange in sun, flesh crisp, acid ; October, December. AMERICAN PIPPIN. Grindstone, | Green Everlasting. Medium, roundish flattened, dull green, patches of dull red, flesh white, firm, acid ; January to June. AUGUSTINE. American ; large, conical, red striped on yellow, flesh sweet, dry ; August AURORA. Dunlap's Aurora. American ; large, red striped on yellow, roundish ovate, flesh yellowish, sub- acid ; early winter. AUTUMN ROMANITE. American ; medium, round, red, flesh yellow ; September UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 167 BARR. American ; medium, roundish, oblong, red striped on greenish yellow, flesh greenish white, poor. BARNHILT. American ; small, conical, yellow striped with red, flesh white, tough, dry ; October, November. BEAUTY OF AMERICA. Large, roundish, flattened, yellow with blush cheek, flesh yellowish, tender, poor bearer ; November to January. BEAUTY OF THE WEST. Large, round, red striped on greenish yellow, flesh coarse, sweet ; October, November. BEAUTY OF KENT. Foreign ; large, roundish, greenish yellow, striped with purpled red, flesh tender, inferior ; October, November. BEDFORDSHIRE FOUNDLING. Foreign ; large, roundish, green, flesh yellowish, acid ; November, December. BLENHEIM PIPPIN. Blenheim Orange, | Woodstock Pippin. Foreign ; large, roundish, yellow and dull red, flesh yellowish, sweet, dry 5 October, November. BLACK ANNETTE. American ; small, roundish, dark red ; November. BLACK LADY APPLE. Api Noir. Foreign ; small, roundish, blackish red, flesh white, stained ; November to March. BLACK GILLLFLOWER. Large, oblong conical, dull reddish purple, flesh greenish white, dry, sub- acid, poor ; November to March. BORSDORFFER. Borsdorff, | King George the Third, Queen's. Foreign ; medium, roundish oval, pale yellow, with red cheek, flesh yellowish white crisp, sub-acid ; November, December. 168 THE APPLE. BOROVITSKY. Foreign 5 medium, roundish, pale green, striped red, flesh white, sub-acid ; August, September. BUFF. Granny Buff. American ; large, roundish flattened, yellow, overspread with red, flesh yel lowish, spongy ; November, March. BULLET. Bartlett, | Priestly, of some. American ; medium, oblong, bright red on yellow, flesh light yellow, inferior? January to June. CHANDLER. Winter Chandler. American ; large, roundish, imperfect, dull red on yellow, flesh greenish white, sub-acid ; November, February. CAROLINE. Foreign ; medium, round, yellow, streaked with red, flesh firm, acid ; Novem ber, February. CATHEAD. Cathead Greening, | Round Catshead. Large, roundish, yellowish green, flesh white, coarse, sharp acid ; October, November. There is another one of this name equally worthless, same shape, but striped yellow and red. CATLINE. Gregson, | Winter Grixon, Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red in sun. flesh pale yellow, nearly eweet, for cider ; October, December. CASH SWEET. American ; medium, round conical, light red, flesh white, coarse, sweet, dry ; October, November. CHEESEBOROUGH RUSSET. H9ward Russet, I York Russet, of some, Kingsbury Russet, | Forever Pippin, of some West. American ; large, conical, thin russet on greenish yellow, flesh greenish white, coarse, dry, sub-acid ; October, November. Cos, OR CAAB. American ; large, roundish, greenish yellow, red streaks, flesh white, tender, sub-acid, December to March. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 169 CORNISH GILLIFLOWER. Cornish July flower, | Pomme Regelans, Egg Top, of seme. Foreign : medium, oblong ovate, pale yellowish green, brown cheek, flesh yellowish, acid ; November to February. CONNECTICUT SUMMER SWEET. American ; medium, roundish, yellow and red striped, flesh yellowish, sweet, tough ; August. CRANBERRY PIPPIN. American: ubove medium, roundish, clear yellow, red cheek, flesh white, juicy, sub-acid ; November, December. DONNELAN'S SEEDLING. American ; medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes, flesh yellow ish, dry. sub-acid ; September. DOWNTON PIPPIN. Downton Golden Pippin, I Knight's Golden Pippiii, Elton Pippin. Foreign ; small, roundish, yellow, flesh yellowish, sharp acid ; October, November. DUMELOW'S SEEDLING. Dmnelow's Crab, | Wellington Apple. Foreign ; medium, round, yellow with blush red, brown spots, flesh yellow, acid ; November to March. DUMPLING. Crooked Limb Pippin, | French Pippin, of Indiana. Watson's Dumpling. Large, roundish, oblong, light yellow, blush in sun, flesh white, indifferent ; October, December. DUTCH CODLIN. Chalmer's Large. Foreign ; large, roundish, oblong, pale yellow, orange in sun, flesh white, sub- acid ; October, December. EGG TOP. . Eve. I Round Top, Sheep Nose, of somt. \ Wine, of some West. Foreign ; medium, oblong ovate, pale yellow, striped with red, flesh yellow ish white, tender, inferior ; November to February. EASTER PIPPIN. Young's Long Keeper, I Ironstone Pippin. Claremont Pippin, | French Crab. Foreign ; medium, roundish, deep green, brownish blush, flesh greenish, in ferior ; November to June. 170 THE APPLE. FALL CHEESE. Gloucester Cheese, | Summer Cheese. American ; medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, flush of red in sun, flesh crisp, often mealy ; September to November. FAMA GUSTA. Foreign ; large, conical, pale green, flesh white, acid ; October. FERRIS. American ; medium, roundish, red, sub-acid, new, but surpassed by many others ; November to February. FENNOUILLET ROUGE. Black Tom, | Bardin. Foreign ; small, roundish, dark red, flesh firm ; November to January. FENNOUILLET GRIS. Tomme d'Anis, j Caraway Russet. Foreign ; small, roundish, russet on yellow, flesh firm, acid. FLOWER OF KENT. Foreign ; large, roundish, flattened, dull yellow and red, flesh greenish yel low, coarse, sub-acid ; October, January. GAULT'S BELLFLOWER. American ; large, roundish, pale yellow, flesh white, coarse ; October, De cember. GLOUCESTER WHITE. American ; medium, roundish, oblong, bright yellow, black patches, flesh breaking, dry ; October, November. GOBLE RuSSETT. Sweet Seek-no-further. Medium to large, oblong, flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red, flesh whitish yellow, dry, sweet ; October, December. GOLDEN. American ; medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow, flesh yellowish, acid ; July. GOLDEN REINETTE. Aurore, | Kirke's Golden Reinette, Yellow German Reinette, | Wyker Pippin, &c., &c. Foreign ; small, roundish, greenish yellow, a little red, flesh yellow, crisp, mild sub-acid ; October, January. UNWORTHY OF CULTITATION. 171 GOLDEN HARVEY. Brandy Apple. Foreign ; small, roundish, russet on yellow, reddish cheek, sub-acid ; Novem ber to March. GOLDEN PEARMAIN. Ruckman's Pearmain, | Dutch Pearmain, Red Russet. Medium, roundish, flattened, red russet, flesh yellowish, dry, sub-acid ; Nov ember, December. GOODYEAR. Goodyear 's Seedling. American ; new, medium, roundish, red, flesh juicy, only valuable as a keeper. GOVERNOR. American ; large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking ; October, January. GOLDEN PIPPIN. English Golden Pippin, | Old Golden Pippin, &c., &c., Eleven other names. Foreign ; small, round: yellow, with irregular russet marblings ; stem, long, slender ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellow, fine grained, sub-acid, sprightly ; De cember to March. There is an " English Golden Pippin " grown at the west, which is large, oval, basin deep, entirely distinct from above. GRAND SACHEM. Large, roundish, ribbed, dull red, flesh white, dry ; September. GIANT: American ; large, roundish, dull red striped, flesh, greenish white, tender: -good." HANNAH. American ; medium, conical, pale yellow and dull red. flesh white, dry ; Oc tober, November. HAWTHORNDEN. White Hawthornden. Foreign ; above medium, roundish flattened, pale 'ellow, blush in sun, fleah white, acid ; October, November. HEPPER. American ; small, roundish, yellow, flesh dry. 172 THE APPLE. HOARY MORNING. Dainty Apple, | Downy, Sam RawJing's. Foreign ; large, roundish, red striped on yellow, flesh pinkish ; October, De cember. HETERICH. American ; medium, round, yellow, flesh whitish, acid ; November, January. HOLLANDBURGH. Hollandbury. Medium, roundish, flattened, red on yellow, flesh white, sour ; December, February. IRISH PEACH APPLE. Early Crofton. Foreign ; medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, streaked with red, fiesh whit ish, watery 5 September, October. KANE. Cane, | Cain. American ; medium, roundish, striped crimson, flesh yellowish, beautiful to look at j Autumn. KERRY PIPPIN. Edmonton's Aromatic Foreign ; medium, roundish, oval, yellow, streaked with red, flesh firm, crisp ; September, October. KEIM. New ; American ; small, roundish, conical, yellowish white, flesh white, " good." KENTISH FILL BASKET. Potter's Large Grey Seedlimr. | Lady de Grey's. Foreign ; large, roundish, ribbed, yellowish, brownish blush, flesh tender ; October, January. KENRICK'S AUTUMN. American ; large, roundish, yellowish, green, striped red, flesh white, acid ; September. KILHAM HILL.. American ; large, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow and red, flesh dry ; September. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 173 KING OF THE PIPPINS. Hampshire Yellow. Often grown west as Gravenstein. Medium, roundish, oblong, yellow and red splashed, flesh white, slightly sweet, not agreeable ; October, .November. KIRKE'S LORD NELSON. Foreign ; large, roundish, red on pale yellow, fiesh firm, juicy, acid ; Octo ber, December. LADIES' BLUSH. American ; medium, yellow, with red blush, flesh dry. LADY FINGER. Sheep Nose. Medium, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush, flesh firm, watery ; November, De cember. LANE SWEET. Small, roundish, flattened, yellow with red, flesh yellowish, dry ; November. LEMON PIPPIN. Kirke's Lemon Pippin. Foreign ; medium, oval, pale greenish yellow, flesh firm, sub-acid ; October, January. LONG ISLAND RUSSET. Medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish russet, flesh greenish, dry 5 Decem ber, March. LOAN'S ENGLISH PEARMAIN. Small, roundish conical, dull red and russet, flesh firm, almost worthy cul ture ; September, October. LONGVILLE'S KERNEL. Sam's Crab. Foreign ; below medium, oval, flattened, brownish red on yellow, flesh firm, sub-acid ; August, September. LONG JOHN. American ; large, conical, greenish yellow, flesh yellowish white, dry, great keeper. LUCOMBE'S SEEDLING. Foreign ; large, roundish conical, yellow spotted with red in sun, flesh whit ish, firm, cooking ; October, December. LUCE'S EARLY JOE. American ; small, round, bright red on yellow, flesh crisp, inferior; September. 174 THE APPLE. MANK'S CODLIN. Irish Pitcher, | Frith Pitcher. Foreign ; medium, roundish, oblong, pale yellow, red cheek in sun, cooking only 5 August. MARGIL. White Margil. Foreign ; small, roundish, dull yellow, streaked with red, flesh white, tender ; early Winter. MARBLE SWEETING. Virginia Sweet, | Mclntire's Sweeting. American ; medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled, dull red and yellow, flesh sweet, dry ; November, February. MAY SEEK-NO-FURTHER. May Apple. Outwardly like Pryor's Red; flesh dry, coarse, only valued as a keeper, skin thick. MAUCK. Large, greenish yellow, blush in sun, conical, flesh " good." MENAGERE. Menagerie. Foreign ; large, flat, pale yellow ; September to January. MONSTROUS PIPPIN. Gloria Mundi, I New York Gloria Mundi, American Mammoth, | Ox Apple, Baltimore Pippin. Very large, greenish yellow, roundish, flesh white, acid ; October, December MOTHER DAVIES. Medium, round, oblong, greenish yellow, little red, flesh crisp, " good ;" Oc tober, November. MOLASSES. Butter. American ; small, roundish, red, dry, sweet ; October. MILAM. Harrigan, | Winter Pearmain, of some. American ; small to medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped, dull red, flesh greenish, insipid ; December, March. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 175 MURPHY. Murphy's Red, | Jack Murphy. American ; large, roundish, oblong, pale and dark red streaked, flesh greenish white, " good ;" November, February. NEWARK KING. Hinclcman. American ; medium, conical, red on greenish yellow, flesh tender, little more than good ; November to February. NORFOLK BEAUFIN. ' Read's Baker, | Catshead Beaufin. Foreign ; large, flat, dull red on greenish, flesh sub-acid, good drying ; November to May. NONSUCH. English Nonsuch. Foreign ; medium, flat, greenish yellow, with dull brick red, flesh white ; October, November. OLD ENGLISH CODLIN. English Codlin. Large, oblong, conical, lemon yellow, flesh white, tender, cooking ; July to November. OLD ROYAL RUSSET. Leather Coat Russet. Foreign ; medium, roundish, gray russet on green, flesh greenish white, sharp sub-acid ; November, February. OLD NONPAREIL. Non Pareille. Foreign ; medium, flat, yellowish reddish brown, flesh firm, crisp, poor bearer ; December, January. OSLIN. Arbroath Pippin. Foreign ; small, roundish, pale yellowish, flesh firm, crisp, acid ; August. PARSON'S EARLY. American ; medium or above, roundish, pale yellow, fiesh yellowish white, sharp, sub-acid ; August. September. 176 THE APPLE. PENNOCK. Pomme Roye, of some FPest, I Large Romanite, Big Romanite, Red Pennock, PennocK's Red Winter, | Prolific Beauty, Xeisley's Winter. American ; large, roundish, conical, angular, dull red, little yellow, flesh coarse, dry rot 5 November to March. POLLY BRIGHT. Resembles Maiden's Blush, sharp acid ; September, October. POL'ND. Large, roundish, oblong, yello\vish green, coarse, poor ; October, January. POMME DE ROSE. Large, roundish, flattened, red on yellow, small dots, flesh white, coarse, acid; December, February. PRIESTLEY. Priestley's American, ] Red Cathead. Large, roundish, oblong, dull red, streaks of yellowish green, flesh greenish white, inferior ; December to March. QUAKER PIPPIN. American ; medium, greenish yellow, very acid ; October. RED AND GREEN SWEET. Prince's Red and Green Sweet. | Large Red Svveethur, Red Bough. American ; very large, oblong conical, green and red striped, flesh sweet poor ; August, September. RED INGESTRIE. Foreign ; small, obloag ovate, yellow marbled with red, flesh firm, sprightly ; September, October. RED GILLIFLOWER. Red Seek-no-mrther, | Ilarkness' New Favorite. American ; medium, oblong conical, fine red. flesh white, mild sub-acid ; November to January. RED CALVILLE. Red Winter Calville, I Calville Rouge, Calville Rouge d'Hiver, | Spice, of some West. Foreign ; above medium, roundish oblong, pale red, dark red in sun, flesh tender, poor ; November, February. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 177 RED BELLFLOWER. Red Belle Fleur, I Belle Fleur. Belle Fleur Rouge, | Striped Belle Fleur, of same. Foreign ; largo, oblong conical, greenish yellow, covered and striped with red, flesh white, dry ; November, January. RED STREAK. Herefordshire Red Streak, | Scudamous Crab. Foreign ; medium, roundish, red, yellow streaks, flesh yellow, dry, cider only; October, December. RYMER. Foreign ; above medium, roundish, flattened, clear red, glossy, flesh white, sharp, acid ; October, December. ROSEAU D'AUTOMNE. Roseau, incorrectly, of some. Foreign ; medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, blush red cheek, flesh yellowish, crisp, acid 5 November to January. ROSEAU. Foreign ; large, dark red, irregular in size and form, unprofitable. RULE'S SUMMER &WEETING. American ; medium, oblong, yellow, poor ; August. RIVER. American ; medium, oblate-ribbed, red striped on yellowish green, flesh green ish white, coarse ; July, August. SCARLET NONPAREIL. New Scarlet Nonpareil. Foreign ; medium, roundish, deep red on yellowish green, flesh firm, acid ; November to February. SHIPPEN'S RUSSET. Large, roundish, flattened, russet on greenish yellow, flesh white, spongy, acid ; January to March. SHIPLEY GREEN. American ; medium, oblong, rusty red, acid ; all Winter ; cooking only. SKUNK. Polecat. American ; large, flat, dull dark red on yellow, flesh yellowish, dry ; Decem ber, January. 8* 178 THE APPLE. SPRING GROVE CODLIN. Foreign ; medium, oblong ronnded, greenish yellow, flesh greenish, sub-acid, cooking ; August. November. SPRINGER'S SEEDLING. American ; small, oblong oval, dull yellowish green, stripes of red, flesh firm, negative ; January to May. SPICE SWEETING. Poor bearer, large, roundish, yellowish, flesh firm, sweet ; August, September. STRIPED MOHAWK. Above medium, round, red striped on yellow, flesh dry, poor ; late Autumn. SUGAR LOAF PIPPIN. Sugar Loaf Greening. Foreign ; large, oblong conical, dull greenish yellow, brownish in sun, flesh •' good ;'' August, September. SUMMER GOLDEN PIPPIN. Foreign ; small, roundish oblong, yellow, flesh whitish, firm, sweet ; August, September. SUMMER RAMBOUR. Summer Raml>o, | Rambour Franc, Rambour d'Ete. Foreign ; above medium, greenish yellow, streaked with red, roundish, flat tened, apt to be mealy ; August. SUMMER RUSSET. American ; small, roundish conical, yellow, partly russeted, sweet, dry ; September. SWEET AND SOUR. Medium, roundish, flattened, greenish, only valued as curiosity. From a dis eased propagation. SURPRISE. Foreign ; small, round, whitish yellow, flesh stained with red ; November, December. SWEET BALDWIN. American ; medium, roundish, deep red striped on yellow, flesh sweet, dry ; September, October. There are, we think, two apples grown under this name, as Thomas describes one as" nearly first rate," and ripening " early winter." TART BOUGH. Resembles Early Harvest, but trees more rapid in growth, and ripens ten days later, more acid. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 179 TRANSPARENT DE ZURICH. Small or medium, beauty its only merit, waxen white, clear, translucent ; September. THEMS RED STREAK. American : medium, round, pale green, red stripes, flesh sour, Winter. (Hov- Mag.) TWENTY OUNCE PIPPIN. Large, roundish, conical, green, poor, very distinct from Twenty Ounce, or Cayuga Red Streak. VICTUALS AND DRINK. Big Sweet, | 1'ompey. American ; large, oblong, rough, dull yellow, russet blush, sweet, dry ; Octo ber, January. VICTORIOUS REINETTE. Reinette Triomphante. Foreign ; large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, rough dots, flesh firm, sub-acid ; December, January. WHITE DOCTOR. Small, pyrimidal, greenish white, sweet, dry ; September, October. WHITE CALVILLE. White Winter Calville, I American White Winter Calville, Calville Blanche d'Hiver, | Niger. Foreign ; above medium, roundish flattened, whitish or greenish yellow, flesh white, negative ; November, February. WHITE ASTRACHAN. Transparent de Moscovie, | Glace de Zelande. Foreign ; medium, roundish conical, white faint streak of red, flesh white, dry. poor ; August WINTER CHEESE. American ; medium, greenish, with stripes of dull brownish red in sun, mealy, poor ; December, January. WILLIS SWEET! Large, roundish, oblong conical, yellow, marbled with dull red, flesh white, sweet, cooking ; October, November. WORMSLEY PIPPIN. Knight's Codlin. Foreign ; medium, roundish, greenish yellow, acid ; October, November. 180 THE APPLE. WINTER QUEEN. Winter Queening. American ; medium, conical, crimson and pale red, flesh yellowish, sub-acid ; December. YELLOW INGESTRIE. Foreign 5 small, clear yellow, crisp, spicy, not valued ; October. YORKSHIRE GREENING. Foreign ; large, roundish flattened, dull dark green, striped with dull red, flesh greenish white, acid ; Winter. ZANE. Zane Greening. American ; large, roundish, dull greenish yellow, poor ; February to June. ZIEBER. American ; small, roundish, yellow, striped red cheek, flesh dry ; " good." THE BLACKBERRY. 181 THE BLACKBERRY Rubus Villosus. A well known bramble, indigenous to this country. The fruit is so easily procured in its wild state, as not to have received due at tention from cultivators. Ripening, as it does, just as Raspberries are gone, when there is a dearth of the smaller fruits, it is surprising that exertions have not been made to grow improved varieties from seed. Plants selected from fhe wild state, placed in the garden, and well cultivated, have produced fruit of double the usual size and improved in flavor. Seedlings may be grown in the same way as Raspberries, and the plant requires similar soil and culture. There are, in its wild state, many varieties, but all answering the same botanical description. They are known under the common names of High Blackberry, Bush Blackberry, Low or Trailing Black berry, &c. ; the stems being tall and more or less branching. The fruit ripens from 20th July to 10th August, and is highly esteemed for making syrup, w^hich is regarded valuable as a preventive as well as curative of diarrhoea, dysentery, &c. As a dessert fruit, and for cooking, when well grown and ripened, it is esteemed, and often advised by Physicians, on account of its healthful character. There is a variety known as the White Blackberry, differing not in habit, but with shoots and fruit of a greenish white. 182 THE CHERRY. THE CHERRY. Cerasus Sylvestris, and C. vulgaris, Arb. Brit. Rosacea of Botanists. The Cherry, in its wild state, is a native of most parts of the United States, and also of Britain ; but the cultivated variety is re corded as having been brought from Cerasus (whence the name), a city of Pontus, in Asia Minor, and planted in the gardens of Italy by the Roman General, Lucullus, after he had vanquished Mithri- dates, in the year 69, B. C. In 1824, Rev. Dr. Robert Walsh made communication to the London Horticultural Society, stating the Cherry to be now grow ing in the land of its origin, whence it was brought near 2,000 years ago. He describes two varieties. " The first of these varieties is a Cherry of enormous size, which grows along the northern coast of Asia Minor, from whence the original Cherry was brought to Eng land. It is cultivated in gardens, always as a standard, and by a graft. The second variety is an amber colored transparent Cherry, of a delicious flavor. It grows in the woods, in the interior of Asia Minor, particularly on the banks of the Sakari, the ancient Sanga- rius. The trees attain gigantic size — the trunk of one measured in circumference five feet ; height, to where the first branch issued, forty feet ; summit of highest branch, ninety feet — and this im • mense tree loaded with fruit." From Italy it was introduced into England as early as the forty- second year B. C., although some authorities date its introduction as late as fifty-five years after the Christian Era — that is, in the early part of the reign of Nero. The former date appears to be con firmed by Pliny, who says : " Italy was so well stocked that, in less than twenty-six years after, other lands had Cherries, even as far as Britain, beyond the Ocean." The poet, Lydgate, who wrote in or about 1415, says that Cherries were then exposed for sale in the streets of London, much as they are at the present day ; and in a curious poem, entitled Lickpenny, is found the following allusion to them : " Hot pescodes one began to cry, Straberys rype and Cherreys in the ryse." From England and Holland both seeds and trees wrere introduced into this country early after its first settlement. PROPAGATION. 183 " Pliny mentions eight kinds of Cherries as being cultivated in Italy when he wrote his Natural History, which was about 71, A. D.;" and from this date up to the present time, the varieties have been gradually increasing until we have now described, in various works, upwards of one hundred and fifty. The disposition of Americans to combine the useful with the or namental, has induced the planting (where the Cherry succeeds) of many as ornamental or shade trees ; while examples of reward pe cuniary, from sale of fruit on trees so planted, has probably been additional inducement. The symmetrical form and rapid growth of the Cherry fit it well for a street tree throughout the country, and we wish we could induce the following of example of our Connect icut forefathers in 1760, and recently renewed by Prof. J. P. Kirt- land, of Cleveland, Ohio, who has planted the Cherry as a street tree upon the entire front of his grounds. Mr. London, in his Ar boretum, gives an account of long avenues of the Cherry in Ger many ; and more recent travelers have written repeatedly of and described them in such manner, that it is not a little strange our people, as a body, have not as yet seen and acted upon the plan to the advantage of their pecuniary as well as social interests. Says Mr. Loudon : "These avenues in Germany are planted by the de sire of the respective Governments, not only for shading the travel er, but in order that the poor pedestrian may obtain refreshment on his journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the Cherries, on condition of not injuring the trees ; but the main crop, when ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which it grows." In our view, this practice, if extensive in this country, would ren der less of one crime in the summing up of her annals — i. e., the robbing of orchards ; and possibly, a law like that enacted in the terrritory of Erfurth in 1795, would be beneficial. It provided that, in case of the robber not being discovered, the district in which the offence was committed should be obliged to make compensation for the damage sustained. This made every individual interested in preventing depredations on his neighbor's property. Propagation. — The Cherry is propagated from seed — by bud ding — by grafting — and occasionally, by pieces of roots. By Seed. —The seed of the black mazard is that generally used, and considered best for propagating the Heart and Duke varieties upon, while the Mahaleb is used only for the purpose of creating a dwarf habit. Seeds of the Graffion or Yellow Spanish will occa sionally reproduce trees bearing fruit similar to the parent ; while seeds of many of the cultivated kinds will not vegetate, there being no germ or seed bud within the stone. The seed should not be per- 184 THE CHERRY. mitted to get dry, but immediately when gathered, rubbed and washed clean of pulp, and mixed half and half with sand, placed in boxes of, say, four inches deep, having holes in the bottom for drain age, and then set in the open air, on the north side of a building, clear of direct sunlight. The ground should be well drained, and, if possible, fresh turf, and spaded or plowed in the fall one foot deep. As soon as the frost is out in the spring, rake down the ground level, mark out drills six inches wide and one inch deep, sow seed so that it will be about three inches apart, cover with the soil one inch, and add one inch of sand or leaf mould. By Budding. — This is done as described on page 22 ; but in the Cherry, and especially when the buds are a little unripe, it is best in cutting the bud from the scion to take liberally of the wood, thereby preventing its drying as soon as otherwise. The season for budding the Cherry is, wiien the tree on which you are going to operate is forming its terminal bud, and varies in seasons, as also in the age of the trees ; trees of four or five years old, in sections south of Cin cinnati, being ready by middle of June, while plants transplanted the past spring will not be ready until early in July. North of this section line, the season will vary from two to four weeks later. Oc casionally it will answer to bud in September, a*s it .sometimes hap pens that a second growth is made about that time. By Graf tiny. — This should be performed in all sections south of Cincinnati early in February, and for those north, from the last week in February to middle of March. Saddle grafting is best where both stock and scion are equal in size ; whip or tongue grafting is best where the stock is not over half to three-fourths inch diameter ; and cleft grafting, where large stocks are to be changed. This last is dangerous, inasmuch as it gives too great a check to the tree ; it is better to graft the small limbs and branches. Side grafting is the mode most advisable for young beginners, and also where the work has been put off a little too late. By Roots. — The root of the rnazard Cherry, cut into pieces of about four to six inches long, and having the upper end set about one inch under ground early in spring, will often throw up strong shoots, and where a person is unable to get seedlings, this is the next best mode of obtaining stocks, as they are no more liable to sucker than if from seed. Transplanting. — When, from the seed bed to the nursery row, it should be done in the fall on dry soils, and early in spring on soils not perfectly dry in winter. They should be set in rows four feet apart, and one foot apart in the row. and the plants should have one half of last year's growth cut off, and all long, straggling, as well as SOIL AND SITUATION. 185 the tap root, cut oack to six inches. These, if the season is good, will be suitable for budding the same summer. Orchard trees, and also dwarfs for gardens, should have one half of the previous year's growth cut off, and the roots trimmed smoothly at ends with a sharp knife. The distance apart for standard trees in orchard, should be about twenty -five feet, while dwarfs may be planted at distances of eight feet each way. Standard Trees. — Are best for orcharding, and should, in no situa tion, have their heads formed more than four feet from ground, and throughout the West and South, not more than two feet. Dwarf Trees. — Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke varieties on the Mahaleb, or Morello roots. They should in all cases be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union is best formed ; and also, by means of pruning, (see page 30,) they should be made to form heads branching immediately from the ground. Soil and Situation.. — The soil best suited to most Cherries is that of a rich light loam on a gravelly sub-soil, but they will grow and produce fruit freely in all soil not wet. The roots of the maz- ard or sweet Cherries are very impatient of water, and will only endure a few seasons in strong soils void of drainage, or where water stands most of the winter. To this want of drainage in great measure, is attributable the destruction of the Cherry in most of the prairie soils throughout Southern and Western States ; and not until we manage to drain freely our rich alluvial deposits, can we succeed perfectly with the Sweet Cherries. The roots of the Duke's, Morel- lo's, and Mahaleb, are less open and spongy in texture, and, there fore, less impatient of water. They, however, do not flourish vigor ously for any length of time, unless drainage is effected. To this point in the culture of the Cherry, we beg especially to call atten tion of our Western and Southern readers, assuring them that, what ever of theory may have been advanced referable to climate, they will find drainage, or the want thereof rather, to be the primary cause of destruction. Situated at a point where the Cherry proba bly does as well as at any place in the United States, we have had occasion to notice the result of trees situated in what appeared suit able soil, but where, on examining, after having lost several trees, we found water to have stood a long time about the roots. Naturally, most of the soil of Western and Southern States, is rich in vegetable matter, giving vigorous, even rampant growth to the Cherry tree ; which, added to the fact, that most trees have their roots standing in stagnant cold water, induces tendency to disease from the first. If, then, when about to plant Cherry trees, perfect drainage is made, so that no water will stand for twenty-four hours 186 THE CHERRY. together about the roots, an application, on prairie soils, of sulphur, and finely broken or ground bones be made, the ground work to success will be performed. Situations sloping south will affect the producing of early bloom, rendering less chance of fruit from effect of late vernal frosts, and, also, render the tree more liable to second growth in the fall, and thus, unfit it for the severe changes of temperature throughout winter. Northern exposures are recommended, but, an eastern one we regard best. The forenoon sun may excite circulation, but not as rapidly as the mid-day, or from one to three o'clock, p. m. ; while there is, also, more or less of moisture in a morning atmosphere, and none in the afternoon ; the tree, also, has a chance to have its circulation gradually checked ere the cold of night, which it has not when planted on ground sloping south, west, or north. When planting on either of the last exposures, or on level land, let your tree slope to the south-west, as the sun has less effect upon it in that position. Cultivation. In nursery rows, the earth, in spring, should be first turned away from the trees ; in about ten days, it should again be stirred and left nearly level, and so kept throughout the growing season. In October, it should be turned up toward the trees. The plants budded last season, should be cut back to within six inches of the bud, as soon as the same commences to swell strongly. The buds, after having grown six to eight inches, should be tied up to the stocks, and, in June, the stock should be cut with a slope downward, close to the bud. The second year, they should be headed back to four feet, when some will throw out branches two feet from the ground ; others, where headed back. The third year, they should be transplanted. Throughout the West, on the rich prairie soils, it has been found impolitic to hoe, or otherwise use any mode of cul ture toward keeping the ground clean, after August ; it induces sec ond growth, immature ripening of wood, and consequent injury in winter. Orchard and garden trees should be lightly spaded around in July, and a quantity of mulch, or stones, laid over the roots. Pruning and Training. The Heart Cherry, as a standard, needs little pruning, except to cut away limbs liable to cross one another. This is best done in July, when the cut, if made smooth, and close to the body or large limb, will at once heal. If disposed to grow too rapidly, dig around a tree, of, say, four inches diameter, a circu lar trench, three feet distant from the body of the tree, and two feet deep, cutting off with a sharp spade, every root and fibre outside that space. And, for every inch diameter, up to a tree twelve inches through, add four inches distance of trench from tree. Often, the top of the tree will also require pruning, so as to give it a round head, as of an acorn, based on the circle of the trench. INSECTS AND DISEASES. USES. 187 The Dukes and Morellos need somewhat more priming than the Heart varieties, but all are impatient of the knife ; yet, if to be done, let it be in July, or when the terminal buds are forming. Dwarfs are trained to please the fancy of growers, and mostly by the " pinching-in " process. And as they grow with extreme vigor on the Mahaleb, for three or four years, they require, not only to have their tops pruned, but also, to be root-pruned annually. If possible to be avoided, large branches should never be cut from a sweet cherry tree. We have examined the results of many cases, when large branches were lopped in spring, for the purpose of changing the tree to a different variety, by grafting ; the result has almost invariaby been death after two summers. When necessary to be done, the wound should be covered with grafting composition, or gum-shellac, to exclude the air, and the body wrap ped in straw or matting. Encasing the body during the winter and spring months, with straw, cloth, or moss, will often prevent injury ; for the cause of bursting of bark is in winter, not summer months, although it does not always exhibit itself until July or August. The atmospheric blight, injuring young shoots, acts, at once, in sum mer. Insects and Diseases. The aphis, slug, caterpillar, and curculio, are more or less destructive to the cherry, but as they are described in other chapters we must refer the reader thereto. The diseases, according to writers, are, in the West, numerous ; but, as they all centre in the bursting of bark and exudation of gum, we shall only note on that. Under the head of Soil, we have given what we term the primary cause of this disease, and, if added to what we have said under heads of Cultivation and Pruning, we believe will have effect to check, in great measure, the evil. That it will render the tree entirely free of the disease, we are not prepared to say; but, if to it be added selections of buds from healthy trees, and growth in nur sery on ground well drained, and not over stimulated by barn-yard manures, we believe a change for the better will be the result. Uses. The wood of the wild or Virginia Cherry is used by cabi net makers, being susceptible of a fine polish. The fruit of the Sweet Cherries is universally esteemed for the dessert, and that of the tender-fleshed, like Belle de Choisy, is regarded as wholesome. The Sour Cherries, either dried or fresh from the tree, are much esteemed for culinary use, while the Hazard and wild Virginian Cherries are used in flavoring liquors. " The celebrated German, Kirschwasser, is made by distilling the liquor of the common black Mazard ; (in which the stones are ground and broken and ferment ed with the pulp;) and the delicious Ratijiia cordial of Grenoble, is also made from this fruit. Mareschino, the most celebrated liquor of Italy, is distilled from a small Mazard, with which, in ferment- 188 THE CHERRY. ing, honey and the leaves and kernels of the fruit are mixed. The gum of the cherry is nearly identical with gum-arabic, and there are some marvelous stories told of its nutritive properties." Gathering the Fruit. The flavor and character of the cherry is best obtained when gathered early in the morning ; but, if intended for distant market, they should always be gathered with the stem attached, and when dry. Classification. In order the more readily to distinguish varieties of the cherry, authors have entered into classification ; but as those heretofore made, have seemed rather to perpetuate error than induce correctness, we have ventured upon a partially new order. Lind- ley, in his Guide to the Orchard, makes two divisions ; one embrac ing varieties, the fruit of which is round, acid or sub-acid ; the other, sweet, and heart-shaped. Downing, in his Fruits and Fruit Trees, makes four divisions or classes, viz : Heart-shaped, Bigarreaus, Dukes, and Morellos; and, in a measure, all other writers have adopted these classifications. The two last terms of Mr. Downing, — Dukes and Morellos, — we shall continue, as they are not inappli cable, and the trees are distinct in growth. But the word Bigarreau, being derived from Bigarree, originally meaning, and intended to convey the idea of a parti-colored, or yellow and red fruit, and not meaning, (as it is generally used and understood by pomologists) firm- fleshed, we can see no just cause for continuing in use. Again ; there are varieties which, although round in form, are yet sweet, and partially tender-fleshed, and however erroneous, would have (if the old classification were pursued) to come under the head of Heart- shaped. There are, also, varieties where the characters, both of tree and fruit, of those determined by the two distinctions — Heart and Bigarreau — are so closely commingled, as to often perplex the ama teur, and thus increase rather than lessen his troubles. We shall, therefore, designate in our text descriptive of each variety, the classes heretefore known as Hearts and Bigarreaus, being rapid growing, lofty and spreading trees, as Sweet, of which the old Black Heart may be taken as the type. The Dukes are mainly distinguished by the trees having narrower leaves than those of the Sweet Cherry, being upright in growth while young, but forming a low, spreading head, with wood less strong, and somewhat darker colored than the Sweet Cherries. Fruit, generally round, of one color, and when fully ripe, rich sub-acid. The Morellos are less upright in growth thnn the Dukes. Branches, small, slender, drooping; foliage, narrow, dark green; fruit, acid. Engravings. These have been made from medium sized speci mens, taken direct from the tree, and placed in the engraver's WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 189 hands. They represent the cherry cut in half, and are intended to show the form of fruit in that way, and, also, exhibit the lines of tis sue in the flesh, which are different in varieties, but uniform in numerous specimens of the same variety. CLASS I.— Worthy General Cultivation. BELLE DE CHOISY. Ambree de Choisy, I Ambree a Gros Fruit, Cerise Doucette, Cerise de la Palembre, Cerise a Noyau Tendre, | Schone Von Choisy. Raised in 1760, at Choisy, a village near Paris, France. The tree is of a Duke habit — thus far proving hardy in nearly all locations. It bears regularly every year, but only moderate quantity. Its delicacy and exquisite peculiar flavor, render it one of the most desirable for the table, but unsuited to market purpose. Fruit, round, or slightly depressed ; skin, thin translucent, showing the netted texture of flesh beneath ; of pale amber in the shade, mot tled with red and yellow where more exposed ; and grown fully in the sun, becoming a bright cornelian red ; flesh, amber yellow, slightly tinged with pink radiating lines or tissues, in ir regular long curves, very tender, delicate, juicy, sub-acid, nearly sweet, peculiar and agreeable flavor ; pit, small, round, a little pointed at apex; stalk, often short, but varying. Season, last of June. BLACK TARTARIAN. Bishop's Large, Frazer's Black Heart, Ronald's Heart, Circassian, Superb Circassian, Black Russian, Ronald's Black Heart, Frazer's Black Tartarian, Tartarian, Black Circassian, Ronald's Large Black Heart, Double Heart. 190 THE CHERRY. This variety is supposed to have originated in Spain, whence it was transmitted to Eusr-ia, and thence introduced into England, about 1794 or 1796, whence it found its way to this country, and in 1810 was cultivated in Mid- dletown, Ct., as Bishop's Large, and in 1813 as Ronald's Black Heart. The tree is of pe culiar upright growth, unlike any other variety, or most resembling the Black Mazard. Its vigorous habit, erect form, large foliage, and large sweet fruit, have rendered it perhaps the most popular variety in cultivation. The tree requires somewhat more pruning to thin it out than other varieties ; otherwise, as the trees grow old, they become too thick, and the fruit attains only medium size. Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse, ir regular uneven surface, glossy, purplish black, slight suture half round ; flesh, liver color, juicy, sweet, half tender, separating freely from pit, mild, pleasant, not high flavor ; pit, below medium size ; stalk, sunk in a regular cavity. Season, last of June. BLACK HAWK. Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, near Cleve" land, in 1842. Commenced fruiting in 1846. The tree is of healthy,vigorous,spreading habit, with much of the general character of Yellow Spanish ; flowers, above medium ; soil of origin, a gravelly loam. As a table fruit, its high flavor will always commend it ; while, as a market fruit, its size and pro ductive habit of tree place it among the very best. Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse, sides compressed, surface uneven ; color, dark purplish black, glossy ; flesh, dark purple, half tender, almost firm, radiating lines irregular, without form, juicy, rich sweet, fine flavor ; pit, medium size, un even surface; stalk, varying, inserted in a broad cavity. Season, from 20th June to 1st July. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 191 BRANT. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, on a gravelly- loam. The tree is vigorous, with large foli age, and spreading, or rather round regular form ; flowers, large, and open irregularly, so that often a portion may be injured by late frosts, and others escape. Fruit, large, rounded, angular, heart shape, sides slightly compressed ; color, reddish black ; flesh, dark purplish red, radiating lines whitish, partially indistinct, half tender, juicy, sweet and rich ; pit, nearly smooth, slight de pressions, round oval ; stem, medium, set in a cavity slightly angular. Season, early — say middle of June. BELLE MAGNIFIQUE. Belle et Magnifique. First introduced into this country from France by Gen. Dear born. The tree is of Duke habit, hardy, healthy, and vigorous. It is a moderate bearer, the fruit, if permitted, hanging on the tree until August, although much of it suitable for cooking last of June. As a fruit for culinary purposes, it is very desirable. Fruit, when trees are well cultivated, of the largest size, ovate rounded, often pointed, heart shape ; color, clear rich red on pale yellow; when fully exposed to the sun, mostly red ; jlcsh, yellowish, tender, sub-acid when fully ripe, sprightly, separates freely from the pit ; stem, planted in a deep yet open cavity or basin, and varying from 1 1-4 to 1 3-4 inch in length. Season, middle June to Aug. CLEVELAND. Cleveland Bigarroau. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a gravelly loam soil. The tree is thrifty, with stout shoots, and of a rounded spread ing habit ; large leaves ; flowers, above medium, profusely abundant, and, thus far, it has proved healthy wherever grown. 192 THE CHERRY. Fruit, large, round heart shape, flattened at apex, generally a regular uniform surface, occasional seasons it has a projection on one side, near the stem ; color, bright clear red on amber yellow ground, and occasionally blotched with carmine red ; flesh, pale yellowish white, almost firm, deepest in color next the pit, radiating lines in distinct, juicy, rich fine flavor ; pit, medium size; sttm, rather stout, medium length. Season, about one week before Elton, or say 23d to 25th June. Very productive. COE'S TRANSPARENT. Raised by Curtiss Coe, Middletown, Ct. Tree, upright, some what spreading, vigorous, healthy habit. fruit, medium size, occasionally large, regular rounded form, often slightly angular at junction of stein ; color, pale light amber yellow, with a bright clear red, indistinctly mottled on two-thirds the surface ; flesh, with irregular radiating lines, yellowish, tender, juicy, rich sweet and excellent ; pit, above medium ; stem, rather short, in a moderate depression. Season, middle to 25th June. DOCTOR. , The Doctor. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842. The tree is of healthy habit, not extremely vigorous, up right, rounded in form, bearing even to excess of fruit, so much so that unless well cultivated the fruit becomes small. Original soil, gravelly loam. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, with a suture extending all round ; color, light yellow and red, the latter most prevailing ; flesh, white, tinged with pale yellow, juicy, tender, sweet, with a delicious flavor ; pit, small ; stem, rather slender, in a round regular basin. It ripens early in June, but will hang until July. DOWNER'S LATE. Downer, | Downer's Late Red. Raised by Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Mass., 1808. The tree is vigorous, half spreading in habit, healthy, hardy, and abundant bearer. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 193 Fruit, medium size, round heart-shape, slightly compressed on one side ; color, a bright, lively red, mottled with amber in the shade ; flesh, amber color, stained slightly with red next the pit, radiating lines slight ; tender, sweet, and delicious when fully ripe. Jt is often gathered before fully ripe, when it is a little bitter ; pit, above medium size, oblong rounded ; stem, medium, inserted in a narrow, slight depression. Season, from fourth to twelfth July. This va riety suffers less than most varieties, from warm wet weather. DELICATE. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, upon a gravelly loam. The tree is of thrifty, healthy habit, spreading so as to form a round head. It is productive, and as a dessert cherry, its del icate, translucent character, rich, juicy, sweet, high flavor, will always render it a favor ite. Fruit, medium to large ; form, regular, roundish, flattened, with a slight suture one side ; color, rich amber yellow, overspread and mottled with light carmine red, while the flesh is so translucent, that held to the light, the tissue is distinctly traced, and red appears as though mingled throughout, when, on cut- ing it, the flesh is a whitish-yellow, with dis tinct radiating lines, — tender, juicy, sweet, de licious, high flavor; pit, small, roundish oval, with a broad ridge ; stem, medium, set in a deep, round depression. Season, about first July. EARLY PROLIFIC. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The original tree fruited three years, during which, we carefully noted the fruit. It then was lost by being removed ; meantime, buds had been sent to Mr. Chas. Downing, and it is from the character shown under his hands, that we are induced to place it in this class. Its large size, rich flavor and early habit of maturity, class it among the most desirable, for pri- 9 194 THE CHERRY. vate or marketing collections. Tree, healthy, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading. fruit, medium to large, round, obtuse heart-shape, bright car mine red, mottled on light amber yellow ; and, on one side, a distinct line, edged with yellow ; stem, varying both in size and length ; flesh, half tender, almost firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and delicious flavor ; very productive. Season, early in June. ELTON. Bigarreau Couleur de chair, Flesh Colored Bigarreau, Gros Bigarreau Couleur du chair, Gros Bigarreau Blanc, Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc, Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau, erroneously, Bigarreau de Rocmont, Coeur de Pigeon, Bigarreau Belle de Rocmont, Guigne gros Blanche, of some, Bigarreau Common, ,, Belle Audigeoise, Raised in England, in 1806. Its superior qualities have made it a great traveler, and although often introduced to notice, under a new name, it is always worthy place. The trees grow vigorously, with a spread ing, rather drooping habit ; leaves, with pur plish footstalks. First introduced to this country in 1823. Fruit, large, long, heart-shape, pointed; color, beautiful light yellow ground, mottled and streaked with bright glossy red ; flesh, yellowish, radiating lines not bold, half ten der, when fully ripe, nearly tender, juicy, sweet, with an exceedingly rich, high flavor ; pit, above medium, oval, rounded, with a sharp point ; stem, long and slender, se-t in rather a deep basin ; very productive. Sea son, last of June. EARLY RICHMOND. Kentish, Virginian May, Common Red, Sussex, Muscat de Prague. Pie Cherry, Kentish Red, Montmorency a longue queue, Commune, An old European sort, but extensively grown in this country, under the name we have adopted. It is probably, the true Kentish ; WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 195 but, under that name, it becomes so often con founded with the common Sour Pie Cherry of our country, that we have preferred to continue it here, under the name it is best known in this country. The tree belongs to the Morello class ; grows about twenty feet high, with a roundish spreading head ; very productive, ripening its fruit in May, but, in dry seasons, holding it until July. It is indispensable to every garden ; and for market, coming as it does so early, is very profitable. It is remarkable for the corolla re maining on the stalk, and for the tenacity with which the stone adheres thereto. Fruit, of medium size, borne in pairs, round, bright red, becoming darker as it hangs on the tree a long time ; flesh, of a reddish cast, juicy, very tender, sprightly, rich, acid flavor ; stem, usually short, say, one and a quarter inch, set in deep, round basin. Season, twenty-sixth May to first of July. PURPLE GUIGNE. Early Purple Guigne, I German May Duke, Early Purple Griotte. The origin of this valuable variety we have been unable to decide. Eastern cultivators received it from England, where it was figured and described by Mr. Thompson, in the London Hort. Society's transactions. Western Cultiva tors received it through a party of emigrants from Germany, under name of German May Duke, by which it is much grown in Ohio. The trees are poor growers in the nursery, of a strag gling, loose, irregular, somewhat pendent habit, but of healthy, hardy character, only moderat- ly productive while young, but as they grow older, become more prolific. Its earliness and delicious character, must always render it popu lar where known. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, heart- shaped, with an indenture at the point or apex ; color, when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; flesh, dark purplish red, juicy, rich, sweet, and excellent ; pit, medium ; size, roundish oval ; stem, long, slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow basin. Season, last of May and first of June. 196 THE CHEERY. GOVERNOR WOOD. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842, and named in honor of Reuben Wood, late Governor of Ohio. The tree is a vigorous, healthy grower, forming a rounded, regular head ; very pro ductive while young ; flowers large. Fruit, of the largest size, roundish, heart- shape ; color, rich, light yellow, mottled or marbled with a beautiful carmine flush ; grown fully exposed to the sun, it becomes a clear, rich red ; suture half round, followed on oppo site side, by a dark line; flesh, light, pale yellow, with radiating lines, transverse, acu minate, half tender, juicy, sweet, and fine, rich, high flavor ; pit, roundish ovate, con siderably ribbed ; stem, varying in length and size. Season, middle of June. In even small collections, this variety should always have a place. HlLDESHEIM. Hildesheim Bigarreau, Tardif de Hildesheim, Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim, Bigarreau Marbre de Hildesheim, Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim, Bigarreau Xoir Tardif. From Germany. Tree, upright, strong grower, unproductive while young. Fruit, medium, heart-shaped, yellow, mottled, marbled and splashed with red ; stem, long, slender ; basin, shallow, broad ; sut ure broad, half round, with hollow depression at apex ; flesh, pale yellow, firm, sweet ; pit, medium, surface marbled with red. Sea son, last of July to twentieth August. The true variety is rarely sold, but when obtained, is truly valuable, as coming just before peaches, and when there are few fruits in market. HORTENSE. Reine Hortense, Lemercier of E. and B., Monstreuse de Bavay, Belle de Bavay, De 16 a la livre, Belle de Petit Brie. Introduced to this country from France, in 1842. The tree is of Duke habit, vigorous, healthy grower, forming a dense, upright, round head, and promises to be very hardy, and extremely desirable in rich, moist soils, where the Sweet Cherries do not succeed as WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 197 well. It is moderately prolific, the fruit quite large, and ripen ing as it does, quite late in the season, combined with the habit of hanging long after ripe, and its rich, spright ly, sub-acid juice, must render it extremely popular, when it becomes fully known. Fruit, quite large, round, elongated, sides compressed, smooth, glossy, regular surface; suture, shallow, half round, followed by a marked line, terminating at base, in a knob by projection ; color, bright lively red, mar bled and mottled on amber ; grown in the sun, it is mostly red ; flesh, pinkish yellow, with radiating lines, distinct, but irregular in form, tender, and when fully ripe, sepa rating freely from the stone, often even ex hibiting a hollow, vacant space, between pit and flesh, high, sprightly, slightly acid flavor ; pit, rather large, oblong, rounded ; stalk, two inches long, generally slender. Season, twelfth to twentieth July. JOC-O-SOT. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, and named after a noble Sioux chief, who died at Cleveland, in 1844. Tree thrifty, half spread ing, or round-headed, and productive. Fruit, large, very regular, uniform, heart- shape, slightly obtuse, and with a deep inden tation at apex ; sides, compressed ; suture, broad, half round, followed with a dark line, and often a knob-like projection ; surface, un even ; color, rich, glossy, dark liver-color, al most black ; flesh, with indistinct radiating lines, dark liver-color, tender, juicy, with a rich, sweet flavor ; pit, below medium size, regular, smooth ; stem, long, and of medium size. Season, near the last of June. 198 THE CHERRY. KIRTLAND'S MARY. Raised by Prof. Kirtland,in 1842, described and named by ourself, in compliment to the daughter of Prof. K. The tree is a strong, healthy grower, upright, rounded in form, shoots strong, not rampant ; flowers, large and open, very prolific. The fruit is one of the most beautiful of all cherries, quite firm-flesh ed, but withal possessing delicacy and high flavor, that renders it one of the most desira ble varieties, either for dessert or market pur poses. Fruit, large, roundish, heart-shape, very regular ; color, light and dark rich red, deeply marbled and mottled on a yellow ground, grown fully in the sun, is mostly a rich, dark glossy red ; flesh, with distinct irregular radiat ing lines, light yellow, quite firm, rich, juicy, sweet, and very high flavored ; pit, medium, regular, rounded, with distinct prominent lines or ridges, flesh adheres slightly to it ; stem, moderately stout, varying in length. Season, last of June and first of July. KIRTLAND'S MAMMOTH. Raised by Prof. Kirtland from a pit of the Yellow Spanish, grown on a tree remote from other varieties. Its name is given from the ex treme large size of the fruit, being one-eighth greater than any other variety. The tree is of strong, vigorous growth, with very large leaves and large flowers. It is, however, only moder ately productive. Soil of origin, gravelly loam. Fruit, of the very largest size, often three and a half inches in circumference, obtuse, heart shape ; color, light clear yellow, partially over spread, and marbled with rich red ; flesh, with distinct radiating lines, broad, ovate, reversed, almost tender, juicy, sweet, and with a very fine high flavor ; pit, roundish oval, regular, surface indented ; stem, generally short, moder ately stout. Season, last of June. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 199 LATE BIGARREAU. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, shoots stout, not rampant, forms a round regular head ; flowers, open, abundant, very productive. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, occasion ally a little angular and with a deep broad in denture at the apex ; color, a rich yellow ground, with a bright red cheek, frequently the red covers nearly the whole surface — occasionally it is blotched or mottled ; suture, shallow, half round, marked with a line on op posite side ; flesh, with distinct radiating lines, yellowish, nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and of agreeable flavor ; pit, small, round, regular; stalk, one-and-a-half inch long, inserted in a broad open depression. Season, 4th to 12th July. LARGE HEART SHAPED. Bigarreau Gaubalis, Black Bigarreau of Savoy, Bigarreau gros Couret, Bigarreau de Lyon, Guigne Noire luisante, Great Bigarreau ? Monstreuse de Mezel, New Large Black Bigarreau, Bigarreau gros Monstreux, Gros Couret, Large Heart Shaped Bigarreau, Ward's Bigarreau. This variety, originally from France, we have received from different sources, and fruited the past two years under most of the synonymes given. We are also under the impression that the " Great Bigarreau," noticed by Mr. Downing in the Horticulturist for 1851, will yet prove identical; but we cannot yet speak confidently. The tree is a strong, vigorous grower, with large foliage. Its productive habit, fine flesh, and large size of fruit, render it very desirable as a market variety ; while its want of deli cacy and flavor unfit it for grounds of those who grow only for private use. Fruit, very large, roundish, heart shape, occasionally obtuse, dark shining red, becom ing, when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; sur face, very uneven ; flesh, reddish purple, coarse tissue, with a distinct dark line one side next the pit, not very juicy and lacking in high fla vor ; pit, large, oval ; stem, varying, inserted in a shallow depression. Season, 4th to 10th July. 200 TBE CHERRY. LOGAN. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil a gravelly loam. Tree, hardy, healthy grower, somewhat spreading, moderately productive ; flowers, large, opening late, little liable to in jury from frost. Fruit, medium or above, obtuse, sometimes regular, heart shape, with a shallow indenture at apex ; color, purplish black, when ripe ; flesh, liver color, radiating lines almost white, nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and rich flavor ; pit, above medium, oval ; stem, varying in length in a deep cavity. Season, middle to last of June. OSCEOLA. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; soil gravelly. Tree, 'round, spreading regular form, hardy, healthy grower ; flowers, medium, open ing rather late and in succession ; a good, not excessive bearer. Fruit, medium to large, regular, heart shape, with a deep, broad suture, half round ; color, dark purplish red, inclining to black ; flesh, liver color, fine tissue, so much so that the radiating lines are almost obliterated, juicy, rich and sweet ; pit, medium or small, ovate, rounded ; stem, moderately stout in a deep, regular cavity. Season, last of June and early July. One of the best for all collections. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 201 PONTIAC. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil gravelly. Tree, upright, rounded form, slightly spreading, vigorous, healthy habit ; flowers, above medium size, opening in suc cession ; regularly productive. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, sides compressed; color, dark purplish red, ap proaching to black when fully ripe ; flesh, purplish red, radiating lines irregular, half tender, juicy, swreet and agreeable ; pit, medium, smooth, parts freely from the flesh ; stem, varying from long to short, in serted in a broad, open cavity. Season, last of June. POWHATTAN. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; soil gravelly. Tree, vigorous, healthy, round headed, productive. Fruit, medium, size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed on sides, surface irregular ; color, liver like, highly polished ; suture, half round ; flesh, rich purplish red, marbled, radiating lines obscure, half tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant, but not high flavor ; pit, small, round, elongated; stem, medium. Season, late; 8th to 15th July. For profitable market purposes this is one of the very best ; the fruit ripening late, and all being uniform and regular in size. ROCKPORT. Rockport Bigarreau. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; gravelly loam. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, forming a very upright habit, more resembling the Black Tartarian than any other variety we know. It is one of the first, of Prof. Kirtland's seedlings, that was described, and feeling interested in its success, in various parts of the States we distributed 9* 202 THE CHERRY. it pretty liberally in shape of buds and grafts. It has now been fruited extensively, and we feel confident, while recommending this, that other varieties of the same origin will be equally successful. The tree wants good cul ture, and its period of maturity is materially altered both by soil and culture, while its char acter appears unchanged. Valuable, either for private or market gardens. Fruit, large, round, obtuse heart shape, surface generally slightly uneven, and always with a knobby or swollen projection on one side ; color, clear brilliant deep red, shaded and mottled on a pale amber yellow, with occasional carmine spots ; flesh, yellowish white, radiating lines irregular, a yellow tinge around the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, with a rich, delicious flavor ; pit, oval, regular and without ridges ; stem, usually of medium length — one, to one- and-a-half inches. Season, 20th to last of June. RED JACKET. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842. The original tree has always stood in ground uncul tivated ; yet its fruit, from lateness of ripening, size and quality, renders it most desirable, and especially for market culture, as it is very pro ductive, The tree forms a head similar to the Black Hazard, not quite as erect. Fruit, large, regular, long obtuse heart shape ; color, fine, clear, light red, when grown in the sun, but of an amber color, overspread with pale red, and often a yellow russet patch, when grown in the shade ; flesh, with radiating lines distinct, half tender, juicy, of good, not high flavor ; gathered before ripe, it is a little bitter ; pit, medium ; stem, rather long and slender, set in an open, moderately deep basin. Season, middle of July. SHANNON. This is a Morello raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1829; first de scribed in 1849. Named in respect to Wilson Shannon, once gov- FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 203 ernor of Ohio. The tree is very hardy, having been tested in many locations. Fruit, slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction with stem, dark purplish red, when ripe ; flesh, tender, reddish pur ple, juicy, acid ; pit, small ; stem, long, slender, inserted in an open cavity. Season, middle of July. TECUMSEH. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a soil of gravelly loam. The tree is moderately vigorous, spreading, hardy, producing its blossoms late in the season. Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape, compressed, with a broad, shallow suture ; color, when fully ripe, a reddish purple, or dark liver color, mottled somewhat with red ; flesh, reddish purple, irregular, distinct radiating lines, half tender, very juicy, sweet, but not high flavor ; pit, medium size, smooth, round, slightly elongated ; stem, varying, set in an open, rather deep cavity. Season, middle to 20th July. Very valuable for a late market variety. CLASS II.— New and Untested — suited to Certain Localities, or Exten sive Grounds of Amateur Pomologists. ARCH DUKE. Griotte de Portugal, I Late Arch Duke, Portugal Duke, | Late Duke. An English variety, first described by Lindley, since figured and de scribed in Hovey's Magazine, from which we extract. The May Duke, or Late Duke, have almost always been sold as this variety. It is a more vigorous grower, and distinguished in its fruit by being more heart shape. Fruit, large, heart shape, compressed ; dark shining red ; flesh, light red, slightly adhering to the stone, tender, sub-acid ; stem, long, slender. Sea son, early in July. AMERICAN HEART. Probably a native of this country ; its origin is, however, uncertain. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, medium, heart shaped, four sides com pressed ; pale yellow and red ; flesh, yellowish, watery toward the pit, juicy, sweet, second flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, long, moderately slender. Season, early in June. ADAM'S CROWN. English ; little known in this country. Fruit, medium, round, heart 204: THE CHERRY shape ; pale red ; flesh, tender, juicy and agreeable. Season, middle of June. ANNE. We have had this variety growing for two years, but have not fruited it. Chas. Dowing, Esq., writes us that it originated at Lexington, Ky., ripens early, is very productive, and of excellent flavor. The tree is of the Sweet Cherry class. BURR'S SEEDLING. Originated in Western New York. Tree, vigorous, spreading, produc tive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape ; clear bright red on pale yel low ; half tender, juicy, sweet ; stem, slender. Season, middle to last of June. D'ESPERIN. Bigarreau D'Esperin. New, from Belgium. Hovey says, the tree has a compact, spreading habit, of moderate growth, a good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish heart shape, depressed at ends, flattened on sides ; suture, all round ; color, clear, soft amber in the shade, mottled with pale red in the sun ; flesh, pale amber, tender, juicy, excellent ; pit, medium, oval ; stem, long, slen der. Season, early in July. tx BELLE OF ORLEANS. Belle de Orleans. New, from France. Tree, vigorous grower, good bearer, promises to be valuable. Fruit, medium, roundish ; light yellowish white, with clear pale red covering about one half the surface ; flesh, tender, juicy, and de licious. Season, early in June. BUTTNER'S YELLOW. Buttner's Wach's-Knorpel Kirsche, | Buttner's Gelbe Knorpel Kirsche. From Germany. Tree, vigorous, spreading ; only as a novelty is it de sirable. Fruit, medium, regular heart shape, flattened at stem end ; pale lemon yellow, with russet marblings ; flesh, whitish yellow, firm, even tough, without flavor, adheres to the pit ; stem, medium length and size, in an open, round, regular cavity. Season, middle to last July. [/BLACK EAGLE. English, raised by the daughter of Mr. Knight. Tree, healthy, strong grower, unproductive at the West. Fruit, above medium, borne in threes, obtuse heart shape ; deep purple, almost black ; flesh, reddish purple, half tender, with a rich, sweet, high flavor. Season, early in July. BUTTNER'S BLACK HEART. Banner's Herz Kirsche, | Schwarze Neue Herz Kirsche. From Germany. As a late variety, firm fleshed, for market this pro mises well. Fruit, large, heart shape ; purplish black when fully ripe ; FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 205 flesh, reddish violet, firm, juicy, good, not high flavor. Season, middle to last of July. Tree, productive, a vigorous grower. DOWNING'S KED CHEEK. Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, half spreading. Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape ; yellowish white, with a rich dark crimson, covering more than one half the fruit ; flesh, yellowish, half tender, delicately sweet; pit, medium ; stem, set in an even hollow of moderate depth. Season, middle to last June. CHAMPAGNE. Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. This variety is highly commended by the late A. J. Downing, but we have been unable to fruit it sufficiently to place it among those of general cultivation. For large orchards, we think it desirable as a bearer, but not of size to com mand price in market. Tree, vigorous, healthy, productive. Fruit, me dium, roundish heart shape, slightly angular ; color, shades of lively red ; flesh, amber color, juicy, sprightly, rich flavor : stem, moderate length, in a shallow cavity. Season, middle of June, but hangs well into July. CUMBERLAND. Triomphe,of Cumberland, j Brenneinan's Slay, Monstrous May, | Steret's May, Cumberland Seedling. This is claimed to be a seedling of Cumberland Co , Pa. Having fruited it from two sources, one proving identical with Yellow Spanish, and the other identical with Tradescant's Black, we have some doubts as to its being a seedling or new variety. In the ad-interim report of the Pennsylvania Hort. Society, it is thus described : Large, obtuse heart-shaped, some times roundish, compressed at the sides ; deep crimson, almost purple when fully ripe ; suture, indistinct ; stem, rather long, slender, inserted in a broad, open cavity; apex, slightly depressed; stone, roundish oval, compressed; flesh, rather solid, red, slightly adherent to the stone ; flavor, fine ; quality, " best;" period of maturity about the middle of June. CHINA BIGARREAU. Chinese Heart. Raised by "William Prince, Flushing. Tree, hardy, healthy, spreading. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; bright amber yellow, becoming mostly red when fully ripe ; flesh, half tender, juicy and rich, but, unless per fectly ripe, slightly bitter ; stem, long and slender ; very productive. CARNATION. Wax Cherry, Crown, Cerise de Portugal Griotte de Villennes. Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre, Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale, Griottier Rouge Pale, A variety of the Morello, that from its hardiness has been pretty largely disseminated through our Western and Southwestern States. Fruit, above medium; yellowish white, becoming, when fully ripe, a lively red 206 THE CHERRY. slightly marbled; most of this class hang a long time, bearer. flesh, tender, juicy, and, when fully ripe, less acid than stem, stout. Season, middle to last of July, but will Tree, a good grower, with strong wood, and a profuse CARMINE STRIPE. Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, vigorous, healthy, spreading ; very productive. Fruit, above medium, heart shape, compressed on sides, often an uneven surface, with suture half round, followed by a line of car mine ; color, amber yellow, shaded and mottled with bright lively car mine ; flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly and agreeable ; pit, small; stem, varies. Season, last of June. CAROLINE. Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, much resembles Belle de Choisy ; in growth healthy, hardy, vigor ous, and productive ; it promises to become valuable as a dessert Cherry. Fruit, above medium, round oblong; one side compressed slightly; color, pale amber, mottled with clear light red, and when fully exposed to the sun becomes rich red ; flesh, slightly tinged with pale red or pink, translucent, very tender, juicy, sweet, and delicate ; pit, medium, oblong oval. Season last of June. CONESTOGA. This variety originated in Conestoga Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit, very large, obtuse heart-shaped, slightly indented at the apex; dark purple; stem, from an inch and three-quarters to two and a quarter long, slender, inserted in an open cavity; flesh, purplish, firm; flavor, sugary, and very pleasant, quality libest." (W. D. B.) CHRISTIANA. Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush. N. Y., and resembling, in charac ter of tree and fruit, the May Duke. Not having. fruited it, we only note from the Horticulturist, where the fruit is said to be borne in clusters, of a bright lively red color, and sprightly sub- acid flavor. DONNA MARIA. A Morello cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific. Fruit, of medium size ; dark red ; tender, juicy, rich acid ; valuable for cooking. Season, middle July. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 207 DUCHESS OF PALLUA. A variety introduced from France by Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, and fruited first time in this country, this year, 1853. Fruit, medium size, heart-shaped ; purplish black ; juicy, half tender, sweet ; stone, small, oblong ovate. Season, 15th to 20th June. Promises to be a productive valuable variety. (Hov. Mag.) ' DOWNTON. English : raised by T. A. Knight. Tree, healthy, regular round head ; moderately productive. Fruit, medium, globular flattened; bright red on yellow; flesh, yel lowish, half tender, juicy, sweet, but not rich flavor ; pit, medium j stem, set in a deep cavity. Season, early in July or late of June. ELIZABETH. Raised by Caleb Atwater, of Portage County, 0., in 1823. Original soil, clay. Tree, vigorous, upright, pyramidal rounded ; very prolific. Fruit, medium to large, heart-shape, flattened on sides ; color, rich dark red, when fully ripe ; flesh, yellowish, slightly tinged with red, half tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit, ovate rounded; stem, medium ; set in a regular basin. Season, middle to last of June. FAVORITE. Elliott's Favorite. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, half spreading, productive. Fruit, medium, round regular, slightly compressed ; color, pale amber yellow, with a bright carmine red cheek, mottled and marbled ; flesh, pale amber, traas- lucent, delicate, juicy and sweet ; pit, small ; stem, medium, inserted in an even basin. Season, last of June. This variety requires high cultivation, other wise the fruit is small, and the flavor only good. ENGLISH AMBER. This is undoubtedly an old variety, but we have as yet been unable to identify it with any described variety. The tree is of vigorous strong growth, forming a rounded pyramidal head, and very productive. 208 THE CHERRY. Fruit, medium size, roundish heart-shape, very regular, borne in threes ; color, delicate amber, beautifully mottled with pale red ; flesh, whitish yellow, half tender, delicate, juicy, and very sweet ; pit, medium ; stem, long. Season, middle to last of June. FLORENCE. Knevett's Late Bigarroau. From Florence, in Italy. The tree is of stocky strong growth, spread ing, unproductive while young, becoming more productive as it grows old. Fruit, large, roundish heart-shape, flattened at base ; pale amber, mottled or mostly covered with bright red ; flesh, amber color, firm, rich, sweet, fine flavor ; pit, small, roundish oval ; stem, inserted in a broad ba sin. Season, middle July. GuiGNE NoiR LuiSANTE, Black Spanish, Or bright black red, is a cherry of the Duke or near Morello class. Tree, erect in habit, healthy, hardy, forming a pretty round head, regular moderate bearer. In 1823, it was cultivated in New Jersey, as Black Spanish, and under that name brought to Ohio. Fruit, of medium size, heart-shape, globular ; glossy blackish red ; flesh, reddish purple, tender, juicy, rich acid ; pit, round ; stem, medium. Season, middle to last July. V GRAFFION. Bigarreau, Yellow Spanish, Fellow's Seedling, White Bigarreau !" Italian Heart, Bigarreau Gros ? West's White Heart, Figarreau Tardif, Amber or Imperial, Groote Princess, Turkey Bigarreau ? Hollandische Grosse, Bigarreau Royal, Prinzessin Kirsche, Corise Ambree. The Orafnon, or Yellow Spanish as it is generally known throughout the states, is truly one of the richest and best cherries, but its tendency to decay just as it is on the point of ripening, makes it unprofitable. The tree is of strong spreading, healthy habit, and productive. Fruit, large, regular obtuse heart-shape ; whitish yellow, mottled and mostly overspread in the sun, with bright red ; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious ; pit, small, round ovate ; stem, stout, in an open basin. Season, early July. HOLLAND. Bigarreau d'Hollande, Armstrong's Bigarreau, Spotted Bigarreau, Turkey Bigarreau ? Holland Bigarreau. Mr. Downing, in his work on Fruits, says this variety was first import ed to this country from France. In the Jardin Fruitier it is stated to have been originally received from Holland. Mr. Thompson of the Lon- FOR AMATEUK CULTURE. 209 don Horticultural Society makes it synonymous with Graffion. We have received trees from different sources, and as they all in fruiting prove to be the Napoleon, we are unable to decide, and therefore copy Mr. Downing's description. Fruit, large, heart shape, rather pointed; white or pale yellow in shade, mottled or spotted on the sunny side with bright carmine red ; stem, rather slender, set in a deep hollow ; fruit, borne in thick clusters ; flesh firm, but not so much so as that of Graffion, more juicy, sweet and excel lent. Season. 20th June. HOADLEY. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, named by our- self, in compliment to one of our best pomologists, G-eo. Hoadley, Esq.. of Cleveland. Tree, of healthy, vigorous habit, forming a round, spreading head. Fruit, above medium, regular round heart shape ; light clear carmine red, mottled and striped on pale yellow, with some tinges or blotches of russet bronzed yellow; flesh, yellowish, tender, almost translucent, juicy, rich, sweet and delicious ; pit, medium, roundish oval ; stem, medium, set in a shallow basin. Season, 20th to last June. This promises to become one of the most valuable as a dessert cherry, not quite as sweet as Coe's Trans parent, but more delicate and sprightly, with a pit of less size. HOVEY. Raised by C. M. Hovey, Esq., Boston. Tree, vigorous, forming a pyram idal head. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, depressed point at apex ; rich amber color, mottled or nearly covered with brilliant red ; stem, short ; flesh, pale amber, rather firm, but tender, slightly adhering to stone ; stone, small, oval. 15th to last July. (Hov. Mag.) IMPERIAL. Imperial Morello. A variety of Morello, forming a small, low-headed tree ; very produc tive. Fruit, rather above medium size, roundish heart shape, elongated, sides compressed ; dark purplish red when fully ripe ; flesh, tender, juicy, rich acid; if gathered unripe, quite bitter; pit, small, long, pointed. Sea son, very late, last of July to middle of August. 210 THE CHEEKY. LARGE MORELLO. Kirtlaud's Large Morcllo. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, promises valuable, but as yet not all tested. Fruit, above medium, roundish ; dark red, juicy, rich acid, good flavor ; pit, small. Season, early July. KNIGHT'S EARLY BLACK. English. Tree, moderate grower, requiring good culture and sheltered situation to obtain good fruit. As it makes only a tree of second class in size, it is well suited to small gardens ; moderately productive. Fruit, medium or rather above, obtuse heart shape, broad, open suture half, round, with a knobby projection opposite ; purplish red, becoming nearly black ; flesh, parts freely from pit, tender, juicy, rich, sweet ; pit, medi um ; stem, inserted in a deep, open basin. Season, last of June. KENNICOTT. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, and named by ourself, after the most enthusiastic horticulturist in the West, J. A. Kennicott, M.D., of Northfield, 111. Tree, vigorous, hardy, spreading, very productive. Fruit, large, oval heart shape, compressed ; suture, shallow, half round ; color, amber yellow, mottled and much overspread with rich bright clear glossy i ed ; flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich and sweet ; pit, below medium size, smooth and regu lar ; stern, short in cavity, with bold surrounding projections. Season, 8th to 16 July. As a market fruit, the time of ripening, size and beauty of this variety will make it popular when known. KEOKUK. Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, forming a large tree. Fruit, large, heart shape; dark purplish black; flesh, half tender, purple, rather coarse, deficient in flavor ; its chief value, a market variety ; pit, medium ; stem, stout. Season, early in July. MERVEILLE DE SEPTEMBER. Tardive de Mons. The Marvel of September is a new French cherry, marvelous only because it ripens the last of August or early in September. Tree, vigor ous. Pruit, small, dark red, firm, dry, sweet. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 211 MARY. Raised by B. B. Kirtland. Greeubush, N. Y., and noted in the Horti culturist as similar to Christiana. MANNING'S MOTTLED. Mottled Bigarreau. Raised by Mr. Manning, Salem, Mass. Tree, vigorous, spreading, very productive. Fruit, large, roundish heart shape ; suture, half round, dis tinct line opposite ; amber color, mottled and overspread with red ; flesh, yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet, deficient in flavor ; pit, large, oval, lays in a hollow separated on all sides but one from the flesh; stem, in a broad hollow. Season, last of June. A MADISON. Madison Bigarreau. Raised by Mr. Manning. Tree, healthy, moderate grower, tolerably productive. Fruit, medium ; color, red, marbled on light yellow; flesh, half tender, juicy, sprightly very agreeable ; pit, small, oval ; stem, slender. Season, last June. MAY DUKE. Early Duke, Large May Duke, Morris Duke, Morris' Early Duke, Benham's Fine Early Duke, Thompson's Duke, Portugal Duke, Buchanan's Early Duke, Milieu's Late Heart Duke, Royal Hative, Cerise Guigne, Coularde, De Holland, D'Espagne. From France. Tree, hardy, upright growth. It produces freely, but ripens so irregularly that we have entirely discarded it: from young trees one can rarely gather a pint of ripe fruit at any one time. The Holman's Duke, Jeffrey's Duke, Late Duke of most gardens, Royal Duke, and Le- mercier, a new vaiety from France, are all so similar to May Duke that one description will suit all. They are only sub-varieties, and the Late Duke probably obtained by propagating from late ripening branches of May Duke. Fruit, roundish obtuse heart shape ; red at first, becoming, when fully ripe, a dark purplish red ; flesh, reddish, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Season, last of May to last of June. LlNDLEY. Raised by ^Prof. Kirtland from seeds given him by Mr. M. Lindley, of Euclid, O. Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific. Fruit, large, heart shape, surface uneven ; dark purplish red ; flesh, almost firm, tinged with red, juicy, but deficient in richness of flavor. Season, first of July. LEATHER STOCKING. - Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, hardy, moderately productive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, often ob- 212 THE CHERRY. tuse ; color, faint dull red, becoming, when fully ripe, rich reddish black ; flesh, very firm, tinged with red, sweet, good flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, in an open, but deep basin. Season, middle to last of July. As a variety to transport long distances to market this will prove valuable. I NAPOLEON. Napoleon Bigarreau, I Lauermann's Kirsche, Bigarreau Lauermann, | Clarke's Bigarreau. From Holland. Tree, erect, vigorous grower ; productive. The best sweet cherry for cooking purposes, and, on account of its showy appear ance, always sells well in market. It is, however, liable to decay on the tree before fully ripe. Fruit, large, heart shape, inclining to oblong ; bright delicate yellow, with shades of rich red marbled and spotted over nearly two-thirds surface; flesh, pale yellow, very firm, moderately juicy, and, unless perfectly ripe, a little bitter ; pit, medium, oblong ; stem, stout, set in a narrow basin. Season, last of June. OHIO BEAUTY. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, and described by us in 1847 ; shortly after which, the original tree was destroyed, and since that we have not seen the fruit. We had, however, previously sent out buds and grafts and have often heard of its success. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape ; dark red on pale red ground, somewhat marbled ; flesh, white, tender, delicate, juicy, with a fine flavor ; pit, small, oval ; stalk, long, set in a deep, open basin. Season, middle of June. PROUDFOOT. Proudfoot's Seedling. Raised by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, 0. Soil, sandy. Tree, vigorous, round, spreading head ; moderatively productive. This promises to be come valuable on account of large size and lateness in ripening, often, even on warm, sandy soil, (and sheltered in a city garden,) holding its fruit un til the 20th July. Fruit, large, heart shape, flattened at base ; color, when fully ripe dark purplish red ; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet ; pit, large ; stem, set in a shallow, open cavity. Season, 15th to last July. PRESIDENT. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, large ; _dark red slightly mottled ; suture, all round, deep, distinct; flesh', yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet ; pit, medium ; stem, short, slender. Season, middle to last of June. RICHARDSON. Large, heart shaped, rather short, and tapering to the point ; dark red, inclining to black ; stem, short, slender ; flesh, deep red, half tender, juicy saccharine, rich, luscious flavor. Last of June and first of July. It keeps well on or off the tree. Good grower and bearer, rather upright, hardy FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 213 in tree and fruit. Original tree, as far as known, in the garden of J. R. Richardson, Esq., Boston. (Cole.) ROBERTS' RED HEART. Raised by David Roberts, Salem, Mass. Tree, moderate, healthy grower ; productive. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; pale amber ground, nearly overspread and mottled with red ; suture, distinct ; flesh, white, juicy, sweet, tender, and well flavored ; pit, medium ; stem, long, slender. Season, last of June. ELKHORN. Tradescant's Black Heart, Large Black Bigarreau, Bigarreau Xoir Tardive, Bigarreau Gros Noir, Guigne Noir Tardive, Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel. This is probably an old variety from Europe, but as it was first made known in this country and distributed under name of Elkhorn, we have preferred following that to copying from the London Hort. Society. Trees, very vigorous, with broad leaf and bark of peculiar gray color, producing fine large fruit while young, but as they grow older, unless very highly cultivated, the fruit diminishes to near the size of the old Black Heart. Its period of late ripening has heretofore kept it favorably before horti culturists, but we now think it must give way to later and better varie ties. Fruit, large, heart shape, uneven surface; purplish black; flesh, firm, purple, moderately juicy ; pit, large ; stem, short. Season, middle July. VAIL'S AUGUST DUKE. Raised by Henry Yail, Troy, N. Y. We have not fruited it, but copy from the Horticulturist. Tree, hardy, healthy, moderate grower. Fruit, above medium, borne in pairs, obtuse heart shape ; rich bright red in the shade, a lively cornelian in the sun ; flesh, tender, sub-acid ; pit, oval ; stem, thick, when it joins the fruit, set in a deep narrow cavity. Season, middle to last of August. WENDELL'S MOTTLED. Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau. Raised by Herman Wendell, M.D., Albany, 1ST. Y. Tree, upright thrifty growth, early and prolific bearer. This variety has proved highly valuable during the few years it has been before the public ; as yet it has not fruited at the West. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape ; dark purplish red ; flesh, firm, juicy, well flavored ; pit, small ; stem, set in a round, regular basin. Season, first to middle of July. -'' WATERLOO. We have never been able to obtain this variety to meet the descrip tion given by Downing in his Fruits and Fruit Trees. At the last Porno- logical Congress, Hon. M. P. Wilder stated it to be synonymous with Moustreuse de Mezel. This we conclude must be error, either in the 214 THE CHERRY. variety grown by Mr. Wilder, or in description given by Mr. Downing. We copy the latter's description; "Fruit, large; obtuse heart shape; dark purplish, becoming black at maturity ; stalk, long and slender ; flesh, purplish red, juicy, tender, when fully ripe, with a rich, sweet flavor. Be- gining of July." WERDER'S EARLY BLACK. Werdersche Fruhe Schwarze Herzkirsche. This variety is, as yet, comparatively new in this country. It is somewhat doubtful whether it will ever deserve more than a trial. Fruit, medium ; roundish heart shape ; surface, slightly uneven ; dark purplish red, becoming nearly black ; flesh, purplish, tender, juicy, rich, sweet ; pit, small ; stem, medium. Season, middle of June. CLASS III.— Unworthy farther Culture. AMERICAN AMBER. Bloodgood's Amber, | Bloodgood's Honey, Bloodgood's New Honey. American ; fruit medium, roundish heart shape, amber and bright red, flesh tender, juicy, variable ; pit large, stem long slender. Season, last June. AMBER GEAN. Gean Amber. Fruit small, oval heart shape, pale yellow and red, flesh white, juicy, sweet, often bitter or mazardy, stem long, slender. Season, early July. BELLE DE SCEAUX. Chatenay. A Morello from France ; fruit round, deep red, flesh yellowish, juicy, acid. Season, June. BROWN'S SEEDLING. American ; fruit medium, yellow and red, sweet, half tender, wanting in flavor. / BAUMAN'S MAY. Bigarreau de Mai, | Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai. From France ; fruit small, dark red, oval heart shape, flesh purplish, tender, sweet. Season, last of May or early iu June. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 215 BLACK HEART. Early Black, Black Russian, Guigne Grosse Xoir, Ansell'sFine Black, Spanish Black Heart, Guinier a fruit Xoir. An old variety hardy and productive, but at this day surpassed by many ; fruit above medium, heart shaped, dark, nearly black color, flesh almost ten der, juicy, sweet. Season, last of June. BLACK MAZARD. Mazard, Common English, "WiJd English Cherry, Black Honey, Bristol Cherry. This is the wild species of Europe from which many of our sweet cherries have sprung. It is now found in nearly every village or cultivated region of the States, and is valuable mainly for its seed for growing stocks on which to bud. There are numerous varieties, as all are grown from seed ; some are red. some black, and some nearly white, all more or less bitter. Fruit small, oval heart shape, flesh tender, juicy. Season, middle to last July. BLACK BIGARREAU. Bigarreau Noir. Fruit middle size, heart shape, nearly black, flesh firm, sweet, dry. Season, July. BLEEDING HEART. Gascoigne's Heart, Red Heart, Herefordshire Heart, Guigne Rouge Hative. Fruit medium, long pointed, heart shape, dark red mottled, flesh half tender, sweetish. Last of June. BUTTNER'S OCTOBER. Buttner's October Morello, I Du Nord Nouvelle, DuNord, I DePrusse. A Morello, of medium size, dark red, roundish, of no value except as hang ing long on the tree. BOREATTON. Small, roundish heart shape, nearly black, flesh half tender, sweet, poor flavor. Middle July. CERISE DE XAVIER. A Morello, medium, dark red, round, acid. CORONE. Couronne, I Coroun, Herefordshire Black, Black Orleans, Large Wild Black. Fruit small, roundish heart shape, dull black, flesh tender, mazardy. Middle July. 216 THE CHERRY. COE'S LATE CARNATION. Fruit medium, roundish, red, acid, only for cooking. CLUSTER. Cerise a Boquet, | Chevreuse , Boquet Amarelle. Fruit small, borne in clusters, round, lively red, acid. Last of June. CHINESE DOUBLE FLOWERING. Yung To, | Cerasus Serrulata, Serrulated leaved Cherry. A tree of dwarf habit, valuable only as ornamental. CORWIN. A Morello, medium size, roundish, red, flesh tender, acid, pit large. Season, July. CLARKE'S SUPERB. Clarke's Bigarreau ? Fruit medium, roundish heart shape, bright red with a dark maroon colored stripe half round, flesh whitish, half tender, mingling of sweet and bitter. Season, early July. DE SPA. A Morello, medium size, dark red, acid. DWARF DOUBLE FLOWERING. Double Flowering Kentish, | Cerisier a fleurs doubles. A variety of the Kentish or sour cherry with semi-double flowers ; a pretty ornamental shrub tree. DAVENPORT. Davenport's Early, | Davenport's Early Black. Tree tender, fruit medium, heart shape, dark purplish black, flesh tender, juicy, sweet. Season, last cf June. WHITE HEART. Early White Heart, I Arden's Early White Heart, Arden's heart, Dredge's Early White Heart, White Transparent, j Amber Heart, Bowyer's Early Heat, | Herefordshire White, River's Early Amber, | Sweedish, Sweedish Red Heart. An old variety and generally known throughout the States. It is a variable and uncertain bearer, and does not ripen sufficiently early to compete with many new vareties. Fruit medium, or a little below, heart shape, whitish yel low, often nearly covered with pale red. flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Season, middle June. The Early Red and Yellow of Manning is very similar. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 217 EARLY MAY. Orise Indulle, I May Cherry, Small May, | Precoce. A Morello, with small fruit, round, slightly flattened, lively light red, flesh tender, juicy, acid. FLEMISH. Montmorency, I Kentish, Cerise a Courte Queue, Montmorency a Gros Fruit, Gros Gobet. Fruit large, round, flattened at both ends, bright lively red, flesh yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid, stem stout, short, fruit borne in pairs. Last of July. GRIDLEY. Apple Cherry, | Maccarty. American ; fruit small, roundish, color almost black, flesh firm, purplish, moderately juicy. Season, early July. V HONEY. Sparhawk, I Cream, Large Honey, Yellow Honey, Late Honey, | Meresier a fruit blanc, Sparuhawk's Honey. Little better than a mazard ; small, roundish oval, yellow and red, flesh ten der, sweet. Middle July. Pit large. Sumner's Honey of Cole is very similar and probably identical with this. HYDE'S RED HEART. Hyde's Seedling. Fruit medium, heart shape, red on yellow, flesh whitish, sweet mazardy. Early July. HYDE'S LATE BLACK. Fruit medium, roundish obtuse heart shape, purplish black, flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Early July. KENTISH. Late Kentish, I Common Red, Pie Cherry, Common Sour Cherry, Kentish Red. This is probably a seedling of this country, which is found every where that man has cleared the forest. Throughout the West, it appears as though it had been among the household goods brought by first settlers, and that wherever planted it has grown, and by suckers, increased '• seventy fold." It is hardy and fruits abundantly, and many think it indispensable, but not after having grown and fruited the Early Richmond. Fruit medium size, round, lively red, tender, juicy, acid. Middle to last July. 10 218 THE CHERRY. KNIGHT'S LATE BLACK. Medium to large, roundish heart shape, flesh half tender, sweet, dry. Season, middle July. LADY SOUTHAMPTON'S YELLOW. Lady Southampton's Duke, I Lady Southampton's Golden Drop, Yellow or Golden, j Spanish or Yellow. Fruit small, heart shape, yellow, flesh firm, dry. Middle July. LARGE DOUBLE FLOWERING. A beautiful ornamental tree, with large showy double white flowers, like little roses, without fruit and therefore placed here, as unworthy cultivation on account of fruit. As an ornamental tree, it is beautiful when in flower LUNDIE GEAN. Fruit medium, roundish elongated, dark purplish black, flesh tender, juicy, sub-acid harsh. July. Louis PHILLIP. Morello from France ; fruit medium, roundish, dark red, flesh red, juicy, tender, acid. Middle July. MANNING'S LATE BLACK. Manning's Late Black Heart. Fruit medium size, heart shape, dark purplish black, flesh purple, half tender, sweet, pit large. Season, early July. MANNING'S EARLY BLACK. Fruit medium, heart shape, purplish black, flesh tender, sweet, good. Middle June. MORELLO. English Morello, I Large Morello, Dutch Morello, Late Morello, Ronald's Large Morello. Thev true English Morello is rare in this country, nor do we see any reason for introducing it, as seedlings may be raised from the common Morello equaling, if not often surpassing, the one so favorably described by most writers. In growth, it varies from our common Morello only in the branches being more strong and upright, while the fruit is one third larger. 'Fruit medium or above, round, dark red or purplish black, flesh purplish red, tender, juicy, sub- acid. Season, middle to last July. Ox HEART. Lion's Heart, | Bullock's Heart, Very Large Heart. Fruit above medium to large, obtuse heart shape, dark red, nearly black, flesh red, half tender, eweet. Season, early July. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 219 OSTHEIM. Ostheimer Weichsel. A Morello, fruit below medium, ronnd, dark red, tender, acid. Middle July. PRINCE'S DUKE. Like carnation, but poor bearer. PLUMSTONE MORELLO. Fruit large, roundish, deep red. flesh tender, juicy, agreeable acid. Last of July. Its very large pit renders it unworthy, as compared with Shannon. PINK HEART. A small mazard, of pinkish red, oval, stem short July. RED BIGARREAU. Large Red Bigarreau, | Gros Bigarreau Rouge, Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge. Fruit very large, oblong heart shape, irregular, color yellow or red, becoming dark red in sun, flesh yellowish stained with red, firm, sweet. Early July. Poor bearer. REMINGTON Remington White Heart, | Remington Heart. Fruit small, heart shape, yellow, flesh dry, bitter, sweet Middle of August. RUMSEY:S LATE MORELLO. This variety matures its fruit late, but we have been unable to find qualities in it worthy of extensive or even moderate growing ; the pit is too large, and the tree a miserable grower. Fruit medium, roundish heart shape, lively red, juicy, acid. August. TOBACCO LEAVED. Four to the Pound. Fruit small, round, red, firm dry-flesh, large pit. TRANSPARENT GUIGNE. Transparent Gean, | Transparent Fruit small, oval heart shape, yellowish white sha'l< d with red, flesh trans lucent, tender, melting sweet, a little bitter. Early July. MONTMORENCY. Allen's Sweet Montmorency. Fruit medium or small, round, amber and light red, mottled, flesh yellowish, tender, sweet. Middle to last July. 220 TEE CHERRY. VIRGINIAN WILD CHERRY. This native cherry is valuable as a beautiful shade tree, and its fruit for fla voring liquors, but is not worthy a place in garden or orchard. It is too well known to need description, being the Cerasus Serotina of Torrey and Grey, while the Choke Cherry, as it is commonly known, is the Cerasus Virginiana. VIRGINIA MAY DUKE. A variety of mazard. WHITE TARTARIAN. Eraser's While Tartarian, | Eraser's White Transparent, Amber a petit fruit. Fruit small, obtuse heart shape, reddish cream color, flesh whitish yellow, half tender, sweet. WHITE BIGARREAU. White Ox Heart, I Large White Bigarreau, Ox Heart. Harrison Heart, Turkey Bigarreau. Fruit large, heart shaped, yellowish with red in the sun, flesh almost firm, sweet, delicious, poor bearer. Last of June. WEEPING, OR ALL SAINTS. Ever Flowering Cherry, I Cerise Tardive, Cerisier Pleurant, | Cerise de St. Martin. Fruit of no value ; as an ornamental tree, its peculiar weeping habit makes it very desirable. WARREN'S TRANSPARENT. Small, roundish heart shape, pale yellow and red, tender, sweet. Middle July. (Cole.> WILKINSON. Fruit medium size, nearly black, half tender, juicy, sweet. Middle July. WELLINGTON. Fruit medium size, obtuse heart shape, black, almost firm fleshed, dry, sweet. Early July. THE CURRANT Ribes rubrum, Lin. Grossularice of Botanists. The Currant of our gardens is from the north of Britain. The native varieties of our country are valueless. Of easy growth, pro ducing abundance of fruit, even in the most neglected positions, it has found its way into every garden, and is the first fruit shrub planted by all new settlers. Had attention, commensurate with its merits, ever been given to reproduction of varieties from seed, we have no doubt the size might ere this have been increased, equaling that of the Kentish Cherry. The Cherry Currant, a variety of comparative new introduction, by cultivation in rich soil, comes nearest in size to what might be ex pected, and what we hope in few years to see realized. To the Dutch horticulturists belongs the credit of first reproducing from seed, and improving the currant ; and not until the latter period of the life time of Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., did English horticul turists give it any attention. Mr. Knight originated several new kinds, varying, however, so slightly from the old Dutch Red as to be hardly worth retaining as distinct varieties. Propagation. — Where intention is to produce new and improved varieties, seed should be selected from plants permitted to produce but little fruit, in order to perfect and increase the vigor of seed. When ripe, the fruit should be crushed sufficient to wash the seeds clean, when they may be wrapped in paper and laid aside until early in following spring, when they should be sown in light, rich soil, and covered about half an inch deep ; or, they may be at once sown in a cold frame or border with northern exposure, and, on approach of winter, have two inches deep of tan bark or leaf mould scattered among the plants. The continuance of varieties by means of cuttings is performed in similar manner, and at same time as directed under head of Goose berries. Transplanting. — This is best done in October, or early in spring; but may be done at almost any season except July or August, as the currant is so tenacious of life that failures to grow rarely occur. The distance apart of plants should be not less than four feet each way. •Soil and Situation. — The currant will grow in almost any soil, producing fruit abundantly, but it is only when grown in rich, deep soil, under high culture, that varieties exhibit their peculiar charac- (221) 222 THE CURRANT. ters. We have grown the Cherry Currant in a poor, gravelly soil, and on a rich loam, and could hardly recognize the fruit as the same : the first, being only of medium size and indifferent character ; while in the second, they were ]arge, as described, and possessing the sharp acid characteristic of the variety. The situation should be free from shade Y)f trees, but if shaded by hedge or fence, so as to give the morning and evening and not the noonday sun, the fruit will ripen and hang on much later, serving, by means of a few plants so placed in each garden, to continue the currant season from July to September. Culture. — The soil should be well enriched with rotted barn-yard manure every fall ; this should be spaded or forked in lightly, and, during the fruit season, the ground should be kept clean of weeds. Pruning. — This should be pursued much as is described under head of Gooseberries, except that the suckers, or a portion of them, should be permitted to grow ; while wood of three years old should be regularly cut out. Where new shoots springing from the root are not permitted to grow, but plants kept as miniature trees, it will be necessary to furnish plants every four or five years ; and as the best and largest fruit is borne upon wood of the preceding year's growth, it is always best to retain as much of that as possible, compatible with form and habit of the plant ; which should present, when fairly grown, or at three years from setting, a bush of pyram idal shape, three to five feet high, and about two to three in di ameter. The Currant, as well as Gooseberry, may both be trained as Espa liers, or otherwise, to suit the fancy or particular situations ; produc ing freely of fruit in all positions, and of good quality when well supplied with food. Insects. — The Currant Borer (^Egeria tipuliformis) is the only de structive insect which attacks the currant, and this is seldom met with in the West, or in gardens where the three years' old wood is regularly cut away, thereby giving vigor to the remainder of the plant. This insect is produced from a blue black moth, appearing about the middle of June, and depositing its eggs near the lower buds ; these hatch, and the young borer enters the stem to the pith, which it devours. The best remedy is to cut off and burn all branches affected. The Abraxas (?) Riberaria is said to destroy the foliage of the Cur rant and Gooseberry, and prevent the perfection of fruit. We have not seen the insect at the West. It is fully described in the N. Y. State Ag. Transactions for 1847, pages 461 to 469, by Asa Fitch, M.D. Uses. — Familiar to every one are the uses of the currant ; green it is made into pies, and bottled for similar use in winter, by gather- WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 223 ing when of full size, or just before they commence turning red ; have them dry, put them in glass bottles, cork and seal tight, and pack in sand in a cool cellar. Currant jelly, made when the fruit is fully ripe, is considered by many persons an indispensable accompaniment to many dishes. Currant shrub and currant wine are also made from the ripe fruit, numerous receipes for which are in all the Horticultural journals. The fruit of the black currant made into a jelly is regarded by many invaluable as a remedy for sore throat, quinsy, &c. Varieties. — Of the varieties there are but few truly worthy of cultivation. The Ribes rubrum or common red currant, is distinct in leaf and habit from the Ribes nigrum, or Black Currant. The Ribes aureum has ever been considered only as ornamental, and cul tivated only for that purpose. Nor do we think the variety with prefix " large fruited" any more deserving attention of fruit-growers. The Ribes sanguineum. with its clusters of crimson flowers, is a pretty ornamental shrub, deserving place only in large grounds. The Ribes floridum, or American Black, may perhaps have qualities and habits rendering it desirable as a parent from which to produce new varieties. CLASS I— Worthy General Culture. BLACK NAPLES. The largest fruited and most productive of the Black Currant. Hardy in all sections of the States; but in the Southern said not to be productive. GONDOUIN. Gondouin Red. From France. Strong growth, large, matures late, should be fur ther tested, but not largely planted. KNIGHT'S SWEET RED. Varying from Red Dutch only in the fruit, being less deeply col ored and slightly less acid ; resembling more the White Dutch. 224 THE CURRANT. RED DUTCH. Long Bunched Red Dutch, I Large Red Dutch, New Red Dutch, | Red Grape, Morgan's Red. Distinct from the variety usually grown in most old gardens, in the fruit being somewhat larger, clusters longer, and acid less sharp. VICTORIA. May's Victoria, I Goliath, Raby Castle, j Houghton Castle. Bunches very long, fruit red, somewhat larger than Red Dutch, and slightly more acid, ripens later and hangs a long time. Plants vigorous, of a spreading habit. Its very large long bunches make it the most desirable of all currants for market culture. WHITE DUTCH. New White Dutch, ] Reeve's White, White Crystal, Morgan's White, White Leghorn, | Large White. Differing from the Red Dutch in being of a yellowish white, and less acid, therefore preferred for table use. WHITE PEARL. A new variety we have not seen. Hovey says it is announced as having bunches four inches long, quarter inch in diameter, color of pearl ; raised near Brussels. WHITE GRAPE. River's White Grape. Slightly larger in fruit than the White Dutch, with branches more spreading. The two are not sufficiently distinct to be desirable in small gardens. PALNAU. Fertile Currant of Palnau. Thi* was described in the Horticulturist, 1852, as a new variety from Tours, in France, and of great excellence, flowering early, and producing abundance of fruit less acid than others of the reds. Tt requires yet to be tested in this country. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 225 CLASS II.— Unworthy farther Culture. AMERICAN BLACK. Unproductive. BLACK ENGLISH Common Black. Bunches short, poor flavor, unproductive. BLACK GRAPE. Ogden's Black Grape. Better thau the preceding, but not equal to Black Naples. COMMON RED — COMMON WHITE. Well known old sorts. CHAMPAGNE. Pale red, very acid. CHERRY. Italy ; comparatively new, very acid, poor bearer, and only of medium size, except with very high culture. MISSOURI. Missouri Fragrant, | Jefferson. Valuable only as ornamental ; fruit large, bluish black, flavor requiring a peculiar taste to admire it. MISSOURI LARGE FRUITED. Missouri Eatable. Similar to the foregoing. KNIGHT'S EARLY RED. Claimed to ripen ten days earlier than others, but does not sustain it. KNIGHT'S LARGE RED. Hardly to be distinguished from Red Dutch. STRIPED FRUITED. Valuable only as a curiosity, in the fruit being striped slightly with white and red. 10* THE GOOSEBERRY. Ribes Grossularia — Grossulaceoe of Botanists. The Gooseberry is found wild in most of the northern and middle portions of our country, but, with few exceptions, its fruit is prickly and unworthy. On some of the islands of our upper Lakes, where the climate is moist and cool, there are varieties that produce abun dantly of fruit, small in size, but of good flavor, smooth and free of prickles. Our garden varieties generally cultivated, have all been introduced from England, reproduction of new kinds from seed having been rarely attempted in this country, owing to the low price at which the best kinds can be purchased in England, and the almost certainty of success of importations made in the autumn. The moist, cool climate of Lancashire, England, joined to the en thusiasm for culture of this fruit by a class of people employed there as weavers, and possessing only very small yards or gardens, has been the origin of most of our approved varieties. Gooseberry Shows were held in England as early as 1743 ; and it has long been customary to issue annually a GOOSEBERRY BOOK, in which all new varieties are noticed and all previous varieties named, with accounts of size, &c. This list has now swollen to over twelve hundred kinds ; yet a selection embracing those truly best and most profitable, and with distinctive marks, would not exceed forty kinds. Throughout our Southern and inland States, except in sections bordering on large bodies of water, it requires great care to succeed well with this fruit. The deep, rich soil of our Western praries suits the plant in its growth, but the heat and dry atmosphere, in sec tions distant from bodies of water, induce mildew to the destruc tion of perfect fruit. Easily grown from seed, it is worth the atten tion of some one to make experiments by raising from seed of our best varieties, sown in the rich soils of the West ; the result of which, it might safely be expected, would be plants, vigorous, and comparatively free from disease as our natives. Propagation. — Seed should be sown in rich loam, covered half an inch deep, and shaded from all but .morning sun. This course is only advisable where production of new varieties is the object. The most general mode of propagating is by cuttings. These should be made of the new wood of present year, say in August, or early in September, or as soon as the season's growth is completed and the wood ripened. The cutting should be about ten inches long, with (226) TRANSPLANTING. SOIL AND SITUATION. 227 all buds on the lower six inches cut out, and the lower end cut square and even, immediately underneath the bud. Plant perpen dicularly in a soil two feet deep, composed of loam and sand, and exposed only to the morning sun ; set the cuttings six inches deep, fill up two inches and tread very firm and compact, the remaining four inches till in loosely. Grafting on the stalk of the Yellow Flow ering, or Missouri Currant, has been practiced and is said to prevent mildew. Transplanting. — This is best done in early October, at which time the bushes transplanted (if it has not previously been done) should be pruned back to within three buds of this year's growth. The distance of plants, one from another, should not be less than three feet, each way. Immediately after transplanting, cover the whole ground with three inches deep of tan bark, saw-dust, sea-weed, or new mown grass. Fresh plantations should be made every five or six years, as young plants bear better and larger fruit than old ones. Soil and Situation. — The soil should be two feet deep, well en riched, and of a loamy, clayey texture ; where your ground is sandy, haul on clay or turf loam. The situation should be open, airy, and away from under shade of trees ; but, where it can be done, shaded from the mid-day sun by a fence or hedge. Culture. — Where mulching is practised, the ground dug up once early in spring, and liberally supplied with well rotted manure and soot from chimneys or stove pipes, will be all required, save the pulling of the few weeds which struggle through the mulch in course of summer. Pruning. — This, in training the Gooseberry like the Dwarf Pear, consists much in the " pinching in " process, i. e., by means of thumb and finger stopping back, in months of May and June, such branches as become straggling, irregular, or getting too much vigor for suc cess of balance of plant; leaving the fruit on strong branches, and pulling most of that on weak ones. Late in August, or early Sep tember, the time best suited for cuttings, the plant may have such shoots cut out as have been neglected to be stopped in, or rubbed off, and are tending to make the top so thick as to obstruct free cir culation of air. All suckers should be destroyed. Some cultivators prune in February ; we prefer the fall. The following simple pro cess of training or ripening is sometimes pursued, and with good success : — In a row, the first bush has the branches of the year's growth cut back one-third ; the second bush has every branch cut back to two, close to the stem : the third, trimmed same as first ; fourth, same as second, and so on alternately. The next year this 228 THE GOOSEBERRY. course is reversed, and No. one takes place of No. two. This sup plies fresh wood, and some think the increased vigor given to the plant in only fruiting every other year has a tendency to prevent mildew. Mildew. — This is regarded as a parasitical plant or fungus, at taching itself to the fruit and covering its surface as with an appear ance of scurf. It is induced by heat, want of moisture in the atmos phere and free circulation of air, and perhaps unhealthy state of the plant. The remedies are, mulching the ground three or four inches deep, with tan bark, sawdust, salt hay, or sea-weed, serving to keep the roots cool and moist, and adding vigor to the plant. The salt is, by some, regarded as effective in itself; we think it acts only in creating moisture. Sprinkling the bushes freely early in spring, and after the fruit is set, twice a week, with strong soap suds or such as come from the weekly wash of families, is also a preventive. Uses. — In its green state, the Gooseberry is esteemed for pies, tarts, &c., and is often bottled for winter use. This is done by fill ing the bottles nearly full of berries, then turning in clear soft water, then placing the bottles a few moments in boiling water, cork ing and sealing, and burying them in a cool cellar with necks downward. Half ripened, the fruit is capable of yielding a juice, which after, fermentation and a little necessary compounding, forms a liquor re sembling champagne. The ripe fruit is agreeable to the palate, and, coming immediately after cherries when there is little variety, finds ready sale in market. Varieties. — As before remarked, the varieties of the Gooseberry are far too numerous for any practical uses, very many of them va rying only in some slight shape of the fruit or shade of leaf. We have therefore selected the following, as kinds which have been well tested in this country. BRIGHT VENUS. (Taylor's.) Branches erect ; fruit whitish green, middle size, obovate, hairy, flavor best, hangs a long time. BUNKER HILL. (Capper's.) Branches spreading ; fruit yellow, large, roundish, smooth, flavor very good. CHAMPAGNE. Branches erect ; fruit red, small, roundish oblong, hairy, very good ; extremely productive. THE GOOSEBERRY. 229 CROWN BOB. (Melling's.) Branches spreading; fruit red, very large, oblong, hairy, flavor best. EARLY SULPHUR. Branches erect ; fruit yellow, medium size, roundish, hairy, flavor best ; ripens very early. DUCKWING. (Buerdsill's.) Branches erect ; fruit yellow, large, obovate, smooth, flavor very good ; ripens late. GREEN WALNUT. Branches spreading ; fruit green, medium size, obovate, smooth, flavor best. GREEN GAGE. (Pitmaston's.) Branches erect ; fruit green, small, obovate, smooth, flavor best ; hangs late. HOUGHTON'S SEEDLING. Branches erect, spreading, slender ; fruit pale red, oval, medium size, flavor good, productive. This is claimed an American seedling, and thus far has proved entirely free of mildew. HEART OF OAK. (Massey's.) Branches drooping ; fruit green, very large, oblong, smooth, fla vor best. IRONMONGER. Branches spreading ; fruit red, small, roundish, hairy, flavor very good, productive. JOLLY ANGLER. (Collier's) Branches erect ; fruit green, large, oblong, flavor best. KEEN'S SEEDLING Branches drooping ; fruit red, medium, oblong, hairy, flavor best ; early and productive. LAUREL. (PARKINSON'S.) Branches erect ; fruit green, large, obovate. flavor best. 230 THE GOOSEBERRY. PALE RED. Branches erect, slender ; fruit pale red, medium, oval, flavor very good, very productive. We received this variety from England, in 1847, and have fruited it yearly since. It so closely resembles Houghton's Seedling that we have somewhat doubted the latter being distinct. We have grown it in good and in poor soil, with and with out cultivation, and have never had it mildew ; while for productive ness we have not its equal, a single branch often producing two hundred fruit. ROARING LION. Branches drooping ; fruit red, large, oblong, smooth, flavor best ; hangs late. RED WARRINGTON. Branches drooping ; fruit red, large, roundish oblong, hairy, flavor best. SHEBA QUEEN. (Crompton's.) Branches erect ; fruit white, large, obovate, downy, flavor best. WHITESMITH. (Woodward's.) Branches erect ; fruit white, large, roundish oblong, downy, flavor best. WHITE HONEY. Branches erect ; fruit white, medium, roundish oblong, smooth, flavor best. THE AMERICAN GKRAPE. Vitis labrusca, L. — • Vitacea of Botanists. Throughout nearly every portion of the United States the Grape, in its wild state is found growing. Of these, classes are divided, the vitis labrusca, being our common Fox Grape, and from which we are yet to suppose the Diana, Catawba, and Isabella, are accidental seedlings ; while the Frost Grapes vitis cordifolia, may perchance have been the parent of the Elsinburgh, Clinton, &c. Hardy, and almost equaling in delicacy many of the varieties of foreign Grape, they have become the companions of our advanced civilization, until almost every American can sit under his own vine and eat the fruit thereof. They have made our country already known as a wine- producing country, after repeated trials and failures with foreign va rieties, and are destined to add millions to our wealth, and temper ance to the character of our people. Records of immense vines are made, as growing on the rich soil of our valleys bordering on streams of waters, yet, when age is taken into consideration, we deem them all surpassed by a vine of Catawba Grape which we saw last year growing on Kelley's Island, in Lake Erie. It had been planted out but two years, yet had reached at least three hundred feet in length, with a girth, near the ground, of main stern, five inches, and had produced that year over 200 Ibs. of fruit. The secret of this extraordinary growth rests in the soil abound ing in lime, while the wash-water, soap-suds, &c., &c., of the house, had its escape near the roots. We may also remark, that, upon this island, we have seen grapes, more perfectly grown and ripened, than in visiting any of the vine yards of the Ohio ; and wine possessing all the boquet and aroma so much esteemed by connoisseurs. Vineyards. — The vineyards of the Rhine and of the territory of France have world-wide celebrity. The quantity produced by the latter country having been stated as high as 900,000,000 gallons an nually, for which nearly 5,000,000 acres of ground were required. " The Romans cultivated the vine at an early period of their his tory, and used wine in their libations at their sacrifices. Romulus, however discouraged its use, which prevented the introduction of it as a beverage until his edict was abolished. The general culture was then encouraged, and increased to such excess, that it became 232 THE GRAPE. necessary to restrict the use of wine by severe laws. At one time women were prohibited from using wine in any case whatever, under the penalty of death, and men until they had attained the age of thirty years. Cato mentions that the custom among rela tions of kissing women when they met, was to ascertain by their breath if they had been drinking wine. " Pliny gives an account of a renowned Roman who so improved his farm, near the city of Rome, that in one year the product of his vines sold for four hundred thousand sesterces. " The vine was highly esteemed by the heathen nations, and the invention of wine was ascribed by the Egyptians to Osiris, by the Latins to Saturn ; and the Greeks elevated Bacchus to the rank of a deity, for having brought the vine from Arabia Felix. " It is said by Pliny, that Bacchus was the first who ever wore a crown, and as the god of vintage, his crown is formed of the vine and its twining branches, bedecked with clusters of fruit. The manufacture of wine was known to the people in the early part of the Christian era, as we are informed that our Saviour, at a wed ding, changed the water into wine. "At several periods of the history of the world, the cultivation of the vine was prohibited by severe laws, but since the twelfth century a new impulse has been given, which extended through all portions of Europe ; and we now find the banks of the Rhine, the moun tains of Hungary and Switzerland, and the plains of France and Italy cultivated with more than two hundred varieties of the grape. Those most highly esteemed in France for the manufacture of wine, are the Burgundy grapes, three varieties of which produce the champagne wine. The German and Swiss grapes are principally celebrated as wine grapes, and four or five varieties are highly esteemed for their prolific bearing and regular crops. " The Madeira grapes are all celebrated for wine. The table grapes of France are principally the Chasselas, the Frontignac and other Muscat grapes." Noah planted a vineyard and made wine ; and among the bessings of the promised land are mentioned " wheat, barley, and vine." Although we have record of wine being made from a native grape in Florida as early as 1564, no vineyards of note are spoken of in the United States until those established at Vevay and New Harmony, Ind., Lexington, Ky., &c., about 1812, the originals of which are are now mostly destroyed. Jefferson recorded his opinion, that " no nation is drunken where wine is cheap ; and none sober where the dearness of wine substi tutes ardent spirits as the common beverage." A wish to sustain and exemplify this assertion, if not to exhibit the profitableness of the pursuit, would seem to have held sway in the minds of denizens of the " Rhine of America," i.e., the borders of the Ohio river, THE GRAPE. 233 above and below Cincinnati, where now, it is probable, over ten thousand acres are occupied with vines mostly of the Catawba grape, the produce of which is made mostly into, what is there termed, " dry wine," much resembling the better class wines of the Rhine. That the culture of the vine and manufacture of wines within the section named is only now in its infancy, no one will pretend to dispute ; and ten years, we doubt not, will increase ten-fold the pres ent amount. Medical men have looked upon this establishment of vineyards in our own country with favor, in a point of view as relating to health. Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, says : " During an extensive prac tice in the medical profession, for more than twenty-five years, I have frequently found it important to employ wine and other diffu sive stimulants as medicines ; and while I am disposed to go as far as any one in excluding strong drinks from the daily use of people in health, I must express my satisfaction at finding we can produce, in our own country, a pure, healthy wine, well adapted to medicinal purposes, and far superior to the poisonous foreign compounds, that often find their way to the bedsides of the sick, under the names of " Lisbon," " Madeira," &c., &c. Most of the earlier planted vineyards in this country were of for eign vines, which, not succeeding, native varieties were adopted ; and at this time only two, the Catawba arid Schuylkill. are advised to be planted to any considerable extent. Notwithstanding the borders of the Ohio River have thus far tak en the lead in production of wine and extent of vineyards, there is no good reason to suppose that the boundary where success may be had. On the contrary, abundant sites may be found throughout the entire State of Ohio and West, where, by application of manures suited to the wants of the vine, and found deficient in the soil, equal success would be had as on the Ohio River — Seneca County and Kelley Island ripening the Catawba equally as well, if not superior. The whole extent of Western Prairies, rich in all the constituents of the Grape vine,(if we except Potash, and, possibly, in sections, the phosphates) are yet destined to be tenanted with immense vineyards, and at no greater outlay of expense, for constituents toward success ful culture, than the vineyards of the "Rhine of America," which have thus far been made dependent on the natural inherents of the soil, and have already shown failure, i. e., decay by rot, where food, in the form of potash and bone dust, has not been supplied. North of latitude 42,° however, it may be doubted whether saccha rine sufficient can be obtained from the most valuable wine grapes yet known, to make wines in competition with those grown farther South ; but as this subject is one so extensive that, if thoroughly written on, would more than occupy the number of pages intended for this entire book, we must forbear, and only devote our space to such instructions 23i THE GRAPE. as will enable the inexperienced to make the first start correctly, pre mising that once interested and engaged in the subject, disposition will be found, freely to avail himself of all works yet issued devoted to the subject. Propagation. By Seed. — This course is only pursued where intend ed to originate a new variety. At this time, large offers of premium are circulated in the journals of the clay for the production of a hardy grape, surpassing the Catawba as a wine grape. Fertilizing some variety of the vitis vine/era with pollen ofvitis labrusca, or vice versa, will be the course to pursue with any expectation of success ; the seed so fertilized, gathered carefully and sown in rich vegetable mould. Cultivation of our wild grapes only increases the size with out ameliorating their character. By Cuttings. — These are taken from the strongest vines of the last year's growth, cut to a length, embracing three or four buds, ac cording as the joints are long or short of the variety ; where possi ble, a little piece of the old wood left on the lower end is preferred. These being made in the fall, when pruning the vines, are laid away iii bundles in a cool cellar until spring; when, as soon as the ground is ready, they should be soaked or swollen in a tub of water for four or five days, or until the buds become fully, swollen. They are then planted in rows, if in the nursery, by bending into nearly the ns represented by fig., which shows the cutting as it appears in about one month from plant ing. By this, it is seen that the upper bud is covered nearly an inch: in clayey soils, or those retentive of moisture, the upper bud should be just even with the soil. The rows, in nursery, should be three feet apart, and the plants one foot distant each in the row. This is the best and most successful mode of growing the grape vine. The earth should be pressed firmly at the base of the cutting, and left light and loose at top. By Grafting. — The best season to perform this operation is when the leaves are about half grown. Earlier, the sap is very abundant, and at same time watery, and grafts do not succeed well. Whip grafting, as it is termed, is best ; or, if stock and graft are near of size, saddle grafting. The graft should have been cut early in the season, before any flow of sap or swelling of buds, and have been kept in a cool yet moist place. The point on the stock at which it is best done, is at or near the ground, and, after insertion, earth up a small mound around it, to protect from change of temperature, sun, &c. If the operation be performed farther up on the stalk, wrapping TRANSPLANTING. 235 the place of union with grafting clay will be requisite. Care must be taken that the inner bark of both graft and stock join each other perfectly, otherwise success will be uncertain. The practice is only advised where a new variety is desired to be tested, as new vines are almost alway better than the patching up of old, neglected plants, which have never been " cared for " either in branch or root. Transplanting and distances. — In taking up the vines at one year's growth from the cutting, (which is best,) care should be taken to mutilate as little as possible, and also to keep the roots from expo sure to the sun, or drying air or winds. Cut back the growth of the past year to two buds. Have the ground mellow, rich, dug deep; the hole broad; spread the roots carefully and as naturally as they grew ; after having pruned each end and bruised or broken root with a sharp knife, fill in the earth carefully and finely until only the two buds are visible, then avoid treading on it. The distance apart, if making a vineyard plantation, depends on the variety. That for the Catawba or Isabella should be four by six feet ; the Schuylkill and Herbe- mont, five by seven feet ; the Missouri and Clinton, three and a half by three feet. These two latter should be pruned low, while the former varieties may rise seven to eight feet. Cost per acre of Vineyard. — The estimated cost of trenching, fur nishing cuttings, stakes, and planting an acre of vineyard, is not far from two hundred dollars ; and at the expiration of three years it may be estimated to yield annually about 200 gallons of wine, at a cost, however, for dressing vines, pruning, gathering, &c., of about seventy-five dollars ; leaving, therefore, about one hundred dollars a year (supposing the wine to sell at one dollar a gallon) as the net profit per acre. The quantity here estimated will, no doubt, be thought low by many, but while it will often exceed this quantity, seasons do occur when even less is the result ; and we therefore stand on the safe side if we found our vineyard on this basis of ex pectation. Position and Soil. — R. Buchanan, Esq., who has written a capital treatise on the " Culture of the Grape," as well as practically trained the vine, has the following on this point : '•A hill side with southern aspect is preferred, although an east ern or a western exposure is nearly as good. Some have recom mended the north, on account of safety from late spring frosts, but it will scarcely afford sun enough to ripen the grapes in cold, wet seasons (if the declivity is steep), and may perhaps be more subject to ' the rot.' Any undulating surface, if dry. is preferable to a level one. " The Soil best suited for a vineyard, is a dry calcareous loam — 236 THE GRAPE. with a porous sub-soil — not retentive of moisture ; if mixed with some gravel or small stones, so much the better. Some prefer a sandy soil with a gravelly substratum ; as in this the grapes are less subject to rot ; the juice, however, is not so rich, — lacking in saccha rine matter, — and in dry seasons the vines will suffer from the drought, shedding their leaves prematurely, and preventing the grapes from ripening well. In warm, sandy soils, the fruit-buds on the vines, if swelled prematurely in autumn, are sometimes killed by the frosts of a severe winter. "Any soil underlaid by a stiff, wet clay, is to be avoided, as also wet or spongy lands. No trees should be allowed to grow within one hundred feet of the vineyard." Preparing the Ground. — " In autumn, or early winter, dig or trench the ground all over, two to two and a half feet deep, with the spade ; this is far better than plowing ; turn the top soil under. " Wet spots in the vineyard may be drained by small stone cul verts, or by what is termed a French drain, a ditch, with some loose stones thrown into it edgewise, covered with flat ones, and filled up with the earth again. Surface draining may be obtained by concave sodded avenues of ten feet wide, and intersecting each other at 100 or 120 feet, thus throwing the vineyard into squares of that size. This will do for gentle declivities ; but steep ones must be terraced or benched with sod or stone. These benches should be as broad as they can be made conveniently, and with a slight inclination to the hill, that they may be drained by stone or wooden gutters, running into the main trunks, to carry off the water without washing away the soil. This is important, and requires good judgment and skill. Cultivation of the ground. — The first two years the grounds should be kept clean- of weeds, by use of the German hoe, a two pronged instrument. A light plow is sometimes used in the spring, but the best vine dressers object to it. The third year, and afterwards, the earth should be kept clean until July, after which time it should not be stirred; this especially through the Western prairie country. Pruning and Training. — Tact and judgment are necessary to perform this portion of vineyard work, and none but general in structions can be given. Buchanan says : " In the spring, cut the young vine down to a single eye, or bud, at first ; if two are left for greater safety, take off one, afterward ; drive a stake six or seven feet long firmly to each plant. Locust or cedar is preferred, but oak or black walnut, charred at the end, driven into the earth, or coated with coal tar, will, it is said, last nearly as long. Keep the young vine tied neatly to the stake with rye or wheat straw ; pick off all suckers, and let but one stalk or cane grow. " The second spring after planting, cut down to two or three eyes, PRUNING AND TRAINING. 237 or joints, and the third year to four or five ; pinching off laterals, tying up, and hoeing the vines as recommended above. Replant where failures have occured. The third year the vines will produce a few grapes. Train two canes to the stake this year, and take off laterals." We advise the cutting down or pruning to be done as soon as the fall of the leaf in autumn, but any time when the frost is not in the wood will answer. " Pruning the fourth year requires good judgment, as the standard stem or stalk has to be established." " Select the best shoot or cane of last year, and cut it down to six or eight joints, and fasten it to the adjoining stake in a horizontal position, or bend it over in the form of a hook or bow, and tie it to its own stake. The ties should be of willow. This is the bearing wood. The other cane, cut down to a spur of two or three eyes, to make bearing wood for the next season. " ' Give the shoot the first tie on the stake nine inches from the ground, and the second, nine inches above it ; then bow it over to the neighboring stake in a horizontal position, and give it the third tie to the stake, at that top of the vine.' "In the succeeding, and all subsequent years, cut away the old bear ing wood, and form the new bow, or arch, from the best branch of the new wood of the last year, leaving a spur as before, to produce bearing wood for the coming year, thus keeping the old stalk of the vine down to within eighteen to twenty-four inches from the ground. The vine is then always within reach, and control." Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Fig. 2.' Fig. 1. To show fall and summer pruning, the above figures are inserted. Fig. 1. The vine second year before pruning. Fig. 2. " " third « " " Fig. 3. " " fourth i( pruned. Fig. 4.. " " fourth " summer training. 238 THE GKAPE. Summer pruning, or pinching in, should be cautiously and care fully done. Every leaf acts as a lung to the plant, and, unless one has experience, the safest plan is to avoid any summer pruning ex cept just pinching the extreme ends of shoots after the fruit has acquired the size of large shot, and taking away of all suckers. Dr. S. Mosher writes as follows upon this part of pruning : " Soon after the grapes are set and about the size of common shot, my rule is to pinch off the ends of the bearing branches — leaving four good leaves for the first bunch of grapes, and two additional leaves for every other bunch on the same branch — so that if there are three bunches there will be eight leaves to supply their wants. I have tried leaving these bearing branches to grow their full length without pinching them off, but I find they encumber the ground too much, without any perceptible improvement of the fruit. After these bearing shoots have been pinched off, especially if done too early, the buds in the axils of their leaves will push out. These I pinch off also when quite young, sometimes permitting one or two leaves to remain on them. The leaves on these laterals do not seem to subserve the wants of the fruit, like the original leaves on the bearing wood, which should be carefully preserved. At the fifth spring pruning, the vines will have the two good canes, as in the pre vious spring, with the addition of the old hoop or circle that bore fruit. This I cut oft' as close down as possible to the uppermost cane, and the other two canes are managed exactly in the same manner as in the preceding year. I never allo\v the old stock to rise more than six to ten inches above the ground ; the lower they are kept the more healthy they will remain and be much more easily managed. Priming the vine for wine requires a bold hand and much firmness of purpose, otherwise the old stock will get too high and become encumbered with too many shoots. It must be borne constantly in mind that one single bearing shoot or cane, having from six to ten eyes, will throw out as many bearing branches. From these ten bearing branches it will be easy to select from ten to fifteen bunches. These bunches, in any ordinary favorable season, may be made to yield one quart of good grapes, which will make, at least, a pint of wine. One acre of ground planted three feet by five will contain 2904 vines. If each vine, then, yields one pint of wine only, there will be 2904 pints, or 363 gallons, from each acre. This is more than the average yield per acre — and for the reason only that we are too greedy ; by overloading the vines, we fail to obtain a reasonable quantity, as well as a good quality of Dr. Lindley, good authority in England, has the following, rela- ITS CULTIVATION. 239 tive to autumn stopping or pruning, which is equally applicable here : "When, however, the branches have grown for many weeks, and are in the autumn begining to slacken in their power of lengthening, theory says it is then right to stop the shoots by pinching off their ends, because after that season newly formed leaves have little time to do more than organize themselves, which must take place at the expense of matter forming in the other leaves. Autumn-stopping of the vine shoots is therefore advantageous ; for the leaves which remain after that .operation will then direct all their energy to the perfection of the grapes." Trellises made by setting posts well braced at either end of the row, and running coarse wire through standards intermediate from post to post, we have seen much practiced elsewhere than at Cincin nati, and with great success. The vines are trained horizontally as represented in the accompanying figure. And when heat and full exposure to the sun's rays are desired, we think it preferable to the mode previously described. For private gardens where ground is scarce, the vine should be well supplied at its roots with liquids hereafter named, and permitted to run or ramble upon lofty trellises. Spur pruning, which consists in training the old or main stem, and yearly cutting back the late rals to two or 'three good buds, must here be pursued ; care should be taken, however, not to cut back and preserve the same side branches or spurs from year to year, lest by so doing they soon be come enfeebled, and the fruit ripens imperfectly ; but new side shoots should be vearly selected of the strongest growth and cut back to the two or three bearing buds, while that of last year's bearing is cut away. Manures. — The analysis made by Prof. Emmons, of the common wild grape vine is as follows 240 THE GRAPE. Wood. Bark. Potash, 20.84 1.77 Soda, 2.06 9.27 Chlorine, ,. . 0.02 0.40 Sulphuric acid, 0.23 trace Phosphate of lime, .... 15.40 5.04 Phosphate of peroxide of iron, . . . 1.20 5.04 Carbonic acid, 34.83 32.22 Lime 17.33 39.32 Magnesia, 4.40 0.80 Silex, 2.80 14.00 Soluable silica, 0.00 0.30 Coal and organic matter, .... 2.20 1.70 100.21 100.86 From this any one moderately conversant with the components of soils can readily see what is required for his vines. Burying the refuse cuttings and leaves, sprinkling on gypsum, (plaster of Paris,) and supplying freely the soap-suds, and wash-water of a family, with animal (or barn-yard) manures, and wood ashes, are most advisable, aside from the specific application of potash and bone dust. Insects and diseases.— The aphis and slug, described fully in " Har ris' Treatise," appear in the months of May and June. They are easily destroyed by syringing with tobacco- water. The grape vine flea-beetle, (Haltica Chalybea] a small, glossy, greenish-blue beetle about three-twentieths of an inch long, sometimes preys upon the buds, causing them to appear as if bored. This insect was first (we believe) described by David Thomas, in Silliman's Journal of Sci ence, and is also noticed in Harris' Treatise. The eggs are depos ited early and soon change to a greenish, smooth worm, which preys upon the tender, leaf and young bunches. It is destroyed in this state by syringing with tobacco-water or sifting lime over the vines when wet with dew. The rose-bug (melolontha) occasionally attacks the vines in great numbers, eating off the upper surface of the leaf and causing the vinous fibres left to look like a sieve. They are best destroyed by spreading a cloth underneath and shaking th<< vines in the cool of evening or near sun-set. They will fall and may then be burned. A few dollars expended in this way, we have known to have saved the entire crop for the year, as well as prevent their presence to any extent another season. The curculio some times attacks the grape, but thus far we have never heard of any serious injury to the crop. Mildew is rarely met with, when specific nutrition has been ap plied. It is easily checked by free sprinkling of powdered sulphur over the vines and earth when wet with dew. It is a fungus attack- USES — WINE-HOUSE. ing the plant when not in perfect health. The rot, so much depreca ted by Vignerons, at Cincinnati, we regard as attributable to same cause as mildew, viz : a want of consistent food for the perfection of the fruit. Some, we notice, consider it attributable to too late and clean cultivation ; and as late cultivation only tends to late growth, and formation of new leaves to exhaustion of what is required for per fection of those already formed, the theory is good, so far as it goes ; and possibly in soils greatly deficient in the constituents to perfect the grape, it may in a measure be the cause ; but in soils well supplied with the required food, late cultivation would only cause the bursting of new buds and continuance of growth. Uses. — Universally esteemed when well ripened, as a dessert fruit, the grape is also highly valued by many physicians, as in its free use tending to health and the prevention of rheumatic affections of the human system. For culinary use, and for making of preserves, they ^ are sought for, both in a green and ripened state. Carefully gath ered when ripe, laid in heaps for a few days on the floor of a cool, dry room, then spread out for one or two days, and packed in shal low boxes with layers of cotton batting at bottom and interme diate between layers of fruit, as well as between bunches, they may be placed in a cool room and kept fresh throughout most of the winter. Last, though not least, made into wine, a sketch of the de tails of which, with cuts illustrative of plan of a wine house and press, we extract from the "Western Horticultural Review :" 3 a A. — Door opening to the vineyard by which the grapes are brought into the wine house. B. — Back door of wine house. C. — Front door of wine house. 11 242 THE GRAPE. 2). — Opening through which the stems are thrown from the ma chine. E. — Tables for picking over arid assorting the fruit previous to being stemmed. F. — Stemming and crushing apparatus. 6r. — Large press, capacity of one hundred bushels. H. — Small press, capacity of forty bushels. L. — Door opening into the basement. Signs of Ripeness of Grapes. — The stem of the grape should "be of a brown color. The cuticle of the berry must be clear and transparent. The berries should separate easily from the stems. The seed must be of brown color. The juice must be sweet and sticky. Do not cut the grapes early in the morning with the dew on, nor during rainy weather, nor shortly after rain. Gathering. — The grapes, when fully ripe, are gathered in baskets containing about one bushel, as well as in a sort of " pannier " of wood, made very light and strong, and which is supported by straps, or thongs of willow, on the back of the gatherer. Picking. — This consists in removing by hand, all green, shriveled or decayed grapes, which are thrown into tubs or barrels and pressed separately, to make a common wine or vinegar. The finest grapes are carried thence to the stemming apparatus where they un dergo another operation. Stemming. — Consists in separating the berries from the stem ; it is done in F. (of the ground plan) by means of the apparatus of which a cut is appended. The grapes are thrown on the wire sieve M., which is open enough to allow the berries to pass, but retains the stems ; a little plank P., is held in an inclined position, to which a backward and for ward movement is given, so as to force the berries through the sieve, and re move out of the way all the stems as they are stript. R Mashing. — After passing through the stemming pro cess, the grapes fall into a wooden mill, consisting of two rollers ridged obliquely, to one of VARIETIES. 243 which is attached a set of screws, by which their distance from each other may be graduated to the proper degree ; it being desirable that every grape should be crushed, but that the seed should not be broken. The rollers are turned by hand ; the foregoing cut exhibits in R. R. a section of these rollers, and that which follows shows two men, one stemming, the other mashing the grapes. From the rollers, the grape (being entirely separa ted from the stem, and thor oughly mashed) passes into the press, when the first oper ation of separating the juice is performed. The wine passes from the bed of the press by means of a conductor, into the basement, from whence it is conveyed into casks containing 260 gallons each; these, though by no means so large a size as used by some wine manufactur ers, are of very convenient ca pacity for ordinary crops. The first fermentation takes place immediately, and at the end of six or eight weeks the wine becomes perfectly clear, or, what is technically termed, " fine ;" a second fer mentation takes place in the spring, about the period of the bloom ing of the grape. The wine should not be bottled until it is at least one year old, though it is frequently bottled for immediate use, just previous to the second fermentation ; this may be done with safety, if the bottles can be kept in a very cool place. VARIETIES. Over one hundred varieties of our native Grapes have been noticed by Prince, in his " Treatise on Grapes ;" but as few are worthy cul tivation, therefore of no practical benefit, we have confined our de scriptions to those most known and meritorious. ADA. For the following account and description of this new grape, we are in debted to the originator, Dr. Valk, of Flushing, L. I., who produced it in 1845, from a cross of the Isabella and B. Hamburgh : " First fruit ed in 1850. The vine is of strong and vigorous growth, frequently mak ing shoots of 12 and 18 feet in a season. The shoots become partially brown as the wood ripens, and wholly so when it is quite ripe. The joints are about six inches from eye to eye, and the leaf large and 244 THE GRAPE. handsome. The vine fruits freely. The bunches are usually large, very compact, the berries crowding against each other. On some bunches they will occasionally hang loose. In color, they are very dark ; when ripe, almost black, and of large size ; the flavor, sweet and vinous, very juicy ; the skin, thin and slightly acid and astringent. The bunches will average a pound weight at maturity. The vine requires and deserves careful cultivation in a rich and proper soil, to do it justice ; it is perfectly hardy. A southern aspect suits it best, and a net tacked over it in winter, not to protect it from the frost, but from the sun." BLAND. Eland's Virginia, I Powell, Eland's Madeira, | Eland's Pale Red. Found on the eastern shore of Virginia by Col. Bland. It is not of vtflue north of Philadelphia, on account of not often ripening, and is by many discarded from its habit of only bearing moderately. In 1820, it was well grown and ripened in New Haven, Conn., on sandy soil ; and in 1828, sent to Northern Ohio by Geo. Hoadley, Esq. As a table grape, in latitude where it will ripen, it is of the best. Foliage, a light shade of green, smooth ; propagated by layers ; bunches, long, loose ; berries, round, on long stalks or pedicels ; skin, pale red, thin ; flesh, slightly pulpy, slightly astringent, but of pleas ant, delicate flavor. Late in ripening, and valuable for packing away for winter use. CATAWBA. Red Muncy, [ Catawba Tokay, Lebanon Seedling, | Singleton, Arkansas. Through Dr. S. Mosher, of Cincinnati, Dr. Solomon Beach is said to have found this variety, in the summer of 1821, growing wild in Buncombe Co., North Carolina, on the border of the Catawba river. We have found this to ripen equally as well, and as far north as the Isabella, when correctly pruned and grown in dry or well drained soil. It is esteemed both for desser.t and wine use. In growth and foliage, it resembles Isabella, except that the wood is darker color, shorter jointed, and more round, and, at base of every leaf, there is a white downy spot. Bunches, medium size, shouldered ; berries, nearly round, large, pale red, becoming deeper when fully ripened in good soil, and cov ered with a lilac bloom ; flesh, slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, with a rich aromatic, musky flavor. Too often gathered when only just turned in color, and then sour arid unpalatable ; hence the impression of many that they are not equal to Isabella. THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 245 Pond's Seedling, To-Kalon, Clermont, White Catawba, and Zane, are sub-varieties of the Catawba, but not equalling it. The " Mam moth Catawba " is also a sub, which, under high culture, surpasses the original only in size. CLINTON. Worthington. This variety is claimed to have its origin in Western New York, but we have seen vines taken from the woods in Northern Ohio that so closely resemble, in both leaf, wood, and fruit, that grown under this name, as to make us doubt its coming from the origin stated. It is not a strong grower, although perfectly hardy, and suited to border planting three feet apart, and stake training not exceeding four feet high, in gardens. Its greatest recommendation is that it ripens some ten days or two weeks earlier than Isabella, and, there fore, suited to higher or more northern latitudes. Foliage, small ; wood, short jointed ; bunches, medium or small, not shouldered, compact ; berries, nearly round, small, black, thin blue bloom, pulpy, juicy, with a harsh flavor ; productive. DIANA. "This," says Mr. Downing, "is a seedling from the Catawba, grown by Mrs. Diana Crehore, near Boston, Mass." It is smaller size than its parent, but has the character of maturing its fruit two weeks earlier. It is yet comparatively new, and, although stated to have surpassed its parent, when grown at Mobile-, at Cincinnati it has not equaled the Catawba. Bunches, below medium size, compact ; berries, round, delicate pale red ; flesh, juicy, sweet, little pulp, rich, and slightly resem bling Catawba in flavor. ELSINBURGH. Elsinboro, I Elsinborough , Smart's Elingburgh. The spelling of this name is matter of some difference in opinion among horticulturists, but the manner we adopt, being that of all previous writers, we choose to continue it. The variety is said to have come from a village in Salem Co., N. J. It is a nice little grape, suited for the dessert, and for growing on trellises in gardens. A moderate, regular bearer, ripening a little before or with Isabella. Wood, slender, long jointed ; leaves, five lobed ; bunches, medium, loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, thin skin, black, covered with blue bloom ; flesh, without pulp, melting, sweet ; " best." 246 THE GRAPE. HERBEMONT. Herbemont's Madeira The origin of this is yet in doubt ; some claiming it same as Le- noir, and a native ; others claiming it as a French variety. Its hardy character and resemblance in foliage to the River grapes, however, seem rather to favor its being a seedling of our States. In fruit, it does not differ from the Lenoir, but in wood, N. Longworth says, it is quite distinct. Only moderately vigorous ; wood, dark color ; terminal leaves, i ed or brownish ; bunches, large, compact, shouldered ; berries, small, round ; skin, thin, purple, slight bloom ; flesh, tender, without pulp, sweet, excellent, juicy, vinous, valued for dessert, and yields a wine like Spanish Manzanella. ISABELLA. This variety has, thus far, been stated to have originated in South Carolina, to have been taken thence to a garden in Brooklyn, N. Y., and there given to William Prince, who propagated, distributed, and named it after Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, who then, 1816, owned the gar den. On the authority of Lewis F. Allen, it was grown several years previous at Norwich, Connecticut, as the " Vernet Grape," and claimed to have been brought from one of the French West India Islands. Other authority places it as a common variety of Spain, and imported by a Mr. Laspeyre, who cultivated and sold it as " Laspeyre Grape " in 1810. Geo. Hoadley, Esq., states that in 1824 it was growing in Elizabethtown, N. J., where it was said to have been brought 30 years previous, from South Carolina or Georgia. We incline to belief of its being a native ; its hardihood, habit, and character, all tending that way ; but, come from whence it may, its vigorous habit and productiveness will ever render it a favorite. As a wine grape, it is not esteemed. Bunches, large, rather loose, shouldered ; berries, oval, large, dark purple, when fully ripe nearly black, covered with a blue bloom ; flesh, tender, with some pulp, which lessens as it ripens, juicy, sweet, rich, with slight musky aro ma. Hyde's Eliza, Troy Grape, Pennsylvania, Marion, Sherman, Chil- licothe Seedling, and Lee's, are all sub-varieties ; not equal to the original. LENOIR. Sumpter ? | Clarence ? This differs from the Herbemont only in being of " more vigorous growth, wood, light colored, with a light blue cast ; terminal leaves, green." So says N. Longworth. All we have ever been able to obtain have the character of Herbemont. THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 247 IMITATION HAMBURG. A native variety we have not seen. Its fruit is said to be " large, dark purple, or as large, skin, as thin, pulp, as soft and juicy, but of inferior aroma and flavor to the Black Hamburg." Origin un known. MISSOURI. Missouri Seedling. Said to be a native of Missouri : it is of slow growth, short jointed, and, like the Clinton, suited to border culture in gardens. From it a wine is made resembling Madeira. Leaves, deeply cut, tri-lobed ; bunches, below medium, loose ; ber ries, small, round ; skin, thin, almost black, very little bloom ; flesh, tender, little pulp, sweet, and pleasant ; " very good." NORTON'S VIRGINIA. Norton's Seedling. A native, unworthy culture. Bunches, long, little shouldered, compact ; berries, small round, dark purple, pulpy, harsh. OHIO. Long worth's Ohio, | Segar Box. The original of the vines now known under this name were some cuttings left in a segar box "at the residence of N. Longworth, Esq, Cincinnati, during his absence from home. Its true origin is yet in doubt. North of Cincinnati it does not succeed, and wherever plant ed should have long range on a trellis. Only valued for table use. Bunches, large, loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, nearly black, blue bloom ; flesh, without pulp, sweet. Only suited to the amateur. SCHUYLKILL. Schuylkill Muscadel, | Muscadine, Alexander, | Cape Grape, ' Spring Mill Constantia, Clifton's Constantia, Madeira, of York, Pa., Tasker's Grape, Winne. From the banks of the Schuylkill, Pa. Its value is only as wine grape, and for that, not equal to Catawba. We have found it exten sively distributed North and West as the Isabella. As the leaves are much more downy, it is easily detected in foliage, and the bunches being not shouldered, while the Isabella is always shouldered. Berries, often large, roundish, oval, thick skin, quite black ; flesh, firm pulp, juicy, musky, often harsh. 248 THE GRAPE. SCUPPERNONG. Fox Grape, of the South, I American Muscadine, of the South, Bull or Bullet, " | Roanoke, A distinct southern species, vitis vulpina, too tender for the north, highly esteemed throughout the entire southern States, where it is much grown as a wine grape in vineyards, and is found wild from Virginia to Florida. Species, dioecious ; haves, small, roundish, coarsely serrated, glos sy on both sides ; young shoots slender, old wood smooth. The White and Black varieties differ only in the color of fruit, the White being light green, and the Black, dark red. with tendrils of vine cor responding with color of fruit. Bunches, small, loose ; berries, round, large ; skin, thick ; flesh, pulpy, juicy, sweet, with a strong musky scent. Minor's Seedling, Shurtleff's Seedling, and some others are culti vated id localities, but their good qualities seem destined to remain in circumscribed limits, not having yet been seen, when cultivated away from their first friends From the ad-interim reports of the Pennsylvania Hort. Society we copy the following accounts of two new seedlings : From William Canby, Wilmington, Delaware : — A Seedling Grape. Bunch, four and a half Inches long, by two and three-quar ters broad, so compact as frequently to destroy the rotundity of the berry ; berry, from seven-sixteenths to nine-sixteenths of an inch in diameter ; roundish, inclining to oval ; skin, of a violet color, thickly covered with bloom, and semi-diaphanous ; seed, small, dark cinna mon ; flesh, tender, very juicy, not pulpy ; flavor, sweet and pleasant ; quality " best " for a grape that will grow in open culture. Leaf, trilobed, but not deeply, interruptedly serrulate, auriculate. Fro-'.-i Gerhard Schmitz : — A Seedling Grape. Large; oval; pur ple ; bunches, loose, large ; resembles the Isabella in appearance and flavor ; quite equal to it in quality, and perhaps a little earlier. THE FOREIGN GhRAPE. Vitis vinifera, L. Vitacea of Botanists. From the earliest record of foreign lands, the vine has ever been held in high esteem ; its fruit valued for the dessert as well as for the making of wine, and it-self held as symbolic of happiness and plenty. " The pages of Scripture abound with allusions to the fertility of the vine, as emblematical of prosperity." To trace its introduction and en tire history up to this date would occupy more room than the limits of our present work will admit : we shall therefore content ourself by saying that the original type of the vitis vinifera came from Persia ; that it was probably cultivated in Britain not many years after the commencement of the Christian era; that the varieties native of Britain and America, are quite distinct : that those native of Britain are not edible, while those of our own land embrace a number of edible species. The success of the Foreign varieties, so far as tried north of 34° of latitude, has not been satisfactory, few or no varie ties withstanding the extremes of our climate, without protection. Between 1760 and 1770, Lord Sterling imported large numbers of foreign grapes into New Jersey, with a view to wine. The experi ment failed, as have those of Longworth, and others since. Of the longevity of the vine, records are made giving it existence from six hundred years down, with immense length of vine, and stems six feet around, or sufficient to afford the cutting out of planks fifteen inches broad. Propagation. — The same practices as noted under head of American Grapes are applicable here, but that most generally pursued in prop agating esteemed varieties of the foreign grape is by eyes, as represented in adjoining figure. This is done by selecting a strong bud and cutting it off from the remainder of the branch, at about two inches above and below, and planting it in a pot covered about half an inch deep with light loamy soil, then plunging the pot in a hotbed. By this means every bud on a shoot can be formed into a plant. Outdoor Culture. — In sheltered locations, warm yards, in cities, (249) 250 THE GRAPE. &c.,such varieties as the Black Prince, Trammer andRoyal Muscadine, may be grown in the open air by bending down the vines in the month of November, and covering them with tan-bark, or other mulch, and raising them again to their position in April. Free sup ply of wood ashes and soap-suds will be found requisite to hasten their growth and maturity of fruit, as well as prevent mildew.* Cold Houses. — By this term is meant an enclosed structure of wood or brick, with a sloping roof covered with glass. These struc tures as made at the east, and by a few wealthy men at the west, and represented in the Horticultural journals of the day, are too expen sive to make the growing of the better foreign grapes general at the west. But expensive structures are not necessary ; many a man at the west has a south side of a building unoccupied ; this may serve as the back of his cold-house, by setting up pieces of four inch scant ling against the building, nailing boards to it and filling in between with tan-bark, saw-dust, or fine charcoal, he has the back ; now, four inch square posts rising four feet from the ground, at a distance of say fourteen feet from the back, boarded on each side, and filled in same as the back, make the front wall ; leaving, however, two spaces six feet from either end, of about two feet square, for hanging shutters. Now the back wall being ten feet high, .the ends are to be made in same way as the front, giving, of course, the slope from back to front, and leaving out at one end space for a door-way, and at the highest point of sides near the back at each end, a space for swinging shutters of say two feet square ; these opened will give ven tilation, in connection with those in the front wall. This done, a joiner will be required to fit on a plate of two inch plank all around, and fit in rafters and sash ; the sash should be the entire length of width of house ; styles four inch wide by one and a half thick, bars one inch wide beveled to half inch on the under side, the upper style or head piece six inches wide, the lower one fourteen inches ; the rafters should be placed so that sash cannot be over forty-two inches wide, or sufficient for five lights wide of six inch glass. When the location of such house is not in a very cold climate, or where the thermometer rarely falls below zero, cotton cloth dipped in boiled oil and varnished will answer a very good purpose ; but, perhaps in the end not be as cheap, as its durability will only be about two years. Those who wish for more expensive houses, we advise to pur * Geo.Hoadley, Esq., says, thai in 1820 to 1830 there was growing in the garden where he then resided, in New Haven, Conn., many white grapes, received from David Deforest, as White Sweet-Water, which never mildewed. This garden was sixty or seventy rods from the harbor, (or salt water.) The prevalent winds were from the harbor, in summer, and in storms the shrubbery not unfre- quently covered with spray. VINE BORDERS, — PLANTING AND TRAINING. 251 chase "Allen's Treatise on the Grape," or if possible, visit the grape house of Wm. Resor, Esq.^of Cincinnati. Vine Borders. — Upon the formation of vine borders for cold, as well as forcing houses, more has bee"h written and published than one person could read at rate of ten hours a day, in one entire month. Some advise the formation of the border all outside, while others prefer inside. Our advice is, let the border embrace a width three feet inside the front wall and six feet outside, making a border nine feet wide ; if sandy ground, no care will be required to form a drainage ; but if on clayey, retentive soil, dig out all the earth three feet deep, form a drain in center at bottom, leading away from the house, prepare fresh virgin earth or turf from old pastures or woods, and mix well rotted barn-yard manure in about equal quantities, or perhaps a little most of the soil, add to this one tenth in quantity each of gypsum, (plaster of Paris,) and ground bones, and one sixth of wood ashes ; let it be well mixed before putting in the border. Parings of horses' hoofs, and cinders from a blacksmith's shop, street scrapings, leather paring, old rags, bones, etc., are all used and all good, but the above named materials, with liberal watering with soap-suds and occasional sprinkling of sulphur (which will be necessary at times to check mildew) will for a time give good growth of vine and fruit. Planting and Training. — The vines, being obtained from a nur sery, generally come in crocks or pots ; the earth should be well wet, and then by inserting the finger at the hole at the small end or bottom of the crock, the whole ball of roots entire is pushed out ; now plant just outside the front wall, and so that you can run the stem immediately under, leaving the roots only outside ; let each plant stand half way between each rafter, and as they grow train to a wire fastened at top each of front and back wall so as to be six inches below the glass. Spur pruning is regarded best for cold houses, and Is plainly described as follows : " In pruning in the fall, after the first year's growth, each alternate eye is disbudded on each side of the cane, leaving those wanted for breaking next season about fifteen inches apart. The next season, when pruning for spurs, the side shoots are cut back to three eyes, or even four, according as the lower buds may be plump and well rounded. In breaking, each bud puts forth a shoot ; the most promising one nearest the top, and the one at the base, is allowed to remain, and the other is rubbed out. The top one is allowed to bear, and the fruit on the bottom one is pinched out. The fruit bearing spur is stopped three or four joints above the fruit, and the other one next to the base is also stopped, when it has grown seven or eight leaves. They are now trained as shown in the following figure. 252 THE GRAPE. "A. is the bearing shoot, and B. the one not to be fruited \ / till next year ; at next pruning, (or what is still better, v "W ^wo or three weeks previous,) A. is cut clean out to the base of -/?., and, when the leaves fall, B. is cut back to three eyes as A. was last season, and so on from year to year." Every fall at approach of cold% weather take down the vines, lay them on the border inside and cover with tan-bark four inches deep ; cover the border outside same depth with barn-yard manure. Routine of Culture. — The following brief instructions, from A. J. Downing, contain all that is essential for a cold house : " In a vinery without heat this is comparatively simple. As soon as the vines com mence swelling their buds in the spring, they should be carefully washed with mild soap-suds, to free them from insects, soften the wood, and assist the buds to swell regularly. At least three or four times a week, they should be well syringed with water, which, when the weather is cool, should always be done in the morning. And every day the vine border should be duly supplied with water. During the time when the vines are in blossom, and while the fruit is setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves must be sus pended, and the house should be kept a little more closed and warm, than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on any of the branches, it may at once be checked by dusting them with flour of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every day when the tem perature rises in the house, beginning by sliding down the top sashes a little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden changes of temperature out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist and warm a state of atmosphere within the vinery as is consistent with pretty free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great object of culture in a vinery of this kind. Insects. — The aphis or " virie-fretter," is destroyed by fumigating, ?. e., burning tobacco in the house, and syringing the vines freely af terward. If red spiders are troublesome, syringe the vines at even ing, and dust the leaves with flour of sulphur. VARIETIES. Feeling that a multiplicity of varieties would only mislead and confuse the practical man, and our own experience with foreign grapes not having been sufficient to enable us fully to decide on which to recommend, we adopt and describe few besides those voted worthy of general cultivation by the American Pomological Society. THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 253 BLACK HAMBURGH. Warner's Black Hamburgh, Red Hamburgh, Dutch Hamburgh, Hampton Court Vine, Valentine's, Purple Hamburgh, Brown Hamburgh, Salisbury Violet, Gibraltar. Frankendale. This variety is one of the most esteemed for the vinery. In sheltered locations, out of doors, in cities south as far as Cincinnati, it does well with protection in winter. A good bearer.* Bunches, large, shouldered on both sides ; berries, very large, roundish inclin ing to oval, brownish purple, becoming purplish black when fully ripe ; of sugary rich flavor. Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh is similar, fruit larger, bloom very thick, flesh firm, nearly or quite equal to the common Ham burgh. Allen's seedling Black Hamburgh, is of less value, bunches not as large, berries, black, oval. Victoria, heretofore regarded as a syn onym of the old Hamburgh, is now regarded as a slightly improv ed sub- variety. BLACK PRINCE. Alicant, I Black Spanish, Black Valentia Black Portugal. Boston. I Sir A. Pytche's Black, Pocock's Damascus, Cambridge Botanic Garden, Steward's Black Prince, | Black Lisbon. This often succeeds well, with winter protection out doors, while in the house it is esteemed on account of hanging long after fully ripe. A profuse bearer. Bunches, long, often shouldered ; berries, large, thinly set, oval ; skin, rather thick, black, covered with blue bloom ; flavor sweet, excellent ; " very good." Black St. Peter's differs from this in having a thin skin. BLACK FRONTIQNAN. Muscat Noir, Muscat Xoir Ordinaire, Black Frontignac, Bourdalcs des Hautes Pyrenee's Sir Wm. Rowley's Black, Purple Frontignan, Purple Constantia, Muscat Moir de Jura . This is the variety from which the muscadine wine is made. A good bearer. Bunches, long ; berries, medium size, round, black ; skin, thin ; flavor, musky rich. BLACK CLUSTER. Black Morillon, I Early Black, True Burgundy, Pineau, Small Black Cluster, Black Burgundy, Black Orleans. tl'ack Orl This variety is hardy and succeeds outdoors. It is valued in * A vine of this variety at Hampton Court Palace, planted in 1769, is stated to produce annually over one ton weight of fruit. 254 THE GRAPE. France for wine, but will never take high rank in this country. It has been pretty extensively disseminated throughout the west, which is our main reason for noting it. It has over forty synonyms, but those given are all which we have ever heard applied to it in this country. Bunches, small, compact ; berries, medium size, roundish oval, black, juicy, sweet ; '' good ;" distinguished from Miller's Bur gundy, by absence of down on the leaf. EARLY BLACK JULY. July Grape, Madeleine, Madeleine Noir, Raisin Precoce, Morillon Hatif, De St. Jean, Burgunder, August Traube, Jacob's Straube. The habit of ripening its fruit by the middle of August, or earlier, is its chief merit. Foliage, small, light green ; bunches, small, com pact ; berries, small, round, black, with a blue bloom, a little acid and of indifferent flavor ; "good." GRIZZLY FRONTIGNAN. Grizzly Frontignac, I Red Constantia, Muscat Rouge, | Muscat Gris, &c., &c., in all thirteen Synonyms. Adapted only to the house, where it ripens early, and being of " best"* ' quality is highly esteemed. Bunches, rather long, narrrow, slight shoulders; berries, round, medium size, grayish red, thick bloom, juicy, rich, musky, high flavor. ROYAL MUSCADINE. Chass-las de Fontainebleau, I Chasselas, Golden Chasselas, White Chasselas, Chassvlas Dore, D'Arbois, Amiens, Chasselas Blanc, Raisin d'Champagne, Amber Muscadine, Early White Teneriffe. This is highly esteemed ; is distinguished from White Sweet Wa ter (often sold as this variety) by its larger berries and stronger growth. Grown out of doors, it requires not only winter protec tion, but also to be well supplied with wood ashes, as otherwise it cracks and mildews. Allen says, the Royal Muscadine and Chasselas of Fontainebleau are distinct, but only in size of bunch. The Early White Musca dine, he also says, only varies from this in ripening a few days ear lier. Bunches large, long, shouldered ; berries above medium, round, greenish-white, becoming amber color when fully ripe, tender, rich delicious flavor. Ripens middle to last of September. THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 255 MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA. White Muscat of Alexandria, Jerusalem Muscat, Malaga, White Muscat of Lunel, Lunel, Frontniac of Alexandria, Muscat d' Alexandria, White Muscat, Tottenham Park Muscat, Passe Musque. Passe-longue Musque, Adapted only to house culture and even then benefitted by arti ficial heat. This is probably the " Malaga" grape brought to this country hi jars and sold by confectioners. Bunches very large, loose, irregular ; berries large, oval, pale am ber, thick skin, firm flesh, crisp, musky, rich perfumed flavor, often seedless. A strong grower. The Cannon Hall Muscat, is esteemed a sub-variety not equaling its parent. TRAMINER. Red Traminer, Delaware, Fromentin Rouge, Rother Traminer, Rother Klevner, Tokayer, Kleinbranner, Rothclauser, Ranfoliga, Heath, Gris Rouge, Fromentean, Decimanner, Rothedel, Rothfranken, St. Clauser, Marzimmer, Ran Folak, Rothe Reifle This variety was exhibited at the Ohio State Pomological Con vention in 1852, as the Heath or Delaware Grape, having been grown in Delaware, O., under these names. It was stated to have proved perfectly hardy in the open air, being free from mildew or rot, a productive bearer, and never failing to perfectly ripen both fruit and wood. Allen says of it " a much esteemed wine grape on the river Maine." It is described in the London Horticultural So ciety's Catalogue. It deserves a place in every garden. Bunches, medium size, compact ; berries, roundish oval, middle size, uniform, pale reddish, tender, juicy, sweet, without pulp, rich and pleasant flavor. Ripens ten days before Isabella. WHITE FRONTIGNAN. White Frontniac, • White Constantia, Nepeans Constautia, Muscat Blanc, Raisin de Frontign.au, Muscat Blanc de Jura, Moschata Fianca, Moscado Bianco, Moscatel Commun, i Muscateiler. An old productive variety suited only to the house. Bunches, middle size, rather long, rarely shouldered; berries, middle size, round, rather closely set ; skin, thin dull white or greenish yellow, thin white bloom ; fle.sh, delicate, sugary, rich musky flavor. NECTARINES. The Nectarine is claimed to be only a sport in nature from the Peach, to which occasionally plants grown from seed return ; record is also made of the Nectarine tree producing both Peaches and Nec tarines on the same tree. Of this we confess some little unwilling ness of belief ; certain, however, it is that the trees so closely resem ble the Peach, as not to be detected except when in fruit. Grown under glass, or South, where the heat is greater than at the North, the Nectarine is a really fine fruit ; but here, it is inferior to the Peach, possessing a flavor, partaking of the peculiar flavor and taste of the pit. When we say the trees are undistinguishable from the peach, we speak the general view ; closely examined, the wood may be found slightly more smooth, and possibly a trifle firmer or closer grained. The trees are usually propagated by budding, in same manner and time as the peach, and their after culture is the same. The fruit of the Nectarine being smooth skinned, is equally liable to attack from Curculio as the Plum, and the same remedies are adopted for prevention ; we, therefore, refer the reader to the article under head of Insects injurious to the Plum. The same marks dis tinguishing varieties in the leaf are found in the Nectarine as in the Peach, and used accordingly. CLASS I.— Worthy General Cultivation. BOSTON. Lewis, | Perkins' Seedling. American. Claimed to have originated from a peach stone. It is probably one of the very best Nectarines and well adapted to all sections of our country. Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, large, sometimes eight inches round, roundish oval ; skin, light yellow, with deep red cheek, shaded off by a mottling of red ; flesh, yellow to the stone, sweet, with a pleasant, peculiar flavor ; stone, small, pointed. Season, first September. Freestone. (266) FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 257 DOWNTON. Foreign. Flowers, small ; Demote, reniform; fruit, large, roundish oval ; skin, pale green, with violet red cheek ', flesh, pale green, melting, rich, high flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. EARLY VIOLET. Violet Hative, Petite Violet Hative, Early Brugnon,' Brugnon red at Stone, Hampton Court, Large Scarlet, Xew Scarlet, Aromatic, Brugnon Hatif, Violet Musk, Violet red at Stone, Lord Sclsey's Elruge. Foreign. Tree, very hardy, often confounded with Elruge, from which it is distinguished by its deep red flesh and dark colored stone. Flowers, small ; #/awefo,reniform; fruit, large, roundish, narrowed at apex ; suture, shallow; skin, yellowish green in shade, dark pur plish red, mottled with pale bruwn dots, in sun ; flesh, whitish, red at stone, melting, juicy, rich and high flavored ; stone, roundish, reddish brown Season, last of August. Freestone. ELRUGE. Common Elruge , I Temple, Clarernont, Oakland's Anderson's | Spring Grove, Foreign. An old variety that has always maintained a first char acter wherever correctly grown. Flowers, small ; glands reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; suture, distinct only at apex ; skin, pale greenish shade, violet or blood red, dotted with brown specks in sun ; fltsh, greenish, slightly stained with pale red at stone, juicy, rich, high flavor ; stone, oval, rough. Season, early Sep. Freestone. CLASS II. — New and untested, suited to Amateur Pomologists or certain locations. BARKER. Foreign. "Flowers small, glands reniform. Fruit large obovate, dark rod next sun, pale yellowish green where shaded ; flesh fine, yellowish white, rayed with bright red at the stone ; stone large, kernel bitter. August. Freestone." New, not yet fruited in this country. DUKE OF TELLIER'S. Due du Tellier's, 1 Du de Tello, Du Tilliers, Duke de Tilley, Du Tilly's. Foreign. Flowers small, glands reniform. Fruit above medium, roundish 258 NECTARINES. oblong, pale green, purplish red check ; flesh greenish white, red at stone, second rate flavor. Last August. Freestone. EARLY NEWINGTON. Early Back Newington, I New Early Newington, Lucombe's Black, Lucombe's Seedling, Early Black. Foreign. Flowers large, glandless. Fruit large, roundish ovate, point at apex, pale green, with shades of red marbled in sun ; flesh greenish white, red at stone. Early September. Clingstone. FRENCH YELLOW. Foreign. Fruit medium, greenish yellow, dull red in sun ; flesh yellow, juicy, rich. September. Clingstone. (W. R. P.) HUNT'S TAWNY. Hunt's Large Tawny, | Hunt's Early Tawny Foreign. Flowers small, glandless. Fruit below medium, roundish ovate, point at apex, pale orange, red cheek, russety specks; flesh orange, juicy. Middle August. Freestone. HARDWICKE. Hardwicl-e Seedling, | Hardwicke's Seedling. Foreign. Flowers small, glands reniform. Fruit large, roundish oval, pale green, violet red cheek ; flesh pale green, little marked with red at stone, juicy. Las't August. Freestone. LARGE EARLY VIOLET. Violette Grosse. Foreign. Similar to Early Violet, a trifle larger, and less high flavored. NEATE'S WHITE. New White, f Flanders, Cowdray White, Emerton's New White, Large White. Foreign. Flowers large, glands reniform. Fruit above medium, round, white reddish cheek in the sun ; flesh white, juicy. Early September. Freestone. ORANGE. Pitmaston's Orange, | William's Orange, William's Seedling. Foreign. Flowers large, glands globose. Fruit large roundish ovate, acute point at apex, orange yellow with dark brownish red cheek ; flesh yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last August. Freestone. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 259 RED ROMAN. Old Roman, I Brugnon Violet Musquee, Roman, | Brugnon Musquee. Foreign. An old variety which proves best adapted to our northern sections. Flowers large, glandsreniform. Fruit above medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with dull red cheek, and russety specks; flesh firm, green ish yellow, deep red at stone, juicy, vinous. Early September. Cling stone. STANWICKE. As yet we do not know of this variety having fruited in this country, but from its high praise in England, where it originated, and the fact of our clear, sunny clime adding to the richness and sugary character of both Peach and Nectarine, as compared with England, we are led to sup pose this will prove the very best Nectarine extant. It was grown from a stone brought from Syria, and is described in the journal of the London Horticultural Society as above medium size, round ish oval, slightly heart shape at base ; pale greenish white, shaded into deep, rich violet in sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, sugary, 'and with out the slightest trace of prussic acid flavor ; stone, middle size, ovate, a prominent sharp edge, rugged, and of chocolate color ; kernel, sweet. CLASS III. — Unworthy farther Culture. BROOMFIELD. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; dull yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, pleasant ; second rate. Middle September. Clingstone. FAIRCHILD'S. Fairchild's Early. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, round; yellowish green, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, dry, poor. Early August. Freestone. GOLDEN. Orange, | Fine Gold Fleshed. Foreign. Glands.reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; light yellow, red in sun ; flesh, orange yellow, firm, sweet ; second rate. Early September. Clingstone. MURREY. Murry, | Black Murry. Foreign. Glands.reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; pale green, red 260 NECTARINES. cheek ; flesh, greenish white, sweet, good flavor ; poor bearer. Last Aug ust. Freestone. NEWINGTON. Scarlet Newington, Scarlet, Old Newington, Smith's Newington, French Newington, Sion Hill, Rough Roman, Anderson's Round. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, large, roundish ; greenish yellow, red in sun ; flesh, firm, juicy, deep red at stone. Middle September. Clingstone. PRINCES GOLDEN. American. Glands, reniform ; about one-fourth larger and a week later ; otherwise, of second quality, and resembling the "Golden." PETERBOROUGH. Late Green, | Vermash, Genoa or Genoese. Foreign. Under the last synonym it has, of late, been disseminated as new. Glands,reniform ; fruit, small, roundish ; green, with dull red in sun ; flesh, greenish white, juicy. Early October. Freestone. SWEET YELLOW. Jaune Lisse, | Late Yellow. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small ; yellow, with dull red cheek in sun ; flesh, yellow, dry. October. Freestone. THE PEACH. Persica vulgaris, Dec. Rosacea of Botanists. Found wild on the Himalayan mountains, and not mentioned by Jewish history, it is doubtful whether the Peach is, as generally un derstood, a native of Persia and also of China. It was, however, in troduced into Italy by the Romans, and, as early as 1550, was culti vated in Britain. About the year 1680 it was introduced into this country, and, with the exception of portions of the northern New England States and northern New York, it is now cultivated in every settled portion of our States. History clothes the peach with hav ing once possessed deleterious qualities, and Pliny mentions that it was supposed the King of Persia had sent them into Egypt to poison the inhabitants, with whom he was then at war. This, however, with traditions, making the fruit of a Peach tree, when eaten, to con fer immortality, knowledge, and the like, are now regarded as mys ticisms of a, past age, of which, nought but the tradition is left. In portions of China, Spain, Italy, and the South of France, as well as our own country, the Peach is grown without aid of glass, or artifi cial, or condensed heat, by means of walls, etc. ; we have therefore looked to receive some variety from thence that would surpass our American Seedlings, but, as yet, none have been introduced. The wood of the Peach, being of a more open, coarse fibre than that of most fruits, we find it more susceptible to sudden and severe changes of temperature, and therefore less hardy, and of shorter du ration. That this character is materially affected by soil, seems not to admit of a doubt; writers generally conceding that while in unfavorable soils the Peach decays in four to ten years, in favor able soils it continues healthy and vigorous for forty or fifty years, and, with the addition of being annually, correctly and freely pruned, may be made to produce regularly for near one hundred years. Of this we speak more at length under the head of SOIL. Propagation. — By Seed. The seed of the Peach, if carefully planted in the autumn, will often vegetate in the ensuing spring, and, in good soil, make a growth the first year of three to four feet ; but in order to succeed surely, it is best to gather the stones from late fruiting varieties, of hardy, healthy trees ; spread them about four inches thick on some light, sandy knoll and cover with about four inches earth. In spring, when the frost is fully out of the ground, leaving it fit for working, these stones will be found to have 262 THE PEACH. mostly cracked and the germ just started ; they should then be care fully planted in rows, four feet apart, and one seed every foot in the row, covered about two inches deep. The stones that are not cracked by the frost should be taken and carefully cracked, by plac ing on a wooden block and striking the side edge with a hammer ; this will not injure the germ, as is often done when they are cracked by strik ing the ends. Separated from the stone, the kernels should be planted same as above, but in rows by themselves, as all are not sure to grow, and, even if they did, would not as soon as those already started, and therefore the rows in culture would often have trees un fitted for budding at same time ; or frequently those coming from the last named kinds would be entirely too small for budding the first year. It is well to know that most of the yellow fleshed Peaches have a tendency to produce varieties similar to the parent ; hence the in numerable new sorts that now swell the nursery-men's catalogues, and that are yearly being introduced to the public as " highly superi or." If an orchard is desired to be produced of seedlings, by select ing seeds of the Yellow Rareripe, Crawford's Early, Bergen's Yel low, Lemon Cling, and Crawford's Late, it is very probable a col lection would be obtained preserving in great measure the charac ters, qualities, and times of ripening of these varieties. So, also, may the periods of ripening of each kind be, to a certain extent, hastened or retarded, by selecting pits of the first or last that ripen on each particular tree. The grower should, however, recollect that while there is a strong tendency in these varieties to reproduce themselves, their capability so to do is often destroyed by the intermixture, while in flower of some other variety which is perhaps adjoining them only a few feet ; hence, in order to feel any degree of certainty toward the raising of kinds valuable, or resembling the parent, it is necessary that the tree from which the pits are taken should stand perfectly isolated, or certainly distant two hundred rods from any other Peach tree. Those who have not the dry sandy knoll whereon to place the pits, to prepare them for the ensuing spring, may place them in a moist cellar until nearly the close of win tor ; then take them out, soak them in water two or three days, spread them on the ground and cover two or three inches of saw-''- i or leaf mould over them ; thus exposing them to action of fro- 1 M I! the season for planting. By Budding. — The seed so\vn as above will, early in the month of September, be found to have grown, in good soil, from three to four feet, when they should be budded as near the ground as possi ble ; and in October one-half of the entire top should be cut back — not the limbs pruned off, leaving bare stems — but the growth of every limb should be shortened or cut back one-half; this is to pre- BY GRAFTING — TRANSPLANTING. 263 vent injury from high winds or heavy snows, which frequently break the tree, just at the insertion of the bud. Some bud upon the plum stock, for the purpose of dwarfing the tree ; and when so done the month of August is best. The exact time cannot be stated, as seasons vary even in the same section of country, but the watchful eye will soon learn to detect the period when the young stock is about to form its terminal bud, and then is generally the best time. If the bud is inserted too earlv in the sea son, on the Peach stock, it is liable to overgrow and " gum." Budding the Peach may also be performed in the month of June, on trees of two or more years old. It is done in same manner as that in common budding, except in selecting the buds, you select a young shoot, of about one to two inches grown, and, cutting it back to one or two leaves, you insert and tie as in the common mode. By Grafting. — This is rarely performed at the North, but may be made tolerably successful if performed very early on trees standing in warm, light soil. A strong, sharp knife or spade should first be used around, cutting off all the roots of the tree, at about one foot from the body of a tree four feet high — the tree headed back about one half, and the lower limbs cut into about two buds each — the graft inserted in the manner- termed tongue or whip-grafting, tied with soft bark, and covered with a ball of grafting-clay. When the graft has made one foot growth, the ligature should be loosed, and the lower limbs cut in smoothly to the body. Some cultivators in the southern States graft into the crown of the root, and when the stocks are small it is a good way ; but the cleft grafting mode is then best. Transplanting. — In transplanting from the nursery to the orchard, the limbs, or branches, should be shortened back to the form of a pyramidal, rounded head, having the lower limbs within two feet of the ground, and not exceeding one foot long. The side roots should only have their ends smoothed with a sharp knife, all broken or bruiser] roots cut away, and the tap root cut off to within one foot of the crown. Distances apart. — On light, sandy soils, twelve feet apart each way is sufficient for the peach ; but on good strong soil, the trees re quire from eighteen to twenty-five feet, in order, when full grown, to enable them to mature their fruit with full exposure to the sun. Soil and Situation. — The soil whereon to make plantations of the peach is a matter of great import, as thereby hang the main chances of success or failuiv. The following analysis, made by B. Kirtland, Esq., of Poland, Ohio, from three esteemed varieties, viz., Yellow Rareripe, Morris Red Rareripe, and Morrisania, will be found ex tremely useful to every planter, as it is easy to get an analysis made of soils, and from the two the planter wilf know at once which par 264 THE PEACH. ticular manure is required to perfect his fruit, and give vigor to his trees. Equal quantities of limbs and twigs from the three kinds above named, were taken, and after having been thoroughly dried (whereby they lost about 44 per cent, of water), carefully burned with a moderate heat, yielding as follows : Charcoal and Sand, . . . . . . 3.180 Silica, 1.480 Per phosphate of Iron, . . . . . 2.174 Potash, ........ 12.545 Soda, " . . 2.000 Sulphate of Lime, . . • . . - . 2.258 Lime, 23.951 Phosphate of Lime, 21.699 Magnesia, ....... 7.052 Peroxide of Manganese, ..... .800 Chloride of Sodium, 699 Carbonic Acid, 33.350 111.188 Loss in Analysis, ..... 3.812 115.000 These analyses show the wood of the Peach tree as next to the Pear in amount of Phosphates, and also the erroneous impression so generally current, that the Peach requires a light, sandy soil. The most vigorous, healthy trees we have ever seen are growing on the borders of the Ohio River, on what is termed limestone soil, and where perfect drainage is naturally formed by the hills. On the prairies the trees grow rapidly, but to us have the appearance of a forced, green-house plant, and unable to endure aught but genial air, while feeding thus upon one or two of the elements of growth, and at the same time devoid of others requisite to the perfection of healthy wood. Lime and bone dust, we judge, will be found espe cially beneficial in perfecting truly healthy trees, capable of endur ing the great changes of climate on our western prairies. If to this application be added the practice of shortening in during the month of September, and perfect drainage of water from the roots, we be lieve the tree will be found to endure more successfully the extreme changes of climate. The duration of the Peach tree we consider greatly dependent upon the soil being properly drained, and containing the proper pro portions of food toward forming perfect wood. The doctrine of ex cretions of vegetables, is one which we are yet inclined to support, having been unable to succeed, even with renewed preparation of the SEASOX TO TRANSPLANT — CULTIVATION. 265 soil, in growing two successive crops of the same kind of tree upon the same plot. A rank, luxuriant tree, with shoots spongy, sappy, plethoric, un- ripened, and incapable of being matured, with the roots in an un- drained, cold, or wet soil, is too often regarded as thrifty, when in truth it is but the expression of a false stimulant, as in the human frame, exciting only to destroy. The situation of a peach-orchard should, if possible, be upon high grounds, as less subject to extreme and severe changes of tempera ture, and as tending to more perfect maturity of wood in fall of year, and later period of blooming in spring. If the trees are low-branched and well shortened in, supplied with requisite inorganic elements in the soil, the lay of the land to the east, south, or north will only affect the time of ripening the fruit : that to the south maturing about one week earlier than that toward the north. Elevated situations, surrounded by, or bordering on, bodies of water, will often furnish fruits when adjacent valleys fail ; and this is especially true where the bodies of water do not entirely freeze over during winter : the southern shores of several of our lakes rarely failing to produce peaches when the entire crop is destroyed five or ten miles back in the interior. Even slight knolls often protect the crop, an instance of which we had in our own grounds, where trees were distant only thirty feet ; in one night all of the buds upon the lower limbs, or more than half way up, being destroyed on the tree standing on what would be termed the level, while on the tree on the knoll not one was injured. The destruction of buds by extreme cold in the winter is of rare occurrence, except the tree has been excited by a season of warm weather, or has been grown in the manner called " thrifty," pre viously noted. Where trees are steadily and healthily grown, they are capable of wishstanding 20° to 25° below zero without injury, unless immediately followed by clear, warm sun, or the tree being in an immature, unhealthy state. Season to Transplant. — Throughout the northern and western States it is best to transplant the Peach in the spring. South or Southwest, fall or midwinter may be best — but from remarks of many writers, we incline to the belief, that early in March or the last of February is best, as they occasionally have some severe changes in January, very trying to newly planted trees. The ground should alway be prepared in the fall. Cultivation. — The ground about peach trees should always be kept clean ; if planted on light, sandy soil, running through an or chard with a cultivator so as not to break the roots ; if upon rich prairie or limestone soils, the ground may be plowed and cropped without injury ; but on the sandy, light soil no crop except the white 12 266 THE PEACH. turnip should ever be grown, and that pays best to be turned under by a very shallow plowing of, say, two inches deep. On rich, deep prairie soils, it is best not to stir the ground after midsummer. Pruning. — The fruit being borne only on wood of the preceding year, one of the great objects in pruning, is to keep all parts of the tree furnished with a regular and constant succession of annual bearing shoots. P. Barry, in his " Fruit Garden," has the following, so cor rectly descriptive of the mode, that we adopt it, together with a cut illustrative of buds, on which C. D. E. are fruit buds, F. G. H. leaf buds, /. double buds, (7. triple buds ; the two side buds being fruit buds, and the centre one a leaf bud. By referring to the branch, it will be seen that it is furnished with a certain number of wood buds and fruit buds. At the base, there are always one or more wood buds. Now, if that shoot were not pruned, all the fruit buds on it would produce fruit, — one, two, or three of the wood buds at the top would make new shoots ; these J would necessarily be very weak, in consequence of the number of fruit below them. At the end of the season there would be a long, vacant space, entirely destitute of a young shoot or a living bud. This is the way that the inte rior and lower parts of treesbecome so soon degarnished. But when that shoot is shortened, we will say one half, the sap is retained in its lower parts, one half of the fruit buds are removed, and the consequence is, that large and fine fruits are obtained from those remaining: young vigorous shoots are produced from the lower buds to bear next year, and take the place of those which have already borne. In this way regular uniform crops of large and fine fruit are ob tained, and a constant succes sion of young shoots is kept up. To form the head of a stand ard Peach Tree. — We will suppose it the intention to form a standard tree, with a trunk two feet in height, and a Form of a low standard peach j j . . i tree , with a stem two feet high. round, open, and symmetrical and a round, open head. head, like figure. We take yearling tree and cut it back to within two feet and a half of the DISEASES AND INSECTS INJUKIOUS. 267 ground in the spring. Below this cut a certain number of shoots will be produced, from which three will be selected to form the main branches or frame-work of the head. All the others are rubbed off when two or three inches long or sooner. At the end of the season we have a tree with three branches. The second year these three branches are cut back full one half their length, and from each we take a shoot to continue the branch, and one to form a secondary branch. The other shoots produced below these are pinched or checked to prevent them from interfering with the growth of the leading branches. In the fall of the year we have a tree with six leading branches, and some bearing shoots be low on the older wood. The third year each of these six branches is shortened one half, in order to obtain more secondary branches, and some fruit branches on the lower parts. All young shoots on the old wood, whether fruit branches or not, should be cut back one half, or as far as may be necessary, to cause the wood buds at their base to push, and make shoots to bear next year. The formation of the head goes on as described for two or three years more, when it is complete ; for peach trees, properly pruned, do not assume such wide spreading forms as they do naturally. The main branches and secondary branches should be at equal distances throughout, and far enough apart to give the bearing wood on their sides the full benefit of the sun and air. An equality of vigor should also be preserved amongst them by summer pinching. It is not uncommon to see a very vigorous shoot start up in a peach tree, and appropriate so much of the sap as to injure a whole branch ; these should be checked the moment their character is observed, unless they may be wanted to fill a vacancy. Every part of the branches should be furnished with bearing shoots, and these should, every spring, be shortened in one half or more, to produce others at their base, whilst those that have borne are cut out." With the advice above, as well as of most writers, to shorten back or prune the Peach in the Spring, we do not fully agree ; be lieving, rather, that if the operation be performed in September, it will enable the tree to more fully perfect the remaining buds, and fit it to endure changes of temperature during winter. Diseases and Insects injurious. The Curl of the Leaf. The first developed leaves, in the spring, often become diseased with a spongy and malignant growth, exhibiting reddish blotches or swellings on the upper side, that, after two or three weeks, causes them to fall off. " This occurs at a period when the vigorous circulation of the sap requires a corresponding action in those important organs. A second growth is soon forced out, which ultimately restores the tree to its wonted force and vigor. It is, however, evident, that though the recuperative 268 THE PEACH. powers of nature may, for once, twice, or even thrice, restore a growth of leaves, the shock must at length impair the vitality, and induce an unhealthy condition." This curl of the leaf is produced by the punctures of a small plant-louse, the " Aphis persica" fully described by Dr. Harris in his work on Insects. A mixture of tobacco water and strong soapsuds applied with a syringe, early, or as soon as the leaves are one third grown, will be found a good remedy. Barry regards the curl of the leaf induced by sudden change of weather — a number of warm days that cause the expansion of the young leaves, followed by a cold, rainy day ; the more severe and protracted the cold, the more severe and fatal the curl. The Yellows. What is regarded as the Yellows is little known throughout the West ; neither have we ever observed it, to any ex tent, in the New England States, except where trees were procured from, or grown on poor, sandy soils, enfeebled and imperfect from their first start. That it may be perpetuated by innoculation, or sowing seeds from trees diseased, we have no doubt ; it therefore behooves every tree grower to be careful from whence he procures his pits for stocks. Prof. Kirtland says : " It is questionable whether any distinct disease occurs, to which this name is applicable. Per haps it is only a collection of symptoms arising from causes acting either individually or collectively. Facts seem to favor this view, though the insight of popular opinion is in favor of its being a spe cific and contagious disease." Depredations of the ^Egeria exitiosa, Aphis persica, exhaustion of elements in the soil, and want of correct pruning appear to be the primary causes, and, in reference thereto, Prof. Kirtland further remarks : " In estimating the power and ex tent, of these causes, it should be recollected that an injurious im pression, acting constantly upon successive generations of either animal or vegetable species, may ultimately establish a hereditary entailment that may be propagated in the form of predisposition to disease, or disease itself. The converse is equally true in pro ducing health or physical development. These several causes have been exerting their influence on the Peach tree for a long term of years, impairing the stamina and health of its fruit germs. These impressions have been propagated and re-propagated, in conjunction with the action of the primary causes of impairment, till at length we have only a sickly progeny." The remedy is to cut clown and destroy all diseased trees ; the preventive is judicious cultivation. Mildew. This is the name applied to a minute fungus which at tacks the ends of the young branches of some particular varieties, termed serrated or glandless. It checks growth, and renders the THE PEACH WOBM. 269 tree unsightly. Application, by means of a syringe, of one ounce of nitre to one gallon of water, in proportion, will destroy it, and, at the same time, add to vigor and health of the tree. Dusting of sul phur is by some advised. The Peach worm or Borer, ^Egeria exitiosa, was known as early as before the commencement of the present century, and has been repeatedly described. There are two sexes, and so remarkably different that some natu ralists have almost hesita ted in arranging thorn. "The insect, in its perfect state, is a slender, dark blue, four - winged moth, somewhat like a wasp. It commences depositing its eggs in the soft and tender bark at the base of the trunk, usually about the last of June, but at different times, from June to October. The egg hatches, and be comes a small white borer or grub, (fig. a), which eventually grows to three fourths of an inch long, pen etrates and devours the bark and sap-wood, and, after passing the winter in the tree, it enfolds itself in a cocoon, (fig. b . under or upon the bark, and emerges again in a perfect or winged form in June, and com mences depositing its eggs for another generation." Multiform have been the prescribed remedies for protection against this insect, but none have been found infallible ; and the careful cultivator will find the use of a sharp knife, once in June, and again in September, applied to cutting out the worm, whose lo cation is easily discovered by exudation, near the crown of the roots, of gummy matter — a far better preventive, and also really cheaper, than heaping up of ashes, cinders, etc., etc. Gathering. — If for immediate use the peach should not be gath ered until fully ripe, but if intended for market it is necessary often to gather while yet firm. Characters and Classification. — The general outward characters of many kinds are so nearly similar that it is necessary to resort to other means than exhibited in the fruit in order to identify varieties. This, even with all the means at command, is often very difficult, owing to the numerous seedlings constantly being produced. The distinction of freestones and clinsgtones (melters and pa vies of the 270 THE PEACH. English) is the most natural and well understood ; next, the distinc tion by means of what are termed glands on the leaves, as also the indentations or irregular edge of the leaf termed creneate, serrated, and coarsely serrated ; and last the distinction by means of the flow ers, as large or small. This last is open only to examination a short period, and therefore is not used except by the careful amateur po- mologist, or correct nurseryman. The accompanying figures are illustrative : Figure 1, the ser rated without glands; figure 2,coarsely ser rated, and with glo bose glands; figure 3, creneate and with reniform or kidney shaped glands. "The form of the glands," observes Lindley, " as well as their po sition, is perfectly distinct ; they are Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. "3. fully developed in the month of May, and continue to the last permanent in their char acter, and are not affected by cultivation. The globose glands are situated, one, two, or more, on the foot stalks, and one, two, or more, on the tips or points of the serratures of the leaves. The reniform glands grow also on the footstalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves are placed within the serratures, connecting, as it were, the upper and lower teeth of the serratures together ; their leaves, when taken from a branch of vigorous growth, have more glands than the leaves of the globose varieties. It will, however, sometimes happen, that glands are not discernable on some of the leaves, especially on those produced from weak branches ; in this case, other branches must be sought for which do produce them." Lindley, as well as most wri ters since, have rendered these classes, with sub-classes or divisions, founded mainly on the structure of the leaves, but we have prefer red, in this fruit as well as others, to embody the distinction in the text descriptive of a variety, and confine ourself to the practical every day wanted division of " best," " very good," and " good." The word "Melocoton" only meaning "peach," we have dropped, and only use it in connection with the synonyms. Uses. — The various uses made of the peach are so well known as not to require a word, yet the profit to be obtained from drying or preserving fresh, the fruit, when distant from market, induces us to PRESERVING THE FRESH FRUIT. 271 extract the following descriptions. Downing says, " in Western New York, and indeed in most parts of the country where peaches are largely cultivated, the fruit is dried, and in this state sent to mar ket in very large quantities. The drying is performed, on a small scale, in spent ovens; on a large scale, in a small drying house heated by a stove, and fitted up with ventilated drawers. These drawers, the bottoms of which are formed of laths, or narrow strips sufficiently open to allow the air to circulate through them, are filled with peaches in halves. They are cut in two without being peeled, the stone taken out, and the two halves placed in a single layer with the skin downward. In a short time the heat of the drying house will complete the drying, and the drawers are then ready for a sec ond filling. Farther south they are spread upon boards or frames, and dried in the sun merely ; but usually, with the previous prepa ration, of dipping the peaches (in baskets,) for a few minutes in boiling water before halving them." Preserving the fresh fruit. — Thomas describes the process as fol lows : " Prepare the canisters in the best manner, of good tin — about seven or eight inches in length, and four to four and a half in diameter. Whatever be the sfze, they should be uniform, that they may be heated alike. The fruit selected should be just ripe and no more, free from specks or bruises. When the canisters are filled, the tops are to be carefully soldered on, leaving a hole in them about the size of a small pin for the escape of the air. They are then to be set in a vessel of water, to be kept boiling moderately, until the temperature of the fruit is raised to that of the water. The way in which this is ascertained, is to put a drop of water on the pin hole, which will continue to bubble as long as the air escapes from the canister. When the internal temperature is equal to that of the water, no more air will escape. The water is then to be wiped off, and a drop of solder immediately put in its place. The boiling water should be raised as near to the tops of the canisters as possible, so as not to cover them. If the operation has been pro perly conducted, the ends of the canisters will, shortly after the cool ing has taken place, be depressed, in consequence of the external pressure of the atmosphere. The degree of heat to which the fruit is subjected does not cook it in the least. It is proper that the can isters should be set in a cool place. The vessel in which the water is to be kept boiling, must of coarse have a level bottom ; and every one who is disposed to try the experiment can devise one for him self." 272 THE PEACH. VARIETIES. The varieties of the peach have within a few years been largely increased, but as the fruit is, when matured, quickly perishable, we have endeavored to select out only those that are really valuable, and that will furnish a perfect succession from earliest to latest. Many varieties are undoubtedly good in their immediate locality, and often perhaps equal the best, yet there seems no necessity for increasing the numbers unless some evident superiority is found either in fruit or tree. The periods of ripening, which we have attached to each variety, mark its character on the southern shore of Lake Erie, in northern Ohio. At Cincinnati it will often be found two weeks earlier, while at Boston or Buffalo it will be eight or ten days later. CLASS I.— Worthy General Cultivation. BERGEN. Bergen 's Yello\v. American. Tt much resembles Yellow Rareripe, but ripens about ten days later ; a moderate regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, globular ; depressed, broad suture, distinct, rather more than half round ; skin, deep orange, with a broad red cheek ; flesh, yellow, melting, and of luscious flavor. Season, early September. Freestone. BREVOORT. Brevoort's Morris. | Brevoort's Seedling Melter. American. A moderate but regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium to large, round ; rather broad dis tinct, suture, deep at apex; skin, dingy, white, with a bright red cheek ; flesh, firm, slightly red at stone, sweet and high flavored. Reason, early September. Freestone. CRAWFORD'S EARLY. Crawford's Early Melocoton, | Early Crawford. American. As a market fruit, one of the most deservingly popular of the yellow fleshed varieties; productive, flowers, WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 273 small ; glands, globose ; fruit, largo, oblong, oval, sometimes roundish, point at apex prominent ; suture, shallow ; skin, yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, and when ripened in warm sunny weather, rich and sweet, at other times slightly sub-acid. Season, last of August to 10th of September. Freestone. CRAWFORD'S LATE. Crawford's Late Melocoton, | Crawford's Superb Melocoton, Crawford's Superb Malacatune. American. One of the most valuable yellow fleshed late varie ties, deserving place in all collections ; productive. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, shallow ; skin, yel low, with dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at the stone, juicy, vinous, and like the foregoing, depends on warm sunny weather to make it sweet. Season, last of September and first of October. Freestone. COOLEDGE'S FAVORITE. Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe. American. Tree very hardy and productive. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium to large, roundish, largest on one side ; suture, at apex only ; skin, white, with a bright red cheek often mottled ; flesh, melting, juicy, rich, sweet delicious flavor. Season, 20th to last of August. Freestone. COLUMBIA. American. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, young wood a pur plish cast, moderate regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, reni- form ; fruit, large, roundish, with a shallow suture half round ; skin, singularly marked and striped with dark red ; flesh, yellow, often exhibiting a red streak next the skin, rich, juicy, and excellent flavor. Season, middle to last of September. Freestone. EARLY YORK. Serrate Early York, | True Early York. Much confusion has arisen with growers respecting this peach, owing to the same name having been applied to seedlings in New Jersey. Tree, hardy, productive, and, from the period of ripening, one of the very best. Flowers, large ; leaves, serrated without glands; fruit, medium, roundish, oval; suture, slight; skin, with pale red dotted on greenish-white in the shade, and becoming dark red where exposed to the sun ; flesh, greenish-white, tender, melting, full of rich sprightly juice. Season, middle of August. Freestone. 12* 274 THE PEACH. EARLY NEWINGTON. Early Newington Freestone, | Newingtou, Smith's Xewington. Foreign. This variety ripens directly after the forenamed. Tree, hardy, moderately productive ; flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, one-half always largest ; suture, distinct ; skin, yellowish white, dotted and streaked with red, the cheek a rich red ; flesh, white, red at the stone, to which many particles adhere ; (if not fully ripe, it has the habit of a cling;) juicy, rich, vinous flavor. Season, 20th to last of August. GEORGE THE FOURTH. American. Tree, vigorous, hardy, regular, good bearer ; flow ers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above medium ; suture, broad and deep, making one half larger than the other ; skin, yellowish white dotted with bright red, on one side a rich dark red cheek ; flesh, pale red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, luscious flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. GROSSE MIGNONNE. Royal Kensington, Grim wood's Royal George, " New Royal George, Large French Mignonne, French Mignonne, Swiss Mignonne, Purple Avant, Early Purple Avant, Early May, Early Vineyard, Vineuse, Neil's Early Purple, Johnson's Early Purple, Superb Royal, Royal Sovereign, Ronald's Seedling Gnlande, Pourpree Hative, Belle Beaute, Pourpree de Normandie, Vineuse de Fromentin, Mignonne, Early Purple. Foreign. The Grosse Mignonne or Large Favorite was a favorite peach in France in time of Louis XIV., and is everywhere esteemed, although in this country it is seldom that the true variety is cultiva ted. The true variety has large flowers, while that often grown has small flowers. Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, apex de pressed, with a deep, hollow suture ; skin, dull greenish yellow, mottled with red, and with a purplish red cheek; flesh, yellowish white, marked with red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, high, vin* ous flavor ; stone, small, very rough. Season, about 20th August to 1st September. Freestone. HEATH. Heath Clingstone, I Fine Heath, White Heath, | Red Heath. American. This variety is extremely valuable in the middle, and southern and western States. In the northern States it does not WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 275 always ripen well, but the fruit may be gathered, wrapped in paper same as oranges, and laid in a cool room and kept until Christmas. It often reproduces itself from the stone, and Bayne's New Heath partakes of no new qualities over many other of its seedlings. The trees are very hardy, often producing on our western soils when all others fail. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, narrowing to both ends, with a swollen point at apex ; suture, one side, distinct ; skin, downy, cream colored white, a tinge of red in the sun ; flesh, greenish white, adhering closely to the stone, juicy, rich, luscious flavor. Season^ October. Clingstone. HYSLOP. Hyslop's Clingstone. American. This variety should take the place of Heath in all northern localities, and, indeed, deserves a place in every garden, however small. From not finding it noticed in any work since Ken- rick's issue, we had supposed it probably a synonym, but have been unable so to detect it. Trees are hardy, vigorous and productive ; flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, roundish ; skin, white, with a deep rich, red cheek ; flesh, very juicy, melting, rich and luscious. Season, early in October. Clingstone. JAQUES. Jaquish, | Jaques Rareripe, Jaques Rareripe. American. A very desirable market variety ; good flavor ; and very certain bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; distinct suture ; skin, downy, dull yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at the stone, juicy, rich, slightly sub-acid. Season, middle of Sep tember. Freestone. MORRIS RED. Morris Red Rareripe, | Red Rareripe, Large Red Rareripe. American. Has been confounded with George the Fourth, and also with GrosseMignon, from both of which it is distinct. The Large Early York of N. Jersey most nearly resembles it, but is quite dif ferent. It is universally esteemed. Trees, vigorous and productive ; flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish; slightly depressed at apex ; suture, well marked ; skin, greenish white, with a lively red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, sweet flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. 276 THE PEACH. MORRIS WHITE. Morris White Rareripe, White Rareripe, Luscious White Rareripe, Lady Ann Steward, White Malacaton, Cole's White Malacaton, Freestone Heath, Morris White Freestone, Philadelphia Freestone. American. This Variety is most suited to the southern and south western States, where it is a most delicious fruit ; but grown at the north, it is one of the most valuable for preserving in brandy, and always commands a high price therefor. Tree, vigorous, moderate bearer ; flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval ; suture, moderate, swollen point small ; skin, downy, greenish white, be coming a creamy white when fully ripe, rarely a purplish tinged cheek ; flesh, white to the stone, moderately firm, sweet and rich. Season, middle of September. Freestone. MALTA. Peche Malte, I Italian, Malte de Normandie, | Belle de Paris. Foreign. The true Malta is less known than a spurious sort hav ing globose glands, which is most generally grown. The true Malta is a delicious fruit for the private garden, but not desirable for mar keting ; flowers, large ; leaves, serrated, without glands ; fruit, above medium, roundish, flattened, with a broad, shallow suture on one side ; skin, pale, dull green, marked on the sunny side with broken spots and blotches of dull purple ; flesh, greenish, with a little dark red at the stone, very juicy and melting, rich, vinous, delicious flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. LATE ADMIRABLE. Royale, Narbonne, LaRoyale, Teton de Venus, Peche Royale, French Bourdine, Bourdine, Judd's Melting, Boudin, | Motteux's, Pourpree Tardive. Foreign. An old variety, the trees of which have proved suc cessful wherever grown. Moderate, regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture, bold, apparently making two halves of the fruit — a swollen point at apex ; skin, yellowish green, with a cheek of two shades of red, mingled, or marbled ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, melting, delicate, delicious flavor. Season, about 20th September. Freestone. We have often seen the foregoing named fruit, the Malta, under this name. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 277 LEMON CLINGSTONE. Kennedy's Carolina, Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone, Long Yellow Pine Apple, Largest Lemon, Pine Apple Clingstone, Yellow Pine Apple. American. The flavor of this variety, except grown in warm climate and good soil, would not place it among the first class ; but the uniform hardihood and productiveness of the tree, together with the fine appearance of the fruit, making it very desirable for market ing purposes, has induced us to retain it. Flowers, small ; glands, renilbrm ; fruit, large, oblong, with a projecting point at apex like unto a lemon ; skin, fine yellow, with a dark brownish red cheek, becoming sometimes, in certain locations South, almost a crimson red ; flesh, firm, yellow, tinged with red at stone, juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid flavor. Season, middle to last of September. Clingstone. The "Yellow Blanton Ciing" is only a sub- variety, ripening a few days later. NEW YORK RARERIPE. Livingston's New York Rareripe, I Honest John, Large Early York, | Haine's Early Red, Early York of New Jersey. American. The synonyms which we attach to this variety, we are aware, are questioned by some good pomologists, but after having grown and examined the trees under the several names, we confess ourselves unable to distinguish any material difference, cer tainly not sufficient to make distinct descriptions requisite. Trees, vigorous, healthy, moderate but good bearers; flowers, small; gland*, globose ; fruit, above medium, roundish ; skin, whitish, with marblings and dots of red, with a clear, rich, red cheek, where ex posed to the sun ; flesh, almost white, fine-grained, very juicy, rich, mild, excellent flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. NIVETTE. White Rareripe, I Veloute Tardive, Nivette Veloute, J Dorsetshire . Foreign. An old variety, which succeeds most admirably throughout all Northern sections, and, where known, equally well South. Trees, upright, healthy growth, regular bearers ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture, shallow, point or apex slightly depressed ; skin, yellowish green, and, when exposed to sun, a bright, lively, red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, tinged with reddish pink at the stone, juicy, melting, with a rich, delicious flavor. Season, early in September. Free stone. 278 THE PEACH. OLDMIXON. Oldir.ixon Cling, | Oldmixon Clingstone. American. Of the clingstone peaches we think this and Hyslop's the best, and deserving place in every collection. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; suture, well marked, and one side of fruit slightly larger than the other, without mamelon, or swollen point ; skin, yellowish white, with red more or less dotted, and becoming bright red cheek where exposed fully to sun ; flesh, pale white, juicy, rich, high and excellent flavor. Season, early in September. Clingstone. OLDMIXON FREESTONE. Oldmixon Clearstone. American. Said to have been produced from seed of the Old mixon, which we think somewhat doubtful. It is, however, a variety meriting place every where, as it always produces a crop, appearing to withstand late spring frosts better than many others, and for market, its ripening just at a period when most other varieties are out, makes it extremely desirable. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, slightly oval, one side swollen ; suture, appa rent only at apex ; skin, a mingling of yellowish white and pale green, more or less marbled with dull red, and having a deep red cheek in the sun ; flesh, white, tinged with red at stone, rich, sweet, vinous, excellent flavor. Season, 5th to 15th September. PRESIDENT. American. Trees, healthy, productive, similar to the Rareripes ; a valuable market fruit ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large or above medium, roundish oval ; suture, shallow ; skin, downy, pale yellowish green, with a red cheek ; flesh, white, red at the stone, juicy, sweet, rich, high flavor ; stone, rough, and unless fully ripe, the flesh adheres slightly to it. Season, middle of September. Freestone. PRINCE'S RED RARERIPE. Late Red Rareripe . American. Trees, vigorous, productive, and fruit of a grayish appearance, distinguishing it from all other varieties ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval, with a depressed suture and sunken point at apex ; skin, downy, pale grayish yellow, mottled and marbled with red, and with a red cheek mottled with fawn-co lored specks ; flesh, white, deep red at stone, juicy, melting, rich, luscious flavor. Season, early in September. Freestone. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 279 ROSEBANK. American. Originated with James Dougall, Esq., C. W. Trees, heal thy, moderate, but regular bearers; Leaf, serrated without glands ; fruit, above medium, round, compressed at the apex ; suture, deep, extending somewhat more than halfway round ; skin, whitish yellow with a red cheek, where fully exposed to the sun, the red becomes almost purple; flesh, thick, whitish yellow, very little red about the stone, juicy, rich, excellent flavor. Season, middle of September. Freestone. TILLOTSON. Early Tillotson. American. This variety requires a strong soil, otherwise it is liable to mildew. The trees are hardy, but not good bearers while young, nor are they rapid growers. Its period of maturity must, however, give it place for market purposes as being the earliest good fruit yet known. For small gardens where only three or four days are little consequence, it is not advisable to plant it. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless, serrated ; fruit, medium, roundish ; skin, nearly wrhite, dotted with red and becoming dark red in the sun ; flesh, whitish, red at the stone, to which the flesh partially adheres, juicy, rich, high flavor. Season, variable, we having fruited it as early as 29th July and again not until 10th of August, but always, however, a few days before Early York ; and we only note this here in order to show that no certain dates will answer from year to year in any fruit. VAN ZANDT'S SUPERB. Waxen Rareripe. American. A variety not suited to market purposes, but highly desirable in small gardens for dessert use. Flowers, small ; glands, globose, obscure ; fruit, medium, roundish, on^ side enlarged ; su ture, distinct but not deep ; skin, white, beautifully sprinkled and marbled with clear red, cheek red, dotted with carmine ; flesh, whit ish, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, sweet, very fine flavor. Sea son, early in September. WALTER'S EARLY. American. A popular orchard variety, adapted to light soils. Trees, healthy and productive ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, globular, flattened ; skin, white, with a rich red cheek ; flesh, whitish, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, sweet, fine flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone. WHITE IMPERIAL. American. A valuable variety for the northern parts of our 280 THE PEACH. country, being hardy and vigorous, and a regular, moderate bearer. South, the trees grow too rapid, while the fruit is insipid. It seems to do equally well in sandy or loamy soil, but in the former will probably sooner require some specific stimulant. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large or above medium, roundish, broad, de pressed at apex ; suture, not deep, but well marked, and the fruit often one side enlarged ; skin, yellowish white, tinged or marbled with light purplish red towards the sun ; flesh, nearly white, melting, juicy, sweet, delicate, delicious flavor. Season, last of August. Free stone. WARD'S FREESTONE. Ward's Late Free, | Ward's Free American. We have examined this variety for several years, and were we to have but one late-ripening variety, should unhesi tatingly select this. The Weld's Freestone spoken of by Mr. Man ning, in the second volume of the Horticulturist, we strongly sus pect to be this variety. It is a variety highly successful among orchardists in Delaware, and so far as we have seen, equally valua ble at the North. Trees, vigorous, healthy, not too rapid growth ; flowers, small ; glands, ; fruit, above medium, roundish ; skin, yellowish white, with a red cheek where exposed to the sun ; flesh, nearly white, rarely tinged with red at the stone, juicy, vinous, and, for a late peach, sweet and delicious flavor ; for late preserving it is invaluable. Season, early October. Freestone. YELLOW RARERIPE. Yellow Red Rareripe, I Marie Antoinette, Large Yellow Rareripe, | French Rareripe. American. As a market or garden variety, this has no equal among yellow-fleshed fruits. Cultivators should, however, be care ful of the correctness of their trees, as an old sort, far inferior, and often known under name of Yellow Malacatune, is frequently grown for this variety, flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, shallow, extending rather more than half round, a small point at apex ; skin, deep orange yellow, dotted somewhat with red, the cheek rich red, shaded off in streaks; flesh, deep yellow, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, nearly first- rate flavor. Season, 20th to last August. Freestone. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 281 CLASS II. — New and untested; adapted to certain locations, or gardens of Amateurs. ALBERGE. Yellow Alberge, Alberge Jaune, Purple Alberge, Red Alberge, Golden Mignonne French Rareripe, Peche Jaune, Gold-Fleshed, Yellow Rareripe of some Hardy Galande, , Golden Rareripe. Foreign. Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, medium, roundish yel low, purplish cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone. Middle Aug. Freestone. ALLEN. American. Small, roundish ; white, red cheek ; juicy. Freestone, Mid dle Sept (Cole.) ATWATER. American. Closely resembles President, and may prove identical. BELLEGARDE. Early Royal George, Red Magdalen, French Royal George, Smooth-leaved Royal George, Violette Hative, Violette Hative Grosse, Brentford Mignonne, Ronald's Mignonne, Large Violet, arly Galanue. Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, with a point ; suture shallow, yellowish green ; red cheek ; flesh, little red at stone ; juicy. Freestone. Early September. BARNARD. Early Barnard, | Yellow Barnard. American. Much resembles Alberge. BACHELDER. American. Large ; round, white, with deep blush ; flesh, white, juicy. Freestone. Middle September. (Cole.) BRIGGS. American. Large, roundish ; whitish, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone ; sweet Freestone. Early September. (Cole.) BLOOD CLINGSTONE. Claret Clingstone, | Blood Cling. American. Valuable only for pickling and preserving ; flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, often measuring twelve inches round ; suture, dis- 282 THE PEACH. tinct, skin, downy, dark, clouded, purplish red ; flesh, deep red through out ; firm, juicy. Last September The old French Blood Clingstone is a smaller fruit than the above, and also has large flowers. The Blood Freestone is a variety of above, medi um size, glandless leaves, and less valuable. BULLARD'S CLINGSTONE. American. Large, round; white, with red cheek; juicy, fine. Sep tember. (Kenrick.) BULLARD'S SEEDLING American. Large, round, pale yellow and red. Middle of September. Freestone. (Kenrick.) CABLE'S LATE. Cable's Late Melocotoo. American. A seedling of the old Red Cheek, and resembles Crawford's Late, only ripening some six days earlier. Freestone. COLE'S EARLY RED. American. Productive ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale yellow, mostly covered with red, often dry. Last August. Freestone. CHINESE PEACH. Flat Peach of China, | Java Peach. Peen To Foreign. Glands, reniform ; flowers, large ; fruit, small, flattened, long, yellowish green, and pale red ; skin, thin ; flesh, pale yellow, red at stone, to which it adheres, juicy, delicate, vinous flavor ; fitted only for the ama teur's garden. September ; July, at the South. CLINTON. American. Only suited for marketing ; flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek, juicy. Last of August. Freestone. CAMBRIDGE BELLE. Hovey's Cambridge Belle. American. Large, roundish, white with a blush, red cheek, juicy, good. Early September. Freestone. (Hovey.) CLARKE. American. Large, roundish, yellow, red blush ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sugary, fine. Early September. (Cole.) FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 283 DOWN EASTER. Hall's Down Easter. American. Large, roundish, deep suture, yellow, broad red cheek; good, hardy, productive. 20th September. (Cole.) DOUBLE MONTAGNE Double Mountain, | Montagne Montauban. Foreign. Almost worthy a place in first class ; flowers, large ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale greenish white, with two shades of red when exposed to the sun ; flesh, white, delicate, juicy, fine. Last of August. Freestone. ELMIRA. American. This variety originated in Miss, by M. W. Phillips, Esq. We have not seen it, nor a description, but it is spoken of as a Clingstone, ripening a few days earlier than Early Tillotson, and being very desirable in that section. ELIZA. American. Originated at Philadelphia ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, round, terminating in a nipple ; skin, yellow, with mottled red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone. Last of September. Freestone. (W. D. B., in Pomologist.) EASTBURN. Eastburn's Choice. American. Large, roundish, pale yellow, with red on the sunnyside ; flesh, yellowish, red near the stem, juicy, sprightly. Last of September. Freestone. FULKERSON. Fulker son's Early. American. Leaves, glandless ; specimens of the Fulkerson Peach were sent us 20th of August, 1851, by its originator, R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland, 0., from which we made our description. Mr. Fulkerson states it hardy and productive when Yellow Rareripe, Tillotson and other varieties fail ; fruit, medium ; obtuse, rounded, sides irregular, unequal ; suture, half- round ; skin, whitish, rich, red cheek ; flesh, whitish yellow, tinged with red at the pit, juicy, rich, sweet and high flavored; stone small, angular, flattened. Freestone. 20th August. GREEN CATHERINE. Doctor Cooper. Probably Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, pale green, with red cheek ; flesh, bright red at stone, tender, juicy; very fine South, inferior at the North. First to middle Septem ber. Freestone. 284 THE PEACH. GREEN RARERIPE. American. Flowers, small; glands, globose. We have not seen it. Manning says : medium size, productive, fine flavor. Middle September Freestone. GALANDE. Hardy Galande. Foreign. Received from France by Messrs. Parsons & Co., Flushing, L. I., who describe it thus : Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, below medi um ; suture, deep ; skin, downy, dark blood color on one side, on opposite, red and yellow marbled ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich, apricot flavor. Last August. Freestone. HASTINGS. American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, round, slightly flattened ; yellowish white, with a purplish red cheek ; juicy, delicious. Early September. Freestone. (Manning.) HARTSHORN. American. Large, roundish oval, yellow, deep blush ; flesh, coarse ; keeps long. Middle September. Clingstone. (Cole.) HALE. Bale's Melocoton. American. Above medium, oblong, flat at base ; suture, slight ; yel low ; flesh, yellow, rich, sweet. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.) HATCH. American. Very large, roundish pointed ; suture, shallow ; deep yel low, blush in sun; flesh, yellow, melting, sweet. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.) HENRY CLAY. American. Newly introduced by A. B. Lawrence, Woodville, Miss., by whom it is thus described : Glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, deep purple in sun, shading to bright pink and creamy white ; flesh, grayish white, tender, peculiar flavor, partaking of strawberry and pineapple ; small stone, parting freely from the flesh. First August. September at the North. KENRICK'S HEATH. Heath Freestone, | Heath Free. American. Flowers, small; glands, reniform; fruit, large, oblong, swollen point at apex ; suture, slight ; greenish white, purplish red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, red at stone, coarse, juicy, sub-acid. September. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 285 JOSE SWEET. American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, broad ; suture, deep ; greenish white, dull red cheek, juicy, delicious fla vor. Last September. Freestone. JONES' EARLY. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, with pale red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, red at stone, juicy. Middle August. Freestone. (Hovey.) JONES' LARGE EARLY. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish flattened ; suture, deep ; greenish white with crimson cheek ; flesh, white, melting, pink at stone. Middle August. Freestone. (Hovey.) INCOMPARABLE. Pavie Admirable, | Late Admirable Cling. Foreign. Valuable only for market. Trees, healthy, productive ; flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, swelling a little on one side, yellowish white, with red cheek ; flesh yellowish white, red at stone, juicy. Late September. Clingstone. MONSTROUS CLINGSTONE. Pavie de Pompone, I Pavie Monstrueux, Monstrous Pompone, Pavie Rouge de Pompone, Monstrous Pavie, Pavie Camu, Pavie de Pomponne Grosse, | Gros Melocoton, Gros Persique Rouge. Foreign. A variety which succeeds finely in rich, deep soils, often of very fine flavor, but apt to be deficient. Its very large size makes it sell readily. Flowers, large ; glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, roundish oval, swollen point at apex, obtuse ; suture, marked half round ; skin, yellowish white, with red mostly overspreading it ; flesh, firm, yellowish white, deep red at stone, juicy. Last October. Clingstone. MADEIRA. Hill's Madeira, | Madeira Freestone. American. A variety now littie known, and, we think, never much out of southern Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish ; suture, well marked, not deep ; yellow, with rich red cheek ; flesh, yellowish, rather firm, rich, and, in warm seasons, sugary and delicious. Early September. Free stone. MERRIAM. American. Glands, globose ; large, oval, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last September. Freestone. (Cole.) MRS. POINSETT. American. Origin in South Carolina. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, 286 THE PEACH. globular ; suture, distinct, regular ; skin, brownish yellow, veined with red; flesh, yellowish, juicy, partially clingstone. First September. MOORE'S FAVORITE. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, white, bright blush ; flesh, white, juicy, vinous. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.) MALDEN. Early Maiden. American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless. A variety originated by Jas. Dougall, Esq., of C. W., and, as yet, not fully tested. Fruit, me dium, roundish compressed, one side enlarged ; suture, distinct ; skin, white, with reddish blush cheek ; flesh, white, juicy, sprightly. Last August. Freestone. LINCOLN American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; broad suture ; downy, yellow, with purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.) NOBLESSE. Vanguard, | Mellishe's Favorite Lord Montague's Noblesse. Foreign. The " Double Montague" is said by some to be identical with this old variety. We have fruited them two years, but the Double Montague under unfavorable circumstances, so that we are, as yet, un willing to place them as identical, although their identity is not improba ble. Flowers, large ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, pale greenish white, with two shades of red where exposed to sun ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy. Last of August. Freestone. NEWMAN. American. Large, round, greenish white, with a blush; flesh, white, juicy, sweet. Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.) ORCHARD QUEEN. Reine des Vergers. Foreign. New — comes with high praise; should be tested. Tree, vigorous; new shoots, reddish; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, de pressed at apex ; skin, yellow, purplish red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, red at stone, melting, vinous. September. Freestone. ORANGE CLINGSTONE. American. Flowers, small, serrated, glandless ; fruit, large, round ; suture, well marked ; deep orange, occasionally a dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, vinous. Middle September. Clingstone. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 287 OWEN. Owen's Lemon, | Owen's Lemon Rareripe. American. Gxands, globose; fruit, large, roundish; suture, distinct; yellow, purplish red in sun ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Middle September. Freestone. PARAGON. Prince's Paragon. American. Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; yellowish green, with red cheek ; suture, shallow, terminating in a point at apex ; flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet, rich. Middle September. Freestone. POINSETT. American ; originated in South Carolina. G-landless ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; ruddy yellow ; flesh, firm, juicy. September. Clingstone. POOLE'S YELLOW. Poole's Large Yellow, | Poole's Late Yellow Freestone. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, half round ; deep yellow, dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, rich, juicy. Last of September. Freestone. SNOW. American; only suited to sunny exposures, and rich, deep, warm soils. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, round ; suture, slight ; skin, thin ; clear white ; flesh, white, juicy. Early September. Freestone. The blossoms of this variety are white, and the wood is a light green. SHANGHAI. From north of China. Flowers, large ; leaves, creneated; glands, reni form ; fruit, large, roundish ; pale yellow in shade, crimson red in sun ; flesh, pale yellow, deep red at the stone, to which it partially adheres. (Jour. L. H. Society.) SITES' OLD ZACK. A variety esteemed at Columbus, Ohio, where it originated. Fruit, above medium ; yellow, with dull red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, separat ing freely from the stone. 1st to 15th September. SKINNER'S SUPERB. A freestone yellow peach, originated at the South, where it ripens early in August, and is regarded as " very good." 288 THE PEACH. SAINT GEORGE. Smock, | Smock Free. American ; valuable market sort. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, compressed sides ; orange yellow, red in sun ; flesh, bright yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich. Last September. Freestone. SMITH'S FAVORITE. American. G-lands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; deep suture ; yel low, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sweet. Middle September. Free stone. RED CHEEK. Red Cheek Melocoton, Hogg's Melocoton, Yellow Melocoton, Malagatune, Malacatune, Lady Gallatin, Yellow Malagatune. American. Flowers, small; glands, globose. The parent of most of the recently introduced yellow peaches. Fruit, large, roundish oval ; swollen point at apex ; yellow, deep red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, a little sub-acid. Early September. Freestone. RED RARERIPE. Large Red Rareripe, I Douglass, Early Red Rareripe, ( Burgess' Beauty. American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, large, round ; su ture broad ; skin, white, mottled with red, becoming quite red in sun ; flesh, whitish, red at stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Last August. Free stone. Sometimes mildews. From this variety it is probable most of our rareripes have been produced. RODMAN'S RED. American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong ; mostly red in sun ; flesh, whitish, firm, juicy. Last of September. Cling stone. REEVES' FAVORITE. American. Distinct from " Favorite " of Coxe. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sometimes a little acid. Early September. Freestone. TlPPECANOE. American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish , yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sprightly. Middle to last Sep tember. Clingstone. There is also a Freestone rariety under this name, which originated in Ohio. It is, however, rarely grown, and we know of no description, nor have we seen the fruit. FOB AMATEUR CULTURE. 289 TUFT'S EARLY. American. Glands, globose ; large, roundish ; yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet Last of August. Free stone. TARBELL. American. Large, roundish, flattened at base ; suture, nearly round ; S'llow, mostly covered with red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet, iddle September. Freestone. (Cole.) TUFT'S RARERIPE. American. Glands, globose ; medium, roundish ; red and yellow ; flesh, yellow, sweet Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.) WELD'S FREESTONE. American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; greenish white, with some red. First to middle October. (Man ning.) We are inclined to regard this as probably identical with Ward's Freestone, WASHINGTON. Washington Rareripe, | Washington Red Freestone. American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, broad, de pressed ; suture, broad, deep, nearly round ; skin, yellowish white, with crimson cheek ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Mid dle September. Freestone, but often adheres slightly. WHITE CLINGSTONE. Large White Clingstone, I New York White Clingstone, Williamson's New York, j Selby's Cling. American. The quality of the variety would place it in the first class, but in selecting of two, we think the Oldmixon preferable ; and as they ripen at same time, we have placed this variety as only suited to large orchards. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round ; small swollen point at apex; suture, shallow; skin, yellowish white, little covered or dotted with red where exposed to sun ; flesh, whitish, tender, melting, juicy, sweet, high flavor. Early September. WASHINGTON CLINGSTONE. American. Requires a warm climate and good soil Valuable South, not at the North. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ; yellowish green, with gray specks and a tinge of red in sun ; juicy, tender, and rich, sweet flavor. Last September. WALBURTON. Walburton Admirable. Foreign. Leaves, glandless, serrated ; fruit, above medium, roundish oblong ; greenish white, with red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, melting, and separating freely from the stone. Late September. 13 290 THE PEACH. CLASS III. — Unworthy farther culture. ACTON SCOTT. Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, flat, pale white, often bitter. August. ASTOR. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, yellowish white, red cheek, deficient in flavor. Last of August. ANNE. Early Anne, | Green Nutmeg. Foreign. Glandless; fruit, small, greenish white, poor flavor. Early August. ADMIRABLE. Early Admirable, | L' Admirable, Belle de Vitry. Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, red at stone. August. ALMOND. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit small, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh, red at stone. September. BELLE DE VITRY. Admirable Tardive, | Bellis, Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, firm, red at stone. Last September. BELLE DE BEAUCAIRE. Beauty of Beaucaire. Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, greenish yellow, red cheek, juicy. August. Freestone. BEAUTY OF SALISBURY. Foreign. Trees mildew ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek, juicy. September. Freestone. BALTIMORE BEAUTY. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek. August. Freestone. BARRINGTON. Buckingham Mignonne, | Colonel Ausleys. Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, whitish yellow and red ; flesh, tinged red at stone. September. Freestone. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 291 BENNETT'S RARERIPE. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish yellow and red, deficient in flavor. August. BELLE CHEVREUSE. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium oval, greenish white, with red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone. September. Freestone. BELZAR'S EARLY RARERIPE. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium round, red in sun ; flesh, streaked with red. August. CHILIAN. American. Glands ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, defi cient in flavor. September. Freestone. CANARY. American. Fruit medium, canary color ; flesh, yellow, not colored at stone, to which it adheres closely. September. CABLE'S MEDIUM MELOCOTON. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow ; sub-acid. September. CABLE'S EARLY. Cable's Early Melocoton. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, sub- acid. September. CONGRESS. Congress Cling. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, whitish, with red, juicy ; poor bearer. September. CHANCELLOR. Chanceliere, I Noisette, Late Chancellor, Stewart's Late Galande, Edgar's Late Melting. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, yellowish white, crimson cheek ; flesh, red next stone. September. Freestone. CAREY'S MAMMOTH CLING. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, little above medium, oval ; flesh, white. September. CHARLOTTE. Old Royal Charlotte, 1 New Royal Charlotte, Grimwood's Royal Charlotte, Kew's Early Purple. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, above medium, ovate, greenish white, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone. September. 292 THE PEACH. CATHARINE. Catherine Cling. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, oval, one side enlarged, yellowish green, red in sun ; flesh, firm, yellowish white, red at stone. Sep tember. DRUID HILL. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, greenish white, red in the sun ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, far inferior to Ward's Freestone. Sep tember. Freestone. EMPEROR OF RUSSIA. Cut Leaved, ( New Cut Leaved, Serrated, | Unique. American. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, firm, yellowish white. August. Freestone. EARLY ROBINSON CRUSOE. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, whitish, with red in sun. September. FAVORITE. Favorite Red. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, oval, white, with much red in sun ; flesh, firm, red at stone. September. Fox's SEEDLING. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, round, white, with red cheek. Septem ber. Freestone. GEST'S SUPERB. Gest's large Freestone. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white and red ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. September. GOLDEN BALL. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, orange yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, pink at stone, juicy, but not equal to Bergen's Yellow, with which it ripens. Early September. ISPAHAN. Pecher d'Ispahan. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, round, whitish green j flesh, greenish white, a little sub-acid. September. HOFFNER. Hoffner's Seedling. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium or above, roundish, whitish, with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white. August. Freestone. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 293 LA GRANGE. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, greenish white, little red in sun ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, not equal to many others at same time ripening. September. Freestone. LATE YELLOW ALBERGE. October Yellow, I Algiers Yellow, Algiers Winter. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval yellow when ripe ; flesh, firm, yellow, dry. October. LA FAYETTE CLINGSTONE. American. Fruit, large, oval, yellow, red cheek 5 flesh, yellow, poor. September. LA FAYETTE. American. Fruit, above medium, round, whitish, crimson in the sun ; flesh, stained with red. September. NONPAREIL. Scott's Nonpareil. American. Glands, globose. Fruit, large roundish, oblong, yellow, with red cheek, too much like Crawford's Late, to be continued. Freestone. September. OLD NEWINGTON. Newington Cling', | Newington, Large Newington. Foreign ; glandless ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek ; flesh, pale yellowish white, red at stone ; juicy. September. PHFLEIGER. American ; fruit, large, yellow, juicy, good flavor, poor bearer. Freestone. September. MELTING. Large Melting. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish with red cheek, flesh, white, red at stone ; poor bearer. September. Freestone. MAGISTRATE. Majestrate. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, greenish white, red cheek, flesh, juicy, not high flavor. September. Freestone. MORRISANIA. Morrisania Pound , | Hoffman's Pound, Morrison's Pound. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, greenish white, dull red cheek ; flesh, yellowish white ; poor bearer. September. 294 THE PEACH. MADELEINE OF COURSON. Madeleine de Courson, Red Magdalen, rrue Red Magdalen, French Magdalen, Madeleine Rouge, Rouge Paysanne. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone. Last August. MONSTROUS FREESTONE. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, pale yellow and red ; flesh, yellowish white ; poor bearer. September. STRAWBERRY. Rose. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, below medium, surface mostly red ; flesh, whitish ; too small. August. Freestone. RED NUTMEG. Brown Nutmeg, I Avant Rouge, Early Red Nutmeg, j Red Avant. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, round, pale yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellowish, red at stone. Early August. ROYAL GEORGE. Early Royal George, New Royal George, Millet's Mignonne, Lockyer's Mignonne, Griffin's Mignonne, Superb, Red Magdaline. Foreign. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale white, red dots and marbled red in sun ; flesh, whitish red at stone. Last of August. ROSANNA. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, yellow and purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone. September. Freestone. SWALSH. Double Swalsh, | Swalze. „ Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, ovate, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone ; poor bearer. September. Freestone. SWEET WATER. Early Sweet Water, | Large American Nutmeg. There are two varieties under this name ; one with globose glands, and one glandless ; neither as valuable as Tillotson. SCOTT'S EARLY RED. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, much dashed with red ; flesh, whitish, juicy. August. Freestone, UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 295 SMITH'S NEWINGTON. Early Newington, | Smith's Early Newington. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, oval, pale yellow, streaked with pur plish red in sun ; flesh, firm, pale yellow, red at stone. August. Clingstone. SMOCK CLINGSTONM. American. Large oblong, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sub-acid. September. SPRING GROVE. Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red cheek ; flesh, greenish yellow. September. Freestone. SULHAMSTEAD. Foreign. Glandless, mildews ; fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, sweet. September. SLOCUM'S EARLY. American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, yellow and red; flesh, yellow. August. SlEBOLT. American. Glands ; fruit, above medium, greenish yellow with red cheek ; flesh, yellowish white. Freestope. September. TICE. Tice's Red and Yellow. American. Fruit, large, yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy ; poor bearer. September. Freestone. VANDERMARK. American. Fruit, large, roundish ; flesh, acid. September. A clingstone. WHITE NUTMEG. Early White Nutmeg, | Avant Blanche, White Avant. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, oval, greenish white ; flesh white, to the stone. Early August. WHITE BLOSSOM. White Blossomed Incomparable, | Willow Peach, American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, oval, white ; flesh, white to etone. September. Freestone. 296 THE PEACH. WEEPING. Reid's Weeping. American. Glands, reniform ; only ornamental as a tree, and does not de serve to be classed in fruits. YATES' EARLY. American. Much resembles Early York, but far inferior. YELLOW ADMIRABLE. Orange, I Apricot Peach, Abricotee, | Admirable Jaune. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow, little red in sun ; flesh, yellow, slightly red at stone, dry. Freestone. September. ZOAR BEAUTY. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, mostly red where ex posed to sun ; flesh, tinged with red. Freestone. September. THE PEAR. Pyrus communis, L. Rosacea of botanists. NATIVE of Europe and Asia, the pear has long been cultivated, but not until within the past three centuries has there been any con siderable number of sorts esteemed valuable as dessert fruits, ex cept they were cooked. Of Van Mons, Knight, and others, and their exertions in originating and improving fruit, have we before written ; and to their skill and care do we owe many of our best imported varieties; while, in this country, we are not the less indebt ed to such men as H. A. S. Dearborn, David Thomas, M. P. Wilder, J. P. Kirtland, W. D. Brinckle, and many others, for the importation, origin, and dissemination of the best varieties throughout the States. Our pioneer settlers all planted seeds of the pear, as well as of the apple ; and while in nearly all the middle portions of the States there are immense trees, healthy and vigorous as the native forests, few of these chance seedlings prove in fruit more than about one remove from the wild state. To this fact, and the erroneous impres sion that " he who plants pears, plants for his heirs," we attribute the neglect of fruit-growers, for years, to plant any considerable number of pear trees. Gradually, however, as facilities of traveling have increased, giving opportunity of comparing impressions with practice and results, and information become freely disseminated through our agricultural and horticultural journals, have pear plan tations increased, until at this time there are, probably, yearly plant ed in the States not less than one million of trees. In almost every State, there appear certain localities where the pear succeeds most perfectly, continuing to increase in size, vigor, and productiveness, from year to year. The following may be selected from many : Danvers in Mass., Hartford and East New Haven County, in Conn., Vincennes in la., Detroit in Mich., and north-western or central New York. And indeed we may find it difficult to name a section where, with the appropriate care in cul ture here pointed out, the pear may not be grown healthy and pro ductive. Propagation. By seed. The propagation of the pear by seed is the same as that of the apple, if we except the fact that, as the roots of the pear the first year are generally confined to the one " tap root," as it is termed, and a few fibres, it is necessary that the soil be at least two feet deep. Old pasture ground or meadow trenched with the spade is the best for the growing of pear seedlings. 13* (297) 298 THE PEAK. The propagating by grafting, budding, etc., is also the same in the pear as in the apple, and usually performed at same season. The remarks we make relative to root grafting on pieces of roots are also equally applicable to the pear as the apple. Some practise the grafting on pieces of root, and plant deep to induce the rooting of the pear from the graft ; this is easily done, but we see no advantage ; and our experience with trees, roots so formed, has not been favora ble ; we have found the roots thrown from the pear small and in sufficient to sustain the tree, while those of the old root, on taking up, were diseased, apparently from some want of action in the cir culation of sap-vessels. Hardihood. The comparative hardihood of American over for eign varieties has been much lauded, but as yet we do not think sus tained by experiment. Propagation on healthy or unhealthy stocks we think has had more to do with it than aught else. Until within a few years past, most of the pears worked on pear stocks in this country were on suckers, and this we imagine the foundation of most said respecting the comparative hardihood of native over for eign varieties. Stocks and Adaptation of Trees grown thereon. Healthy seedling pear stocks, usually two years old and about f to | an inch diameter at crown, are regarded best for grafting on, while the same left to grow until August, are usually suitable size for budding. The quince, apple, thorn, and mountain ash, are all more or less used for grow ing what are termed dwarf trees. Of these the quince is best, thorn next, and apple the least desirable. Of the quince, seedlings are not desirable to use for this purpose, as they do not run even in growth ; but cuttings grown from what is generally known as the Angiers variety should be procured. The thorn and mountain ash are used often with advantage on dry gravelly or sandy soils, where the quince roots do not appear as well suited. While a very large number of varieties will take and grow for a year or two finely, there are comparatively few that succeed for a series of years in continued vigor and productiveness, when grown on any stock but that of the pear ; and while the cultivation is now very extensive on the quince root, we cannot but fear that in eight- tenths it will prove unprofitable to the grower ; and in the remain ing two-tenths, require equally as much care in supplying nutrition and pruning, as a system of root pruning when grown on pear roots. There are, however, some sorts that the fruit seems improved by being worked on quince, asDuchessed'Angouleme, Easter Beurre, &c., and this is a strong item in favor of the quince stock ; and therefore, while advising its use, we must not forget always to mention that without careful and high culture the grower will meet disappointment. STOCKS AND ADAPTATION OF TREES THEREON. 299 About one hundred years may be taken as the natural duration of the pear on pear roots,when grown in soil supplied with the elements necessary to sustain it; and about thirty or forty years the natural duration when worked on the quince root, and regularly pruned and cultivated. Instances are of course recorded and known, w^here trees exist for longer periods, while hundreds decay and are gone in one half the time. The demand for pear trees on the quince has been so great for some years past, that too often little regard has been paid to the stock ; and we have now in our grounds rows of bearing trees on quince roots, all of one kind, received from France, from which, although receiving the same care and attention, there may be selected those that ere many years must of necessity decay , the stock and tree are not adapted one to the other. Again, as be fore remarked, there are varieties that, while they grow apparently well for a few years, decay on fruiting the second year. The suc cess of the pear on quince roots trained en-pyramid in the old coun try has been confined to but few varieties, and these kept under a steady yet high state of cultivation. Orcharding with the pear on the quince, in the manner of most orcharding in this country, will never repay the first cost of the trees ; but if trees are selected of varieties known to have been long successful, and a system of cul ture pursued which shall meet the requirements of the fibrous roots of the quince, then may the grower look for profit and pleasure in the result ; but equally gratifying and profitable would be the result, if' we except a few varieties of foreign origin, when grown on the pear, and annually root-pruned; added to which, if one half the trees were taken out after twenty years, the balance would form a fine permanent orchard to be managed as our apple orchards. In small gardens, where the quince stock is advised by nearly all writers, (and correctly so, if the right varieties are selected,) success will not be had v;ithout an appreciation by the grower of the extent of roots formed by the quince, and the system of culture required to supply the food of the plant, as well as knowledge in how to prune, and also some little knowledge of the amount of fruit the young tree is ca pable of ripening and continue in health ; the tendency being rather to over-production and exhaustion. Transplanting, Selection of Trees, and Distances apart. — The roots of the pear have few laterals except grown on shallow rich soil, and in transplanting, it is therefore requisite to secure as much of the large root as possible. If in taking up they are mostly de stroyed, the branches will have to be shortened in and cut out. On the quince root, when well grown, there will need little attention, except to head back to a regular shape, and prune smooth the ends of each root, as often directed in this work ; and in setting, taking 300 THE PEAR. care that the earth is even with the junction of the pear on the quince. Trees on pear roots for the orchard or garden are best at about three years old, and five to seven feet high, well grown and shaped as noted in the apple. Dwarf trees or those on quince roots, are best at one year from the bud ; for, as a general thing, the nursery man has neither the time, nor will the price paid for trees as com pared with that of labor in this country, warrant him in a system of careful and correct pruning in nursery row ; neither can a tree be so evenly shaped as when transplanted to more open and exposed positions. The distance apart of pear or pear roots for large orcharding, should be from twenty-five to thirty feet, while that of dwarfs for gardens should be ten to fifteen feet. Dwarfs are now much plant ed intermediate in large permanent orchards, but as a whole, the practice is not to be advised, unless the grower intends to cultivate such orchard with care and attention, superior to the ordinary method of plowing, planting potatoes, &c. Soil and Manures. — The pear roots thrive best in a soil where the sub-soil is at once dry and moist ; that is, where it is open and porous sufficient to admit of free drainage, and yet where the roots, extending deeply and freely in it, reach moisture in season of ex treme drought. Cold clay is a bad sub-soil, and where it exists in the ground of a prospective orchard, it should be deeply and thoroughly sub-soiled and well drained. The pear on quince roots succeed best in rich, deep, moist, loamy ground, even enduring con siderable water better than dry sand. The following is the analysis of the ash of the pear as made by Dr. Emmons : — Sap wood. Bark. Potash, 22.25 6.20 Soda, 1.84 Chlorine, • 0.31 1.70 Sulphuric Acid, 0.50 1.80 Phosphate of Lime, 27.22 6.50 Phosphate of Peroxide of Iron, . . 0.31 Carbonic Acid, 27.69 37.29 Lime, 12.64 30.36 Magnesia, 3.00 9.40 Silex, 0.30 0.40 Coal, 0.17 0.65 Organic Matter, 4.02 4.20 100.25 98.30 From this it will be seen what most is wanted in the soil to pro duce healthy foliage and wood in the pear. As a general thing, PRUNING. 301 soils usually are or become deficient in lime and the phosphates, and the cheapest remedy is liberal dressing of wood ashes and bone dust; or in sections where bone dust is not easily attainable, dig in around the tree whole bones from the daily use of a family, or procured from a slaughter-house. Potash dissolved in water and applied to vegetable mould from the woods, and this dug in around the tree, is also a cheap and ready way of supplying food requisite. Iron filings, etc., from smith-shops is also good, and hence the im pression of some, that through it the blight was cured or prevented. The fact being only that a certain element requisite to health was exhausted in the soil. Pruning. — In connection with what we have recorded under this head on a previous page, we add the following, as directly applicable to the pear. It is from the experience of Thomas Kivers, Esq., England, one of the most successful pyramidal pear tree growers in the world : " If root-pruned pyramidal trees are planted, it will much assist them if about half the blossom buds are thinned out with sharp- pointed scissors, or a penknife, just before they open ; otherwise these root-pruned trees on the quince stock are so full of them, that the tree re ceives a check if they are all allowed to expand. About ten or fifteen fruit may be permitted to ripen the first season ; the following season two or three dozen will be as many as the tree ought to be allowed to bring to perfection, increasing the number as the tree increases in vigor, always remember- ing that a few full-sized and well-ripened pears are to be preferred to a greater num ber, inferior in size and quality. Summer pinching in the youth of the tree is the only remedy, if it is not well fur nished below 5 and a severe remedy it is, for all the young shoots on the upper tiers, including the leader, must be pinched closely in May and June till the lower a 02 THE PEAK. ones have made young shoots of a sufficient length to give uniform- iiy to the tree. This requires much attention and trouble; it is better to be careful not to plant any tree for a pyramid that is not well furnished with buds and branches to its base. A tree of this description may soon be made to assume the shape of the foregoing figure, which is a perfect pyramidal pear tree, such as it ought to be in July, before its leading side shoots and perpendicular leaders are shortened, which is best done towards the end of August : this short ening must be made at the marks , and all the side shoots short ened in the same manner ; and also the leading shoot. Hooked pruning scissors will be found the best implement to prune with. The spurs are the bases of the shoots that have been pinched ji June. Planting and after management.— As before mentioned, the autum nal and early winter months are to be prefer red for planting; care should betaken in select ing trees that are fur nished with buds and branches from bottom to top; but if a young gardener intends to plant, and wishes to train up his trees so that they will become quite perfect in shape, he should select plants one year old from the bud or graft ; these will, of course, have good buds down to the junction of the graft with the stock. The first spring, a tree of this description should be headed down so as to leave the shoot about 18 inches long ; if the soil is rich, from five to six and seven shoots will be pro duced ; one of these must be made the leader, and if not inclined to be quite perpendicular, this must be fastened to a stake. As soon in SUIT- PRUNING AND AFTER MANAGEMENT. 303 mer as the leading shoot is ten inches long, its end must be pinched off, and if it pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch all off but one to about two inches, leaving the topmost for a leader ; the side shoots will in most cases assume a regular shape ; if not, they may be this first season tied to slight stakes to make them grow in the proper direction. This is the best done by bringing down and fastening the end of each shoot, to a slight stake, so that an open pyramid may be formed ; for if it is too close and cypress-like, enough air is not* admitted to the fruit ; they may remain unpruned till the end of August, when each shoot must be shortened to within eight buds of the stem ;* this will leave the tree like the preceding figure, and no pruning in winter will be required. The second season the trees will make vigorous growth ; the side shoots which were topped last August will each put forth three, four, or more shoots ; as soon as these are four inches long they must be pinched off to within three inches, all but the leading shoot of each side branch ; this must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant sap, till the end of August. The perpendicular leader must be top ped once or twice ; in short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch off its top, and if it breaks into two or three shoots, pinch them all but the leader, as directed for the first season ; in a few years, most symmetrical trees may be formed. When they have attained the height of six or eight feet, and still continue to grow vigorously, it will be necessary to commence root- pruning to bring them into a fruitful state. I have thus far given directions for those who are inclined to rear their own pyramids. Much time and attention are required ; but the interest attached to well-trained pyramids will amply repay the young cultivator. I will now endeavor to give directions for the management of trees adapted for the gardener of mature age, who feels somewhat impa tient if his trees do not begin at once to be fruitful. A most valu able auxiliary to precocious fruitfulness in pears is the quince stock ; pears grafted on it may be safely recommended for all soils of mod erate depth and fertility, and even for light and sandy soils I am induced to advise it, only in those circumstances the trees must have more care and higher cultivation. In soils of that nature I should recommend the surface of the soil round the tree to be covered during June. July, and August, with short grass, moss, or manure, and to give them once a week, in dry weather, a drenching with guano water, (about two pounds to six gallons,) which must be well stirred before it is used ; each tree should have twelve gallons poured gradually into the soil : by this method the finest fruit may be pro- * There are generally three or four abortive buds at the base of each shoot ; these must not be reckoned. 304 THE PEAR. duced ; and as it is very probable that, ere many years elapse, we shall have exhibitions of pears, this will be the mode to procure fine specimens to show for prizes. Monsieur Cappe's method of pruning in the Garden of Plants, (Jardin des Plantes,) France, where all are on their own or pear roots, is thus described by the late A. J. Downing in the Horticul turist. These pyramidal pear trees, it is well known, are regarded as the most perfect of specimens. " M. Cappe confines his pruning to three seasons of the year. In the month of March, or before the buds start, he shortens back with the knife all the leading shoots, fig. 1, a, a, — that is, the terminal shoots at the end of each side branch. Of course, this forces out not only a new leading shoot at the end of the branch, but side shoots, 6, 6, at various places on the lower part of the shoot. These side shoots are left to grow till the end of May. They have then pushed out to about four or five inches in length. The ends of all \'f j these side shoots are then pinched off, leaving /a only about an inch and a half at the bottom of the shoot. " Fig. 2 shows one of the branches, with the side shoots, as they are at the end of June. The dotted lines, 6, 6, show the point to which these shoots should be pinched off. " The terminal or leading shoot, c, is left entire, ^g" 1- in order to draw up the sap, which would other wise force all the side shoots into new growth. Notwithstanding this precaution, in luxuriant seasons the side shoots will frequently push out new shoots again, just below where they were pinched. This being the case, about the last of August M. Cappe shortens back these new side shoots to about an inch and a half. But this time he does not pinch them off. He breaks them, and leaves the broken end for several days attached and hang ing down, so that the flow of sap is not so suddenly checked as when the branch is pinched or cut off, and the danger of new shoots being forced out a third time is thereby effectually guarded against. " The object of this stopping the side branches, is to accumulate the sap, or, more properly, the organizable matter in these shortened branches, by which means the remaining buds become fruit-buds instead of wood-buds. They also become spurs, distributed over the whole tree, which bear regularly year INSECTS AXD DISEASES. 805 after year, sending out new side shoots, which are pinched back in the same manner every summer. *' In order to keep the tree finely proportioned, the eye of the pruner must be a nice one, that he may, with a glance, regulate the pruning of the terminal branches or leaders, which, as we have just said, are shortened back in March — for then is the time to adjust any extravagances of growth which the tree may have run into, on either side : and in the summer pinching the balance of growth is adjusted by pinching the side shoots that start out nearest the ends of the branches, quite short, say an inch and a half, while those that start near the bottom of the branch, (or the centre of the tree,) where they have less nourishment, are left from four to five inches long. " Understanding this mode of pruning, nothing is easier than to form pyramidal pear trees of the most perfect symmetry, and beauty of form. But in order to have the branches regularly produced from the ground to the summit, you must plant a tree which is only a couple of feet high, so that you can form the first tier of branches quite near the ground, by cutting back the leader at the very outset ; for if the tree is once allowed to form a clean body or stem, of course it is impossible afterwards to give it the requisite shape and fulness of branches at the bottom." All this our readers will understand relates more especially to the art of pruning, as adapted to high or garden culture. Standard trees in the orchard require only the same or similar pruning to that pursued in the apple ; very few trees, in fact, requiring aught but a thinning out of branches, or rather a preventing, while young, of the branches becoming too thick. Insects and Diseases. — The Scolytus pyri is an insect described by Harris. This is by some counted as the cause of a species of blight. Its presence has, however, been rarely met with, and doubts arise among many cultivators whether it is as prevalent, and the cause of as much destruction, as reported. The Bupestris divaracata, and perhaps some allied species, is found in the larvae state under the bark, on the bodies of both the pear and apple ; and what is often taken for sun-blight, is the effect of this insect. The bark appears blackened on the body of the tree, on the south or southwest side. Cutting it away carefully and de stroying the larvae in months of July to September, and washing the body first with ley-water, or strong soap-suds, and covering it with a coating of gum shellac, dissolved in alcohol, is the remedy. The slug Selandria cerasi appears on the leaf of both cherry and pear in June, July and August. It is about half an inch long, of a dull, greenish brown, slimy, shining, offensive appearance. It is easily destroyed, if taken in time, by scattering ashes or even 306 THE PEAR. dirt over the leaves early in morning, or while the dew is on, fol lowing up the application some four or five days. The frozen-sap blight, etc., often so destructive to trees in the West, we have re marked on in previous pages, and refer thereto. Selection of varieties known to be permanently successful on the quince. — As we have before remarked, while there are a great many varieties that at first take and grow well on the quince stock, there are but few comparatively that are permanently successful. It there fore becomes the planter to select with care, and plant with a view to permanence, only those that are known to succeed. Of the error of planting indiscriminately, we have had practical experience, as in planting the grounds of our present residence we looked to the test ing of varieties, and therefore ordered and planted one tree only of a sort. On a double border so planted, containing over 200 sorts, we have already, in three years, discarded one half, and feel confi dent that not more than one half of the remainder will answer to continue permanently. As yet few or none of our American native pears can be depended on when grown on the quince, and as all in troduced are of the quality described when grown on pear roots, we advise most planters so to procure them. Of those known to succeed permanently when grown on quince, the following may be selected : Summer Dean, Doyenne cFEte* \ Summer Franc Real, English Jargonelle, Bartlett, Madelaine, Beurre d'Amalis, Long Green of Autumn, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Beurre Diel, Vicar of Wakcfield, Glout Morceau, Angouleme, Duchess of ditto, White Dean, White Doyenne, Easter Beurre, Gray Dean, Oris Doyenne, Duchess of Orleans. Striped Long Green of Autumn, j Beurre of Anjou, Weary Soldier, Soldat Laboureur, Boussouck. Doyenne Boussouck, Van Mons' Leon Le Clerc, Passe Colmar. Gathering of the Fruit, and Uses. — " Gather pears of the summer sorts rather before they are ripe, as, when thoroughly so, they eat mealy if kept above a day or two ; even when gathered as they ought to be, in a week or less they begin to go at the core. They should not, however, be gathered wThen they require much force to pull them off. Autumn pears must also not be full ripe at the time of gathering, though they will keep longer than the summer. Winter pears, on the contrary, should hang as long on the trees as they may, so as to escape frost, which would make them flat in flavor, and not keep well. Generally they may hang to the middle of October on full standards, a week longer on dwarfs, but yet not VARIETIES AND NOMENCLATURE. 307 after they are ripe. The art of gathering is, to give them a lift, so as to press away the stalk, and if ripe, they readily part from the tree. Let them be quite dry when pulled, and in nandling, avoid pinching the fruit, or in any way bruising it ; as gathered, lay them quietly in shallow baskets." This process of gathering at the proper time, in connection with their after maturing, in a fruit-room or house of equable temperature, has often very much to do in deciding the quality of a pear. Many varieties are entirely worthless as dessert pears, unless so ripened, when, with this care, they are really the most delicious. The old criterion of a good pear, viz. : one with a sugary aromatic juice, soft sub-liquid pulp or melting, as in the White Doyenne, or fine crisp and " breaking," as in the Bergamottes ; firm, juicy, yet austere for cooking, as in the Pound, is equally good at this day as when first written. The common uses of the pear are for dessert, baking, stewing, drying, preserving, marmalades, and for perry. For the latter use, large orchards of the more common hardy sorts have heretofore been planted, and the result found more profitable than the same amount of ground appropriated to the apple for cider. Varieties and Nomenclature. — The number of varieties now known is something over 1200, but of these it is more than probable over 1000 may be discarded, and then leave more than have qualities to sustain their continued culture when compared with the best. Through out the West, the pear culture is only in its infancy, and we there fore place far less in our first class than probably may seem worthy that position by our Eastern pear amateurs ; but we would rather our Western growers should plant varieties worthy their attention, than, as a whole, devote time to testing. We shall not pretend in this work to even note all varieties, but shall only speak of those most known in our own language, while we could wish (and pro bably may do so, as far as possible, at a future time) to transfer all names into the English language; we have at this time thought best in most cases to retain the foreign name, but in the first class giving the English meaning directly underneath, and in same size type. In other cases where the English rendering seemed appro priate, we have adopted it as the standard name, giving the heretofore standard name as the first synonym. Forms and Size comparative. — Our forms illustrative of the terms used in description, are from the Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. These are founded on the fundamental figure of a circle, and on this is drawn the form of the fruit ; and where the circle forms not a part of the fruit form, it is shown by dots. It should always be recollected, that in the pear, pyriform is with the small end at the stem ; while in the apple it is at the calyx. 308 THE PEAR. Globular. Ovate. Olobular ; obtuse pyriform. ('. ohular ; acute pyriform FOEMS AND SIZE COMPARATIVE. 809 Obovate ; acute pyriform. Ovate pyrifonn. Oblong pyriform. Obovate obtuse pyriform. 310 THE PEAR. Oblong obovate pyriform. Oblong ovate pyriform. Of size comparative, we take the Seckel as small ; the White Do yenne or Virgalieu as medium ; the Bartlett as large. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 311 CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation. BARTLETT. William's Bon Chretien, | William's. Poire Guilliaume. An English variety originated about 1770. Now extensively grown, and too well known to really need description. The trees are vigorous, and early productive of fair handsome fruit, either on pear or quince root. Fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform ; surface somewhat uneven ; color, clear light yellow, tinged with blush in sun when ripe, russet around the stem, and minute russet dots over the whole ; stem, short, thick ; calyx, medium, partly open ; basin, shallow, furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, broad ovate ; Jiesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. Season, middle August to middle September. 312 THE PEAR. BELLE LUCRATIVE — BEAUTIFUL AND PROFITABLE. Fondante d'Automne, | Seigneur d'Esperin. A Flemish variety ; tree of moderate growth ; productive bearer, young shoots long, yellowish gray. Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellowish green, slightly russeted ; stem, stout, often fleshy ; calyx, short, open ; basin, medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, melting, juicy, aromatic, sweet. Season, last September. BEURRE LANGELIER — LANGELIER'S BUTTER. A foreign pear, newly introduced : has fruited but few times in this country, but may safely be placed as best. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, contracted toward, and terminating obtusely at, stem ; color, light green, becoming, at maturity, pale yellow, with a dull red cheek in sun, and numerous gray russet dots ; stem, one inch, or more, long, angularly inserted without depression ; calyx, medium ; basin, shallow, plaited ; core, medium ; seeds, long ovate pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, fine-grained, sub-acid, slight perfume. Season, November to January. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 313 BEURRE DIEL — DIEL'S BUTTER. Diel, Diel's Butterbirne, Dorothee Royal, Grosse Dorothee, Beurre Royal, Des Trois Tours, De Melon, Melon de Kops, Beurre Magnifique, Beurre Incomparable. Foreign. Grows and fruits well on pear or quince, but is best on quince ; tree, vig orous, the foliage large; wood, olive brown with gray ish specks ; very productive. Fruit large, (our engraving is too small for an av erage, ) obovate, obtuse pyriform, surface rather uneven ; color, dull green, bright V e 1 1 o w when mature, russet specks, and scat tered russet and greenish brown patches; stem, stout, and slightly curved; cavity, narrow ; calyx, medium, open, long segments ; basin, abrupt ; core, large ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, espe cially near the core ; juicy, melting, perfumed. Season, October to last November. BRANDYWINE. American, from the banks of the Brandywine river. Tree, thrifty, rapid grower, long upright shoots, regular and abundant bearer ; fruit, medium, varying in form, generally obovate pyri form, running into the stem, which is fleshy and rather obliquely set ; color, dull yellowish green, marked with russet dots and streaks, and much russeted about eye; calyx, open, segments few; basin smooth, moderate depth ; core, small, compact ; seeds, few, dark brown ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous. Season, last of August, first of September. 14 814 THE PEAR. BEURRE D'AREMBERG. Due d'Aremberg, Colmar Deschamps, L'Orphelines, Soldat Laboureur of some, Descharaps, D'Aremberg Parfait, Beurre des Orphelines, Orpkeline d'Enghein . A foreign variety which has been often confounded with Glout Morceau and Soldat Laboureur, from both of which it is distinct. The wood is strong, long-jointed, yellowish brown, dotted with pale gray specks; leaves, narrow, deeply serrated; trees, very hardy, bear young on the pear root, annually and abundantly ; the fruit hangs well, and may be gathered and ripened at will from Decem ber to February. A warm, rich soil suits it best. Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, tapering toward the stem, where it often terminates in a fleshy junction ; color, dull pale green, at maturity light yellow, clouded with green, with traces and patches of light cinnamon russet ; stem, short, stout, uneven, set obliquely, without depression; calyx, small, closed, segments short; basin, rather deep ; core, medium ; seeds, light brown, acutely pointed ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, vinous. Season, December to February. WORTHY GENERAL. CULTIVATION. BUERRE BOSC. Calebasse Bosc, J Marianne Nouvelle, Ease's Flascbenbirne. 315 A foreign variety raised in 1807 by Van Mons. It is an early, annual, and productive bearer on the pear roots, and should have a place in the smallest collection. Tree, vigorous, with long brownish olive shoots straggling or diverging. The fruit varies some in size and form, as see our checked outline in engraving, but it is always fair and smooth. Fruit, large, obovate, acute pyriform ; color, dark yellow, nearly 816 THE PEAK. covered, dotted and marbled with cinnamon russet, slight brownish red in sun ; stem, usually long, slender ; calyx, medium, segments partially erect ; basin, round, shallow, sometimes a little uneven ; core, small ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, per fumed. Season, October, or last of September. BUERRE D'ANJOU. — BUTTER OF ANJOU. Ne Plus Meuris. Foreign. An old pear in London's select list of 1834, recently introduced under a new name, and grown on quince. It is found of the highest excellence. It succeeds equally well on pear or quince, but largest on quince. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, ob tuse at stem ; color, pale yellow, dull blush, and numerous small specks of faint russet ; calyx, open, segments thick, reflexed ; basin, round, not deep, russeted ; stem, short, curved, and obliquely inserted in a shallow cavity ; core, small ; seeds, long, pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly, delicious to the core. Sea son, October and November. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 817 BEURRE EASTER. Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau, Doyenne d'Hiver, Doyenne du Printemps, Bergamotte de la Pentecote, Beurre de la Pentecote, Beurre d'Hiver de Bruzelles, Beurre Roupe, Pater oster. Du Patre, Beurre de Paques, Philippe de Paques, Bezi Chaumontelle tres gros, Chaumontel tres gros, Canning, Seigneur d'Hiver, Foreign. Requires rich, warm soil, and some care in ripening, when it is one of the very finest of pears. It is best on quince. Fruit, large, globular, obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish green with russet spots, and occasional specimens grown in sun have a brownish russet cheek ; stem, medium to short ; cavity, rather deep *, calyx, generally small ; basin, narrow rather deep; core, medium; 318 THE PEAR. seeds, long, ovate, acute pyriform ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet. Season, January to May. BUFFUM. American. Native of Rhode Island. It is very successful wherever grown, admirably adapt ed to standard orchard ing, an upright, strong grower, reddish brown shoots, always product ive of fair, even-sized fruit ; not, however, of more than second-rate quality. fruity medium, ob long, obovate; color, brownish green, becom ing yellow, bright red, suffused in sun ; brown dots and a little russet ; stem., half to inch long, slight depression ; calyx, with short recurved seg ments ; basin, round ; core, rather small ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, buttery, sweet. Season, September. BLACK WORCESTER. Black Pear of Worcester, | Parkinson's Warden, Iron Pear. A valuable and profitable variety for marketing and cooking pur poses ; shoots dark olive, diverging ; tree, tiardy, vigorous. fruit, large, obovate, oblong ; color, dull green, with numerous marblings and specks of dark iron russet ; stem, stout, in a slight de pression ; calyx, rather small ; flesh, firm, coarse, austere. Season, November to February. BOUSSOUCK. Doyenne Boussouck, Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle, Providence, Plymouth. Foreign. A variety, we believe, first introduced to this country in 1841, by Wm. Kenrick; tree, vigorous; wood, reddish brown, WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 319 sprinkled with large round grayish specks; a good and regular bearer; fine on quince. Fruit, large, globular, obtuse, obovate pyriform ; color, yellow, with tracings of russet, and large russet specks ; stem, short, stout, fleshy at base ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, open ; core, medium ; seeds, small, almost black, abortive ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet perfume. Season, October. COLUMBIA. Columbian Virgalieu, | Columbian Virgalouse. Native of Westches- ter county, N. Y. With- out being of more than second quality, its har dihood of tree, product ive habit, and fruit uni formly smooth and fair, make it a valuable as well as profitable varie ty. Tree, thrifty ; young shoots, yellowish brown. Fruit, large or above medium, oblong, obo vate pyriform ; color, at first pale green, becom ing, when ripe, fine gold en yellow, dotted with small gray dots ; stem, • medium size, slightly curved ; calyx, rather small, partially open, or half closed ; basin, shal low ; core, medium; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, white, moderately juicy, sweet. Season, December to January. COIT. Beurre Coit. A new variety, raised by Col. Coit, of Euclid, 0. We first ate of it in 1846, when we made our notes in its favor. Since that we 320 THE PEAR. have seen it several times, and as we write this, September 25,1853, have the fruit before us. It is worthy a place in all collections. The tree is hardy, vigorous, up right, spreading in form, dark brown shoots, and early good bearer on the pear root. Our draw ing was made from a specimen pulled in Au gust, and is below an average size. Fruit, above medium, obtuse pyriform, slight ly angular; color, rich brown russet, mostly overspreading a yellow ground, with a brownish red cheek in sun ; stem, rather short; cavity, shal low, with unequal pro jections ; calyx, with seg ments nearly erect, sur rounded by depressed crescent-shaped furrows in a shallow basin ; core, small ; seeds, black ish ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, vinous. Season, last September and October. DEARBORN'S SEEDLING. Wheeler's New St. Michael. Raised by Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn, about 1819, at Roxbury, Mass. Tree, vigorous, erect, yet spreading ; requires little pruning; productive on the pear root. Fruit, rather small, roundish, inclining to obovate, narrowing a little to the stem ; color, pale yellow, little russet at base of stem, and surface dotted with small russet dots ; calyx, with short thick segments ; stem, long, slender, curved ; core, medium ; seeds, dark brown, long, pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, delicately perfumed. Season, August. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 321 DEAN'S SUMMER. Doyenne d'Ete, J Summer Doyenne, Summer Virgalieu. Foreign. Trees, moderately vigorous, dull brownish red wood, early and abundant bearers, unsuccessful on quince. Fruit, rather small, roundish, obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish green, nearly yellow when fully mature, side exposed to sun with a bright marbled red cheek ; stem, rather long, fleshy at base, inserted without depression ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, me dium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, juicy, sugary, sprightly. Season, last of July. DOYENNE GRIS D'HIVER NOUVEAU — NEW WINTER GRAY DOYENNE. Doyenne d'Alencon. Foreign. Re cently imported: proves valuable on the quince. Fruit, medium or above, obovate, obtuse pyriform, slightly angular, or one side long- e s t ; color, pale dull yellow, with many small brown russet specks; stem, short, stout; calyx, medium ; basin, irregular, abrupt ; core, me dium ; seeds, dark brown, long.point- ed ; flesh, whitish, rather coarse grained, melting, juicy, vinous, a little astringent unless well ripen ed. Season, Jan uary to May. 14* 322 THE PEAR. DOYENNE GRAY. Gray Butter Pear, Gray Doyenne, Doyenne Rouge, Doyenne Roux, Doyenne d'Automne, Gray Dean's, Doyenne Gris, Red Doyenne , St. Michel Dore, Doyenne Galeux. This has been confounded with " Boussouck" and with " Surpasse Virgalieu," but is distinct. It is a good bearer oa pear or quince, a hardy tree, with upright grayish brown shoots. Fruit, medium, roundish, obovate or obtuse pyriform ; skin, cov ered with smooth cinnamon russet; stem, curved; cavity, rather deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, melting. Season, October. DOYENNE WHITE. White Dean, Virgalieu, Butter Pear, St. Michael, Virgaloo, Bergaloo, Yellow Butter, White Beurre, White Autumn Beurre, Dean's, Warwick Bergamotte, Snow Pear, Pine Pear, St. Michael, Doyenne , Doyenne Blanc, Beurre Blanc, And twelve others of French and Dutch An old variety, every where esteemed when well grown ; trees, hardy, productive either on pear or quince. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 323 Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, clear pale yellow, regu larly sprinkled with small dots, often a fine red cheek ; stem, medium, brownish ; cavity, small, round ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, slightly plaited ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, buttery, delicious. Season, September to November. The DOYENNE PANACHEE is a sub-variety, differing from this in its more pyriform shape, and its color being yellow, green, and red, striped. It is juicy, not high flavor. Season, October. Dix. American. Origin, Boston, Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous young shoots, pale yellow, upright, slender, unproductive while young, well suited to extensive orcharding. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform ; skin, little rough, yellow, with russet dots, and around the stem ; stem, set obliquely, raised one side, short, stout, thickest at each end ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; core, marked with a dark gritty circle, extending toward the stem ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, a little harsh, juicy, sweet. Season, October and November. FULTON. American. Native of Maine ; tree very hardy, • yearly and abundant bearer, well suited for standard orcharding at the West ; young shoots slender, reddish brown. Fruit, small, obovate ; color, at first gray rus set, becoming dark cin namon russet ; calyx, open, segments nearly erect ; basin, round, reg ular ; stem, one to two inches long ; cavity, nar row ; core, encircled by a coarse line, but of it self small, compact ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, half buttery, moderately juicy, sprightly. Season, October, November. 824 THE PEAR. FLEMISH BEAUTY. Belle de Flanders, Bouche Nouvelle, Bosch, Bosc Sire, Imperatrice de France, Beaurre Spence. Foreign. This variety is deserving of far more general cultivation than it has yet received. It succeeds most admirably on the quince, and on the rich soils of Illinois we have seen it far surpass even the most highly nursed specimens of Boston amateur gardens. The tree is vigorous, with upright dark brown shoots. Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse obovate ; color, pale yellow, mostly covered with marblings and patches of light russet, and in sun rich reddish brown ; stem, one to one and a half inch long ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, short, open ; basin, round, small ; core, medium, with oblong capsules ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, not very fine-grained, juicy, melting, sugary. Season, last of September. Does not keep long. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 325 GLOUT MORCEAU. Goulu Morceau, Gloux Morceau, Beurre d'Hardenpont, Hardenpont d'Hiver, Colraar d'Hiver, Beurre d'Hiver Nouvelle, Linden d'Automne, Roi de Wurternberg, And five more of German. Beurre d'Aremberg, of the French. This variety is regarded as among the most delicious of Flemish pears. The rendering of its name to sugared or honeyed pear is only expressive of its quality, and equally so of many more ; and as this cannot claim the title par excellence, we see not but it must retain its original, and those who grow it must speak the name as best they may. It is an unproductive variety while young, either on pear or quince ; trees on the latter stock even requiring ten years to bring 326 THE PEAK. them well into bearing ; once at maturity, it is an abundant bearer. It is a beautiful grower, making a perfect pyramidal head with little pruning. It is also easily distinguished by its dark olive-green or blue-green wood and its wavy leaves. Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, often angular, and surface rough ; color, pale greenish yellow, russeted around the stem, and traces of russet and greenish gray russet specks over the whole sur face ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, often without cavity, but flesh raised one side ; calyx, medium, segments half reflexed ; basin, rather deep, often furrowed or uneven, like the general surface of the fruit, which is frequently apparently scolloped ; core, large ; seeds, large, ovate, pointed ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. Season, December to February. GOLDEN BEURRE OF BILBOA. Hooper's Bilboa. acid and harsh. Season,, September. Foreign. From Spam ; tree, hardy, requires rich, strong, heavy soil, when it is .•in abundant bearer of fair, regular, me dium-sized fruit of second-rate quality. Fruit, medium, ob ovate ; color, rich yellow, with russet around the stem, and many russet dots and patches over the entire surface ; stem, slender ; cavity, slight ; calyx, small, mostly open, short stiff segments ; basin, shallow; flesh, fine grained, melting, jui cy, sometimes a little HEATHCOT. Gore's Heathcot Native of Waltham, Mass. This variety has not received a* WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 327 much attention as it has deserved ; tree, hardy, a moderate grower, branches slender, when grown makes a compact head unless well thinned out, young shoots reddish brown. Fruit, medium or above, obovate, rounded ; skin, rough ; color, greenish yellow, yellow increasing at maturity, some russet around stem and eye ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, partly closed ; basin, narrow ; core, above medium ; seeds, dark brown, pointed ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, vinous and sprightly. Season, October. HONEY. This is a delicious little pear, received some years since by Prof. Kirklund, and which we have been unable to recognize with any description published, if we excejpt a slight note in Prince's Pom. Man. The tree is moderately vigorous ; wood, yellowish brown, an early and productive bearer of fruit, uniform in size and regular shape. Our drawing is too small. 328 THE PEAR. Fruit, below medium, roundish, tapering slightly to the stem; color, rich golden russet yellow, with faint blush, many small red russet dots, and occasional patches of brown russet; stem, rather stout, uneven, without depression; calyx, with open half-reflexed seg ments ; basin, shallow, little russeted; core, medium; seeds, ovate, blackish ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, but tery, a little coarse-grained, sweet, perfumed. Season, a few days before Bartlett. JALOUSIE DE FONTENAY VENDEE. Foreign. We have nev er fruited a pear that has given us more satisfaction. On the quince it is a fine grower, and inclined to over-bear. It must not be confounded with the "Ja lousie," a third-rate varie ty. Young shoots upright, brownish yellow. Fruit, medium or above, ovate pyriform ; color, dull yellow, with brownish red cheek, and patches and dots of russet, often the russet co vering one half the surface ; stem, varying, often ob liquely set on, with a fleshy ridge at side ; calyx, with segments long, half open ; basin, shallow ; core, medi um or small ; seeds, long, ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet, aro matic. Season, last Sep tember, early October. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 329 KNIGHT'S SEEDLING. Knight's R. I. Seedling. KlRTLAUD. Seedling Seckel, Kirtland's Seedling, Kirtland's Beurre Grown from seed of the Seckel pear by H. T. Kirtland, of Ma- honing Co., Ohio. Tree, vigorous, hardy, early and productive bearer o n pear roots ; shoots, yellowish brown, upright, stout. Fruit, medium, often above, obo- vate, obtuse pyri- Native of Cranston, R. I. Tree, vigorous, har dy, and early productive; wood, smooth, yellowish. Fruit, medium, obo- vate, tapering a little to the stem ; color, yellow ish green, with a brown red cheek in sun, brown ish specks, and dull rus set around the calyx ; stem, medium or rather long, curved ; calyx, me dium, segments broad, partially reflexed ; core and seeds, medium ; flesh, white, not fine-grained , melting, juicy, sugary. Season, September. 330 THE PEAR. form ; color, rich yellow, overspread with cinnamon russet ; stem, usually stout, medium length, curved ; calyx, short, reflexed, per sistent ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, short, ovate, blackish ; jicsh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Season, September. LOUISE BONNE OF JERSEY- Louise Bonne de Jersey, Louise Bonne d'Avranches, Beurre or Bonne Louise d' Araudoie, AYilliam the Fourth. The " Good Louise of Jer sey, from the Isle of Jer sey, proves one of the best pears grown on the quince stock in this country. Tree, hardy, very productive, shoots vigorous, upright. Fruit, large, (our drawings were made ere the fruit had swollen its full size, and are not more than half size,) oblong pyriform ; skin, glos sy, smooth, green in shade, brownish red in sun, dotted with gray dots ; stem, about one inch long, moderately I stout, a little curved, fleshy j enlargement at base ; calyx, I open, segments large, reflex ed ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, long, ovate, pointed ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, delicious. Season, October. LAWRENCE. Native of Flushing, L. I. An abundant bearer on pear roots, ex ceedingly desirable for Western orcharding. Tree, hardy, moderate growth, wood light yellowish brown, rather thorny. S. B. Parsons says, " Succeeds very finely on quince." Fruit, above medium, long obovate, obtuse at stem; color, dull pale yellow, marbled with dull green, small dark specks, and russet at each end ; calyx, large, closed ; basin, open, furrowed ; stem, medium length, stout, swollen at junction with tree ; cavity, round, WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 331 deep ; core, medium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, gritty at core, slightly sugary. Season, November to Febru ary. LONG GREEN. Verte Longue, I New Autumn; Mouth Water, | Muscat Fleure, Mouille Bouche. This is an old foreign variety, always excellent, and an abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, oblong, ovate pyriform ; color, green with dark green specks; stem, medium length, slender; calyx, with long reflexed segments ; basin, very shallow ; core, above medium ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, delicious. Season, October. The Striped Long Green, Verte Longue Panachee, resembles the above, but is smaller, and of no great value, aside from its prettily striped appearance. MADELEINE. Citron des Carmes, | Magdalen. Foreign. Tree very vigorous, strong grower, a little liable to frozen sap blight on the rich West ern soils, until it has acquired the age of ten or more years; very productive on pear or quince root. Fruit, below medium, (our drawing one third too small,) obo- vate, oblong pyriform ; stem, long, slender, at base one side of fruit a little enlarged ; color, pale yellow ish green, a little brownish blush, and russet specks on those exposed most to sun ; calyx, with long per sistent, irregularly placed segments; basin, obscure, slightly plaited; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet, slight ly perfumed. Season, 15th to last July. The Striped Madeleine Citron des Carmes Panachee, differs from the former in being striped with light yellow, flesh more sweet and less 332 THE PEAR. juicy. It is not as vigorous in growth, the wood shorter jointed, striped red and yellow, and said to be less liable to blight. MOYAMENSING. Smith's Moyamensing. juicy, " best." Season, August. Native of Penn sylvania. Tree vig orous, wood yellow ish brown, with light dots, regular and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish, obovate ; color, lemon yellow with occasional blotches and lines of yellowish russet; stem, short, stout, often fleshy; calyx, large; basin, fur rowed, broad and rather deep ; core, medium; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, NOUVEAU PoiTBAU. New Pear. Foreign. Tree upright, vigorous, an early bearer, and thus far successful on both pear and quince stock. Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, contracted or one sided at neck ; color, pale green with many dark green dots, and a few russet stripes or blotches ; stem, about one inch long, medium size, set on, and not into, the fruit ; calyx, medium, with broad seg ments half reflexed ; basin, irregularly contracted ; core, medium, capsules long, ovate ; seeds, obovate pyriform ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, melting, rich aroma. Season. November. ONONDAGA. Swan's Orange, | Onondaga Seedling. Probably a native of Farmington, Ct. It takes its name from having been first brought to notice by cultivators in Onondaga Co., WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 333 N. Y. Thus far it succeeds equally well on the quince or pear root, and as a profitable market variety deserves extensive culture. Tree vigorous, with strong, upright, olive-colored shoots. Fruit, large, ovate, obovate ; color, pale greenish yellow, becoming golden yellow at maturity, many gray russet dots, and occasionally a dull blush in sun ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, inserted without depression, but with lip of fruit folded unevenly around it ; calyx, rather small, closed ; basin, shallow, abrupt, and marked with patches of cinnamon russet ; core, compact ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, juicy, buttery. Season, October and November. 334 THE PEAR. PATENCY. Paquency, I Poire de Perigord, Poire de Payency, Payenchi, Payenchi de Perigord. \ Foreign. Tree of vig orous growth, early bear er, and especially profita ble on the quince. Fruit, medium, pyri- form, extending into the stem, which is stout, un even, dark brown ; color, at first dull pale green, becoming brownish yel low at maturity, many russet dots and patches round stem and calyx, few in centre, occasionally a tinge of dull red in sun ; calyx, open, seg ments half erect ; basin, very shallow ; core, small ; seeds, oblong, pointed, dark brown ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous. Season, October. POUND. Winter Bell, Bretagne le Cour, Uvedale's St. Germain, Uvedale's "Warden, Germain Baker," Lent St. Germain, Pickering Pear, Du Tonneau, Belle de Jersey, Piper, Union, Chambers' Large, Belle Angevine. Foreign. Tree strong vigorous grower, very productive, very valuable for cooking, and a profitable orchard sort. Fruit, very large, oblong pyriform, yellowish green with dull brown and brown russet patches ; stem, long, stout, curved ; cavity, deep, oblique, angular ; calyx, large ; flesh, white, firm, astringent. Season, December to March. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 335 PRINCE'S ST. GERMAIN. New St. Germain, | Brown St. Germain. Raised from the seed of the old St. Germain, nearly fifty years since, at the Prince Nurseries, Flushing, L. I. Tree, hardy, thrifty, very productive ; the fruit keeps well, and re quires no more care to ripen than apples ; shoots, reddish brown. Fruit, medium, ob long, obovate pyri- forrn ; color, green and pale yellow marbled, and covered nearly with brownish russet specks ; stem, long, slender, (our drawing shows only a portion of it;) cavity, slight, narrow ; calyx, with broad segments with out divisions ; basin, regular, even, not deep ; core, small ; seeds, oblong, ovate ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. Season, December to March. ROSTIEZER. Foreign. Tree, strong upright grower, large foliage, dark olive- colored wood ; an early, free, abundant bearer. Fruit, below medium, obovate pyriform ; color, dull green, reddish brown cheek in sun, whitish specks, and traces of thin russet ; stem, long, slender, without depression ; calyx, medium, open ; basin, very shallow ; core, small; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, perfumed. Season, last of August. SECKEL. Seckle, Sickle, Sycle, New York Red Cheek, Red-cheeked Seckel, The original tree of this variety, according to Dr. Brinckle, stands in Passyunk township, on the Delaware river, about three and a 336 THE PEAR. half miles from Philadelphia. No one variety has become so gen erally known in this country as the Seckel, and in our Southern and Middle States, no one variety deserves so extended culture. North, it should, when possible, be planted in warm, rich, sandy loam, and sheltered situations. The tree is of slow growth ; wood, short-joint ed, stout, forming a round head, and of only medium size on the pear stock, and well suited to gar den planting. Fruit, small, (our drawing too small for a fair average.) rounded, obtuse pyriform ; color, brownish green at first, becoming yellowish brown, with a lively red russet cheek ; stem, short, slightly curved, set in a very slight depression ; calyx, small, open ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, broad, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, but tery, spicy, aromatic, sweet. Sea son, September and October. ST. GHISLAIN. St. Galen. Foreign. Tree, upright, vigorous growth ; young shoots, light brown ; re quires warm rich soil, otherwise a little insipid. Fruit, below medium ; generally pyriform, but varying ; color, pale yellow or yellowish green, with, dots of green underneath, and marblings of russet on surface ; s t e in, generally curved ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, obovate, pointed ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, and sprightly. Season, Septem ber. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. SOLDAT D'ESPERIN — ESPERIN SOLDIER. Soldat Laboureur d'Esperin 337 This variety is usually grown in this country under the name of Sol- dat Laboureur. It is entirely distinct from the " Soldat Laboureur " of the French, which is regarded as our Beurre d'Aremberg. It was grown by Major Esperin, of Malines ; is of strong, vigorous, upright growth, yellowish brown wood, succeeding finely on the quince, producing abundantly, and its fruit well disseminated over the tree, always large and fair, but of only second-rate quality. Fruit, large, generally oblong obovate pyriform, sometimes obo- vate pyriform ; color, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with many patches, stripes and dots of russet ; stem, short, stout, curved, in a slight round depression, or rather a raised lip one side ; calyx, open, sometimes round, regular, and without divisions, others have stout persistent segments in divisions ; core, compact, with outer concentric 15 338 THE PEAR. lines ; seeds, obovate ; flesh, rather coarse, juicy, melting, perfumed, " very good." Season, December to February. ST. ANDES. Poire St Andre Foreign. Tree, vigorous, healthy grower, early bearer. Fruit, above medium, globular, acute pyriform, sometimes obo vate pyriform ; color, yellowish green, with dark green specks, rarely a brownish red cheek in sun ; stem, medium, swollen or fleshy where it joins the fruit ; calyx, medium, open, segments varying ; basin, very shallow, sometimes slightly furrowed ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong, pointed, light brown ; flesh, greenish white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sprightly, vinous, perfumed. Season, September. STEVENS' GENESEE. Guernsey, | Stephens' Genesee. Native of Rochester, N. Y. It is one of the most desirable of WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 339 pears for all collections, either on pear or quince ; a fine grower, with diverging, dark gray shoots ; productive. Fruit, large, roundish obovate ; color, greenish yellow, becoming yellow ; stem, rather stout ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, with short, stiff^ connected segments, half reflexed ; basin, medium, regular ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate pyriform, blackish ; flesh, white, half buttery, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Season, September. Even windfalls of this variety are extremely fine. SUMMER PINEAPPLE Ananas d'Ete, | Ananas of some, Poire Ananas. Foreign. A superior variety that deserves extensive planting. Tree, vigorous, dark brown wood, early, regular bearer, fruit always large and excellent. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, angular ; color, dull yel lowish green, with much rough brown russet marbling ; stem, largest at base, or where it joins the fruit, and with a lip one side ; calyx, open, short divisions ; basin, shallow, open ; core, compact, capsules small ; seeds, long ovate ; flesh, whitish, fine-grained, buttery, melt- 340 THE PEAR. ing, sweet, perfumed. Sea aw. la-t August and early September. This variety varies much in form. Our figures are from specimens from same tree. SURPASSE VlRGALIEU. Surpasse Virgalouse. Origin uncertain, probably an American seedling, first dissemi nated by the late Andrew Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y. It is a regu lar abundant bearer on pear or quince, a vigorous, healthy tree, with yellowish brown wood, upright growth. Fruit, medium, varying in form ; (see our drawings, the specimens from which they were made all being pulled by ourself from the WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 341 same branch;) color, yellowish, with brownish red in sun, minute dots, and often sprinklings of russet ; calyx, generally small, erect, open ; basin, slight ; stem, varying ; core, medium ; seeds, broad ovate ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, aromatic. Season, October. TYSON. This fine variety was found in a hedge near Jenkintown, Pa., about 1792-4. The tree is of vigorous, upright growth, with reddish brown wood, a moderate, regular bearer. Fruit, rather below medium, roundish pyriform, irregular ; color, dull yellow, shaded with red in sun, little russeted, and with nume rous black specks ; stem, rather long, moderately stout, curved, and obliquely attached to the fruit by a fleshy junction, swollen on one side ; calyx, open, with short segments ; basin, round, shallow ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary, aromatic. Season, August. 342 THE PEAR. THOMPSON'S. Foreign. Tree of vigorous, d i - verging habit; young wood, yel lowish olive, with grayish specks; bears on the pear about the sixth year. Fruit, large, ob- ovate, obtuse py- riform, surface un even; color, lemon yellow, with brownish red cheek in sun, some russet dots and marblings, and rus set at the stern ; stem, short, usually planted or set on angularly, with a fleshy rim one side ; calyx, with connec ted half-closed segments ; basin, round, narrow, abrupt ; core, medi um ; capsules and seeds, formed like the fruit ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, sugary, slightly aromatic. Season, October and November. URBANISTE. St. Marc, I Louise of Orleans, Beurre Picquery. Foreign. Moderately vigorous, healthy, hardy, well-suited to rich soils West ; young shoots, upright, short-jointed, grayish yellow, not an early bearer, but when in bearing produces regularly and abun dant. Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, with gray dots, and a few russet streaks ; stem, about an inch long, rather stout ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, small, generally closed ; basin, nar row, abrupt ; core, medium or small ; seeds, obovate pointed ; -flesh, white, yellowish at core, buttery, melting, vinous. Season, October and November. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. VAN MONS' LEON LE CLERC. Poire de Boulogne, | Louise Bonne de Boulogne, Celestin. 343 Foreign. Distinct from " Leon Le Clerc of Van Mons." A valuable variety on the quince, bearing early and abundantly, and of the largest size fruit. In growth the tree is moderately vigorous, nearly upright, yellowish olive wood, with round grayish spots. Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, golden at maturity, with brown in sun, russet specks and patches, 344 THE PEAR. some dark green dots, and russet at base of stem ; stem, medium length and size, curved ; calyx, large, open, broad, reflexed seg ments ; basin, medium ; core, medium, long ovate capsules ; seeds, long ovate, sometimes imperfect ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous. Season, October and No vember. VlCAR OF WlNKFIELD. Vicar of Wakefield, Le Cure, Monsieur Le Cure, Dumas, Belle Epine Dumas, Clipn, Epine Dumas, Due de Bordeaux. Foreign. First found growing wild in a wood by M. Clion, a WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 345 French curate ; hence the names, Clion, Le Cure", &c. ; afterwards it was grown in a garden at Winkfield, Berkshire, by Rev. Dr. Kham, and received the name of Vicar of Winkfield, concentrating the two associations in the one name, and which, being of our own language, is to be preferred. It is a most profitable variety, grown on the quince stock, and although only second quality, it is always fair and large. Tree, a vigorous grower, with large, roundish, glossy leaves ; shoots, diverging, dark olive color. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform ; color, dull pale green at first, becoming pale yellow, with sometimes a brownish cheek, marked with brown dots over the whole surface ; calyx, with open reflexed segments ; stem, an inch or more long, rather slender, ob liquely inserted without depression ; core, small ; seeds, oblong ovate ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sprightly, " very good." Season, No vember to January. WASHINGTON. Robertson. American. Native of Delaware. Tree of healthy, moderate growth, with slen der, diverging, reddish brown shoots ; an annual bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish ovate, or ovate pyriform ; color, lemon yellow, tinged in sun with red and reddish russet, and near the stem, patches of clear russet ; stem, an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity, some times almost obsolete, and then there is a fleshy lip one side of stem ; calyx, small, long pointed seg ments ; basin, round, regu lar ; core, rather small, ly ing near the apex; seeds, obovate pyriform, black ish ; fl e s h, white, juicy, sweet. Season, September. VAN ASSCHE. Van Assene. | Vanasse, Van Asshe. This is a new pear, not yet fruited at the West, but we have eaten 15* 346 THE PEAR. of it East, and have no hesitation in placing as among those worthy general culture. We copy our description from Mr. Barry, in the Horticulturist of February, 1853 : " Tree a vigorous, erect grower, dark shoots, an abundant and early bearer, succeeding well on the (juince. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse, largest near the eye, flattened at both ends, occasionally slightly ribbed ; calyx, small ; basin, smooth, wide, rather shallow ; stem, one and a half inch long, rather slen der, slightly sunk ; skin, smooth and fair, light yellow in the shade, sprinkled with dark dots, light red on the sunny side, sprinkled with carmine dots ; flesh, white, buttery, melting. Season, September and early October. WINTER NELIS. Nellis d'Hiver, Bonne de Malmes, Beurre de Ma line La Bonne Malinoise, Milanaise Cuvelier, Etourneau. Foreign. As a standard winter pear, if we were to select but the one, it would be this variety. The tree is vigorous, though with slender diverging shoots ; very hardy ; an early prolific bearer on WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 847 pear or quince. It requires rich, strong soil to produce good-sized fruit, and is well suited to extensive planting on our Western lands. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, narrowing towards the stalk ; color, yellowish green, much covered and dotted with gray russet ; stem, rather long, a little curved ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, with short segments; basin, shallow; core, medium; capsules, ovate; seeds, oblong pyriform, curved ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melt ing, sugary, aromatic. Season, November to middle January. ZOAR BEAUTY. Zoar Seedling. American. Native of Ohio. Tree, vigorous grower ; dark brown shoots; early and abundant bearer. Fruit, a little below me dium, varying in form, usu ally as seen in our engrav ing ; color, light yellow, with greenish spots; red in the sun, with deep red spots; stem, generally long, slender, curved, plaited, with slight depression one side ; calyx, large, for size of fruit ; basin, shallow ; core, medium ; seeds, obovate, or broad ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, a little coarse, juicy, sweet. Season. early August. 348 THE PEAR. CLASS II. — New and untested, suited to certain localities or gardens of Amateurs. ALPHA. Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, pale yel lowish green, with reddish dots, brown blush ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, " very good." October. ABBOTT. From Providence, R. I. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, dark green, reddish brown cheek; calyx, small; flesh, melting, sugary, sprightly, Middle to last September. ANDREW'S. American. An early bearer, a little disposed to decay at core, otherwise highly desirable. Fruit, large, (our drawing too small for an average,) roundish, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, dull red cheek, scattered dots FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 349 and russet patches ; calyx, open ; segments, long, half reflexed ; basin, small ; stem, one to one and a quarter inch, curved, often set without de pression; flesh, greenish white, juicy, vinous, nearly "best." September. ADELE DE ST. DENIS. Foreign. New. Fruit, above medium, obovate, irregular, yellow, covered with russet; calyx, open, broad segments; flesh, melting, juicy. October. ALTHORPE CRASSANE. Foreign. Quality variable ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate, rough, pale green, with dark green suffused dots, and spots of russet, tinge of brown; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, rather coarse, "very good." Octo ber and November. AUTUMN PARADISE. Paradise d'Automne. Foreign. This is esteemed by many eastern writers as superior even to the Beurre Bosc, which it much resembles. Tree, of very vigorous growth, shoots at first upright, afterwards straggling and pendulous ; wood, reddish brown, with large whitish gray specks, very productive. Fruit, large, obovate, acute pyriform, irregular and uneven surface ; color, dull yellow, covered with bright russet, deepening on the sunny side ; calyx, rather large, open ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ; stem, about one and a half inch long, rather slender, obliquely attached to the fruit by a fleshy, and oftentimes wrinkled base ; core, small ; seeds, long- pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy, delicious. September and October. BANKERBINE. Foreign. The specimens from which we describe were from Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow, with small russet dots; stem, stout; calyx, open, broad segments; core, large ; flesh, breaking, coarse. October. BELLE EXCELLENT. Foreign. Resembles Louise Bonne of Jersey ; oblong pyriform, yel low, red blush, with raised specks on surface. October. BELLE DE NOEL. Belle apres Noel. Foreign. Fruit, rather below medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with few russet spots, dark red cheek, with carmine dots ; calyx, medium ; segments, half reflexed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; core, large ; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy, "very good." December. BELLE DE BRUXELLES. Belle of Brussels, j Belle d'Aout. Foreign. Variable. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, deep yellow, green ish dots, tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, sweet. August. 350 THE PEAK. BELLE JULIE. Foreign. Tree, upright grower ; fruit, medium, long ovate, yellowish green, cinnamon russet, bronzed red in sun ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, medium, reflexed ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, " very good." October and November. (Hov. Mag.) BELLE CANAISE. Eliza d'Heyst. Foreign. Fruit, below medium, globular, obovate, pale greenish yel low, with dirty green or brown specks ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, coarse-grained, juicy, "good." February to March. BELLE DE THOUARS. Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, angular, rich brown russet ; short stem ; cavity, little plaited ; calyx, half open ; shallow basin ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, u very good." October and November. BEURRE BROWN. Beurre Gris, Beurre Rouge, Beurre, Golden Beurre, Gray Beurre, Beurre Vert, Badham's, Beurre d'Or, Beurre Doree, Beurre d'Amboise, Beurre d'Ambleuse, Beurre du Roi, Poire d'Amboise, Isamberl, Isambert le Bon. An old variety ; does finely in warm rich soil, but a peculiar vinous taste, not admired by every person. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yel lowish green, with thin russet, reddish brown in sun ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, vinous, sub-acid. September. BEURRE SUISSE. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, striped green, red, and yel low ; only desirable as a curiosity. October. BEURRE BEAULIEU. Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet spots and blotches ; short stout stem ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, juicy. October. BEURRE DE RHINE. good." October and November. Grows well on quince. BEURRE CRAPAUD. Foreign. Vigorous and productive on pear or quince, fine for extreme FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 351 northern sections, proving hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep yellow, red in sun, small russet dots ; stem, stout, curved ; calyx, partially closed ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish, melting, sugary, juicy, " very good." October. BEURRE CHARRON. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow ; stem, long ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, juicy, melting, buttery, " best." Octo ber. (T. S. H. & Co.) BEURRE DE BEAUMONT. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, brownish red in sun, covered with dark green or russety specks; stem, short; calyx, closed ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet, " very good." Last September. BEURRE PREBLE. American. Fruit, large, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with russet and green spots ; flesh, white, buttery, " very good." October and No vember. BEURRE MOLLETT'S GUERNSEY. Mollett's Guernsey Chaumontelle. Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, with dark brown, russet in sun ; calyx, large ; stem, stout ; flesh, yellowish, melt ing, vinous, "very good." December. BEURRE DE RANZ. Beurre Ranee, I Beurre de Flanders, Beurre Epine, Hardenpont duPrintemps, Beurre Noirchain. Foreign. Very variable, rarely '• very good." Tree, a straggling, pen dulous habit. Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse pyriform, dark green, bronzed in sun, russet at crown, russet dots over surface ; stem, long; calyx, open ; core, small ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, juicy. December to April. BEURRE KOSSUTH. Foreign. New. Fruit, large, turbinate rounded, surface uneven; stem curved, inserted upon a little projection; calyx, in divisions, dull yellowish green, traced and dotted with gray bronze, yellowish at crown, greenish at stem; flesh, fine, buttery, sugary, juice acidulated. (Hov. Mag.) BEURRE GIFFORD. Beurre Gifford. Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, long slender shoots, dark reddish, good bearer on quince or pear. Fruit, medium, pyriform, yellowish green to pale yellow, red in sun, pale russet specks ; stem, long, slender, curved ; 352 THE PEAR. calyx, open ; core, small ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good." Last of August. (Hov. Mag.) BEURRE MOIRE. Beurre Moire. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, early, productive bearer, often blossoms the second time in a season, and sets fruit, which of course does not mature ; new, promises well. Fruit, large, obovate, oblong pyriform, pale green, with dots of darker green, and occasionally a russet patch ; stem, one inch, stout, slight lip on one side of depression ; calyx, small ; short stiff segments ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; skin, thick, harsh ; flesh, white, juicy, vinous, half melting, sprightly, " very good." Novem ber and December. BEURRE D'AMALIS. Beurre d'Amanlis, | Beurre d'Amaulis, Foreign. A free, vigorous grower on pear or quince ; said to bear well ; FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. our experience has been the reverse. Fruit, large, ovate obovate, dull yellowish green, with reddish brown cheek, brown dots, russet patches ; stem, long, obliquely set ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, a little coarse, often austere, " very good." Early September. There is also a striped Beurre d'Amalis, differing not materially, except in being striped red, yellow, and green. BEURRE NANTAIS. Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, russet dots ; flesh, melting, juicy. September. (Hov. Mag.) BEURRE SUPERFINE. Foreign. Fruit, large, pale green, traces ani patches of russet, dull brownish cheek ; flesh, juicy, melting, slight aro na, " very good." Mid dle to last October. (Wilder, in Hort.) BEURRE VAN MARUM. Foreign. A very early and productive bearer on pear ; the fruit always fair. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull greenish yellow; stem, long; calyx, large; flesh, white, hardly "good;" its bearing its recommendation.. October. BEURRE BACHELIER. Foreign. Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow 5 stem, stout ; cavity, deep ; flesh, firm, sugary. December. (Hov. Mag,) BEURRE MILLET. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, obtuse pyriform ; pale yellow, with large pale russet specks ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, small, open ; core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. November to Jan uary. (Hov. Mag.) BEURRE BRETTOUNEAU. Beurre Bretouneau. Foreign. Does not succeed on the quince ; very fine on pear ; very hardy, thorny wood. Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dot ted with russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary. February to April. (Riv ers, in Hort.) BEURRE DE WATERLOO. Foreign. Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, dull green, rough skin, covered with coarse russet traces and points ; calyx, open ; basin, fur rowed ; flesh, melting, juicy, sprightly, saccharine. Middle October. (Wilder, in Hort.) BEURRE AUDOSSON. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish green at maturity, dull red cheek in sun, and numerous russet dots ; stem, short, 354: THE PEAR. stout; calyx, large, open; flesh, melting, tender, juicy, "very good." October. (Wilder, in Hort.) BEURRE SPRIN. Foreign. Fruit, large, ovate pyriform, yellow, with patches, tracings and dots of russet ; stem, short, swollen at base, obliquely inserted, slight lip ; calyx, small, with segments united ; core, medium ; seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, " very good." Octo ber. We should not be surprised if this proved Marie Louise. BEURRE STERKMAN. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, large strong shoots ; succeeds on quince or pear. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish ground, nearly cov ered with russet ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sub-acid. October. BEURRE CLAIRGEAU. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, light yellow wood. Fruit, large, oblong, obo- vate pyriform ; color, mostly russet, reddish in sun ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, vinous, " very good." October, November. This will probably prove one of the most valuable, as a large-sized, first quality pear, and desirable as an orchard variety, on the pear root. It is yet quite new. BEAU PRESENT D'ARTOIS. Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, gray and green spot ted ; stem, large, short ; calyx, short, broad ; flesh, white, with green lines, tender, juicy, sugary. September. (Hov. Mag.) BERGAMOTTE D'ESPERIN. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, dull green, with dots and patches of russet; calyx, closed; basin, furrowed; flesh, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet, " very good," very productive in clusters. December to February. BERGAMOTTE GAUDRY. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, with russet dots ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, " good." November. BERGAMOTTE CADETTE. Beurre Beauchamps, | Beauchamps, Poire de Cadet. Foreign. Fruit, hardly medium, roundish obovate, pale green, rarely little red in sun ; stem, long, stout ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh, buttery, juicy, sweet ; requires care in ripening. October to December. BEZI SANSPAREIL. Foreign. Fruit, small, globular, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish yellow, FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 355 much russet, and in sun, a little crimson ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open; segments, long; core, medium; seeds, purplish black; flesh, yel lowish white, melting, juicy, aromatic, " very good," if not " best." Feb ruary to March. BEZI DE NAPLES. Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light yellowish green, with blotches and stripes of darker hue. occasional russet patches and dots ; stem, stout ; calyx, small ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, fine, buttery, juicy, sweet, '• very good." Last September. BEZI DE MONTIGNY. Trouve de Montigny, | Doyenne Musque. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, brownish olive wood. Fruit, medium, obo vate, yellowish green, with russet specks and dots ; stem, long, curved, rather stout; calyx, small, open, reflexed ; core, large ; flesh, white, fine, melting, juicy, sugary. October. BEZI DE LA MOTTE. Bern Armudi, | Beurre Blanc de Jersey. Foreign. A vigorous, hardy sort, well suited to orcharding. Fruit, medium, obovate rounded, yellowish green, with many small russet dots ; stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved ; calyx, small, open, reflexed segments ; core, medium ; seeds, plump, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, sugary, juicy, melting, "very good." October. BEZI D'ESPERIN. Foreign. Fruit, large, turbinate. melting, " very good ;" good bearer. December to January. (Kivers, in Hort.) BARONNE DE MELLO. Foreign. Grows fine and bears abundantly on quince. Fruit, medium, obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish russet; stem, short, stout, fleshy at base ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, sub-acid, " very good." Mid dle October. (Wilder, in Hort.) BENOIST NOUVEAU. Foreign- The specimen from which we describe was received from Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, brown cheek, dull russet marblings, and indistinct brown specks ; stem, stout; cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, open; core, small; seeds, long, ovate, pointed ; flesh, breaking, juicy, rather astringent, requires careful ripening. February to April. The "Benoist" of Rivers is large, and ripe in August; and a "Beurre Benoist " said to ripen in October ; we have not seen them. 356 THE PEAK. BLOODGOOD. American. From Flushing, L. I. It has not, as grown West, merited its eastern reputation. The tree is a moderate grower, with reddish brown, short-jointed wood; a regular bearer. We think it requires a rich, deep, warm soil to produce good-flavored fruit. Fruit medium, or below, ovate obovate, yellow, with russet marblings and dots ; calyx, open; stem, fleshy at base; core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, " very good." Early August. BORDENAVE. Smith's Bordenave. The original name lost, and this given to it by Alfred Smith, Esq., of Hartford, Connecticut, who imported it from France. Fruit medium, acute pyriform, dull greenish russet; flesh juicy, buttery, sprightly, " very good." September. BONNE DES ZEES. Bon d'Ezee, | Bonne des Haies. Foreign. Tree of short stocky habit ; wood yellowish; fruit large, ob tuse pyriform, light yellow and pale red, and somewhat russeted ; stem rather short, uneven, calyx partly closed, short segments; core large; flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary, "very good." September. BON CHRETIEN FONDANTE. Foreign. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive on quince or pear ; fruit medium, roundish, oblong, oval, yellowish green, brownish red in sun, and much russet ; stem medium, curved ; calyx small, partly closed ; basin fur rowed ; core large ; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, a little gritty, "very good." September, October. BRANDES ST. GERMAIN. Foreign. Considering its season, R. Manning, Esq., considers this a very desirable variety ; tree moderate grower, succeeding finely on quince, very productive ; fruit medium, oblong oval, brownish yellow, with smooth russet; stem short, stout, calyx small; flesh juicy, vinous, " very good." November, December. BROUGHAM. Foreign. Fruit below medium, obovate, yellowish russet ; stem short, calyx open ; flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, buttery, sugary, " very good." November. BRINGEWOOD. Foreign. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish brown and russet ; stem long and slender ; calyx open, prominent ; flesh yellowish white, gritty at core, the rest buttery, " very good." November. (Hov. Mag.) FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 357 BRIELMONT. Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate oblong, angular, yellow, with greenish and russet specks ; calyx prominent ; basin open ; flesh white, melting, " good." October. BEADNELL. Beadnell's Seedling. Foreign. Tree vigorous, abundant bearer ; shoots long, bright chestnut color, white dots ; fruit middle-sized, turbinate, stalk short ; eye a little open ; skin pale yellowish green on the shaded side, red next the sun, much speckled with whitish gray dots ; flesh melting, exceedingly juicy. Last September. CAEN DU FRANCE. Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, mostly yellowish russet and reddish dots ; stem rather long ; calyx open ; flesh fine, juicy, sweet, " very good." December, January. CAPIAUMONT. Beurre Capiaumont, | Beurre Coloma. Foreign. This is a profitable orchard and .narket variety, on pear or quince. A free grower ; branches grayish yellow ; fruit medium, globular, acute pyriform, yellow, with cinnamon red cheek, and russet dots and streaks ; stem curved ; calyx large ; flesh buttery, sweet, a little astrin gent, " very good." September, October. CALHOUN. American. Native of New Haven, Conn. ; fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with much of russet traced and dotted ; stem short; calyx small; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, " very good." October, November. CAPSHEAF. American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree hardy, wood yellowish ; fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon russet ; stem short ; calyx closed ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, " very good." October. CATINKA. Foreign. New. Fruit large, oblong pyriform, yellowish; flesh fine, juicy, "very good," and will probably prove "best." We have only seen it once. November. CANANDAIGUA. Catharine. American. From Central New York ; fruit large, resembling Bartlett ; 358 THE PEAR. flesh white, fine, juicy, "very good." September. A new variety ; tree vigorous, upright grower, thus far doing well on quince or pear, productive. CALEBASSE D'ETE. Summer Calebasse. Foreign. Tree vigorous ; foliage light green ; fruit above medium, ob long pyriform, irregular, dull green, little brown in sun, russet at stem and eye ; stem long ; calyx small ; core small ; seeds long ; flesh white, fine, buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. Last August. (Hov. Mag.) CHAPTAL. Beurre Chaptal. Foreign. Fruit medium or above, roundish, ovate obovate, greenish yellow; stem curved; cavity slight; calyx large, open; basin shallow; core medium; seeds oblong; flesh white, breaking, juicy, " very good." December, January. CHANCELLOR. Green's Germantown, | Early St. Germain. Probably a native of Pennsylvania. Tree healthy, abundant bearer, young wood slender, yellowish brown ; fruit large, oblong obovate pyri form, green, with minute brown specks and some russet blotches, rarely a faint brown cheek ; stem one inch long, rather thick, cavity small, irregu lar ; calyx small, basin contracted ; core medium ; seeds long, yellowish brown; flesh melting, "very good." Last September. (Brinckle, in Hort.) CHARLES VAN MONS. Foreign. Fruit below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, brownish red cheek, and russet dots ; stem slender, curved, de pression one side ; calyx large, open ; segments broad, completely re- flexed; basin shallow; core medium; seeds obovate pyriform; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good," if not " best." January. CHARLES VAN HOOGTEN. Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull pale yellow; stem stout, enlarged at base; calyx open; segments short; flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, " very good." Early October. (Wilder, in Hort.) CHRISTMAS. Noel. American. New, from Cincinnati, Ohio. Fruit medium, ovate rounded ; skin rough, bronzed, russety ; stem stout, slight depression ; calyx small ; basin shallow ; flesh a little gritty, juicy, sweet, " very good." Decem ber, January. (Warder's notes.) FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. CHAUMONTEL. 359 Bezi de Chaumontelle, Beurre d'Hiver, Winter Beurre, Oxford Chaumontel. Foreign. Requires rich warm soil. Fruit large, oblong obovate ; skin rough, yellowish, brownish red in sun, russet dots ; stem one inch, curved ; calyx medium; basin deep; core small; seeds flattened; flesh buttery, melting, " very good." November, January. CONSEILLER RAMUEZ. Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull green, clouded and traced with russet ; flesh melting, tender, " good." October. (Wilder, in Hort.) COLMAR NEILL. Foreign. Fruit large, obovate, pale yellow; flesh white, buttery, melting, "good." October. COUNTESS OF LUNAY. Comtesse de Lunay. Foreign. Tree vig orous ; very productive on quince ; has been much disseminated as " Doyenne d ' Ete. r' Fruit medium, ( our drawing too small, ) roundish obovate; skin smooth, pale yellow, often thinly sprinkled with red in sun, some russet specks, and rus set at base of stem; stem long, largest where it joins the tree ; cavity slight, often a little lip one side of stem ; calyx large, open, with long reflexed segments ; core medium ; seeds brown ; flesh white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, "very good." Oc tober! 360 THE PEAE. COMPTE DE^ LAMY. Beurre Curte, j Dingier, Marie Louise the Second. Foreign. Not equal to the foregoing ; tree upright ; 'fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow, brownish red cheek, small russet dots ; stem »ng, calyx small; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, "good." Early October. COLLINS. Watertown American. From Watertown, Massachusetts ; supposed a seedling of white Doyenne ; a regular, abundant bearer. Fruit large or above medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, mottled with dull red in sun, some russet ; stem short, curved ; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh white, vinous, juicy, sweet, melting, " best." September. COLMAR EPINE. Foreign. Fruit large, roundish obtuse, oblong, dull green with cloud ings of darker hue ; flesh white, melting, vinous, juicy, " very good." September. COTER. Foreign. Tree healthy, young wood, short-jointed, light yellow ; fruit medium, regular obovate, pale green ; flesh fine-grained, tender, melting, juicy, " very good." November. CITRON. American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, dull green, sprinkled with small russety dots : flesh a little coarse, greenish white, melting, juicy, " very good." Last August. CROSS. Winter Cross. American. From Massachusetts. Tree hardy, slender, grayish yellow wood ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep yellow, with russet dots and patches ; stem stout ; calyx small ; flesh white, melting, juicy, "very good." November, January. GUSHING. American. Native of Hingham, Mass. Tree hardy, of slender diverg ing growth ; fruit medium, ovate obovate, light greenish yellow, small gray dots, dull red cheek ; calyx small ; stem one inch long ; flesh white, fine-grained, melting, sweet, " very good." September. DALLAB. American. From New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow, mostly covered with red russet; stem medium, FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 361 calyx large, open ; core rather small ; flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good." November. DE LOUVAIN. Poire de Louvain. Foreign. Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish yellow, rough russet dots and patches ; stem long, medium size, curved ; calyx large ; basin shallow ; core medium ; seeds blackish ; flesh greenish white, crisp, juicy, astringent, valuable only for baking. January, March. DES NONNES. Des Nones. Foreign. New : fruit medium, turbinate, clear light yellow, many small brown dots ; stem long, slender ; calyx small, closed ; basin shallow ; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed, u very good," perhaps " best." September. (Sort.) OBLIGES D'HARDENPONT. Delices d'Ardenpont. | Delice d'Hardenpont of Angers. Foreign. Tree, har dy, moderate grower ; shoots, upright, yellow ish brown, good bearer, deserves more attention. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale yellow, with many gray dots and russet in sun ; stem, varying ; ca lyx, small, closed ; basin, round, slightly uneven ; core, medium ; seeds, broad, ovate ; flesh, whit ish, buttery, melting, jui cy, almost "best." Oc tober. DELICES D'HARDENPONT DU NORD AND BELGIUM. Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Horticule, | Beurre Curtet of A. Leroy. Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, yellow, gray spotted ; calyx, small ; sh, coarse, melting, sugary, " good." October. (Hov. Mag.) 16 362 THE PEAK. DELICES DE MONS. Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, uneven surface; stem, half inch long ; calyx, small ; skin, yelloAvish green in shade, russet in sun, dotted and spotted with gray ; flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, perfumed, " very good." September, October. (Hov. Mag.) DELICES CHARLES VAN MONS. Foreign. Fruit, large, medium pyriform ; skin, fine, lemon yellow, thinly washed with russet, quite like the Golden Beurre, which it also resembles in size and shape ; stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted without depression ; calyx, small, open, and placed in a narrow and shallow basin ; flesh, melting, vinous, juicy, and refreshing. Tested by us for the first time, 20th September, 1853. Description by Thorp, Smith & Co., of Syracuse. DlLLER. Probably a native of Pennsylvania ; new. Tree, moderately vigorous ; wood, short-jointed, reddish brown, a regular and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, angular, golden yellow, sprinkled, and in sun, mostly covered with light cinnamon russet; calyx, open; basin, shallow; core, small ; seeds, long, black, pointed : flesh, yellowish white, buttery, sugary, "very good," or " best." September. We saw this fruit at the Am. Pom. Society meeting, 1852, and have no doubt it will eventually take first class position. It must not be confounded with the Dillen, a foreign variety. DILLEN. Dillon, | Doyenne Dillen. Foreign. This has been heretofore considered a synonym of Beurre Diel ; it, however, proves distinct. Tree, not vigorous, branches erect, diverging, grayish rough wood. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, russet at stem ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; flesh, fine, melting, tender, juicy, vinous. October, November. (Hov. Mag.) DE SORLUS. Foreign. New. Tree, vigorous; branches, straight, erect, compact; wood, yellowish, grayish, white dots, free bearer. Fruit large, turbinate ; stem, one side, short, curved ; calyx, small, closed ; color, yellowish green, gray russet, marbled most at stem ; flesh, white, melting, juicy. Octo ber, December. (Hov. Mag.) DOYENNE ROSE. Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellow, blush red cheek, patches and dots of russet ; stem, stout, set without depres sion ; calyx, with short, stiff segments ; core, small ; flesh, white, coarse, juicy, "good." October. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 363 DOYEKNE ROBIN. Foreign. Fruit, rather large, bergamot-shaped, greenish, covered with russet dots and splashes ; stem, usually very long and thick, deep, narrow cavity ; calyx, small, narrow, moderately deep basin ; seed, large, black ; flesh, melting, somewhat granular; flavor, pleasant; quality, "very good." September. DOYENNE SIEULLE. Beurre Sieulle, | Sieulle Foreign. A variety requiring high culture ; does best on quince, under garden culture. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish green, with fine red cheek in sun, scattered russet specks ; stem, stout ; calyx, open ; core, large ; flesh, white, melting, sugary, vinous, juicy, "very good," sometimes "best." October, November. DOYENNE SANTELLETE. Sentilet Foreign. An old variety, little known. Tree, vigorous ; wood, stout, yellowish. Fruit, above medium, roundish pyriform, dull yellowish green, traces, streaks and dots of russet, red in sun ; stem, long, slender; calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish white, vinous, melting, juicy, " very good." October. DOYENNE GOUBALT. Chapcn. Foreign. Promises a valuable variety for orcharding, on pear roots. Fruit, medium to large, obovate, acute pyriform ; surface, uneven, dull Eale yellow, with a few traces of russet ; stem, short, thick flesh next the •uit; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet, " very good." November to December. DOYENNE DU COMICE. » Doyenne du Cornice of Angers. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, russet specks, red around stem ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; basin, deep ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary, " very good." October, November. DOYENNE DE FAIS. Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish ; skin, smooth, yellow, often with a fine red cheek ; stalk, stout, about one inch long, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, spreading, placed in a deep, narrow basin ; flesh, white, fine-grained, very buttery, melting, juicy, rich, high-flavored and delicious. Tree, ro bust, and a great bearer. October. For the above description, we are indebted to Messrs. Thorp, Smith & Co., of Syracuse. 364 THE PEAR. DUCHESS OF ANGOULEME. » Duchesse d'Angouleme. Foreign. A valuable variety for market, on the quince, and on the quince only. High culture of this variety produces very large and "very good" fruit, otherwise it is indifferent in size or character. Our drawing is from a small specimen. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, dull greenish yellow, traced and dotted with russet ; stem, rather long, stout ; calyx, medium, partly open ; basin, deep, uneven ; core, below medium ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, " very good." October. The Striped Duchess d'Angouleme differs only in the fruit being striped, yellow and green. DUCHESSE OF ORLEANS. St. Nicholas. Beurre St. Nicholas. Foreign. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, olive-colored wood, leaves dark blue green, narrow. Thus far productive and healthy on quince; • FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 365 one little tree, two years planted, this season yielded forty-three beauti ful specimens. Fruit, large, oblong, ovate pyriform, greenish, becoming greenish yellow, with stripes and patches of dull thin russet, sometimes red cheek in sun ; stem, variable, fleshy at base ; calyx, small, open ; short segments; flesh, melting, juicy, "very good." October. DUNMORE. Foreign. A good grower and early bearer on pear roots, requires rich, high culture ; shoots slender, erect, brownish slate color. Fruit, large to very large, (our drawing made from an unripe specimen,) oblong obo- vate, greenish, dotted and speckled with brownish red russet, patches of rough russet near calyx ; when not fully ripe, dark green specks under- 366 THE PEAR. neath the skin ; stem, rather long ; fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; segments, much reflexed ; core, rather large ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melt ing, ^very good." September and October. DTJCHESSE OF MARS. Duchesse de Mars, | Captif de St. Helena. Foreign. Fruit, below medium, oblong obovate, yellow, mostly covered with russet, ruddy in sun ; stem, set without depression ; calyx, small, closed; core and seeds small; flesh, melting, juicy, perfumed, "very good," if not " best." October and November. This succeeds well, and this fruit is best grown on quince. DUCHESSE OF BERRI. Duchesse de Bern, | Duchess of Berry. Foreign. This name has sometimes been applied to the Duchess of Angouleme, which is entirely distinct. Tree, moderately vigorous, spread ing, shoots reddish brown. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, clear pale yellow, dotted with small russet specks ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sugary. Sep tember and October. DUNDAS. Parmentier. Foreign. Rather liable to drop before mature. Fruit, medium, obovate ovate, yellow, greenish black dots, deep red cheek in sun ; stem, stout ; calyx, small; flesh, yellowish, melting, perfumed, "very good." October and November. EARLY SUGAR. Amire Joannet, I Archduc d'Ete, Joannette, Sugar Pear, St. John's Pear, | Harvest Pear, t't . Jean. Foreign. Only valued for ripening very early. Fruit, small, pyriform, light green to yellowish, faint blush ; flesh, white, sugary, " good " if eaten just in perfection, otherwise mealy. July. ELIZABETH. (Edwards'.) American. From New-Haven, Ct. Fruit, medium, roundish, obtuse pyriform, angular, lemon yellow, russet specks and patches ; stem, short ; calyx, large, open; core, large; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good," often '' best." October. ELIZABETH. (Manning's.) Elizabeth Van Mons, | Van Mons No. 154. Foreign. Received under number, and named by the late Mr. Man ning ; young wood, reddish brown. Fruit, small, obovate rounded, lemon FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 367 yellow, red in sun, slight traces of russet; calyx, small, open ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, sugary, juicy, "very good." Last August. EARLY BUTTER OF CINCINNATI. This is a variety which our Cincin nati pomologists seem unable to recog nize with any known description. We have been unable to examine the fruit in perfection, but some small specimens received, from which our drawing was made, induced a guess at Dearborn Seed ling. The original tree at Cincinnati is said to have been probably brought from New -Jersey. It is of upright growth, short-jointed, yellowish brown wood, forming a handsome symmetrical head. Fruit small, oblong ovate, narrowing most to the stem, light greenish yellow, with dark green specks, rarely a bronzed red in sun; calyx, prominent; seg ments, bold, reflexed ; core, compact ; seeds, few, defective ; flesh, white, juicy, buttery, "very good." Last July. ECHASSERY. Echasserie, Bezi d' Echassie, Bezi de Chasserie, Jagdbirne. Foreign. Poor grower. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, pale green, yel lowish, dotted with gray when ripe ; calyx, open ; flesh, melting, buttery, sweet, "good." November and December. EYEWOOD. Foreign. Tree vigorous, branches very strong, stout, yellowish brown with large white specks. Fruit, below medium, obovate, pale greenish yellow, russet traces and specks ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, small, open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sub acid, " very good/' October. FIGUE OF NAPLES. Figue de Naples, Fig Pear of Naples, Comtesse de Frenol, De Vigne Pelone. Foreign. Grown by some under name of Beurre Bronze*. Tree vig orous, productive, shoots upright, brown. Fruit, medium, oblong obo vate, pale greenish yellow, dull red in sun, russety ; calyx, small; stem, stout, fleshy knob at base ; flesh, juicy, pleasant, breaking, "good." Oct 868 THE PEAR. FIGUE. Figue Vert. Foreign. This is distinct from the preceding, and by some counted su perior ; tree vigorous, hardy, productive on either pear or quince ; fruit medium, oblong pyriform, green, much overspread with yellow and red russet; stem stout, fleshily set upon the neck; calyx open, without divi sions ; core rather large ; flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly perfumed, " very good." November. FONDANTE DE CHARNEUSE. Foreign. New. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, irregular, dull yellowish green, dotted and clouded with russet ; stem stout ; calyx open ; flesh melting, juicy, saccharine, sometimes astringent, "very good." Early October. (Wilder, in Hort.) FONDANTE DE MALINES. Fondanle de Malines (Esperin) . Foreign. New. Tree vigofous, productive; fruit medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, traced and much covered with red russet and brown ish red, occasional spot of vermillion in sun ; stem long ; calyx small ; core large; flesh white, buttery, melting, sweet, " very good." October. FONDANTE VAN MONS. Foreign. Tree good grower and productive ; fruit medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, marbled with red and some russet specks ; stem stout, curved ; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, coarse, melting, buttery, sweet, k' very good." October. FORELLE. Trout Pear, | Poire Truite, Forellenbirne. Foreign. Deserves more attention than it has yet received ; tree vig orous, productive on quince or pear ; wood violet red, young shoots downy; fruit medium, oblong obovate, dull yellow in shade, vermillion in sun, grayish dots margined with crimson ; stem slender ; calyx partly open; core medium; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, "very good" or "best," October, November. FREDERICK OF WURTEMBERG. Frederick de Wurtemburg. Foreign. Well known and extensively grown in this country ; tree very early and productive bearer, young wood strong, yellowish brown ; fruit decays rapidly at core, often worthless ere the grower thinks it ripe; fruit large, angular pyriform, uneven surface, dull yellow, crimson cheek; stem stout, usually set on or thickening into the fruit ; calyx open ; badn shalloAv ; flesh white, juicy, melting, " good." September. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 369 FREDRIKA BREMER. Yirgalieu, erroneouly, of some. American. From Oneida county, New York, recently introduced by J. C. Hastings, Esq. It is said to be an early and productive bearer, which we are disposed to believe, as a graft, two years set this year, produced fine specimens. Fruit above medium, roundish obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish, becoming pale yellow, with slight russet dots ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, rarely a cavity ; calyx open, short, erect segments; basin rather deep, slight furrows ; core medium; seeds black ish ; flesh white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, nearly " best." October, November. GANSEL'S BERGAMOT. Broca's Bergamot, Ives' Bergamot, Staunton, Bonne Rouge, Curie's Beurre, Diamant. Foreign. An old variety, with few superiors when well grown It re quires a warm, rich soil ; on cold clay it is almost tasteless ; tree vigorous, spreading, succeeds well on quince, productive ; fruit large, roundish obo vate, yellowish brown russet, red in sun, russet dots and patches ; stem short ; cavity deep ; calyx open ; basin deep ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, coarse, melting, juicy, " very good," or " best." October. GANSEL'S LATE BERGAMOT. Foreign. A new variety recently introduced, very much resembling the preceding, except its period of maturity being extended into De cember. It is also said to have less color in sun, and the flesh entirely free from granulations. Tree vigorous and productive on the pear root. GIDEON PARIDANTE. Foreign. Fruited with us this year for first time. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with brown red cheek in sun, and marbled red russet over surface ; stem one and a half inch long, angularly planted with a lip one side ; calyx open, narrow segments ; basin shallow^; core medium ; flesh white, melting, sugary, " very good," nearly " best," Last September and October. GRAND SOLEIL. Foreign. Tree vigorous, erect, well-formed, productive ; fruit medium, roundish, orange yellow, with a russety red blush, few russet specks ; stem medium, swollen at base ; calyx small, closed ; core large ; seeds obovate; flesh yellowish white, little coarse, buttery, melting, sugary, aromatic, '; very good," nearly " best." November. GREEN MOUNTAIN BOY. American. Fruit medium or above, roundish obovate, sometimes an gular pyriform ; stem varying ; calyx open, reflexed segments ; golden yellow or russety yellow, with numerous russety brown specks ; core 370 THE PEAR. rather large ; seeds long, flattened ; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet, " very good." October. HACON'S INCOMPARABLE. Downham Seedling. Foreign. A hardy, productive variety ; spreading, rather drooping branches; deserves more attention than yet received; young shoots slender, olive color, diverging ; fruit rather large, roundish, obtuse pyriform, dull yellowish green and pale brown, with many russet streaks and dots ; stem rather long, straight ; calyx with small divisions ; basin shallow ; flesh white, buttery, melting, suga^, juicy, nearly if not quite " best." October, November. HAGERMAN. American. From Flushing, L. I. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, over spread with thin golden russet, red cheek in sun ; stem short, stout ; calyx open, segments reflexed ; basin shallow ; core small ; seeds broad ovate; flesh juicy, sprightly, pleasant, " very good." September. HANOVER. From Hanover Furnace, New Jersey. In size it is usually rather small, round obovate, green, with dull green russet markings, and a brown cheek; stem one inch, shallow cavity, usually angular ; calyx open, plaited, sometimes furrowed, irregular basin ; seeds large, plump, acumi nate ; flesh greenish yellow, melting, juicy, pleasant, " good." (W. D. B.) HANNERS. Hamus. Origin uncertain : has generally been considered a synonym of Gushing, but proves distinct ; Mr. C. M. Hovey first pointed out the error. Shoots upright, brownish yellow ; fruit medium, oblong, rounded at crown, obtuse at stem, yellowish green to pale yellow, with large pale russet patches and dots ; stem stout, swollen at base ; calyx small, open ; core large ; flesh white, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good." September. HARVARD. Boston Epargne, | Cambridge Sugar Pear. American. Native of Cambridge, Mass. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit medium, oblong pyriform. russety olive yellow, reddish cheek ; stem rather stout, not sunk ; calyx small ; basin narrow ; seeds long, obovate; flesh white, juicy, "very good," liable to decay at core. September. HENRIETTA. Edwards' Henrietta American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous, hardy, pro ductive. Fruit medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, dull yellow crimson FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 371 spots in sun, russet at base of stem ; calyx closed ; basin furrowed ; core large; flesh white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, "good." Last August. HADDINGTON. Smith's Haddington. American. From seed of Pound pear, grown by J. B. Smith, Esq., at Haddington, Pa. Tree vigorous, productive ; fruit above medium, oblong, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, brownish cheek, and russet dots and patches ; stem medium, cavity shallow ; calyx medium ; segments short, erect ; core medium ; seeds long, ovate ; flesh yellowish, juicy, aromatic, " very good." January to April. HENKEL. Foreign. Tree fine grower, young shoots grayish brown ; an early, very productive bearer on pear roots, valuable for orcharding. Fruit large, obovate, somewhat obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, patches of russet and green specks ; stem long, curved ; calyx open ; segments short ; ba sin uneven ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, juicy, vinous, " very good." Early September. 372 THE PEAR. HENRY THE FOURTH. Henri Quatre, | Jacquin. Foreign. Tree hardy, good bearer, young shoots diverging, yellowish brown. Fruit small, roundish pyrifbrm, greenish yellow, with small gray dots ; stem long, slender, swollen at base ; calyx small ; flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, " good. Early September. HERICART. Foreign. Fruit large, obtuse pyrifbrm, light pale greenish yellow, russet dots and patches; stem long, slender; calyx small; segments re- flexed ; core small ; seeds long ; flesh rather coarse, breaking, juicy, very sweet, " very good." Early September. Some specimens wre have had of this proved almost best ; we think it improves with age of trees. HOSEN-SCHENCK. Schenck's Pear, I Schenck's August Watermelon, Smokehouse. American. From Pennsylvania. New. Fruit large, obovate, yellow, melting, not high flavor. Last of August. HOWELL. American. Native of New Haven, Conn., recently introduced to no tice. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, small russet dots, faint red blush in sun ; stem, often curved, without depression ; calyx, open ; basin, .irregular ; flesh, melting, juicy, slightly acidulous, delicate aroma. October. (Wilder, in Hort.) HULL. American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree, vigorous, upright ; wood, reddish brown. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green, dull red, and russet ; stem, long ; calyx, half open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rather coarse, gritty at core, juicy, " good." October. INCDNNUE VAN MONS. Foreign. Best on quince. Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, dull, pale green, traces and dots of russet; stem, long, slender; calyx, open ; basin, deep ; flesh, melting, buttery, u very good." December to February. (Wilder, in Hort.) JAMINETTE. Josephine, I Sabine, Colmar Jaminette, D'Austrasie, Beurre d'Austrasie. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, green, with russety brown dots and patches ; stem, stout ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, rather gritty at core, juicy, sweet, " good." November, December. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 373 JARGONELLE. Epargne, I Saint Sampson, Grosse Cuisse Madame, Saint Lambert, Beau Present, Sweet Summer Poire de Tables des Princes, Real Jargonelle, Jargonelle of the English. Foreign. An old variety, abundant bearer, now surpassed, for all ex cept large collections, by more recently originated sorts. Fruit, large, long, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, little brown in sun ; stem, long ; calyx, open, prominent; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy, "good," often " very good." August. JEAN DE WITTE. Nos. 1482, 1082. and 1602 of Van Mons. Foreign. Tree, moderate growth, short-jointed wood, upright. Fruit, medium or above, obovate, narrowing to the stem, pale yellow, little rus set ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, slightly sub-acid, " very good." No vember to January. JERSEY GRATIOLI. Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, abundant bearer, succeeds on quince ; wood, stout, short-jointed. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong obo vate, slightly angular, greenish yellow, blush in sun, russet specks, and also at base of stem and crown ; stem, stout, obliquely inserted ; calyx, open, short segments; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, little coarse, melting, juicy, vinous. September, October. (Hov. Mag.) JOHONNOT. Franklin. American. Native of Salem, Mass. Tree moderate, healthy grower, upright, spreading ; wood dark reddish brown, suited to orcharding in our western, rich soils, productive. Fruit below medium, roundish obovate, angular, greenish yellow, dull russet ; stem stout, fleshy at base ; calyx large, open; core large; seeds small; flesh white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, vinous, almost " best." September. JOSEPHINE DE MALINES. Foreign. Not an early bearer or a good grower, best on pear. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow blush in sun, traces and specks of rus set ; calyx open ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, melting, fine, juicy, vinous, " very good." December, January. JULIENNE. Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, upright, light yellowish brown shoots, productive, and in warm, rich, sandy soils, often very fine ; in cold clay it is inferior, best on quince. Fruit below medium, roundish, oblong obo vate, clear bright yellow, with a little of fine russet marblings and patches ; stem rather stout; calyx small, closed; core compact; seeds blackish; flesh white, rather coarse, half buttery, sweet, " very good." August. 374: THE PEAR. KINGSESSING. Leech's Kingsessing. American. Native of Kingsessing township, near Philadelphia. Tree upright, vigorous, somewhat thorny, young snoots yellowish green or brownish olive, gray dots. This, when better known, will, we think, take .position in first class. It is, however, not a very early bearer, and on quince, requires double working. Fruit large, or above medium, obovate, some times obtuse pyriform, sea-green, with patches of dark green ; stem stout, fleshy at base ; calyx small ; basin shallow ; flesh buttery, delicate, " best." Last August. KNIGHT'S MONARCH. Foreign. A variety requiring very high culture ; wood light olive color. Fruit large, obovate oblong, yellowish brown, tinged with red, dotted with gray ; stem short ; calyx open ; flesh yellowish white, melt ing, juicy. January. KING EDWARD'S. Jackman's Melting. Foreign. Tree thrifty, shoots upright, dark brown. Fruit large, pyri form, yellow, with patches of dull russet, red cheek in sun ; stem short ; calyx small ; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, variable, u good." October. LAS CANAS. Foreign. Tree upright, vigorous, early, good bearer. Fruit medium, or below, pyriform, pale yellow, partly covered with thin russet ; seeds black; flesh juicy, sweet, nearly "best." October. LA JUIVE. Foreign. Tree vigorous, branches upright. Fruit above medium, pyr iform, yellow, with gray specks; stem short; flesh yellowish, buttery, , , juicy. October. (Hov. Mag.) LAMORICIERE. General Lamoriciere. Foreign. Fruit medium, pyriform, gray, with green dots ; stem stout ; calyx large, closed; flesh greenish white, melting, buttery, juicy. Last September. (Hov. Mag.) LAHERARD. Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, lemon yellow, brownish red cheek in sun ; calyx closed ; stem stout ; flesh white, melt ing, juicy, pleasant, sub-acid, " very good." October. Succeeds on quince. (Wilder, in Hort.) FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. LEWIS. 375 Native of Roxbury, Mass. It is a hardy tree, vigorous, spreading, rather drooping as it grows old, always bears, and fruit always regular and even in size. If well ripened, it is a fine, delicious fruit, otherwise not more than second quality. It is profitable as a standard orchard va riety, but requires rich deep soil, or its immense crops exhaust too rap idly, causing the fruit to be quite small and insipid. Fruit, below medium, roundish obovate, obtuse at stem ; color, dark, becoming pale green with many russet specks; stem, long, slender, shallow depression; calyx, large ; segments, broad in divisions ; basin, almost obscure ; core, above medium for size of fruit; seeds, large, ovate; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy. Season, November to February. LEE'S SEEDLING. American. Native of Salem, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, greenish russet, brown in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; core, large ; flesh, white, coarse, juicy, " good." September. 376 THE PEAK. LOCKE. Locke's New Beurre. American. From West Cambridge, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, spotted with shades of darker green and russet ; stem, medium ; calyx, small, half closed ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, vinous, " good.5' November and December. LODGE. American. From vicinity of Philadelphia. Requires rich, warm, sandy soil, when it is one of the best.; on cold clay it is hardly "very good." Fruit, medium, or above, sometimes large, varying in form, (see our engraving;) when fully mature, yellowish, with rich golden russet, and patches of dull russet; calyx, with short, half reflexed segments; core, medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, whitish, a little gritty at core, juicy, melting, " very good." September and October. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 377 LIMON. Foreign. This promises to take a first- class rank. Tree, moderately vigorous, shoots long, slender, reddish brown. Fruit, above medium, ob- ovate roundish, yellow, with faint red cheek; stem, rather short; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, nearly " best." August. MARIE LOUISE. Forme de Marie Louise, I Princess de Parme, Marie Chretienne, Braddick's Field Marshal, Maria. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, rather straggling, or diverging and drooping, with olive gray colored shoots ; requires rich, warm, sandy soil, otherwise it is only a " good" pear. It is hardy and productive. Fruit, large, ob long pyriforrn, dull green, becoming pale yellow, with marblings, dots, and patches of russet, and russet at crown and base of stem ; stem, me dium, obliquely set in a slight cavity, or with a raised lip on one side ; calyx, open, irregularly formed ; segments, connected ; core, small ; seeds, broad, ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good." Last of September and October. MARCH BERGAMOTTE. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow; flesh, buttery, gritty at core, " good." March. MARTIN SEC. Roussellet d'Hiver. Foreign. Fruit, medium, or below, obovate, angular, yellow, with small specks, dull brownish red one side ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, in an abrupt furrowed basin ; flesh, yellowish, half melting, juicy, " good." December. MERRIAM. American. From Roxbury, Mass. Tree, thrifty, productive, supposed a seedling from Gray Doyenne. Fruit, large, roundish, dull yellow, much covered with smooth pale russet : stem, short ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, juicy, sugary; core, large; seeds, dark brown. Last of September. (Hov. Mag.) MARECHAL DE LA COUR. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, branches long, thorny at ends, early bearer. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, or ovate, yellowish green, vermillion in sun; stem, crooked, inserted with a lip one side; calyx, large, open; flesh, white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous. October. (Hov. Mag.) MCLAUGHLIN. Origin unknown ; probably an American seedling. Tree, moderate, healthy grower, productive. Fruit, above medium., oblong, obtuse pyri- 378 THE PEAR. form, pale yellow, with brownish red in sun ; stem, short, swollen at junction with tree ; calyx, open ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, a little coarse, juicy, " very good." November and December., MILLOT DE NANCY. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with patches and traces of russet; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, "good." January. (Wilder, in Hort.) MOCCAS. Foreign. Tree, very vigorous, rapid growth, and productive. Fruit, medium, obovate roundish, greenish yellow, brown cheek in sun, and a few russet dots ; stem, long, curved ; calyx, partly open ; flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, "very good." December. i MUSCADINE. American. From near Newburgh, N. Y. We have had trees six years, but they have not fruited. We condense from Mr. Downing's de scription : Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, pale yellowish green, with brown dots; stem, an inch long; calyx, with reflexed segments; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, musky. Last August, first Sep tember. Shoots, stout, dark gray brown. NAPOLEON. Medaille, | RoideRome. Foreign Tree, vigorous, upright grower, olive-colored shoots, fruit largest and finest on quince, very productive. Fruit, large, obtuse to ob ovate, and rounded pyriform, greenish yellow, smooth ; stem, varying, usually stout; calyx, medium, open; flesh, white, tender, juicy | "good?' October. Valuable as a market sort on quince. Rivers says the Napo leon d'Hiver is not sufficiently distinct to be retained. ORANGE BERGAMOTTE. Orange Pear. Foreign. An old variety, great bearer, valuable only for cooking. Fruit, above medium, pyriform, yellow, russet in sun; flesh, yellowish, sprightly /"astringent. September and October. OAKLEY PARK. Oakley Park Bergamot. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, with rus set ; calyx, partly open; stem, slender; flesh, buttery, melting, "good." October. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 379 OUDINOT. • Beurre Oudinot. Foreign. Fruit large, pyriform, yellowish green, with brownish cheek ; stem curved; calyx medium; basin shallow; flesh fine, juicy, "very good." September. OSBORN. American. From Economy, la., introduced first to notice by A. H. Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati. Fruit small, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow ; stem about one inch long, set with two or more fleshy ridges at base ; flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, a little astringent, "good." Early August. OSBAND'S SUMMER. Osband's Favorite, | Summer Virgalieu of some, American. Native of Wayne Co., N. Y. Fruit below medium, ovate, obovate pyriform, clear yellow, small green dots, and rarely a slight red cheek in sun ; skin rather thick ; stem medium, inserted in a shallow, un even cavity ; calyx with open, long straggling segments ; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse-grained, juicy, " good." Early September. OTT. American. Native of Montgomery Co., Pa. This is by many Eastern pomologists classed as "best:" specimens we have had from Prof. Kirtland have not mer ited more than to be classed " very good." Fruit small, roundish, greenish yellow, with little russet, and rarely faint red cheek in sun ; stem medium, a little curved ; calyx rather large, open, reflexed ; core below medium ; seeds blackish ; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, slightly aromatic. August. 380 THE PEAR » OSWEGO. Oswego Beurre, | Reed's Seedling. American. Native of Oswego, N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, succeeds well thus far, and an early bearer on quince or pear roots; fruit medium, ovate obovate or obovate rounded, dull yellowish green, with marblings and patches of russet ; stem short, stout, cavity rather deep ; calyx medium, closed; core small; flesh melting, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly, " very good." October. PAUL THIELEN. Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with dull red cheek ; stem long, obliquely set; calyx open, segments short, upright; flesh rather coarse, juicy, " good." October. PASSE COLMAR. Passe Colmar Epmeaux, Colmar Gris, Passe Colmar Gris, Beurre Colmar Gris, dit Precel, Precel, Fondante de Panisel, Fondante de Mons, Beurre d'Argenson, Regintin, Chapman's, Colmar Hardenpont, Present de Malines, Marotte Sucree Jaune, Souverain, Colmar Souverain, Gambier, Cellite, Colmar Preule, Colmar Doree Colmar d'Hiver. Colmar Van Mons, Foreign. Tree vigorous, with long, straggling, half-drooping shoots of a lively brownish yellow ; with high culture, severe thinning, and great care, it is a first-class sort ; with common ordinary care, it is worthless. Fruit medium to large, oblong obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, dull yellow when fully mature, with some russet ; stem a little more than medium length, "set with slight depression ; calyx partly open, basin shallow ; flesh yellowish white, buttery, sweet, aromatic. November, January. PETRE. American. Originated in the old Bar tram Botanic Garden, near Phila delphia, Pa. Tree moderate grower, with slender yellowish brown shoots, abundant bearer ; fruit medium to large, oblong, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, with russet patches ; stem rather stout, largest at base, cavity abrupt ; calyx medium ; basin narrow ; flesh whitish, fine, melting, buttery, perfumed, juicy, nearly "best." October. The "Bezi de la Motte" has been disseminated for this variety, somewhat, through the West. PENGETHLEY. Foreign. Tree vigorous; fruit medium, obovate, yellowish brown, russeted ; stem medium ; calyx small, partly open ; flesh yellowish, juicy, " good." February, March. PENNSYLVANIA. American. From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, hardy, and moderately productive ; fruit large, obovate pyriform, surface irregular, yellowish FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.- 381 green, brownish russet, marbled ; stem stout, calyx small, half closed ; core small; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, breaking, juicy, "good." October. PENDLETON. Pendleton's Early York Pear. American. From Connecticut. Young wood, dark olive ; fruit rather large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, russet specks ; stem curved; calyx open; flesh white, tender, sweet, "good." Last July. (Hov. Mag.) PLOMBGASTEL. Dusnas, I Plougastel, Plumbgartel, | Jergils ? Foreign. Tree vigorous, upright, succeeds on quince; fruit above medium to large, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, red in sun, dull russet specks ; stem stout ; calyx large, open, segments reflexed ; core large ; flesh white, half melting, juicy, " good," or perhaps " very good." Sep tember, October. POIRE D'ALBRET. Foreign. Tree vigorous, dark wood, good bearer; fruit medium, pyramidal, angular, dark russet, bronzed in sun ; stem stout, curved, swollen at base ; calyx partly open ; core small ; flesh greenish white, coarse, melting, juicy. October. (Hov. Mag.) PRATT. American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, upright growth, productive on pear ; fruit above medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with gray and russet dots and specks ; stem slender ; calyx open ; flesh white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary, " best." September. POIRE D'ABONDANCE. D'Abondance. Foreign. Fruit above medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with rus set dots, red in sun ; flesh melting, juicy, " very good." October. PULSIFER. American. Native of Illinois. Tree upright, vigorous ; shoots dark olive, early and productive bearer. Fruit below medium, pyriform ob tuse, dull yellow, with traces of russet ; stem short ; calyx small, open ; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, " very good." Early August. PRINCESS ROYAL. Groom's Princess Royal. Foreign. Tree hardy, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit medium, obovate, dull pale green, dotted with russet ; stem set in shallow cavity ; 382 THE PEAK. calyx open ; segments short ; core large ; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, juicy, " good." January, February. QUEEN OF THE Low COUNTRIES. Reine des Pays Bas. Foreign. We have often examined this sort,_but have been unable as yet to fruit it in six years that we have had the variety. We condense our description from Downing : Fruit large, obovate, acute pyriform, dull yellow, dotted and russeted, dark red in sun ; stem one and a half inch long, curved ; calyx small ; basin deep ; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, sub-acid. Early October. RALLAY. We received specimens (from which we take our description) of this pear from Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry. It is we believe, an old variety, but we had never before seen it. Fruit small to medium, globular, acute pyriform, skin rough, dull yellow, dull reddish cheek, over the whole spots of russet ; stem slender, obliquely set without depression ; calyx with crumpled segments ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, gritty at core, " good." November, December. RAPALJE. Rapalje Seedling. American. Described by Dr. A. H. Stevens of New York, in the Hor ticulturist, from which we extract, having never seen the fruit. Fruit medium, brownish yellow or russet, oblong pyriform ; stem long ; calyx in a slight hollow ; flesh buttery, like White Doyenne. Early September. ROPES. American. Its name from that of the gentleman in whose garden it originated, at Salem, Mass. Fruit small, oblong obovate, brownish rus set, tinged with red in sun ; stem short, rather stout ; calyx small, open ; core small; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, "good." October." Ross. Foreign. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium, obovate, yellowish green and russet ; stem short ; calyx open ; flesh yellowish, rather gritty, sweet, juicy, ''good." January. RONDELET. Foreign. Tree upright, thrifty, good bearer, suited to orcharding. Fruit small, obovate, yellow, dotted with russet, red in sun ; stem slender ; calyx erect, long segments ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, buttery juicy, sugary, aromatic, nearly " best." October. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 383 ROUSSELET DOUBLE ESPERIN. Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate acute pyrifbrm, dull greenish yellow, covered with cinnamon russet; stem long, stout, fleshy at base; calyx open ; basin deep, furrowed ; flesh white, melting, sprightly, " very good." October. (Wilder, in Hort.) ROSABIRNE. Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate, acute pyrifbrm, angular, surface un even, russet on dull greenish yellow ; stem fleshy at base ; flesh white, melting, juicy, brisk, sub-acid, " very good," may be "best." October. (Wilder, in Hort.) SHELDON. Penfield. American. Native of Western Central New York. Tree vigorous, erect, hardy, good bearer on pear, young shoots short-jointed, light yellowish. Fruit medium or above, roundish, a little angular, sometimes obovate, pale greenish russet, light red or bronzed in sun, little specked with dark russet ; stem short, rather stout, slightly curved ; calyx medium, open, broad short segments ; core rather large ; seeds dark brown ; flesh a little coarse, and gritty at core, otherwise melting, juicy, sugary, sprightly, aromatic, nearly " best." October. SKINLESS. Sanspeau, | Poire Sans Pean, Fleur de Guignes. Foreign. An old variety, that on rich, deep, strong, clayey soils is productive and " very good." Fruit small, oblong pyriform, pale greenish yellow, light red specks in sun ; stem long, slender ; calyx closed ; flesh white, juicy. Early August. SlGNORET. Sagaret. Foreign. Fruit medium or below, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russet specks; calyx open; flesh coarse, breaking, hardly u good." No vember. SERRURIER. Serrurier d'Automne. Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with russet specks and blotches ; stem in a deep cavity ; basin shallow ; flesh melting, juicy, " good." October. ST. MESMIN. Foreign. Fruit large, oblong ovate, yellowish green ; stem without depression ; calyx half open ; flesh juicy, " good," perhaps may be " very good." October. 384 THE PEAR. SHURTLEFF. Shurtleff's Seedling. American. Native of Boston. Tree vigorous, good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted at stem, dotted with russet specks, dark red cheek in snn ; stem rather long, swollen at base ; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty at core. September. (Hov. Mag.) SOUVERAINE D'ETE. Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, traced and dotted with russet, bright red cheek in sun ; calyx open ; stem short flesh melting, tender, juicy, "very good." August. STERLING. American. Native of Western New- York. Tree thrifty, upright growth, early bearer. Fruit large, roundish obovate, pale yellow, shaded with red in sun, russet at base of stem; stem long; calyx open; core large; flesh white, coarse, half melting, juicy, u very good." Early Sep tember. ST. MICHAEL ARCHANGE. Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellowish gray and green spotted; flesh greenish white, melting, buttery, "very good." Last September. (Hov. Mag.) ST. JEAN BAPTISTE. Foreign. Tree moderate grower, stout, short-jointed shoots. Fruit large, oblong, obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with dark specks ; stem short, curved, swollen at base ; flesh white, melting, buttery, vinous. October. (Hov. Mag.) STYER. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, green, becoming yellow, with russet dots and tracings; stem varying; cavity shallow; calyx imperfect, basin narrow, abrupt, deep ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, a little gritty at core, buttery, juicy, perfumed, " best." September. SUMMER FRANC REAL. Franc Real d'Ete, | Gros Micet d'Ete, Fondante. Foreign. Tree thrifty, hardy, good bearer, rarely more than "good" on pear roots, sometimes nearly " best" on quince. Fruit medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, dull green, becoming yellowish green, with brownish green dots ; stem short, thick ; calyx medium, long segments, furrowed basin, large core ; flesh white, not fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sweet. September. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 385 SuZETTE DE BAVAY. Suzette de Bavay (Esperen) . Foreign. Tree vigorous, shoots light greenish brown. Fruit medium, ubovate pyriform, dull yellow and russet; flesh melting, juicy, "very good." February and March. SUMMER PORTUGAL. Passans du Portugal. Foreign. Tree upright growth, shoots reddish brown. Fruit below medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, brownish red in sun ; stem one inch ; calyx erect ; flesh white, juicy, breaking, " very good." Last of August. TEA. American. Native of New-Haven Co., Ct. Fruit below medium, roundish oval, clear rich yellow, blush in sun ; calyx with short open seg ments, even with surface ; core small ; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, " very good," nearly " best." Last September. t THEODORE. Theodore Van Mons. Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet spots ; stem long, little or no depression ; calyx large, open ; broad segments ; flesh whitish, melting, "very good" on quince. November. TRIOMPHE DE JODOIGNE. Foreign. Tree very strong, vigorous grower, not an early bearer. Fruit large to very large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish, with traces and faint spots of russet ; flesh melting, juicy, sub- acid, "good." No vember. UPPER CRUST. American. Native of South Carolina. Tree healthy, moderate grower, branches slender, forming a pyriform head. Fruit size and shape of Dear born Seedling, green, with distinct irregular russet blotches ; flesh buttery, melting, " very good," if not " best." July. (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.) VICOMPTE DE SPOELBERCH. Despoilberg, I Bezi de Spoelberch, Vicompte de Spoelberg . Foreign. Tree moderately vigorous, branches upright, yellowish brown, with whitish gray specks. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse pyriform. pale yellow. when mature, little red in sun, and russet patches and specks; stem long, stout, fleshy at base ; calyx medium ; segments short, erect ; core medium ; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, '•best." December. New, comparatively ; deserves trial. 17 386 THE PEAR. VESOUZIERE. Foreign. Tree vigorous, succeeds on quince. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, dotted with red in sun ; stem long ; cavity open ; calyx medium, open; basin shallow; core large; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, juicy, sweet, <;good." November. WALKER. Fruit large, oblong pyriform, lemon yellow, marbled with light sea- green ; stem curved, fleshy at base ; calyx open ; long segments ; basin shallow ; flesh coarse, crisp, juicy, " good." September. WESTCOTT. American. Native of Cranston, R. I. Fruit medium, roundish obo vate, pale green to light orange yellow, dots and blotches of russet ; stem slender, fleshy at base ; calyx large, open ; basin plaited ; flesh white, juicy, melting, sugary, " good." September. WILBUR. American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree a moderate grower, with reddish brown shoots, productive and hardy. Fruit medium, oval obo vate, dull yellowish green, much russet ; stem medium ; calyx open ; core large; flesh whitish, rather coarse, a little variable, juicy, "good." September. WlNSHIP. Winship's Seedling. American. Native of Brighton, Mass. Tree vigorous, wood yellowish, early and productive bearer. Fruit medium, ovate pyriform, pale yellow, traces of russet, blush in sun ; stem long, slender, curved ; calyx closed ; core large ; flesh white, melting, juicy, sugary, " good." August. WILLIAMS EARLY. American. Native of Roxbury, Mass. Tree moderate grower, reddish brown wood. Fruit below medium, ovate obovate, light yellow, red cheek, little russet at base of stem, and a few greenish specks ; stem me dium, a little fleshy at base ; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh yellow ish white, coarse, juicy, sweet, " very good." September. WILLIAMSON. American. From the south side of Long Island. Fruit medium, obo vate rounded, obtuse at stem, yellow, with russet dots and specks, and russet at stem and crown ; stem short, stout, narrow, irregular cavity ; calyx none; basin deep, narrow, russeted ; seeds small, flattened ; flesh FOR AM ATE UK CULTURE. 387 yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, sugary, vinous, n very good/' if not « K/^of " Clntf\V\cn* best." October. WlLHELMINE. Wilhelmina. Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, gray specks, faint red in sun; stem rather long ; calyx large, open; flesh yel lowish white, buttery, sugary, juicy, " good." February. WHARTON'S EARLY. Origin unknown. This variety we found growing in the grounds of Prof. Kirtland, who received graft? from the south centre of Ohio, under this name. We at first thought it Catinka, but it ripens too soon. Tree a vigorous, strong grower, wood yellowish brown, large foliage. Fruit above me- o88 THE PEAR. dium, oblong, obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with minute russet dots, suffused at base with sea-green, occasionally a russet trace ; stem long, slender; cavity slight ; calyx open; segments short, rounded; core me dium ; seeds ovate; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, nearly '; best." Middle to last August. WlEDOW. Wredovv. Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, acute pyriform, greenish yel low ; stem medium, obliquely planted with lip one side; calyx small ; flesh white, juicy, vinous, perfumed, " very good." October. WILKINSON. American. From Cumberland, R. I. Tree thrifty, hardy, productive, "good" in its own locality, elsewhere poor. Fruit medium, oval obovate, yellow, with brown dots and specks; stem rather long and stout; calyx small, open ; flesh white, juicy, sweet. October to December. ZEPHERINE GREGOIRE. Foreign. Fruit globular, acute pyriform ; stem fleshy ; color dull green, thin covering of russet, brownish red cheek ; flesh very melting, tender, juicy, " very good.'"' November. (Wilder, in Hort.) CLASS 111. Unworthy farther cultivation. ADMIRAL. Auiiral, | Colniar Charnay. Foreign. Large, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow ; flesh coarse, juicy. October. VA.DAMS. American. Small, roundish obovate, yellow russet ; flesh coarse. October. ANGLETERRE. English Beurn'', | Beam- d'Angleterre. Foreign. Medium, pyriform, green and russet ; flesh white. September. AMBROSIA. Early Beurre. Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate. groonish yellow, rusaeted. August. UNWOKTHY OF CULTIVATION. 389 RE NOISETTE. Foreign. Large, roundish, dark green. September. AMBRETTE. Tilton, f Ambrette d'Hiver, AmbreGris, | Belle Gabriel, Troinpe Valet. Foreign. Small, roundish, long stem, green, russeted. November, January. This is classed by some as identical with Echassery : we think them different. AMANDE DOUBLE. Amanda's Double. Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellow and red. September. ASTON TOWN. Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. October. AUTUMN COLMAR. Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, pale green. October. AUTUMN BERGAMOT. English Bergamot, | York Bergamot, English Autumn Bergamot. Foreign. Small, roundish, green, gray specks. September. The French Autumn Bergamotte is pyriform, light yellowish green, equally valueless. BELMONT. Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. October. BELLE ET BONNE. Gracieuse. Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow. September. BERGAMOT, EASTER. Bergamot de Paques, Bergamot d'Hiver, Bergamot de Bupi, Bergamot de Toulou*^, Winter Bergamot, Paddington, Royal Tairling, Terling, Robert's Keeping. Foreign. Medium or above, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. February, May. BERGAMOT D'HOLLANDE. Holland Bergamot, Beurre d'Alencon, Bergamot d'Alencon, Bergamotte de Fougere, Amoselle, Lord Cheoney's. Foreign. Large, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet. For ever. 390 THE PEAR. BERGAMOT PARTHENAY. Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. December, January. BERGAMOT BOUSSIERE. Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellowish green. December, January. BEURRE BRONZEE. Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November, December. Vx BEURRE DUVAL. Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November. BEURRE SEUTIN. Foreign. Above medium, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December. BEURRE KNOX. Foreign. Large, oblong obovate, pale green, little russet. September. BEURRE COLMAR. Beurre Colmar d'Automne. Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, pale greenish yellow. October. BEURRE VAN MONS. Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish, with russet. October. BEURRE ROMAIN. Gros Remain. Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish green. October. BEURRE DE BOLLWILLER. Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellowish red in sun. Winter. BEURRE KENRICK. No. 1599 of Van Mons. Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September. BEURRE HAGGERSTON. No. 8 of Van Mons . Foreign. Medium, oblong obtuse, yellow. Middle August. BEZI VAET. Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow, brown cheek. November. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. BEZI D'HERI. liezi Royal. Foreign. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow. October. BEZI BLANC. Foreign. Large, oblong pyriform, yellowish. August BON CHRETIEN, SPANISH. Bon Chretien d'Espagne, | Spina. Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December. BON CHRETIEN, FLEMISH. Bon Chretien Turc. Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green, brown cheek. November, March. BISHOP'S THUMB. Beurre Adam. Foreign. Large, oblong, irregular pyriform. yellowish green and russet. October. BURGOMASTER. Burgenneister. Foreign. Medium, long pyriform, yellowish green. December. BOUCQUIA. Beurre Boucquia. Foreign. Large, angular, oval pyriform, pale yellow, red cheek. October. BURLINGHAME. Burlingame. American, Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. September. BURNETT. American Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, russet. October. BLEECKER'S MEADOW. Large Seckel, | Feaster. American. Medium, roundish, yellowish. October, November. BROOME PARK. Foreign. Medium, roundish, brown. December. 392 THE PEAR. CABOT. American. Medium, oval, roundish, russet yellow, red in sun. September. CALEBASSE. Ca'.ebasse Double Extra. | Ca'ebasse d'Hollande. Foreign. Medium, oblong, dull yellow, russet. September. CALEBASSE GROSSE. Monstrous Calabash. Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellowish, dull green. October. CALEBASSE DELVINGE. Foreign. Above medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow. October, November. CAPUCIN. Foreign. Large, oval obtuse, greenish yellow. October. CATILLAC. Cadillac, | Grand Monarque, Groote Mogul, Foreign. Large, turbinate, yellow and brown. November to March. CHAPMAN. American. Above medium, ovate pyriform, yellow. October. CHARLES OF AUSTRIA. Charles d'Autriche. Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, russeted. October. CITRON OF BOHEMIA. Great Citron of Bohemia. Foreign. Large, oblon, — The best varieties are by many esteemed delicious for the dessert. Others, and even the unripe fruit, are used in pies, tarts, conserves and sweetmeats. Our own taste compels us to place the plum in the lowest scale of cultivated fruits, and mainly from the fact that, unless perfectly ripe and fresh from the tree, if eaten in a raw state, they tend to flatulence and disease. Dried or cooked, they are regarded valuable, and are an article of considerable com merce as imported to this country under name of French prunes or dried plums. By a selection of the richest varieties, there is no doubt that prunes superior to those of foreign preparation might be easily obtained. The following description of an oven purposely built" for prunes, and doubtless, with some modifications, well adapted 408 THE PLUM. to the drying of other fruits, is given in Liegel's Treatise, (German,) as quoted in the Horticulturist. The amount of heat obtained by a small quantity of fuel, commends it to the particular attention of those engaged in drying fruit : " Prunes," says Liegel, " have become an important article of com merce. In order to have them fair and glossy, they must be sud denly cooled, when withdrawn from the oven. "• The country-people in this part of Germany prepare their prunes by putting them into their bread-ovens. I have put up, for my own use, a very conveniently arranged drying apparatus, which, after the experience of many years, I am induced to recommend ; and for the construction of which I give the annexed draw ing and explanatory description : " The vault or exterior of the oven, four and a half feet long, is surrounded by a brick wall one foot thick, so that the whole stove, abed, (see figs. 1 and 2,) is exactly six feet every way; the front wall, w, being only half a foot in thickness. At the top, the vault is arched over with six inches of brick work at the crown of the arch. The flues, i i, are about four teen inches square. The hur dles or trays, in m, for containing the prunes, rest upon shelves fixed upon two bearers. It would be better if they rested upon rollers, so as to admit of their being pushed in and drawn out with greater ease. These lines of trays are place at a distance of six inches from the furnace, so as to keep the fruit from too great a heat ; they may be made entirely of wood, but it will be better if the bottoms are of open-work, like shelves. Their weight is such that they may be easily managed by a woman ; but in preparing prunes on a large scale, let them be made of greater length and breadth, so as to just come within the . J. strength of u more robust person. Fig.l. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 409 " The wooden frame, h h, is that on which the two doors are hung. The door, y, which covers the arch, (and which is represented in the cut as open and fastened up,) shuts up the front of the upper part of the oven. In the middle of this upper door or flap is a round vent-hole, for the escape of the moist vapor, k is an iron damper or slide, to be placed in the flue at I I, in order to regulate the heat. "A thousand fully ripe quetsches (prune plums) make about ten pounds of dried prunes. "Plums of different kinds may be dried, either whole or deprived of their skins and stones. In the latter case, they are styled prunelles" CHARACTERS AND CLASSFICATION. — The characters of the plums are represented by the texture of the flesh as combined with its juiciness and flavor ; and what are termed gages (a word really of no meaning as applied to the fruit) represent fruits of round form, very delicate, and of a rich, sugary, jnicy, high flavor. The prunes are known as those fruits that are dry in the texture of their flesh. The character of size is one of which Washington may be taken as large, Green Gage as medium, and Mirabelle as small; while the wood being smooth or downy, needs no explanation, and the depressed line on one side, called a suture, is the same as in cherries or peaches, and often serves as a guide in detecting varieties. The classification by most writers of divisions of green, white, or yellow, and of blue, or red, or purple, we adopt only in our text descriptive of each distinct variety ; preferring as a practical matter, here as elsewhere in our work, to follow that of, in short, best, very good, and good. VARIETIES. — These are far too numerous for any practical use ; and while we may have possibly reduced too much, we yet feel that the uses and wants of community will be best supplied in this fruit by a few really valuable, and for the particular purposes pointed out in our text descriptive. CLASS I— Worthy General Cultivation. BLEECKER'S GAGE. German Gage. RAISED at Albany, N. Y., about forty years since, by Mrs. Bleecker. The tree is of healthy, hardy habit, and a regular, sure bearer. Branches, downy ; leaves, dark green ; fruit, medium size, roundish oval, verv regular ; suture, slight ; skin, yellow, with numerous im bedded white specks, and a thin white bloom ; Jlesh, yellow, rich, 18 410 THE PLUM. sweet and luscious flavor, separating freely from the stone, which is pointed ; stalk, an inch or more long, downy, inserted in a slight cavity. Season, last of August here; in Georgia, first of July. Dis tinguished from Prince's Yellow Gage by its larger stalk and later maturity. COE'S GOLDEN DROP. Bury Seedling, I New Golden Drop, Coe's Imperial, Fair's Golden Drop, Golden Gage. This is an English variety. Tree only moderately productive ; and although we should always plant, yet it does not always mature perfectly north of 40° latitude. Branches, smooth ; fruit, large, oval ; suture, well marked, one side enlarged ; akin, light yellow, much dotted or mottled with red on side exposed to sun ; flesh, ad hering to the stone, yellowish, firm, rather coarse-grained, but rich and sweet ; stalk, three-fourths to an inch long, rather stiff. Season, last of September. The Yellow Egg is often grown under this name at the West. DENNISTON'S SUPERB. A variety originated in the famous garden of Mr. Denniston, Albany, N. Y. Its great productiveness, together with its period of ripening, more than its quality, makes it desirable. Branches, downy ; fruit, medium, cr rather above, roundish, slightly flattened ; suture, distinct ; skin, pale yellowish, overspread with a thin bloom, and mottled or clouded with purple ; flesh, thick, not juicy, but with rich vinous flavor ; stone, small, roundish, from which the flesh parts freely ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, set in a cavity of moderate depth. Season, 15th to 20th August. EARLY ORLEANS. Wilmot's Early Orleans, I Grinrwood's Early Orleans, New Early Orleans, Hampton Court, New Orleans, | Monsieur Hatif, An English variety, which on account -of its quality and early maturity must always make it popular as an orchard fruit. Branches, downy ; fruit, medium, round oval ; suture, shallow ; skin, dark red dish purple ; flesh, yellowish green, of rich, brisk flavor, and separat ing freely from the stone ; stem, usually about half inch long, but varying. Season, first August. GREEN GAGE. Ida Green Gage, Waterloo, King of Plums, Wilmot's late Green Gage, Schuyler Gag Rensselaer G age, Isleworth Green Gage, "Wilmot's Green Gage, New Green Gage, Brugnon Gage, Bruyn Gage, Bradford Gage, Reine Claude, Grosse Reine Claude, Grosse Reine. " During the last century, an English family by the name of Gage WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 411 obtained a number of fruit trees from the monks of Charteuse, near Paris. Among them was a tree of this plum, which, having lost its name, was called by the gardener the Green Gage." There are very few trees in bearing of the true variety at the West, the Imperial Gage having been often sold as Green Gage. The true variety is readily known by its short-jointed, slow-growing, spreading, and dwarfish habit. It also requires a rich, warm soil to insure fruit in perfection in locations north of 42 deg. Branches, smooth ; buds, with large shoulders ; fruit, medium, round ; suture, slight ; skin, yellowish green, marbled and dotted on the sunny side with red ; flesh separates freely from the stone, pale green, exceedingly melt ing, rich, sprightly, high flavor ; stalk, slender, slightly inserted. Season, midddle to last August. IMPERIAL GAGE. Prince's Imperial Gage, I White Gage, Flushing Gage, Jenkinson's Imperial, Superior Green Gage. This is an American variety, originating at the old nursery of Wm. Prince, Flushing, N. Y. In heavy, strong soils it is sometimes deficient in flavor, probably from a deficiency of some particular element in the soil, as it produces abundantly, grows vigorously, and trees apparently healthy. In light, loamy, or even dry, poor soils, it is a hardy, productive variety, and the flavor often almost equal ling a true Green Gage. As a market variety, it is far superior to Green Gage, and hardly surpassed by any other plum. Branches, slightly downy, dark-colored, upright, vigorous ; fruit, above medi um, oval ; suture, distinct ; skin, at first pale green, with a white bloom, becoming yellowish green, marbled with dark green stripes ; flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, sprightly flavor ; stone, oval, with flesh occasionally adhering. In good seasons and soils it separates freely from the stone ; stalk, long, hairy, stout, inserted in an even cavity. Season, first September ; at the South, July first. JEFFERSON. An American variety, originated by Judge Buel, at Albany, N. Y., probably from a seed of Coe's Golden Drop, which in growth, wood, etc., it closely resembles. It has been pretty extensively tested, both in this country and in Europe, and fully sustains the high character given it by the late A. J. Downing. The Bingham or Clingstone plum has occasionally been disseminated for this variety. In rich, high flavor, it does not equal the Green Gage, but its large size, great beauty, productiveness, freedom from decay, and habit of hanging long on the tree after ripe, render it valuable for all collec tions. Branches, nearly smooth ; fruit, large, oval, slightly nar- 412 THE PLUM. rowed one side toward the stalk ; skin, at first greenish yellow, becoming golden yellow when fully ripe, and with a rich reddened cheek in the sun, bloom thin, white ; suture, slight ; flesh, separating nearly free from the long pointed stone ; yellow, almost orange yel low ; juicy, with rich flavor ; stalk, an inch long, inserted without depression. Season, last of August ; at the South, last of July. LOMBARD. Bleecker's Scarlet. | Beekman's Scarlet. An American variety, which, as a tree, is thrifty, healthy, hardy, and productive ; while the fruit appears less attractive than most others to the curculio. It is therefore very desirable. Branches, smooth, bright purple, very thrifty, leaves much crumpled ; fruit, medium, roundish ova], slightly flattened at ends; suture, slight; skin, violet red, dusted thinly with bloom ; flesh, yellow, juicy, not rich, but pleasant flavor ; stalk, slender, three-fourths inch long, set in a broad, open cavity ; adheres to the stone. Season, middle to last of August. LAWRENCE'S FAVORITE. Lawrence Gage. An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage by Mr. L. U. Lawrence, Hudson, N. Y. It forms a tree of upright, thrifty growth, and bears young and abundantly of fruit much resembling outwardly the Green Gage, except being larger. Branches, downy, short-jointed; fruit, large, roundish ; skin, dull yellowish green, clouded with streaks of a darker shade beneath, and in sun, around the stem a mottling or dotting of brownish red, bloom light blu ish green; flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, excellent, only surpassed by Green Gage. When fully ripe, separates freely from the stone ; stalk, half inch long, slender, inserted in a narrow cavity. Season, middle August. MCLAUGHLIN. An American variety, raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Maine. The tree is very thrifty, making stout, vigorous shoots of four to six feet in a season ; but forming a round, regular head. Originating so far north, it will unquestionably prove a most valua ble variety for northern culture. The fruit, in character of quality, resembles the variety just previously described. Branches, smooth ; leaves, broad, glossy ; fruit, above medium, roundish, flattened at ends ; suture, obscure ; skin, thin, tender, russet yellow, sprinkled with a red tinge, which deepens to a purplish hue around the stalk ; flesh, adhering to the stone, dull yellow, firm, juicy, excellent; stone, WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 413 roundish ; stalk, three fourths inch long, inserted without depression. Season, middle to last of August. MADISON. An accidental seedling in the Denniston Garden, Albany, N. Y. ; and, according to Dr. Herman Wendell, a hybrid from Bleecker's Gage and Blue Gage. Its flavor, late period of maturity, and hardi hood, commend it to a first place. Branches, slender, smooth; leaves, light green, slightly downy ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; suture, slight ; skin, light orange, with a cast of greenish yellow, in sun mottled and spotted with lake carmine, bloom thin, delicate ; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, rich and sweet, agreeable flavor, separates freely from the stone, which is small, oval, pointed ; stalk, three- fourths inch long, inserted in a regular, not deep basin. Season, first to fifteenth October. OTTOMAN. Imperial Ottoman A foreign variety, but from whence is uncertain. We have fruited it several years, and as an early variety have not met its superior. The trees are hardy, regular, not rampant growers, and regular, abundant bearers. Branches, slightly downy ; fruit, medium, round ish oval, regularly formed ; skin, greenish yellow, marbled with darker shades in stripes underneath ; if permitted to hang it becomes mostly pale yellow, bloom thin ; suture, only half way down on one side ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious, and when fully ripe parts freely from the stone ; stem, downy, three-fourths inch long, inserted in a cavity of moderate depth. Season, last July. PURPLE FAVORITE. This variety the late A. J. Downing states to have been planted and grown by his father. Although of dwarfish, slender habit, the trees are very hardy, and bear when young. For large market or chards it is not as valuable as some other varieties, but in private gardens it should always have a place. Branches, smooth, short- jointed ; fruit, medium, or rather above, roundish obovate ; skin, brownish purple, dotted with golden specks, bloom light blue ; flesh, pale greenish, juicy, sweet and excellent, and separating freely from the stone, which is small ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, depression slight. Season, last of August. PURPLE GAGB. Reine Claude Violette, | Violet Queen Claude, Die Violette Koning Claudie. A foreign variety, moderate bearer, but high flavor. Branches, 414 THE PLUM. smooth, short-jointed ; fruit, medium, roundish, a little flattened ; suture, shallow ; skin, violet, dotted with pale yellow, bloom light blue ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, sugary, high flavor ; stone, oval, compressed, from which the flesh separates freely ; stalk, an inch long, set in a narrow basin. Season, about 10th September? but will hang a fortnight, shrivelling slightly. PRINCE'S YELLOW GAGE. American Yellow Gage, | White Gage, Harvest Gage. A variety produced in 1783 by the elder Mr. Prince, of Flush ing, N. Y. The trees are abundant bearers, and the fruit carries well to market and always sells readily, wherefore one reason for placing it in this class. As a table fruit it is often too dry, and does not deserve to be planted in small gardens where market sales arc not contemplated. Branches, smooth, short-jointed ; leaves, glossy ; fruit, slightly above medium size, oval, broadest near the stalk ; suture, a mere line ; skin, golden yellow, little clouded, bloom white, abundant ; flesh, yellow, sugary, rich, sometimes rather dry, parts freely from the stone ; stalk, an inch long, set in a round cavity. Season, early in August ; at the South, middle of June. It is stated, also, at the South to ripen gradually, to be juicy, and of the best. RED GAGE. An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage, by the elder Win. Prince, in 1790. The tree is of hardy, yet vigorous habit, wood dark reddish color, and producing abundantly a fruit rather small, yet of the best flavor. Branches, smooth ; leaves, crim- pled ; fruit, hardly medium size, oval, rounded ; skin, brownish red, bloom slight ; flesh, parting freely from the stone, greenish amber, juicy, sweet, delicious ; stalk, slender ; cavity, narrow. Season, middle August. SAINT MARTIN'S. St. Martin's Quetsche. A German fruit : the word quetsche, or prune, not applying to this fruit, we prefer to drop it. It is a juicy, not a dry prune plum. The trees are good bearers, and the time of ripening makes it profitable for market or preserving, branches, smooth ; fruit, medium, or rather above, ovate, broadest at base ; skin, bright yellow, dotted a little with brownish red in the sun, bloom white ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, excellent. Season., 1st October, but will hang two weeks. SCHENECTADY. Schenectady Catherine An American plum, originated at Schenectady, N. Y.} and first in- FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 415 troduced to notice and described by Dr. Herman Wendell. Tree, thrifty, hardy, and prolific. Branches, smooth, rather slender ; fruit, above medium, roundish oval, broadest and slightly depressed at stem end ; suture, shallow ; skin, rich, deep purple, slightly netted on the sunny side ; flesh, greenish yellow, fine-grained, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious flavor ; stone, small, thick, ovate, parts readily from the flesh ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, rather slender, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Season, last August. WASHINGTON. Bolmar, Bohnar's Washington, New Washington, Franklin, Parker's Mammoth, Irving's Bolmar. The original tree of this variety grew on what, in 1818, was known as Delancey's Farm, and now constitutes a portion of New-York city, known as the Bowery. It was introduced to notice, grown and dis tributed by Michael Floy, Esq., American Editor of Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. Without possessing high flavor, the uniform hardi hood of the tree, with its productive habit, large size of fruit, and often freedom from attack of curculio. renders it a most popular variety, and for market deservedly so at the North. In Georgia, and other sections South, it is said to be entirely flavorless and dry, so that while we cannot avoid placing it in the first list, it is requi site to give this qualification. Branches, downy ; fruit, large, round ish oval ; suture, obscure, except near the stalk ; skin, dull yellow, with faint marblings of green, and on the sunny side some little red, often dotted ; flesh, yellow, firm, sweet, and separating freely from a pointed stone ; stalk, nearly three-fourths inch long, downy, planted in a wide, shallow basin. Season, last of August. CLASS fl. — New and untested - suited to certain localities, or grounds of extensive Amateur Pomologists. AUTUMN GAGE. Roe's Autumn Gage. American. Productive, branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, broad est at base, pale yellow, whitish bloom, flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, separates freely from a stone long, compressed, and pointed at both ends ; stalk three-fourths inch long. September 15. ALBANY BEAUTY. Deniston's Albany Beauty. American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit below medium, roundish 416 THE PLUM. oval ; skin whitish green, with purple dots, bloom thin ; flesh yellow, rich, sweet, not juicy, separates freely from a small pointed stone ; stalk slender, one inch long. Last August. BLUE IMPERATRICE. Imperatrice, I Imperatrice Violette, Veritable Imperatrice, | Violette. Foreign. A fine variety, almost worthy the first class. The true Blue Imperatrice must not be confounded with Semiana or Blue Imperatrice of some eastern growers. (See Semiana.) Branches smooth, long, slender. Fruit medium, obovate, tapering to the stalk, deep purple, bloom blue, thick ; flesh greenish yellow, rich, sugary, hangs long on the tree, adheres to the stone. Last September. BlNGHAM. American. Productive, branches downy. Fruit above medium, oval, deep rich yellow, dotted with red in the sun ; flesh yellow, juicy, rich, delicious, adheres to the stone; stalk three-fourths inch long, slightly sunk. Last August. BLUE PLUM. Branches smooth ; leaves rather small ; tree productive. Fruit me dium, roundish, scarcely oval ; suture obscure, dark blue, light blue bloom ; flesh yellowish green, juicy, sweet, adheres to the stone ; stalk three- eighths inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Season middle July, in Georgia ; middle August, here. Propagated by suckers. Description by W. N. White, Athens, Ga. BUEL'S FAVORITE. American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, ovate ; suture half round, pale green, little red next the stalk ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, juicy, adhering to a long pointed stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August. CHERRY. Early Scarlet, | D'Amerique Rouge, Myrobolan, Prunus Myrobolana, Virginian Cherry, Prunus Cerasifera, Der Virginia, Miser Plum, Golden Cherry. A variety of which many sub-varieties have been and are constantly being produced from seed. Its chief merit is in the tree being ornamental, and the fruit maturing early. Being very pretty for the dessert, commands ready sale. L^ requires root-pruning every two years, in order to make it productive. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, yellow and red, shaded and mottled ; flesh greenish, juicy, pleasant, adhering closely to an oval stone ; stalk short, cavity narrow. Middle of July. The Chickasaw Plum (Prunus chicasi) is very similar to this. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 417 CLOTH OF GOLD. Drap d'Or, I Mirabelle Grosse, Mirabelle Double, | Yellow Perdrigon. Foreign. Productive, branches slightly downy. Fruit below medium, round; suture indistinct; skin bright yellow, crimson specks in sun; flesh yellow, sugary, rich, adheres slightly to the stone. Early August. COLUMBIA. Columbian Gage. American. Valuable market sort, productive, succeeds well South ; branches downy. Fruit large, globular, one side enlarged ; skin brown ish purple, with fawn-colored specks, blue bloom ; flesh orange, rather coarse, dry but sugary, separates freely from stone, which is small, com pressed ; stalk an inch long ; cavity small, narrow. Last August. COOPER. Cooper's Red, | Cooper's Large Red, Cooper's Large American. American. Described by Coxe, in 1817, as grown from a stone of Orleans. Some writers state it to be identical with " Smith's Orleans ;" but we do not so consider it. Fruit large, deep purple, with a bloom ; suture shallow and broad ; stem three-quarters inch long; flesh coarse, yellow, "good.'' Last August. CRUGER'S SCARLET. Cruger's, | Cruger's Seedling, Cruger's Scarlet Gage. American. Productive, and comparatively free from attacks of cur- culio. Branches downy. Fruit little above medium, roundish oval ; skin lilac red, with thin bluish bloom and yellow dots, in dark shade one side, pale fawn color ; flesh orange, rather dry, rich, separates free from stone ; stalk half inch long ; basin shallow. Last August. D£ MONTFORT. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit above medium, roundish, light pur ple, spotted with brownish yellow, and with blue bloom ; flesh light yel low, rich ; when fully ripe, parts freely from stone ; stalk half inch long. Middle August. DENISTON'S RED. American. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval; suture half round; skin light red, with fawn-colored dots, bloom thin ; flesh am ber color, separates freely from a small, oval, compressed stone ; stalk long, slender. Last August. DOWNTON IMPERATRICE. Foreign. Branches smooth, valued for preserving. Fruit medium, 18* 418 THE PLUM. oval, narrowing- to the stalk, pale yellow; flesh yellow, melting; unless fnlly ripe, acid, then sweet, adheres to the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last of September. Sometimes grown as Yellow Egg. DOMINE DULL. German Prune, | Dutch Prune, Dutch Quetzen. American. From seed of the Dutch Prune ; productive and valuable for drying ; branches smooth. Fruit medium size, long oval ; skin dark purple, nearly black, with blue bloom ; flesh yellow, juicy at first, if allowed to hang on the tree becomes dry, rich and sweet, adheres to stone ; stalk an inch long. September. DUANE'S PURPLE. Duane's Purple French, | English Pond's Seedling. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, oblong oval, one side enlarged, reddish purple in sun. pale red in shade, dotted with yellow specks, lilac bloom ; flesh amber color, juicy, slightly acid, adhering to the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long, slender, narrow cavity. Early August. EARLY ROYAL. Royal Hative, | Mirian. Foreign. Slow grower, and tender tree far North ; branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish, light purple, dotted little with dull yellow ; flesh amber color, rich, parts from stone; stalk half inch long, stout ; stone small. Last July. EMERALD DROP. American. Productive ; branches smooth. Fruit medium, long oval, one side enlarged, yellowish green ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, adheres to the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August. EARLY PURPLE. Sea. Foreign. Fruit small, roundish, brownish purple, with a scanty light- colored bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, highly perfumed, sweet, juicy, parts freely from stone. Early June at South, July here. (W. N. White, in Horticulturist.) ELFREY. Elfrey's Prune. American. Yery productive, always valuable for drying, often very fine for the dessert, succeeds admirably at the South ; branches smooth. Fruit rather* below medium size, oval, blue ; flesh greenish, sweet, parts freely from stone. Middle August ; South, first July. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 419 EARLY FAVORITE. Rivers' Early No. 1. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish oval, purple ; flesh melting, rich, sweet. Early August. EARLY PROLIFIC. Rivers' Early No. 2. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit little above medium, roundish oval, purple ; flesh yellowish, rich, sweet, excellent flavor. Early August. FROST GAGE. American. Does not answer well in soils of only moderate richness, requires rich, moist, clayey soil. On the borders of the Hudson river, where it originated, it is one of the most valuable late-ripening market varieties. Branches smooth, slender, upright habit. Fruit below medium, roundish oval ; suture half round, deep purple, bloom thin ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, adhering to stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. First October. GALBRAITH. An early plum, said to have originated with the late Mr. Gralbraith, near Boalsburg, Pa. ; and is represented as being a straggling grower, but the best early plum cultivated in that vicinity. An inch and a half long by one and five-sixteenths broad, oval, purple ; stem five-eighths of an inch by one-fourteenth ; flesh tender, juicy, adherent to the stone, flavor lus cious, quality " very good" if not "best." (W. D. B.) HTJLING'S SUPERB. This variety we have little doubt will eventually command a place in the first class : at present it has been little grown; Duane's Purple being almost invariably the variety distributed under this name. Leaves broad, large ; branches stout, downy, with a swollen knob behind each bud. Fruit very large, roundish oval, shallow suture ; skin dull greenish yellow, covered with pale bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, little coarse grain, rich, brisk, sprightly flavor, adheres partially to the stone; stalk an inch long, swollen at its junction with the tree, and set in a round, small cavity. Middle August HOWELL'S EARLY. American. Branches slender, gray, downy. Fruit below medium, oval angular; suture indistinct, light brown, greenish yellow in the shade, thin blue bloom ; flesh amber color, juicy, sweet, separates freely from a small oval stone; stalk three-fourths inch long, slender. Last July. How's AMBER. American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish ; skin 420 THE PLUM. amber color, dotted and mottled with rose ; flesh yellow, a little coarse, adhering to the stone, rich, fine flavor. Season last August. (Hov. Mag.) HOWARD'S FAVORITE. American. Fruit large, roundish obovate, slight neck ; stem one inch ; color orange yellow, shaded with red, and reddish spots ; flesh yellow, juicy, sub-acid, "good." September. New. HUDSON GAGE. American. Somewhat like Imperial Gage, but earlier. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, enlarged one side; suture obscure ; skin yellow, clouded as if underneath with stripes of green ; bloom white ; flesh greenish, juicy, sprightly, and mostly parts from the stone, which is small ; stalk half inch long. Early August. IMPERIAL OF MILAN. Imperiale de Milan. Foreign. Fruit large, oval, deep purple, juicy, sugary. October. (T. Rivers, in Hort.) ISABELLA. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit above medium, oval, dull red, mot tled ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, parting freely from the stone when fully ripe ; stalk three- fourths inch long. Last August. ICKWORTH IMPERATRICE. Knight's No. 6. Foreign. North this does not ripen well ; in the Middle and Southern States it promises yet to become a first-class plum, on account mainly of its period of ripening. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium, obovate, purple, with irregular tracings of fawn yellow ; flesh greenish yellow, sweet, juicy, and mostly adhering to a small stone ; stalk half inch long, thick. Early October. If gathered by hand, wrapped in paper, and laid in a dry place, will keep a month. ITALIAN DAMASK. Damas d'ltalie. Foreign. Productive, succeeds finely South. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base ; suture half round ; skin violet, be coming brown ; flesh yellowish green, firm, sweet, separating from a thick oval stone j stalk half inch long, slender ; cavity small. Last August Bears well in all soils. KIRKE'S. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, round, dark purple, thick blue bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, rich, separating freely from a broad flat stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August. * FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 421 LONG SCARLET. Scarlet Gage. American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, one side enlarged, tapers toward the stalk, bright red in sun, pale yellowish red in shade ; bloom lilac ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, acid, adheres to the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long in a narrow cavity. Last of August. A good market sort, valued for making jelly. MlRABELLE. Mirabelle Petite, | Mirabelle Jaune. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, obovate ; suture distinct ; skin yellow, spotted with red ; bloom white ; flesh orange, sweet, sprightly, separates from stone ; stalk half inch long. Early August MAMELONNE. Foreign. Fruit medium, round, with a knob-like protuberance where joined to the stalk, occasional specimens with unequal surface ; skin green ish, spotted with red; flesh yellow, juicy, rich, and parts freely from the stone. Early August. MARTEN'S SEEDLING. A variety said by C. Reagles, of Schenectady, N. Y., to have originated there, and to be a yellow plum of the finest quality. We have not seen it. MEDITERRANEAN. This is also said by Mr. Reagles to be a seedling of Central New York, very large, early and superior. MOROCCO. Early Morocco, 1 Early Black Morocco, Black Morocco, Early Damask, Black Damask. Foreign. Moderate bearer. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round ish, shallow suture ; skin dark purple ; bloom thin ; flesh greenish yel low, slightly adhering to the stone, juicy, rich and sweet ; stalk half inch long. Early August. MANNING'S PRUNE. Manning's Long Blue Prune, | Large Long Blue, Manning's Long Blue. American. A sub-variety of the German prune, and superior thereto. Branches smooth. Fruit large, long oval, a little one-sided ; skin dark purple, thick blue bloom; flesh greenish yellow, firm, rather juicy, sweet, pleasant, separates readily from a long pointed stone ; stalk long, slender. September. MULBERRY. American. Branches stout, smooth. Fruit large, oval, narrowing to 422 THE PLUM. the stalk, pale }Tellow, with dots of red in sun ; flesh greenish yellow, coarse-grained, adheres to an oblong pointed stone ; stalk an inch long, slender. First September. NOTA BENE. Corse's Xota Bene, | Dictator? Canadian. Branches smooth. Fruit large, round, pale lilac or brownish, dull green on the shaded side, bloom light blue ; flesh greenish, rather firm, juicy, sweet, separating freely from the stone ; stalk half an inch long, in a round basin. First September. OCTOBER GREEN GAGE. Reine Claude Tardive, | Reine Claude d'Octobre. Foreign. Branches slightly downy. Fruit small, round, yellowish green, marbled and dotted slightly with red in the sun ; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, rich, separating freely from the stone ; stalk slender. First to 15th October. ORANGE. Orange Gage. American. Branches smooth. Fruit very large; oval, flattened at both ends, bronze yellow, clouded with purplish red near the stalk ; flesh yel low, coarse-grained, adhering slightly to the stone ; stalk three fourths inch long, in a narrow round cavity. Last of August. PEACH PLUM. Prune Peche. Foreign. Long cultivated at Schenectady, N. Y., as the French plum, it having been received from France, and lost its name on the voyage : was only recognized of late as the old Prune Peche of French authors. It is tender at the North, and an indifferent bearer. Branches smooth. Fruit very large, shaped much like a peach, one side enlarged, wider than deep, light brownish red, with small yellow dots ; flesh pale yellow, coarse grained, slightly sub-acid, separates freely from the stone, which is round and much furrowed ; stalk short. Last July, first August. PRINCE OF WALES. Chapman's Prince of Wales. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, bright purplish pink, bloom abundant : flesh pale yellow, sweet, separates from stone. Last August. PRUNE OF AGEN. Agen Date, I D'Agen, Prune d'Agen, Prune d'Ast, St. Maurin. Foreign. Valuable only for drying. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 423 obovate flattened, purple, with a blue bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, sweet ; stalk short. October. PETER'S YELLOW GAGE. American. Resembles Cloth of Gold. Tree rather longer jointed, and fruit separates freely from the stone. August, QUEEN CLAUDE OF BAY AY. Reine Claude de Bavay. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval, greenish yellow, spotted with red ; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich, adhering slightly to the stone ; stem short. Last September. This variety has been, as we think, over-praised. RED SAINT MARTIN. Saint Martin Rouge, I Prunier de St. Martin, Saint Martin, | Coe's Fine Late Red, Coe's Late Red. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium size, roundish ; suture half round, well marked ; skin light purplish red, thin blue bloom ; flesh yel lowish, juicy, vinous, separating freely from the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long, stout. October. In Northern locations it does not always mature its fruit. RED DIAPER. Diapree Rouge, I Roche Corbon, Mimms, | Imperial Diadem. Foreign. Slow grower, branches nearly smooth. Fruit above medium, obovate, brownish red and purple, light blue bloom ; flesh pale -green, juicy, melting, very good ; stalk slender, slightly hairy, parts free from stone. Last August, ROYALE. La Royale. Foreign. Branches very downy. Fruit medium or slightly above, roundish, reddish purple, with light brown specks, thick pale bloom ; flesh dull yellow, rather firm, juicy, vinous, parts freely from a small roundish stone ; stalk three-fourths inch, cavity narrow. Last August, and hangs to middle September. ROYAL OF TOURS. Royale de Tours, | Royal Tours. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish ; suture deep, giving appearance of one side enlarged, lively red in shade, violet in sun, minute golden dots, blue bloom ; stalk stout, cavity narrow ; flesh greenish, firm, with abundant juice, adheres closely to large, oval, flattened stone. Early August. 424 THE PLUM. SHARP'S EMPEROR. Denyer's Victoria, | Queen Victoria. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish oval, lively red in sun, paler in shade ; flesh yellow, separates from stone, pleasant flavor. Middle September. THOMAS. American. Hovey, in Mag. of Hort, says this is a seedling of Mr. Thomas, Boston, Mass. We take from his description. Branches stout, slightly downy. Fruit large, oblong, flattened at apex, shallow suture, dark amber color, mottled and shaded with red, sprinkled with white dots and whitish bloom ; flesh deep yellow, sweet, separating from a large roundish ovate stone ; stalk half inch, stout, deeply inserted. September. SMITH'S ORLEANS. La Delicieusc. American. Originated by a Mr. Smith, on Long Island, and first de scribed by Prince. As a market plum this is a fine variety, but for des sert it is deficient in richness and flavor on moist strong soils. Branches stout, nearly smooth. Fruit large, oval oblong, largest at base ; suture half round ; skin deep purplish red, with small golden specks and deep blue bloom ; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, adhering closely to a large ovate stone ; stalk short, inserted in a deep round cavity. Last August. YELLOW EGG. Yellow Magnum Bonum, White Magnum Bonum , White Egg, Egg Plum, White Mogul. Askew's Golden Egg, Col. Young's Seedling, White Imperial, White Holland, Wentworth, Dame Ambert, " Jaune, " " Blanche, Grosse Luisante. Foreign. Numerous seedlings are produced from this variety, differing little from the parent. " Long's Yellow " is one considerably distributed West. It is a variety only esteemed for cooking purposes. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, narrowing at ends, suture distinct; skin yellow, white dots, and thin white bloom ; flesh yellow, adhering mostly to the stone ; stalk long, surrounded at insertion by fleshy ring. Middle to last August. CLASS III.— Unworthy Farther Culture. APRICOT. Apricot Plum of Tours, I Abricotee, Abricotee de Tours, | Yellow Apricot, Red Apricot. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with red; flesh yellow, bitter. Freestone. August. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION". 425 AMERICAN WHEAT. American. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, blue ; flesh greenish. Clingstone. August. ADMIRAL. Corse's Admiral. Canadian. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, light purple ; flesh green ish yellow. Clingstone. September. BREVOOKT'S PURPLE. New Yoiv: Purple, | Brevoort's Purple Bolmar, Brevoort's Purple Washington. American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, reddish purple ; flesh yel- ish. Clingstone. September. BLUE GAGE. Azure Hative, | Black Perdrigon, Little Blue Gage. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, round, blue ; flesh greenish. Free stone. August. BYFIELD. American. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, light yellow ; flesh yel low. Clingstone. August. BLUE PERDRIGON. Violet Perdrigon, I Brignole Violette, Perdrigon Violette, | Battle Monument. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, reddish purple ; flesh greenish yellow. Clingstone. August. BEACH PLUM. Native of the sea-coast. Fruit small, reddish, astringent. CROFT'S EARLY. A small reddish blue fruit, with yellow flesh, dry and devoid of flavor. August. COPPER. French Copper. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, bluish copper; flesh greenish. Freestone. September. CHESTON. Cheston Matchless, I Matchless, Violet Diaper. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, purple ; flesh yellow. Free stone. August. 426 THE PLUM. DIAMOND. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, oval, purplish black ; flesh yellow, dry. Freestone. September. DANA'S YELLOW GAGE. American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, pale yellow ; fle^h yel lowish. Clingstone. September. DAMSON. Common Damson. | Purple Damson, Early Damson. A variety common in all gardens, increased by seeds and suckers ; many sub-varieties, under names of Winter Damson. Prune Damson, Sweet Damson, &c. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, purplish blue : flesh greenish, par tially free. September to November. EARLY YELLOW. Jaune Hative, Jaune de Catalogue, Catalonian, Prune de St. Barnabee, White Primordian, D'Avoine, Amber Primordian, Picket's July. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, pale yellow ; flesh yellow. Freestone. July. EARLY TOURS. ?-e de Tours, I Violet Hative, Violet, Xoire Hative, Violet de Tours. Precoce de Tours, Early Violet, ie Tours. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, deep purple ; flesh green ish yellow, fibrous. Clingstone. Early August ; poor bearer. FIELD MARSHAL. * Corse's Field Marshal. Canadian. Fruit medium, oval ; flesh greenish yellow. Clingstone. August. FOTHERIN GUAM. Sheen, | Grove House Purple. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, obovate, reddish purple ; flesh greenish yellow. Freestone. August. GUTHRIE'S APRICOT. Guthrie's Apricot Plum. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, yellow, with crimson dots ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. August. GENERAL HAND. American. Branches nearly smooth. Fruit large, roundish oval, yellow marbled ; flesh pale yellow. Freestone. September. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 427 GERMAN PRUNE. Quetsche, | Leipzic, Common Quetsche, Sweet Prune, True German Prune, Damask, Turkish Quetsche, | Quetsche Grosse, Prune d'Allemagne. A variety with numerous sub-varieties, the best of which is " Manning's Prune," previously described. Branches smooth. Fruit long oval, purple ; flesh greenish. Freestone. September. GHISTON'S EARLY. American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, yellow ; flesh yellow. Free stone. August. GOLIATH. Caledonian, Steer's Emperor, Saint Cloud, Wilmot's Late Orleans. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish oblong, purplish red ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. August. GWALSH. American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, obovate, dark purple ; flesh yel low, acid. Clingstone. August. GIFFORD'S LA FAYETTE. American. Fruit medium, long oval, purplish blue ; flesh yellowish. Sep tember. HORSE PLUM. Large Early Damson, | Sweet Damson. American. Seedlings make good stocks for budding. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, reddish purple ; flesh greenish yellow. Freestone. August. HOLLAND. Blue Holland, | Holland Prune. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round, reddish purple ; flesh yellowish. Freestone. September. JUDSON. American. Fruit small, roundish oval, reddish pink, mottled 5 flesh yel lowish ; stone large, free. August. LARGE GREEN DRYING. Knight's Large Green Drying. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit large, round, greenish yellow ; flesh yellowish. Clingstone, insipid. September. 428 THE PLUM. LUCOMBE'S NONSUCH. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green ; flesh greenish. Clingstone. August. LITTLE QUEEN CLAUDE. Yellow Gage (of the English,) I Small Green Gage, Petite Heine Claude, Gonne's Green Gage, Reine Claude Blanche, | White Gage. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, yellowish green, with red spots 5 flesh pale yellow. Freestone. August. MUSCLE. Foreign. Only grown for stocks. Fruit oblong, dark red, large stone. NECTARINE. Caledonian? | Howell's Large. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit large, roundish, purple ; flesh greenish yellow, partially clingstone. August. ORLEANS. Monsieur, I Old Orleans. Monsieur Ordinaire, | Red Damask, Italian Damask of some. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round, reddish purple ; flesh yellowish. Freestone. August. PENOBSCOT. American. Fruit large, oval, greenish yellow, little red in sun ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. September. POND'S SEEDLING. Pond's Purple. American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish, purple ; flesh yel lowish. Freestone. August. PEOLY'S EARLY BLUE. American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, <*blong, dark blue 5 flesh yel low, partly free. August. QUEEN MOTHER. Red Queen Mother, | Pigeon's He Damas Violet. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, purplish red in sun, amber in shade ; flesh yellow. Freestone. September. RED EGG. Red Magnum Bonum, I Red Imperial of some, Askew's Purple Egg, Purple Magnum Bonum, Purple Egg, Florence. Branches smooth. Long and extensively grown. It is far surpassed by many UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 429 others ripening at same time. Fruit large, oval, deep red, with gray dots ; flesh greenish, coarse. Freestone. September. RED IMPERIAL. Imperial Rouge, | Early Forcing. Foreign. Branches slightly downy. Fruit large, oval, reddish violet ; flesh greenish yellow. Freestone. September. RED PERDRIGON. Perdrigon Rouge. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish oval, deep red, lilac bloom ; flesh yellow. Freestone. August. ST. JOHN'S. Prune de St. Jean. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, purplish blue ; flesh greenish yellow. August. SEMIANA OF BOSTON. This has been thought to be the Imperatrice Violette of old Duhamel. We are not prepared to sayr and as it is condemned by all growers, do not think it worth looking after. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, dark blue ; flesh harsh, acid. Clingstone. September. . SUISSE. Simiana, I Swiss Plum, Prune Suisse, | Monsieur Tardif, Prune d'Ahesse. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium, round, violet red ; flesh greenish yellow, acid. Clingstone. September. SIAMESE. American. Branches smooth, Fruit grows in pairs, which is its only merit, pale yellow ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. September. STABELER'S SEEDLING. American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, greenish yellow, with white specks ; flesh yellowish. Clingstone. August. ST. CATHERINE. Foreign. Branches smooth, valued in France for drying, surpassed here by varieties of later origin. Fruit medium, obovate, pale yellow, little red in sun ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. September. VIRGIN. Virginale. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, purple ; flesh yellow. Freestone. September. 430 THE PLUM. WILDE'S. American. Fruit large, oval oblong, greenish yellow ; flesh yellowish green. Clingstone. July. WHITE DAMSON. Late Yellow Damson, I Shailer's "White Damson, White Prune Damson, White Damascene. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, oval, pale yellow, few red spots ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. September. WHITE IMPERATRICE. White Empress, | Imperatrice Blanche. Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, obovate, bright yellow, few red spots ; flesh yellow. Freestone. September. WHITE PERDRIGON. Perdrigon Blanc, | Maitre Claude, Brignole. Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, greenish yellow, red spots in sun ; flesh pale yellow. Clingstone. August. THE QUINCE. Cydonia vulgaris, Dec. Rosacece of Botanists. THE Quince is a tree of crooked, tortuous, rambling branches, and in the usual neglected state in which it is cultivated, seldom reaches a height of over fifteen feet. In rich, deep soils, however, it will acquire a height of twenty -five to thirty feet. While young and in the nursery, it is of rather rapid growth; but after the trees commence fruiting, the growth is less rapid, and is more spreading than upright. The botanical name, Cydonia, is said to be from its first attracting notice in the city of Cydon, Candia. The largest tree on record is growing in the neighborhood of Geneva, New- York, and is, according to the i: Horticulturist," thirty feet high, with a trunk girthing six feet, and branches extending over a circle seventy-five feet in circumference. In the Journal of the London Horticultural Society, a variety is spoken of as existing in Persia, of which the fruit acquires the weight of fifty to sixty ounces, and ripened, loses all its austerity, so that it is eaten at the dessert like a soft, ripe pear. No such variety has, however, yet found its way to our shores, and it is somewhat doubtful if it exists. The large, pale pink blossoms of the quince make it rather ornamental ; and appearing, as they do, after other fruit trees have done blooming, it is almost certain to escape late frosts, and annually produce fruit. We have often wondered at the taste that cultivates carefully a bush of privet or snowberry, while the quince is neglected in some se cluded, shaded corner. PROPAGATION. — By Seed. — The seed should be saved by cutting out the cores and seeds, and laying them in a heap for a few days, or until they become soft, when rubbing in water and passing the pulpy part through a sieve leaves the seeds clear. They should then be mixed with damp sand in shallow boxes, and placed in a cool cellar or outhouse until spring — care being taken that they do not get dry, nor yet wet enough to decay. In spring, sow thinly, in drills, good, rich, deep soil, and cover about two inches deep. By Cuttings. — These are usually taken off in spring early, from wood of last year's growth, and are about one foot long each. The buds should all be cut out, except the two upper ones, and the cutting set erect ten inches deep, in rich, moist, sandy soil. If ground is available where moisture can be insured in summer, without overplus in winter, the month of September is best for (481) 432 THE QUINCE. making and putting in the cuttings. Small beds may be made, well shaded from noonday sun, and watered during the summer season. By Layers. — These are usually made in spring, by bending down and pegging, as described in a previous part of this work. They usually form roots the first season, and will answer the following spring to be cut from the parent plant and transplanted into nursery- rows. By Roots. — Small pieces of the roots, from four to six inches long each, taken off in spring, and planted with the upper end about two inches under ground, will throw up fine shoots during the season. For propagating the Cydonia Japonica, or Japan Quince, this is decidedly the best way. By Budding and Grafting. — The Portugal and Orange Quince, being the most valuable, are often propagated by budding and grafting ; and when quince stocks for the purpose are not on hand, the common white thorn answers a very good purpose — often doing even better than the quince, in poor soils, or in the hands of those who neglect cultivation. SOIL. — The soil, for successful growth, should be rich, deep — say two feet — and regularly cultivated, or, in other words, free of grass or weeds. Barn-yard manure, with salt in abundance, mixed, and allowed to lie six months before being applied and spaded-in around the trees, will often render trees deemed unproductive, and of poor quality, productive, and of the best. New plantations, if to be made in old worn-out soils, should first have a liberal dressing of virgin-earth or leaf-mould from woods. Free use of liquid manures, applied during winter and spring, have to our knowledge kept a plantation of the quince in fine health and bearing for upwards of thirty years. Bog-earth, or salt marsh-mud, is frequently used in the States bordering on the ocean or salt water. SITUATION. — A shaded situation, and moist, has been almost uni versally advised; neither of which is at all essential. Shade, on the contrary, is objectionable; while, in soils well supplied with manures and salt, moisture sufficient will always be found. TRANSPLANTING, PRUNING, AND DISTANCE APART. — The Quince is hardy, and the fall is best for transplanting ; but, when not conve nient, its roots strike so readily that no one should be deterred, even if left until late in spring. Newly-planted trees should be pruned back very closely, or say two-thirds of the last year's growth cut INSECTS— USES. 433 away, and all branches for a distance of eighteen inches from the crown cut away, thus leaving the tree with a stem or body of eighteen inches — just sufficient to enable one to dig and cultivate around it underneath the branches. The distance apart for trees destined for an orchard should be about twelve feet each way. The object of pruning orchard trees should be, to keep the head open and regular — cutting away all crossing limbs and suckers. "The bearing branches, or spurs of the quince, are small twiggy shoots, produced on wood at least two years old. These bear two, three, or more fruit-buds. These produce shoots two or three inches long, on the point of which the fruit is borne singly. These spurs have always wood-buds, as well as fruit-buds, and therefore should be shortened back the spring after they have borne, in order to produce new spurs at the same point." INSECTS, ETC. — "The borer sometimes proves a formidable enemy. It is the larva of an insect which attacks the wood of the trunk, near the surface of the ground, and works inwards, usually upwards, but sometimes downwards, to a distance of several inches into the wood, during the summer season. "As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means of pre vention have been resorted to. The remedies described for the apple-borer are found useful. When the insect has once obtained possession, the best method appears to be direct attack. Scrape the soil from the trunk, and cut with a knife lengthwise, and not across the bark and wood, till the insects are found. Repeat the operation once a week for several times, as a part escape the first examination. Then cover the wounded parts writh a mixture of warm tar and ochre or brickdust. It is a great saving of labor to arrest early their progress; hence, trees should be examined fre quently. They may sometimes be extracted by a flexible barbed wire, when cutting out would too much mutilate the tree." In spring or early summer months the ends of the branches often turn black and die. By some, this is declared to be caused by an insect, (scolytus,} and the remedy said to lie in the cutting off and burning the branches. We do not so regard it, but believe it rather caused by atmospheric change; as a bright, clear, hot sun imme diately opening at about midday, after a warm, softening rain, will often exhibit the result of blacking ends of young, tender shoots, in a very few hours. USES. — The quince is never eaten in a raw state, but has, from the days of Columella, been highly esteemed for making of marma lade, preserving, stewing, to give additional flavor to tarts of apple and of pastry, etc. In medicine, the expressed juice, repeatedly taken in small quantities, is regarded as cooling, astringent, and 19 434 THE QUINCE. stomachic. Dried quinces are said to be excellent. Gathered care fully by hand, the quince may be wrapped in paper, and, placed in a cool room, kept until near midwinter. VARIETIES. — Of these there are but three really worthy of descrip tion, and, of these, two only worthy cultivation to any extent. The Chinese Quince ( Cydonia Sinensis] is cultivated only as ornamental. Its fruit is egg-shaped, dull green, with hard, dry flesh ; its flowers rosy red, very pretty. The Japan Quince (Cydonia Japonica) is also only cultivated as an ornamental shrub. There are three vari eties, bearing flowers bluish white, scarlet or crimson ; and of the latter, with flowers nearly double. The fruit is dark green, hard, with a pleasant odor ; not eatable. ORANGE QUINCE. Apple Quince. Apple-shaprd Quince, Angers Quince. Cydonia v. Malformis. This is the variety most generally grown, and most esteemed. When fully ripe, its rich golden yellow resembles more the color of THE QUINCE. 435 an orange than its shape corresponds to the general form of apples ; therefore we prefer the name orange to apple-shaped. It is not rare to find it grown from seed, and the seedlings sold as the Orange Quince, when, in truth, as many of the seedlings are likely to pro duce the pear-shaped or even far inferior fruit, as seedlings from a good pear or good apple, when the parent was grown by itself. It is often gathered before ripe, which is not until from the middle to last of October. If gathered too early, they do not cook tender. Leaf, ovate pointed ; fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, varying to obovate conical ; stem, usually in a slight depression. When well- grown and cared for, the skin is smooth, of a rich golden yellow. Without care, it becomes small, knotty, and woolly. Core, large, and placed nearest the blossom or calyx end ; seeds, reddish brown. PORTUGAL QUINCE. Cydooia Lusitanica.. This variety is readily distinguished in the tree, by its leaf being round, or as wide as long, and very downy underneath. The true 436 THE QUINCE. variety is yet scarce in the West. It has the reputation of being a shy bearer, but trees in our grounds have produced equally as abun dant as the Orange Quince. Fruit, medium to large, regular oblong pyriform, smooth, of a paler yellow than the Orange variety ; core, medium, and placed near the centre ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, mild, less astringent than other varieties ; cooks tender, and turns a fine purple or deep crimson, hence highly esteemed. It ripens about ten days earlier than the Orange Quince ; requires very rich, deep soil. PEAR QUINCE. Pear-shaped Quince, I Pyriform Quince, Oblong Quince, | Cydonia Sub. v. Pyriform. This takes its name from the fruit being shaped much like many varieties of the pear. It is of medium size, roundish oblong or pyr iform, tapering to the stalk. Skin, dull yellow ; flesh, firm, tough, dry, but of high flavor. When stewed or cooked, it is less tender, and the flesh less lively in color than the Orange Quince. Leaves, oblong ovate. Season, last of October. NEW UPRIGHT. Paris de Fontenay. A variety first introduced to notice by Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry, of Eochester, N. Y. It grows upright, strikes readily from cuttings, but after the first year's growth seems to lose vigor and afterwards grows very tardily. It has not yet fruited. THE RASPBERRY. Rubus Idceus. Rosacece of Botanists. 4 A LOW deciduous shrub, found wild in the woods, both of this country and Europe. The roots being permanent and the stems biennial, they throw up a number of shoots, which produce fruit the second year and die. Our present cultivated varieties have been pro duced by high cultivation of seedlings from a variety no better than is to be found common in the fence corners of our slovenly farmers. PROPAGATION AND TRANSPLANTING. — New varieties are produced from seed ; the seedlings having a tendency to depart materially from the character of the parent, as in the instance of the " Orange," produced from seed of a crimson berry. Seedlings are easily grown by planting the berry when fully ripe, about one inch deep, in light loamy soil, where it is a little shaded. They will fruit the second or third year. Varieties are usually in creased by transplanting the suckers or offsets. They can be pro pagated by cuttings, which is done much in the manner of managing cuttings of the rose ; the care and attention requisite, making it only desirable in case of rare or new kinds. A few varieties, as the American Black and English Red, sometimes propagate by their branches bending over until the ends touch and become covered in the ground. Jn transplanting, the root should be protected from drying winds or hot suns, and the cane should be cut back one-fourth its previous season's growth. The rows should be north and south, and three to four feet apart, according to the vigor of the sort, and the plants placed one every two feet. Some plant three in a hill, the hills four feet apart. We think they become matted too soon in this way. SOIL. — All cultivators agree, that while the raspberry may be made to grow on gravelly loam, slaty soil, or stiff cold clay, it can be relied on for a crop only when planted in a rich deep loam, where there is moisture, but such drainage that water will not stand. For those whose gardens are upon soils naturally unfavorable, deep trenching, placing coarse barn-yard manure at the bottom of the trench, and covering the surface with two inches of leaf-mould from the woods, will oft en render the plants productive, especially in wet seasons. SITUATION. The situation should be open, fully exposed to light and air ; to this end the advice to form rows north and south. CULTURE AND TRAINING. — In large plantations the weeds are kept down mostly with the plough and cultivator, hoeing where the culti- 438 THE RASPBERRY. vator does not reach. Where the variety is hardy, a single prun ing in the spring is all that is necessary. This should be done early iii March or April, according to the season or section of the country where located ; and consists in cutting away the canes of last year's bearing, leaving four to six of the strongest of last year's growth for the coming crop ; these to be cut back one-fourth, cutting away all shoots of slender growth, and also all suckers unless wanted for future planting. Varieties requiring winter protection should have the old fruiting canes cut away in September. Where increase of plants is wanted, they should not be dug or hoed around early in spring. An English gardener in our immediate neighborhood has prac tised the following modes of training ever since our residence in the north of Ohio : Figure 9 represents the canes prepared for fruiting, in April. The uprights are posts made of cedar or locust, four inches square at the bottom, and two inches at top. The horizontal lines may be of tarred rope or annealed iron wire, coated with coal janes are tied by strips of bass Fig. 9. tar. To the horizontal wires the bark, such as is used in budding. 10- the plants in the fall Fig. 11. In figure 10, the arched portion tied to the stake in the centre, represents the canes of last year's growth pre pared for fruiting the coming season. Figure 11 represents the upright canes being those of the season's growth, while the arched ones are those which have produced fruit and must be cut away. INSECTS. — The rasp berry is generally free from destructive insects. Dr. Munson, of New Haven, Conn., in a paper to the American Porno- logical Society, speaks FKOFITS — AUTUMN FRUITING. 439 as follows of one. We have not seen it West. " It is a fungus of a bright orange color, and infests the under side of the foliage of the common red raspberry, Rubus Idceus, in Connecticut ; and the ex haustion occasioned by this fungus causes the plant to put up a multitude of spindling stalks, and renders it wholly unproductive. This affection disseminates itself, and I know of no remedy." PROTECTION. — Many of the best varieties, like Red Antwerp, re quire protection in winter, north of Philadelphia, in order to insure a full crop. This is best and easiest done by two men passing along the. rows, one bending down the canes to the ground, while the other with a shovel throws two inches of earth upon them. GATHERING FRUIT. — This should be done in the cool of the morn ing, when they are higher flavored than at midday. USES. — " The raspberry is held in general estimation, not only as one of the most refreshing and agreeable sub-acid fruits" for the dessert, but it is employed by almost every family in making pre serves, jams, ices, sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by confectioners, for making syrups ; by distillers, for making rasp berry brandy, vinegar, etc. Raspberry wine, made in the same way as that of currant, is considered the most fragrant and delicious of all home-made wines." (Downing.} Its fruit, immediately suc ceeding the strawberry, and not liable to undergo acetous fermenta tion in the stomach, is regarded and prescribed by many physicians as a promoter of health. PROFITS. — Seldom failing to produce a crop when grown on suit able soil — requiring comparatively little labor to prune and keep the plant in order ; always meeting ready sale at fair prices — it is surprising that more attention has not been given the culture of the raspberry by orchardists and farmers. The " Red Antwerp," which is mostly grown for the New-York market by cultivators on the Hudson river, is stated to have produced 3,300 baskets of one pint each, from three-fourths of an acre; and $1.500 has been realized in a single season from sale of product of three acres. A plantation of raspberries will be in perfection the third year, and continue pro fitable five or six years, when it is best to form a new one on a fresh piece of ground. AUTUMN FRUITING. — Any variety may be caused to mature its fruit in the autumn, by cutting away all shoots in spring, and stop ping in the young shoots about midsummer. It is, however, an unprofitable course, as the plant is unfitted for another season's fruiting, except in the same way, and the yield is only about one-half. 440 THE KASPBERRY. CLASSIFICATION AND VARIETIES. — We have made but two classes of the raspberry, from the great difficulty of selecting those only for a first class which would bear the mark of worthy general culture. Heretofore, the Red and Yellow Antwerps have always been re garded as finest for the dessert ; but since the introduction of the Fastolf and the Orange, they have by very many been regarded as surpassed in delicacy. CLASS I. — Worthy General Culture, or farther Trial by Amateurs. AMERICAN BLACK. Thimbleberry, | Common Black Cup, Black Raspberry. This is to be found common around old stumps and in fence- corners in the country. Cultivated in deep, loamy soil, in the garden, it increases in size nearly one-fourth ; and ripening very late, will always be profitable for market. For making jam, flavoring puddings, etc., it is preferred to the more delicate kinds. Shoots, long, rambling, recurved ; berries, dark purple, nearly black, round, flattened. COPE. A seedling of Dr. Brinckle's, yet little disseminated. Foliage, light green; fruit, large, conical, crimson, spines red. COLONEL WILDER. Another seedling of Dr. Brinc- kl e's, which proves perfectly hardy even to the ends of the shoots. It is firm, and promises to be one of the most valuable light-colored berries for market culture. Shoots, strong, light-colored, very hardy ; fruit, above medium, roundish conical, light cream color, firm, with a sprightly, fine flavor. Pro ductive, and ripening its fruit in succession, from early until quite late in the season. Raised from seed of the Fastolf, and named in honor of one of the best pomolo- gists in America. WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 441 GUSHING. This fine raspberry was raised from seed of the Double-bearing, by Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia, in 1844. It has not as yet been sufficiently tested to judge of its value for extensive culture, but should receive attention of amateurs. Shoots, strong, vigorous ; prickles, brown ; leaf, plaited, regular form ; fruit, large, roundish conical, crimson, and of fine flavor. Matures early. Said to occa sionally produce a second crop in autumn ; and as this is from shoots grown the same year, it will probably become twice-bearing in all sections south of Philadelphia. EMILY. A seedling from the Colonel Wilder; little disseminated; vigor ous growth, with white spines. Fruit, large, round, occasionally shouldered, light yellow. FASTOLF. An English variety, introduced with high praise, which it has fully sustained in this country. It is proba bly a chance seedling of the Red Antwerp, which it much resem bles. Its name is from an old pile called Fast- olf Castle, near Yar mouth, Eng. Through out most of North and Western States it will need protection in win ter, as its canes are not quite hardy. For small gardens, we pre fer it to Red Antwerp ; but for market culture, the latter is best, on account of being more firm. Shoots, strong, are much inclined to N t' > " - • branch, light yellowish brown ; fruit, large, roundish, obtuse conical, bright purplish red, soft, rich, high-flavored. productive ; ripening its fruit in long continued succession. 19* 442 THE RASPBERRY. FRENCH. Vice-President French. This is a seedling of Fastolf crossed with Yellow Antwerp, origin ated with Dr. Brinckle, and is yet little known. Fruit, large, round, crimson, matures late ; spines , red. FRANCONIA. Introduced to this country from France, under this name; but not to be found in any foreign catalogue to which we have had access. Its canes are nearly hardy ; maturing good crops, without protec tion, four years out of five. Shoots, strong, branching, yellowish brown, with scattered, rather stout bristles ; leaves, rather narrow ; fruit, large, obtuse conical, dark, rich red, rich, rather acid flavor ; more firm than Fastolf, and not as much so as Red Antwerp. A few days later than the latter in ripening. FULTON. From seed of French. Fruit, large, round, crimson; productive, and a vigorous grower ; spines, red. One of Dr. Brinckle's origin. GENERAL PATTERSON. Seedling of the Colonel Wilder ; vigorous grower. fruit, large, round, crimson. , red ; KNEVETT'S GIANT. Imported from England by Col. Wilder, in 1843. This raspberry has proved more hardy than any other foreign variety, requiring no protection, and produc ing uniformly large crops of fruit. Its texture being firm, it will be found pro fitable to grow for market. Canes, strong, upright, dis posed to branch ; fruit, large, obtuse, conical or roundish, deep red, and of excellent flavor. WOKTI1Y GENERAL CULTIVATION. 443 MONTHLY. Large-fruited Monthly, | Rhers' Large-fruited Monthly. This variety has been lately introduced, with claims to excellence and productive habit. We have fruited it but one year, and cannot, therefore, speak knowingly, but incline to the impression that, like others of its character, it depends more on the system of culture to produce the fruit in succession, than the actual habit of the plant. Shoots, long, slender, purplish in the sun, thickly covered with dark purple spines ; fruit, hardly above medium, red, fine flavor. Barry says, " to insure a good autumn crop, the canes should be pruned in spring to within a foot of the ground." MRS. WILDER. Seedling of Col. Wilder, which it so nearly resembles as not to require distinct description. ORANGE. This variety was grown by Dr. Brinckle from seed in 1844. On account of being more hardy, it will probably supersede the Yellow Antwerp, while its late period of ripening, being some ten days after that variety, will render it highly valuable for marketing. Shoots, vigorous, with white spines ; leaf, irregular ; fruit, large, ovate, beau tiful bright orange color, and of excellent flavor, productive. By manv this is regarded as the best of all the varieties originated by Dr. Brinckle. RED ANTWERP. New Red Antwerp, True Red Antwerp, Knevett's Antwerp, Framboisier a Gros Fruit. Hurley, Late-bearing Antwerp, Rowland's Red Antwerp, Although universally desired, it is rare that the true Red Antwerp raspberry is found west of the State of New York. It is a Dutch sort, originally from Antwerp city. An examination of the Red Antwerp as imported from several sources, all of which prove incorrect, leads us to doubt whether it is better known in the old country than here. The common Red Antwerp is easily- detected in its fruit being smaller and round, while that of the true is large, regularly long conical, dull red, with a rich sweet flavor. -1J4 THE RASPBERRY. Canes, moderately strong, yellowish green, becoming pale brown early in autumn, covered below with dark brown spines, but the upper portions, especially of the bearing wood, nearly smooth. Ripens from 1st to 10th July. The canes need protection in winter through out northern sections, in order to secure a full crop. YELLOW ANTWERP. White Antwerp, | Double-bearing Yellow. This variety is only suited to small gardens, and even there we presume will soon give place to the Col. Wilder and Orange. It sometimes throws up a succession of shoots, maturing fruit for a long time, whence its synonym of Double-bearing. Shoots, strong, light yellow, with greenish spines ; fruit, large, conical, pale yellow, sweet, and excellent. Requires protection in winter. In our Southern States the Antwerp varieties are said to fail. WALKER. Seedling grown by Dr. Brinckle, which promises to be valuable as a market variety. It is yet little known out of Philadelphia. Fruit, large, round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, keeps long in perfection on the plant, and bears carriage well ; spines, red. CLASS III.— Unworthy farther Culture. AMERICAN RED. Common Red, j English Red of some. Well known. Shoots upright, light brown. Fruit medium, roundish, light red, sub-acid. Early. AMERICAN WHITE. White Thimbleberry. Varying from above only in color. BARNET. Cornwall's Prolific, I Cornwall's Red, Cornwall's Seedling, j Large Red, Lord Exmouth's. English. Shoots long, yellowish green, branching. Fruit large, soft, round ish conical, purplish red, agreeable. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 445 BRENTFORD CANE. English. Shoots strong, branching. Fruit medium, oval conical, dull red. Inferior. CKETAN RED. From the Mediterranean. Shoots upright, hardy. Fruit medium, round, deep red. acid. Late. Cox's HONEY. English. Fruit medium, yellowish white, borne in clusters along the stems. DOUBLE-BEARING. Perpetual Bearing, 1 Late Cane. Siberian, | Red Double Bearing. Variety of the Antwerp. Large, dull red, hardy. Ripens late. NOTTINGHAM SCARLET. English. Fruit medium, obtuse conical, red. OHIO EVER-BEARING. Ohio Raspberry. Native of Ohio, and differing from the American Black only in producing two inferior crops in a year. VICTORIA. English. Medium, roundish conical, red. WOODWARD'S RED GLOBE. English. Large red, roundish conical. WILMOT'S EARLY RED. English. Small, roundish, red. Early. THE STRAWBERRY. Frac/aria, (of species,) L. Rosaccce of Botanists. DURING the past ten years, or since the advent of Hovey's Seed ling to the varieties of the strawberry, there has arisen a furor for the production of new varieties, until nearly every village in the United. States has its " rare and unsurpased seedling," cultivated and extolled with praise and poetry equalling that of olden bard ; while savans wise on strawberry culture, and the structure of plants botanically, have occupied page after page of our Horticultural Journals, much to the amusement, if not instruction, of practical men. A native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, the varieties of the strawberry are universally esteemed among the most delicious as well as most wholesome of the smaller fruits. And although it is regarded as properly a habitant of cold climates, it is successfully cultivated in the most southern latitude of this country. As a fruit embracing delicious and healthful qualities, with full and satisfactory pecuniary returns, it has found a place in every garden, farm, and plantation, from the size of a bed four feet square to the field of five times that many acres ; yet withal, there is not sufficient quantity grown to meet the demand. Olden records have been made of cures effected in the human frame from use of straw berries. We consider the fact, that during strawberry season there is less of sickness in cities well supplied with that fruit, a most agreeable testimonial to its healthful and invaluable qualities at the present day. The distinctive name Fragaria is highly expressive of the fragrant scent emitted by the fruit. RAISING FROM SEED. — When the fruit is perfectly ripe, it should be gathered and cut into small pieces, or with great care each seed separated. Select ground of light sandy soil, where only the morn ing sun will shine ; or, better, perhaps, have ready a cold frame with the lights sloping to the north. Sow the seed at distances of about one inch, and cover lightly by sifting fine sand, or, what is preferable, vegetable mould from the woods. This done in June, the plants will need care until about October, at which time, if not grown in a CULTURE. 447 frame, they should have tan-bark or decayed leaves strewed among them to the depth of two inches. Early in April following, trans plant into deeply trenched ground, well manured with vegetable compost. PROPAGATION FROM RUNNERS AND DIVISIONS. — All varieties of the strawberry, except the Wood and Alpine, propagate rapidly by means of runners. These, when a new variety is procured, should be carefully watched, and as fast as they make joints, should be pegged down, and have fine soil or sharp sand scattered over them to induce them more readily to make roots. In this way from fifty to one hundred new plants can be obtained from a single one in a season. To secure a bed of those most prolific in old grounds, select while in fruit, and set stakes by side of those from which you wish to renew ; after fruiting, destroy all around, thus giving them light and room to form abundance of new plants. The Wood and Alpine varieties are propagated easily from seed with but little variation, They are also propagated by dividing the roots or cluster of roots early in the spring. FERTILE AND BARREN PLANTS. — It is an old saying that " every person enjoys some hobby on which to ride." Mr. N. Longworth, of Cincinnati, has received the credit of starting the hobby of (in common phrase) male and female strawberry blossoms; and so vigorously has the hobby been ridden, that, with locomotive power and speed, it has found its way into every journal in the country, whether horticultural or otherwise ; and so generally is the dis tinction of staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers under stood, that we do not deem it necessary here to re-describe. '• The European Wood and Alpine strawberries always maintain a natural character of the blossom, no matter how cultivated, and therefore every blossom gives a perfect fruit.'7 N Fig. 2. Sterile Staminate Blossom. Fig. 3. SteriU Pistillate Blossom. The " Scarlets " and " Pines," as they are classed, when grown from seed in highly cultivated grounds, have a tendency to become imperfect in either stamens or pistils, as the case may be. and hence 448 THE STRAWBERRY. arises the necessity as well as apparent reality of the terms male and female. In the production of new varieties, even in our wild! ings, the seed ling plants, by means of highly enriched and stimulating soils, in exhibiting the full and even enlarged development of one organ, the other remaining imperfect, has given rise to the theory of strictly barren (staminate) and fertile (pistillate) plants, which when once formed, it is well known, seldom change. We coincide with Mr. Downing, that " the organs are always present, though imperfectly developed," and that \vhen "deficient in pistils, (see Fig. 3,) they are called male plants ; if deficient in stamens, (see Fig. 2,) female plants, the terms are incorrect ;" yet these terms have become so commonly accepted that we have for the better understanding continued their use. This deficiency in the one or other organ arising from the original state of cultivation, cannot be changed by placing the plant in dif ferent soil and preserving an even temperature. The runners will, when grown in open air and usual cultivation, in nine hundred and ninety -five instances out of every thousand, continue to maintain the habit of the parent plant. A change from imperfect or perfect con struction in the flower of the strawberry cannot be depended on from a plant whose habit is once established, by means simplv of varied cultivation, although very high and exciting cultivation from enrich ing of animal manures, will often produce over-luxuriance of foliage, with corresponding decrease of fruit stems ; hence the necessity of forming beds or plantations of the two distinct fully developed plants, and also the care requisite to prevent the staminate or male plants from occupying too much ground, their supply of food derived from the root being given to creation of new plants by means of runners instead of fruit, as in the pistillate or female variety. With this understanding, therefore, that varieties are continu ally being produced, in which one organ is most prominently devel oped, and measurably to the destruction of the whole as a fruit- bearing flower, it has become a requisite in planting to secure such proportion of fruit-bearing or pistillate plants with the fructifying or staminate varieties as to return the desired yield of fruit. The pis- tillates, being regarded as the female, are counted valuable in newly formed beds as of ten to one of staminates or males. Varieties however exist, like the Large Early Scarlet. Burr's Old Seedling, and Longworth's Prolific, which have generally been classed as staminate or male plants, and yet produce abundance of fruit. These varieties possess both organs perfect, in proportion of about three out of five flowers, and we have therefore classed them as her maphrodite. VARIETIES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION. — The varieties of this fruit CULTURE. 449 have within ten years past become so numerous as to be burdensome to the author who describes, as well as the amateur or nurseryman who grows, while for all practical and useful purposes, but very few are retained as desirable to cultivate where quantity of produce and character, or rather flavor in fruit is expected. The character exhibited in varieties often marks their parentage, yet, as it is known that a plant can be fertilized by two or more varieties, it is sometimes difficult to select the distinct class, and writers are often not a little confused in endeavoring to place "them. Authors have classed the strawberry as SCARLETS, the original type being our wild strawberry ; PINES, originating from Pine or Surinam strawberry ; WOODS and ALPINES, from the common wood strawberry of Europe ; HAUTBOIS, or High wood, from Bohemia ; CHILI, from South America. The SCARLETS are designated in their character by small flowers ; long, thin, light green, sharply serrate leaves ; acid or sub-acid fruit, of bright scarlet color, with seeds deeply imbedded. The PINES are designated by large flowers ; broad, dark green leaves ; fruit of pineapple flavor, and generally soft in texture ; seeds slightly imbedded. The ALPINES and WOODS have small flowers, perfect in their organs ; small, thin, light green leaves ; fruit small, sweet, and sepa rating freely from the calyx. The HAUTBOIS have large, pale green leaves, on tall foot-stalks, the fruit-stalk tall and erect, the fruit of a dull red or purplish color. The CHILI, designated by hairy, thick, obtusely serrate leaves, fruit pale red and insipid. The GREEN strawberries have light green foliage, plaited fruit, solid flesh, so unworthy cultivation as rarely to be found in this country. We have dropped the arrangement into classes in order, simply designating each in our descriptive " text. SOIL AND SITUATION. — Rich, deep, loamy, inclining to clayey soils are generally found to produce the largest berries as well as most in quantity ; but a sharp sandy soil, well manured with compost of animal manure, bones, decayed weeds, old mortar, brick-dust or rubbish, has, to our knowledge, produced some crops equal to any recorded in the public journals. Deep the soil must be, say twrenty inches, to insure the perfection of an entire crop. If only a mode rately deep soil of six to eight inches, the first berries will fill and perfect, while the heat and drought so usual throughout the West and South-west in strawberry season, will cause too rapid exhaustion, and prevent the filling and perfecting of the remainder. Trenches, three feet wide and two feet deep, with one foot of straw or leaves laid in the bottom, then filled up with good soil, well repays the labor in the extra crop produced. 450 THE STRAWBERRY. Where beds have been long established and rendered rich by dig ging in liberally of barn-yard manure, it frequently happens that too much growth of foliage ensues, to the destruction of flowers or fruit stems. Where such is the case, application of one quart of gypsum (plaster of Paris) to every four feet square of ground, with two inches over the surface of leaf or vegetable mould from the wood.-j or old pastures, will again bring in fruit. It also often occurs, that the staminates have become too numerous. These are easily de tected, as they flower some four or live days earlier than the pi.stil- lates, and may then be drawn out. The situation of a bed or plantation affects only the earlier or later maturity of a variety. A side hill sloping south-east, with springs of water gushing from several points near its summit, has enabled an acquaintance of ours to send to market the " Early Scarlet" strawberry some ton days or two weeks in advance of others who have the same variety on warm soils and open level exposures. Situations so selected that water can be supplied liberally throughout the fruiting season, will increase the product nearly one-third. Wet ground, where water stands after rains, or springy, cold soils, should never be selected. SEASON FOR TRANSPLANTING AND PREPARATION OF PLANTS. — South of Philadelphia, the best season for forming new plantations is either the last of September, first of October, or in March. In latitudes north of this range it will generally be found best to trans plant in April or early in May. July or August planting in either section will be found unprofitable, owing to the clear drying heat of our sun ; while September or later planting in the northern range will require additional care, heavy mulching with tan-bark, saw-dust or the like ; and even then, many of the plants will be drawn out by frosts of winter. The plants when set should be trimmed of all but two leaves, the roots immersed in muddy water, and if possible a damp or rainy time selected for the work ; and in order to have the bed profitable, one hermaphrodite should be planted to every eight pistillate plants. TIME OF RIPENING. — This varies according to latitude. In the latitude of Cincinnati, the season usually commences about the 25th May, continuing until the first of July, and for every degree of latitude a difference of ten days may be counted on, either earlier or later, as you go north or south. The fruiting season may also be controlled at pleasure by means of cutting foliage and flowers, and liberal or restrained watering. If, for instance, a bed of Jenney's Seedling be taken of eight feet CULTURE. 451 square, the first two feet square shall be permitted to bloom and fruit at its usual time ; the next two feet shall have only its first fruit-stems plucked when just about to bloom ; the third shall have its entire foliage and fruit-stems cut close to the ground, and when the second fruit-stems appear, they are also to be picked as in the second plat ; the fourth shall be treated as the third, but receive no moisture after the first cutting for a space of ten days or two weeks. The result will be a succession of fruit in order. MODES OF CULTURE. — Different varieties require measurably dif ferent modes of culture in order to insure full and perfect fruit. That of cultivation in hills of about two feet apart, one plant to a hill, the runners regularly destroyed, is most successful with the Wood and Alpine varieties, and also returns the largest and most perfect berries with nearly all the Scarlets and Pines ; but at the price of labor in this country, it is regarded as too expensive to com pare favorably with the following modes in rows or strips, which have been successfully and largely practised in this country, and are thus described by A. J. Downing: '"Culture in Rows. — The rows should be two feet apart, and the plants of the large growing kinds two feet from each other in the rows ; of the smaller growing kinds, from one foot to eighteen inches is sufficient. The runners must be kept down by cutting them off at least three times a year, and the ground maintained in good order by constant dressing. During the first year, a row of any small vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows. Every autumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manure should be dug in between the rows ; but if they are very thrifty, it must be omitted, as it would cause them to run too much to leaf. "A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late in the fall, greatly promotes the vigor of the plants, and secures the more tender kinds against the effects of an unusually cold winter. Before the fruit ripens, the ground between the rows should be covered with straw or new-mown grass, to keep it clean. A plan tation in rows is generally in full perfection the third year, and must always be renewed after the fourth year." Culture in Alternate Strips. — " Strike out the rows three feet apart with a line. Plant along each line, about a foot apart in the row. The plants will soon send out runners, and these runners should be allowed to take possession of every alte rnatestrip of three feet, the other strip being kept bare by continually destroying all runners upon it, the whole patch being kept free of all weeds. The 452 THE STRAWBERRY. occupied strip or bed of runners will now give a heavy crop of strawberries, and the open strip of three will serve as an alley from which to gather fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next sea son's crop. The runners from the old strip will now speedily cover the new space allotted to them, and will perhaps require a partial thinning out to have them evenly distributed. As soon as this is the case, say about the middle of August, dig under the whole of the old plants with a light coat of manure. The surface may be then sown with turnips or spinach, which will come off before the next season of fruits. " In this way the strips or beds occupied by the plants are reversed every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be continued in a productive state for many years/' SPECIFIC NUTRITION. — R. G. Pardee, of Palmyra, N. Y., says : " I fertilize the plants, on opening of spring, with a liberal sprinkling of a solution of one-fourth of a pound each of sulphate of potassium, Glauber salts, and sal soda, and one ounce of muriate ammonia, to eight gallons of water ; continue this once a week or ten days until they blossom ; then pure cold water until they ripen." An old recipe published in the " Friends' Review," Philadelphia, says that "A bed 30 feet by 40 should have applied, about once a week, for three times, commencing when the green leaves first begin to start, and making the last application just before the plants are in full bloom, the following preparation : Of nitre, of potash, of Glauber's salt, and sal soda, each one pound ; of nitrate of ammonia, one-quar ter of a pound, dissolved in thirty gallons of rain or river water. One-third applied at a time, and the application made at evening." If dry weather, free application of clear soft water should be made between the times of using the preparation. Throughout most of the Western soils there is as yet no necessity for specific application of food to the strawberry, except it may be in old gardens. For field » or market culture, new clover-ley will be found better than specific manures on old grounds. The applying specific nutrition in solution to all fruit-bearing plants, undoubtedly increases their sus ceptibility, while it increases the vigor, and foliage, and size of fruit ; yet we doubt the success of such increased action in the soils of the Western States, as combined with the great changes of climate. On the other hand, we advise such course as will rather check than en hance vigor. We append analysis of the strawberry plant made by Mr. Bilius Kirtland for guidance of those whose grounds have become exhausted, and who prefer this method : WORTHY GEN Kit AL CULTIVATION. 453 GARDEN STRAWBERRY. In one hundred and sixteen grains of the ashes Silica, Charcoal and Sand, .... Perphosphate of Iron, Lime, ....... Magnesia, ..... Grains. 6.117 . 3.103 1.515 . 26.539 8.908 . 1.469 Phosphoric Acid, .... Chlorine ....... Potash, ...... 6.970 708 . 33.154 Soda ... ... . 2.790 Carbonic Acid, . 23.008 Organic matter and loss, 114.281 . 1.739 116.020 CLASS I.— Worthy General Cultivation. BURR'S NEW PINE. Originated at Columbus, Ohio, in 1846, on a clayey soil. Flowers, pistillate, large for the sex ; vines, hardy, vigorous, very productive ; fruit, large, obovate or rounded, light pale red ; seeds, slightly imbedded ; flesh, whitish pink, delicate aromatic flavor, sweet and delicious ; core, firm, long, rounded, too tender for a market fruit, highly desirable in gardens. Ripens among the very earliest. WESTERN QUEEN. Originated at Cleveland, by Prof. J. P. Kirt- land, in 1849, on gravelly loam, flowers, pistil late ; vines, very hardy ; foot-stalks, long ; foliage, dark, acuminate; truss, well spread, very pro ductive ; fruit, medium to large, regular, rounded, conical, very little inclination 'to form a neck ; color, rich dark glossy red ; seeds, dark ; flesh, yel lowish stained, firm, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly and agreeable flavor ; core, long, conical. This variety bears carriage well, and being less acid as well as larger than Hudson or Willey, should supersede them. 454 THE STRAWBERRY. LONGWORTH'S PROLIFIC. Schneieke's Seedling. Originated at Cincinnati at same time as McAvoy's Superior, and on similar ground ; both on the land of Mr. Long- worth known as the "Garden of Eden." For market culture we regard it of more value than McAvoy's Superior. Flowers, hermaphrodite ; vines, hardy ; foot-stalks, long, stout ; leaf, broad, round, bold, up right, with a curve ; trusses, large, full, stand up well from the ground; productive, regu lar, and sure bearer. Fruit', above me dium to large, generally regular, roundish, or obovate, sometimes slightly conical or coxcomb ; color, rich, dark crimson ; seeds, small, deeply imbedded ; flesh, firm, bright red, with veins of white, and a white rim sur rounding the core, which is obovate rounded, sub-acid, rich, high, not delicate flavor; calyx, around stem, is large, long acuminate, and the stem set deeply into the fruit. Ripens medium season, or with " Hudson. " McAvov's SUPERIOR. McAvoy's No. 12. Originated at Cincinnati, in 1848, on loamy clay soil underlaid •with limestone. Received the prize of $100 from the Cincinnati Horticultural Society, 1851. Flowers, pistillate: vines, hardy ; foli age, broad, dark, wavy, and sharply serrated ; foot-stalks, long ; trusses, full and well formed ; fruit, very large, exceeding by one- WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 455 eighth that of any other variety ; form, varied, as shown in our draw ings, generally roundish, irregular, conical, and occasionally slightly necked ; color, rich, dark, glossy crimson ; seeds, large, slightly im bedded ; flesh, red crimson, lighted and veined with white, the white most apparent at the apex, tender, juicy, rich, with an exquisitely fine, high flavor ; core, round, oblong, rather open and coarse in tex ture. Too tender to endure carriage long distances, desirable for market gardens near town, as well as for private gardens. Ripens at medium season. JENNEY'S SEEDLING. For ripening late — say one week after " Long- worth's Prolific," or about same time as " Dun dee" — and for its firm texture, and desirable qualities as a variety for preserving, we place the Jenney's Seedling in our list for general cul tivation. Flowers, pistillate; vines, very hardy; leaf and fruit stems both long, stiff, and up right ; calyx, very large, distinctive ; fruit, large, very regular, roundish conical ; color, rich, glossy dark red ; seeds, deeply imbedded ; flesh, white, tinged with pink at the core, while the red of surface is shaded in one-sixteenth of dis tance, firm, rich, sub-acid, delicious ; core, long conical, open texture, sometimes hollow. Sea- * son, late. Very productive, 3,200 quarts having been gathered from less than three-quarters of an acre. PROLIFIC HAUTBOIS. Conical Hautbois, Musk Hautbois, Double Bearing, Caperon Royal, Lafayette (of some,) La Grange (of some.) Of all the Hautbois or high-wood class of straw berries, this we regard as the only one worth culti vating ; and even this is only adapted to private gardens of those who relish its peculiar musky fla vor. One pint of these berries, mixed with a dish of two quarts of any of the Scarlet or Pine varie ties, imparts a richness and character that few can avoid liking, after once tasting. Plants of both sexes require to be carefully selected, in order to give product. Foot-stalks, long, bearing the fruit above the foliage ; vines, hardy, and very product ive ; fruit, medium, sometimes large, rounded con- -o- ical, dark purplish red; seeds, light crimson, prominent; flesh, firm, musky, very rich, sweet, and delicious ; core, ovate conical, partially 456 THE STKAWBERRY. hollow. Ripens with " Western Queen ;" and sometimes, when the season is rainy, gives a partial second crop. John Saul, Washington, D. C., says the Fertilized Hautbois of Myatt is a larger fruit and better bearer than above. CLASS II. — Worthy further Attention by Amateurs, and adapted to certain Localities. ALICE MAUDE. Princess Alice Maude. English. Hermaphrodite ; large flowers, conical, dark crimson, glossy, flavor sprightly, abundant bearer, grown largely in some sections of Vir ginia. AJAX. English. Staminate ; globular, sometimes cock's comb, dark crimson, fine flavor. New. BLACK PRINCE. Black Imperial. English. Pistillate ; large, rounded, deep purplish red, glossy; seeds slightly imbedde^ very showy ; flesh rich, red, sweet ; in some localities, as at Newburgh, N. Y., and on the Canada shore opposite Detroit, proves of the very highest flavor ; wants a rich loamy clay ; core full, firm, surrounded by a light pink line. There is another variety of Black Prince which is long, conical, somewhat acid. BISHOP'S ORANGE. Orange Hudson Bay, | Bishop's New. Pistillate ; medium, light orange scarlet, conical ; fruits in clusters, mod erately prolific ; desirable in warm, deep, sandy soils. BURR'S SEEDLING. Burr's Stammate Seedling, J Burr's Old Seedling. American. Hermaphrodite ; foliage light green, vines strong, vigorous and hardy. Fruit above medium, roundish oval, often conical ; seed light- colored ; color light pale red ; flesh tender, mild and pleasant flavor, does not bear carriage well, and is of too pale color to sell well in market ; productive, and as a fertilizer for pistillate varieties, valuable. BOSTON PINE. American. Staminate ; requires high cultivation in hills ; vines vigor ous. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical ; seeds yellow, slightly imbed- FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 457 ded ; color deep, rich shining red ; flesh pale scarlet, firm, juicy, sweet, with a sprightly agreeable flavor. C. M. Hovey, the originator of this variety, claims for it earliness and great productiveness. BREWER'S EMPEROR. English. Staminate ; large, ovate, dark red, hardy, and said to be pro ductive. Although introduced to this country some eight years, it has not as yet been much disseminated. BRILLIANT. American. Hermaphrodite ; flowers large. Fruit large, conical, deep crimson, flavor excellent, productive, plants vigorous. W. K. P. in Hort. CALEB COPE. American. Pistillate ; large, pointed, scarlet ; flesh white, flavor good, prolific. CRIMSON CONE. Dutch Berry. Pistillate ; flowers medium. Fruit large, conical, good flavor, slightly acid ; vines vigorous, requiring space, productive. CUSHING. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, color light scarlet, form ob tuse conical ; flesh fine, flavor sprightly, agreeable, productive. Originated by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. i CLEVELAND. American. Hermaphrodite ; leaf large, ovate rounded, dark green. Fruit large, varying from cock's comb to conical shape, irregular ; color dark purplish red on sunny side, opposite a rich clear vermilion ; seeds ovate pointed, prominent ; flesh firm, of pineapple flavor, rich and deli cious. A variety raised from seed in 1849, by Mrs. D. H. Lamb, of Cleve land, Ohio. CRESCENT SEEDLING. A variety originated at New Orleans, said to be perpetual bearer. We have been unable to examine it. It requires further testing. CHARLOTTE. American. Pistillate; flowers medium, foliage broad. Fruit large, obovate ; color dark scarlet ; flesh sweet, sprightly flavor, productive. W. R. P. in Hort. 20 458 THE STRAWBERRY. CLIMAX. Climax Scarlet. American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, conical, slightly necked, light scarlet, rather acid, very productive. E. & B. CORNUCOPIA. American. Pistillate. Fruit large, conical, scarlet, productive. W. E. P. in Hort. DUNDEE. Scotch. Pistillate ; leaves light green, foot and fruit-stalks long, sup porting the clusters of fruit clear of the ground. Fruit medium to large, roundish oval, very uniform, light pale clear scarlet; flesh firm, rich, acid, high flavor ; very productive, extremely valuable as market berry, its pe riod of ripening being from five to ten days after Willey or Hudson. Vines very hardy. DUCHESSE DE TREVISE. A variety which as yet we do not know of having been fruited in this country. Mr. R. Thompson, of the London Horticultural Society, thus describes it: Presented to the Society by M. Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, near Paris, September 6, 1851. Fruit middle-sized, ovate, deep red ; seeds small, rather deeply embedded ; flesh pale red, juicy, with a brisk rich flavor; leaves large, roundish, widely and rather obtusely serrated; leaf stalks moderately tall, very hairy, the hairs on these spreading horizon tally, but those on the scapes and runners are adpressed. Appears to be a good bearer. DUKE OF KENT. Duke of Kent's Scarlet, | Austrian Scarlet, Early Prolific Scarlet. English. Staminate. Fruit small, roundish, conical, bright scarlet, sharp, rather acid flavor, valuable only on account of its early period of ripening; vines hardy. DUNCAN'S SEEDLING. English. New. Fruit large, dark rich red, fine flavor, productive. Lately introduced. EBE KLEIN'S SEEDLING. American. Hermaphrodite ; vines vigorous ; flowers medium. Fruit medium, conical compressed; seeds light-colored, prominent; color dark scarlet, good, slightly acid flavor. Early, moderately productive. GENESEE. American. Hermaphrodite; vines luxuriant; fruit-stalks stout, sup porting the fruit well. Fruit large, roundish, dark crimson, very produc tive. Eipens late. FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 459 GREEN STRAWBERRY. Green Pine, | Green Wood, Green Alpine. Cultivated only by the curious. Small, roundish, whitish green. HOVEY'S SEEDLING. American. Pistillate. Flowers small ; vines vigorous ; leaves broad, roundish, distinct from all other varieties; leaf and fruit-stalks short and stout. Fruit very large, roundish ovate, slightly conical, •with a short neck ; color, when fully exposed to the sun, dark rich shining red ; seeds dark ; flesh scarlet, firm, bears carriage well, but is deficient in richness of flavor. In rich, deep, loamy soils, and supplied with a good impregnator, this variety will give immense crops of large fine fruit. In common or sandy soils it perfects only a few large berries. We think " McAvoy's Superior" will entirely supersede it. The " Methven Scarlet" has been largely disseminated in Illinois and farther west States as Hovey's Seed ling. Newly planted beds require a covering of litter in winter. HUDSON. Hudson's Bay, I Late Scarlet, Old Hudson, | American Scarlet. Pistillate. More extensively cultivated than any other variety : its hardihood and late period of maturity, together with its fine rich acid flavor, so valuable for preserving, will contim".? for years to bring it abun dant in the markets of our large cities. In the rich clay lands around Cincinnati it grows to such size as frequently to have been mistaken for Hovey's. It must, however, gradually give place to such varieties as Longworth's Prolific, Western Queen. &c. Fruit above medium, ovate, often with a neck; seeds deeply imbedded; color rich dark glossy red* flesh firm, of a high, brisk, acid flavor. Should be permitted to hang until fully matured. Season rather late. HOOPER'S SEEDLING. English. Staminate. Fruit medium, conical, dark rich red. good flavor, productive. Late. IOWA MALE. American. Staminate. Fruit medium, round conical; seeds deeply imbedded ; color pale red ; core ovate conical, marked with a greenish line ; flesh yellow ; flavor delicate ; moderate bearer. JENNY LIND. Staminate. Size rather large; form conical, perfect, generally with short neck ; seeds moderately sunk in oval cavities ; color bright light scarlet • flesh white, nearly solid, heavy, tender and juicy flavor, pleasant sub-acid, and under favorable circumstances highly perfumed. Early, ripening with the Early Virginia, but more prolific. Quality "very good." (Wilder, MS.) 460 THE STRAWBERRY. LARGE EARLY SCARLET. Early Virginia. American. Hermaphrodite. In the Eastern States this is regarded as the best early berry. West, it has never sustained such character. Its chief value may be found as an impregnator of pistillate kinds. Fruit medium, roundish ovate, bright scarlet; seeds deeply imbedded ; flesh ten der, rich, slightly acid flavor. Season, very early. METHVEN SCARLET. Methven Castle, I Keen's Seedling (of some West,) Methven, Hovey's do. " " Southampton Scarlet, Stoddart's do. Scotch. Pistillate. Strong grower. Fruit large, roundish or cock's- comb-shaped ; seed slightly imbedded ; color dull scarlet ; flesh coarse, open texture ; core large and hollow ; flavor very indifferent. It some times produces large crops, ripening some four or five days after the height of strawberry season. MONTEVIDEO PINE. American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage large and vigorous ; flowers very large ; fruit large, conical, of a pine- apple flavor, ripening late. (W. R. P. in Hort.) MONROE SCARLET. American. Pistillate. Large, roundish, light scarlet, good, very pro lific. (E. and B.) McAvor's No. 1. McAVOY'S EXTRA RED. • American. Pistillate. Two varieties originated at same time and place as " McAvoy's Superior." They are yet comparatively untested, but with exception of quality, the same description will answer for both ; large, roundish, scarlet; seed deeply imbedded ; flesh stained with red; flavor agreeable, the extra red, sub-acid. MOYAMEXSING. American. Pistillate. Foliage large, crenate serratures. Fruit large, roundish conical, deep crimson ; seed crimson, set in rather deep depres sions, with rounded intervals ; flesh red, flavor very fine. (Trans. Penn. Hort. So.) MAGNIFIQTJE. American. Pistillate. Very large, rounded, orange scarlet, pleasant flavor, productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) NECKED PINE. Unique Prairie, | Pine Apple. American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, conical, always necked, light scarlet; flesh white, delicate, a little acid, pleasant when fully ripe; little grown except in private gardens at Cincinnati. FOK AMATEUR CULTURE. 461 PRIMORDIAL. American. Pistillate. Flowers small. Fruit large, conical, deep scarlet ; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) PROLIFIC HUDSON. American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, short cone, crimson, good flavor, ripens gradually. (W. R. P. in Hort.) PENNSYLVANIA. American. Pistillate. Leaf large, deep green. Fruit large, broadly conical, dark crimson ; seed crimson, when shaded, yellow*- slightly im bedded ; flesh red j flavor fine. (Trans. Penn. Hort. So.) PROLIFIC SWAINSTONE. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, ovate, scarlet ; flavor fine ; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) PRIMATE. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, conical, deep scarlet ; pro ductive, fine for market. (W. R. P. in Hort.) REFULGENT. American. Pistillate. Medium, ovate with a neck, scarlet, fine flavor; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) RUBY. English. Fruit medium, oval, ruby red, fine flavor, prolific. (Hov. Mag.) RIVAL HUDSON. Burr's Rival Hudson. American. Pistillate. Fruit large, bright scarlet; flesh red, firm, sub- acid, very productive. Originated same time as " Burr's New Pine," and is much like " Hudson," its parent. RED ALPINE. Stafford's Washington A) pine, | Newland's Mammoth. Flowers perfect. Fruit small, conical, bright scarlet, delicate, peculiar flavor. Its principal value in our climate is the ripening gradually a long time. An autumnal crop may be procured by destroying the early blos soms. The " White Alpine" varies only in the color of its fruit. RICHARDSON'S LATE. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish, short neck, light 462 THE STRAWBERRY. scarlet, rich, sub-acid, sprightly flavor, moderately productive, ripens in succession until about middle of July. (" M. P. W., in Hort.") Ross PHCENIX. American. Staminate. Fruit large, roundish compressed, dark red ; flesh firm, good flavor ; generally a poor bearer. SOUTHBOROUGH. Southborough Seedling, | Marshall's Seedling. English. Pistillate. Fruit medium, ovate, conical, sometimes pointed, rich deep scarlet ; seeds small, deeply imbedded, mild rich flavor, firm flesh, bearing carriage well. We have fruited this several years in con nection with ''Large Early Scarlet," (to which it is a good mate,) and found it more productive, and ripening equally early in season. Vines hardy ; fruit and foot-stalks short. SWAINSTONE SEEDLING. English. Staminate. Fruit large ovate, light crimson, firm fleshed, rich, delicious flavor. Ripens a long time, but is an uncertain bearer. SALTER'S VERSAILLAISE. English. New. Not yet, we think, here introduced. We copy de scription of Mr. R. Thompson, of London Hort. Society : Presented to the Society by Mr. John Salter, Nurseryman, Hammer smith, Oct. 24, 1851. Fruit large, ovate, sometimes flattened or cock's- comb-shaped, dark red ; seeds rather deeply embedded ; flesh pale, juicy, and rich ; leaves middle-sized, roundish oval, widely serrated ; leaf-stalks, scapes and runners hairy, the hairs spreading almost horizontally. A good bearer. ORANGE PROLIFIC. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, orange scarlet, acid, pro ductive, late. (E. & B.) WHITE ALPINE. Varies from Red Alpine only in the color of its fruit. VICTORIA. Hermaphrodite, sometimes pistillate. Fruit medium, to large, round, conical, rich scarlet ; flesh firm, rich, high, slightly acid flavor. Season with Hudson and Willey. Some six years since we received this variety, but have never been able to find it described, or to recognize it as any variety under different name. The vines are hardy and usually prolific. WILLEY. Wiley. American. Pistillate. Undoubtedly a seedling from Hudson, as plants taken from the bed of Mrs. Willey, originally Hudson, (from whence its UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 463 name,) have some been recognized as Hudson, while others bear the cha racter allied to, but yet varied. Fruit medium to large, ovate, conical, rounded, rarely inclining to neck, rich, dark, glossy red ; flesh firm, juicy, high acid flavor. Hangs long, and should be permitted so to do ; vines very hardy, vigorous, require severe thinning, or the fruit is materially lessened in size. UNIQUE SCARLET. American. Hermaphrodite. Large, light scarlet, sweet, rich, delicious flavor, moderate bearer. WHITE BUSH ALPINE. This and Red Bush Alpine differ from the Alpine previously described, only in not forming runners ; but, growing in neat, compact bunches, are used by many persons for edging beds in kitchen gardens. Bearing throughout the entire season renders it desirable. They are propagated by dividing the roots early in spring. Andrew Parmentier, of Brooklyn, N. Y., first introduced the Bush Alpines to this country. WALKER'S SEEDLING. American. Staminate. Fruit medium size, roundish conical, very dark crimson ; seed moderately sunk ; flesh not quite solid, deeply stained with red, sprightly rich flavor, of quality " best," prolific for a staminate. Wil der, MS. CLASS III.— Unworthy further Cultivation. ABERDEEN BEE HIVE. English. Staminate ; below medium, scarlet. BAIN'S EXTRA EARLY. Medium to small, round conical ; flesh tinged with red, sweet and pleasant. BUIST'S PRIZE. American. Hermaphrodite ; large, firm, moderately productive. BRITISH QUEEN. Hyatt's British Queen. English. Staminate ; large, roundish, scarlet, rich, poor bearer. BOSTOCK. Rostock. English. Roundish, poor bearer. COLE'S PROLIFIC. English. Large, conical, good flavor. 464 THE STKAWBEKBY. \ COLE'S LATE SCARLET. English. Medium, deep color, moderate bearer. Cox's SEEDLING. English. Large, light red, irregular shape, acid. COLUMBUS. American. Pistillate, large, dark red, sweet, too tender. CRIMSON FINE. Hermaphrodite. Resembles Hudson. DOWN TON. Knight's Seedling. English. Staminate ; large, irregular form, purplish scarlet, unproductive. DEPTFORD PINE. Hyatt's Deptford Pine. English. Staminate ; large, long conical, rich, scarlet, poor bearer, par tially hardy. ELTON. Elton Pine. English. Staminate ; large, light red, ovate, acid, tender, unproductive. GIANT ALPINE. Medium, globular, tasteless. GOLIATH. German. Medium to large, scarlet, irregular, acid, vinous. There is also an English variety, no better. GROVE END SCARLET. Atkinson's Scarlet. English. Hermaphrodite ; medium to small, globular, light vermilion, acid, early, productive. GLOBE HAUTBOIS. English. Small, globular, unproductive. HUNTSMAN'S. American. Pistillate ; large, productive, flavorless. Huntsman's Stamin ate, medium, dark scarlet, good flavor, poor bearer. KEENE'S SEEDLING. English. Staminate ; large, round cock's comb, purplish crimson, firm, rich, UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 465 high flavor, tender, unproductive. There is also a pistillate Keene's Seedling, received by N. Lougworth, of Cincinnati, equally unproductive. LA LIEGOISE. French. Staminate ; medium, bright scarlet, unproductive. LATE PROLIFIC. American. Pistillate ; medium, light pale scarlet. Lizz E RANDOLPH. American. Pistillate ; medium, scarlet, indifferent grower. HYATT'S ELIZA. English. Staminate ; large, irregular cock's comb, tender flesh, hollow core, high flavor, poor bearer. MOTTIER'S SEEDLING. American. Pistillate ; resembles its parent " Hudson." MELON. Scotch. Medium, roundish, dark color, dwarf. MYATT'S ELEANOR. English. Staminate ; large, long conical, crimson scarlet, acid. MYATT'S GLOBE. English. Large, roundish, fine flavor, tender. MYATT'S MAMMOTH. English. Staminate ; large, irregular roundish, dark crimson, flavorless, poor bearer. MYATT'S PRINCE ALBERT. English. Medium, conical, purplish crimson. MYATT'S PINE. English. Large, bright scarlet, fine flavor, poor bearer. MYATT'S PROLIFIC. English. Staminate ; medium, conical, light scarlet, good flavor, not prolific. OHIO MAMMOTH. American. Staminate ; large, light pale red, conical, hollow core, deficient In flavor, poor bearer. 20* 466 THE STRAWBERRY. OLD PINE, OR CAROLINA. Bath Scarlet, | Old Scarlet Pine, Pineapple . American, Staminate ; medium, conical with a neck, bright scarlet, rich flavor, ripens when there are many better varieties. PROFUSE SCARLET. American. Pistillate ; from seed of Large Early Scarlet, which it resembles. PROFUSION. American. Pistillate ; small, rich, sweet, productive. PRINCE OF ORLEANS. Staminate ; medium, delicate flavor. ROSEBERRY. English. Staminate ; medium, conical, good flavor, poor bearer. RED WOOD. English Red Wood The wild strawberry of Europe, easy of cultivation, bears freely and of long continuance ; small, red, roundish ovate, sweet and delicate. The White Wood varies only in color. RICHARDSON'S EARLY. American. Pistillate ; medium, dark crimson, acid. SCIOTO. American. Pistillate ; large, light pale scarlet. SCARLET MELTING. American. Pistillate ; ovate conical, necked, light pale red ; flesh tender, juicy, good. TAYLOR'S SEEDLING. American. Pistillate ; medium, long oval, neck distinct, light scarlet, sweet and agreeable, hollow core, unproductive. TRUE CHILI. Patagonian, I Greenwell's New Giant, Greenwell's French. This, with the two following, are little valued, and rarely grown. Fruit large, conical, dull red. firm, hollow core. WILMOT'S SUPERB. English. Large, round, cock's comb, scarlet, poor bearer. UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 467 WILMOT'S NEW SCARLET. English. Large, oval, bright scarlet, poor bearer. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. American. Staminate ; large, cock's comb pointed, dark red ; flesh reddish. YELLOW CHILI. Fruit large, irregular, yellow, firm. APPENDIX. SINCE the manuscript of the foregoing pages was placed in hands of the printer, there have been several new fruits introduced and described, in the Horticultural Journals and Societies' Transactions ; these we have thought best to add in an appendix. There have also been some few omissions, consequent on the author not being at hand to correct the proofs until they were stereotyped ; these also we have thought best to insert here. APPLES. CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation. COGSWELL. Cogswell's Pearmain American. Native of Connecticut. It has been grown in Mass. and Ohio, and succeeds equally as well as in its native locality. Trees, moderately vigorous, making rather long annual shoots, of a dark, reddish brown color. Fruit, large ; form, roundish flattened ; color, deep yellow, nearly covered with stripes, splashes, and dots of rich red, and a few large russet specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open ; calyx, medium, nearly closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, sprightly sub-acid ; core, small ; seeds, medium size, dark brown. Season, January to March. MAIDEN'S BLUSH. American. Tree a rapid grower, forming a fine spreading head ; succeeds, so far as producing annually and abundantly, in all soils ; much the best, however, in those termed " limestone clay." Valued for cooking, for drying, and salable in market on account of its handsome appearance. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, clear lemon yellow, with red cheek, varying from faint blush to rich crimson; stem, short; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt ; core, medium ; jlesh, white, fine-grained, tender, sprightly, rather sharp sub-acid unless fully ripened. Season, September and October. 4:70 APPENDIX. CLASS II. New and untested, adapted to Amateur Culture, or cer tain Localities. BERRY. American. Fruit large, roundish oblate, striped and mottled with crimson on greenish yellow ; green russet spots. October, November. DUEL'S FAVORITE. Spotted Pippin, | Gray Pippin. Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, stem slender, cavity deep, russeted, calyx medium, flesh a little tough. November. CALLASAGA. American. Fruit above medium, roundish, dull brown on greenish yellow russet ; calyx large, wide furrowed basin. October, November. CAMAC'S SWEET. American. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, whitish green, clouded with green russet ; calyx large, closed. CRANBERRY. American. Fruit medium, roundish conical, red, striped with carmine, gray russet dots ; stem in a narrow, russeted cavity ; calyx small, closed. DAPPER. American. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, clouded with dull green, and specked with crimson in sun ; calyx small, closed. MOUNTAIN SPROUT. American. Fruit medium, oblong truncate, red striped, numerous white dots. NlCKEJACK. American. From North Carolina. Fruit large, oblate, red striped and mottled on greenish yellow ; cavity deep, russeted ; calyx large, par tially open ; core small ; seed light brown ; flesh tender, juicy, delicate, " lest" Well adapted to the Southern States, not yet tested at the North. RlTTER. American. From Berks county, Pa. Fruit medium, roundish oblong, shades of red striped, white dots ; stem short ; cavity deep, narrow ; seed short, plump ; flesh tender " very good" October, November. APPENDIX. 471 SuMMEKOUR. American. Fruit large, roundish, red mottled and striped, large gray dots ; cavity deep ; calyx large. October, November. The ten foregoing descriptions of apples we take from the Ad Interim Reports of Pa. Hort. Society. STURMER PIPPIN. Foreign. Tree healthy, good bearer ; fruit rather small, roundish conical, yellowish green with brown, dull red in sun ; flesh firm, crisp, juicy, acid ; keeps well. January to June. GRAPES. New and untested, suited to Amateur Culture. BRINCKLE. Raabe's No. 1. First fruited in 1850. Bunch large, rather compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry five-eighths of an inch in diameter, round, black ; flesh, solid, not pulpv ; flavor, rich, vinous, and saccharine ; quality, " best." (Ad. Int. Rept.) CASSADY. An accidental seedling white grape, with native leaf, and dark purplish wood. Bunch, of medium size, tolerably compact, and sometimes shouldered ; berry, below medium, five-eighths of an inch in diameter ; form, round ; color, greenish white with occasion ally a faint salmon tint, and thickly covered with white bloom ; flesh, juicy, with but little pulp ; flavor, pleasant ; quality, " very good." (Ad. Int. Rept.) CLARA. Raabe's No. 1. Bunch, medium ; not compact ; berry, medium ; round, green, faintly tinged with salmon when exposed to the sun ; flesh, tender, juicy ; flavor, rich, sweet, and delicious ; quality, " best." Fruited the present season for the first time. (Ad. Int. Rept.) CONCORD. Native of Concord, Mass., and stated in Hov. Mag. to be very early in its season of ripening, and possessing the aroma of the Catawba. 472 APPEISTDIX. EMILY. Raabe's No. 2. Bunch, large, not very compact, occasionally shouldered ; berry, below medium, from three-eighths to one-half of an inch in diame ter, round, pale red ; flesh, very juicy, with little or no pulp ; flavor, saccharine and delicious ; quality, " best," for an out-door grape. Fruited in 1850 for the first time. GRAHAM. An accidental seedling raised by Mr. Graham. It sprung up in 1845, and fruited in 1850 for the first time. Bunch, of medium size, shouldered, not compact ; berry, half an inch in diameter, round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, contains little or no pulp, and abounds in a saccharine juice of agreeable flavor; quality, " best." The leaf indicates ita native parentage. It is probably a natural cross between the Bland and Elsinborough, both of which were in bearing in the garden where it orginated. (Ad. Int. Kept.) RAABB. Raabe's No. 3. Bunch, small, compact, rarely shouldered ; berry, below medium, round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh, very juicy, with scarcely any pulp ; flavor, saccharine, with a good deal of the Cataw- ba aroma ; quality, " best." (Ad. Int. RepC) PEACHES. CLASS II. New and untested; suited to Amateur Culture, or cer tain Localities. GORGAS. American. Native of Philadelphia ; originated with Benjamin G-ulliss from a stone of Morris White. Leaves serrate. Fruit large, roundish, with a slight prominence at the apex ; dull greenish white, clouded and blotched with red on the exposed side ; cavity wide, rather deep ; stone free ; flesh whitish, slightly stained at the stone, juicy ; flavor saccharine and exceedingly luscious ; quality " best." Middle to end of September. JANE. Baxter's Seedling No. 1. Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. Fruit large, ten and one-half inches in cir cumference, roundish oblate, greenish yellowish white, with a red cheek ; free ; flavor delicious ; quality " very good" to " best." (Ad. Int. Rept.) APPENDIX. 473 PEARS. CLAS9 II. New and untested. Suited to Amateur Culture, or certain Localities. DOWNING. Doyenne Downing. .Foreign. New, recently described and dedicated by M. Leroy (France) to the memory of the unfortunate Downing. Fruit medium, roundish, irregular ; green yellowish, speckled with russet dots ; stem short, obliquely inserted ; flesh white, crisp, juicy, sugary, lightly acidulated. Season, September. BARRY. Foreign. New. Fruit medium size, sometimes large, pyriform, irregu larly shaped ; skin rough red, spotted on the sunny side, yellow greenish on the opposite ; calyx small, set in a narrow basin ; stalk obliquely in serted ; flesh white, coarse, tender at the centre, very juicy, sugared and perfumed. Season, October. HOVEY. Foreign. New. Fruit medium size, pyriform, regular, resembles the Beurre Capiaumont, skin fair, smooth, yellow, speckled and dotted around the eye ; calyx set outside ; stem obliquely inserted ; flesh yellow, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed and vinous. Season, September. GENERAL TAYLOR. i Native of Maryland. The tree supposed to be the original one grows near Baltimore, and is 25 or 30 years old. Size, under medium ; form turbinate, obscurely pyriform. broad at the crown ; color cinnamon russet, becoming fawn on the exposed side ; stem inserted into a very small cavity ; calyx partially closed, set in a broad, not very deep, furrowed basin ; core medium ; seed dark brown, ovate, no angle at the obtuse end ; flesh yellowish white, granular, becoming buttery and melting, but somewhat gritty at the core ; flavor as high as the Seckel, aroma delicious ; quality "best;" maturity, November. (Ad. Int. Rept.) REGNIER. This is a variety claimed through the Pennsylvania Hort. Society to have been grown from seed of the White Doyenne ; under that name it has repeatedly received premiums there : hence, not having seen the fruit, we conclude our description will answer for both. The growth of tree is stated as its distinctive character ; being " more erect, full and rounded in its too." 474 APPENDIX. GLOSSARY '''IVW Y:i"t V U'!. v ••' '••'•'• - '• OF THE MORE COMMON TERMS USED IN FRUIT CULTURE. Acute, sharp or angular. Acuminate, drawn out to a point. Alburnum, the sap-wood, as distinguished from the heart- wood. Apex, point ; the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk. Base, lower end, or that portion of a fruit, stalk, or part of a plant, nearest the supporting part or root. Basin, the hollow or depression at the apex or crown of a fruit, surround ing the calyx. Bezi, a wilding, or natural seedling. Beurre, a buttery pear. Border, artificial bed of enriched earth. Callus, ring or swollen portion formed at the base of a cutting, by the descending cambium. Calville-shaped, much ribbed, as applied to apples. Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower, which, remaining on the apex of a pear or apple, are often denominated the eye. Cambium, the soft, newly formed wood beneath the bark. Canes, long bearing shoots ; applied to grapes and raspberries. Clipping, trimming down to some definite shape. Colmar-shaped, pyriform or pear-shaped, with a rather slender neck and large body. Conical, tapering regularly towards the apex. Cordate, heart-shaped. Coxcomb, applied to the form of strawberries when much compressed at the sides. Crenate, notched or cut like rounded or blunt saw-teeth. Crown, the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk or base. Dwarfs, trees made diminutive by grafting or budding upon stocks of small growth. Espalier, a tree trained flat upon a trellis. En quenouille, training to produce fruitfulness by tying the branches downwards. Fibrous roots, the smaller, branching, or thread-like roots. Forcing, the early ripening of fruits by artificial heat under glass. Head back, to cut off the limbs of a tree, part way down. Head down, to cut off the entire limbs or branches of a tree, or to cut down to an inserted bud. Inflorescence, the manner in which the flowers are borne. Lay-in, applied to selecting and fastening to a trellis or wall, new branches or shoots. Lay in by the heels, to bury the roots of trees temporarily in a trench. Leading shoot, the longest or main shoot of a limb or tree. Lopping, cutting the branch down to the stem. Maiden plant, a tree of one year's growth from the bud or graft. Mulching, covering the ground about a tree with straw or litter to prevent drying. APPENDIX. 475 Oblate, flattened, so that the shortest diameter is between the base and apex, like a flat turnip. Obovate, reversed ovate, being largest from the foot-stalk or towards the apex. Obtuse, rounded or blunt. Ovate., egg-shaped, being the largest towards the foot-stalk. Pedicel, the subdivision of a flower or fruit-stalk. Peduncle, the flower or fruit-stalk. Petals, flower-leaves, usually colored. Petiole, leaf-stalk. Pomology, the science of fruits. Pyramidal, like a pyramid, usually nearly similar to conical, but longer. Pyriform, pear-shaped, having more or less a drawn-out neck. Ringing, the removal of a ring of bark round a branch, to impede the descending sap. Serrate, notched or cut like saw-teeth. Shanking, a diseased shrivelling of the foot-stalks of grapes. Shorten-in, to cut off more or less of the outer parts of shoots. Engiole, the minute spongy extremity of a fibrous root. rt, an unusual departure or variation in a new seedling. \r, a short stubby shoot bearing fruit or fruit-buds. Standard, a fruit tree in open ground, or not trained to a wall or trellis. Stock, seedling tree, which supports the inserted bud or graft. Stop, to pinch or cut off the point of a shoot, to prevent its further ex tension in growth. Strike, to emit roots. Tap-root, the main or central descending root. Trellis, an upright, flat frame, for training fruit trees and grapes upon its face. Wilding, a natural seedling. INDEX TO THE DIFFERENT FRUITS. [The standard names are in Italic letters. The synonymous names in Roman.] ALMONDS. Amande Commune .... Amandier a petit fruit . Amandier a gros fruit Amandier a gros fruit doux . Amandier a coque tendre Amandier des Dames . Amande Princesse 46 Amande Suftane .... Amande Pistache .... Amandier Pecher .... Bitter Almond Common Almond . Common Sweet Doux a coque tendre . Great Soft-Shell . Great-fruited Sweet Long Hard -Shell .... Long Hard-Shell Almond . Ladies' Thin-Shell 46 Large Persian .... Languedoc Pistachia Sweet .... Peach Almond 46 Pecher Soft-Shell Sweet .... Soft-Shell Sweet Almond . Sultan a coque tendre Sultana Sweet Almond Sultan APBICOTS. AbricotEoyal . Abricot Peche . Abricot Commun Abricot Precoce Abricot Hatif . Abricotier . Abricotier blanc Albergier Alberge . Amande Aveline . Angoumois . Anson's Imperial Blotched Leaved Black .. Blenheim Blanc .. Bred* . • (476) Turkey <;E 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Brussels .... Brown Masculine Briancon .... Brown's Ej.rly Burlington .... D'Alexandrie .... DeHollande De St. Jean . De St. Jean Kouge De Nancy PAGE 52 . 52 60 . 50 . ' . 50 . 50 48 . - . 49 49 49 •10 51 46 40 40 48 40 40 40 •10 Dubois1 Early Golden . Dubois1 Early Golden Apricot Dunmore Du Pape .... Dunmore's Breda . Early Golden Early Orange . Early Masculine . 49 49 . 49 52 • -. 49 49 52 52 40 40 40 Early White Masculine , Germine .... Gros Musch .... . 52 51 50 40 10 Gros Precoce Gros d'Alexandrie 49 49 40 40 40 40 Gros Fruhe .... Grosse Germine Hasselnussmandel Hemskirke. 49 . 51 48 . 50 40 49 40 '10 Kaisha Large Early . 50 49 Large Red 50 Large Turkey Moorpark 51 49 51 Musch 60 .-10 Musch-musch . 50 hi 52 Noir .... Newhairs Early 62 51 52 B2 Oldaker's Moorpark . Orange .... 49 . 62 5-2 52 52 Persique .... Persian Peach 48 . 52 49 ts Peche • 49 48 52 Peche Grosse Purple 49 02 49 51 Red Masculine . Royal 52 51 52 51 4^ Roman Eoyal Peach .... Koyal Persian 56 . 49 52 48 Eoyal Orange .... . 52 INDEX OF FRUITS. 477 Royal George Shaker Para . Shipley's Shipley's Large Sudlow's Moorpark Temple's PAGE 52 61 51 . 51 • . . 49 49 Transparent . Turkey . Violet .... Walton Moorpark . White Masculine White Apricot . White Algiers "Wurtemburg . 51 51 52 . . 49 . . . 52 52 . . 52 . 49 APPLES. Augustine 166 Aurora 166 | Autumn Homanite 166 i Api noir 167 American White Winter Calville . . 179 Abbott Seedling 119 American Pearmain .... 64 Api 87 August Apple 131 Avery Sweeting 181 Aromatic Carolina, 121 Autumnal Sicaar .... 121 Autumnal Sweet Swaar . . . .121 Autumn Strawberry .... 65 Autumn Bough 66 Autumn Sweet Bough .... 66 Autumn Seek-no-farther . . . 121 Adams 120 Adams Pearmain 120 Ashmore 12o Ashland 120 Aunt Hannah 121 Alexander 120 Alfi-iftton 166 American Mammoth .... 174 American Newtown Pippin ... 93 American Summer Pearmain ... 64 American Red Juneatiug ... 76 American Pippin 166 American Golden Russet ... 71 Albetnarle Pippin 120 Aunts Apple 120 Arbroath Pippin 175 Aurora 170 Autumn Pearmain .... 121 Ban- 167 Bars 167 Barnhilt 167 Bla^k GiUiflower 167 Bartlett 163 Bardin 170 Baltimore Pippin 174 Baaut»/ of America 1G7 Black Annette 167 Black Lady Apple 167 Bit? 168 Bullet 168 Black Tom 170 Big Eomanite 176 Big Sweet 179 Big Hill 99 Belpre Russet 106 Brown's Golden Sweet .... 100 Bailey SifMt 121 Belzer . 122 PAGE Bevan ....... 122 Sevan Favorite ...... 122 Bentley's Sweet ..... 122 Better than Good ..... 122 Bean Sweet ...... 122 Blue Pearmain ..... 122 Bledsoe . .... 123 Blood ........ 123 Bohanon ...... 124 Boura-ssa ....... 124 Boston ....... 106 Brooke's Pippin ..... 125 Barlow ....... 128 Bailey Spice ...... 121 Baltimore Pippin ..... 67 Bethlehemite ...... 68 Belmont ....... 69 Bellflower ....... 70 Broadwell ...... 70 Broad well Sweet ..... 70 Bullock's Pippin ..... 71 Bonne du Mai ...... 78 Bullripe ....... 75 Bard Apple ...... 75 Beard Burden ..... 75 Belle et Bonne ...... 82 Burlington Spitzenberg ... 94 Black Coal ..... 123 Boalsburg ...... 123 Brabant Btllflower ..... 124 Bucks County Pippin .... 125 Bucks County ...... 125 Bracy's Seek-no-farther ... 137 Baltimore ....... 67 73 66 Belle-Fleur ...... 177 Belle-Fleur Rouge ..... 177 Bedfordshire Foundling . . . 167 Benoni ....... 122 Beauty of Kent ..... 167 i Beaut}/ of the West ..... 167 ; Bell's Scarlet Pearmain ... 157 i Black Detroit ...... 136 ! Blenheim Pippin . . . . 167 I Blenheim Orange ..... 167 Black Apple ..... 123 Black American ..... 123 ' Borovitsky ...... 168 I Bough ....... 109 j Borsdorjfer ...... 167 i Borsdorff ....... 167 • Brabant Belle Fleur .... 124 Brandy Apple ...... 171 I Bread and Cheese Apple . . . 102 i Burlington Greening . . . .104 ! Butter ....... 159, 174 '• Butter Apple ...... 125 BuMnyton't Early .... 125 Burr'* Winter Siceet . . . .125 Betsey's Fancy ..... 136 Brown's Late Queen ..... 143 Bush ....... 125 Beauty Red ...... 127 Ben . ....... 182 1 Catshead ....... 168 Cathead Greening ..... 168 i Calville Blanche d'Hiver . . . .179 : Calville Rouge d'Hiver .... 176 i Calville Rouge ...... 178 , Capendu ....... 128 ] Cayuga Red Streak ..... 126 Bay Apple Baldwin 478 INDEX OF FRUITS. Cann Campfield Connecticut Summer Sweet Caroline .... Carolina Winter Queen PAGE 126 . 126 169 . 168 126 Canada Pippin 72 Challenge 78 Cloth, of Gold 78 Connecticut Apple 82 Connecticut Seek-no-farther . . . 115 Coates' Greening 116 Cooper's Early White ... 127 Chief Good 127 Cracking 129 Cat Pippin 129 Champ Sweeting 137 Cole's Quince 158 Catshead Beaufin 175 Cash Sweet 168 Cogswell 468 Caroline 162 Carolina 162 Caj-nahan 126 Cannahan's Favorite . . . .126 Cannon Pearmain .... 126 Cat Face 126 Clyde Beauty 127 Cooper 127 Cane . 172 Coc klin's Favorite ... .127 Cain 172 Cumberland 128 Cumberland Seedling ... 128 Claremont Pippin 169 Crane's Pippin 95 Caraway Russet 170 Concombre Ancien . . . . 162 Cheeseborough Russet . 168 Crooked Limb Pippin . . . 169 Canadian Reinette .... 72 Canada Eeinette .... 72 Carthouse .... 135 Catline .... 168 Chandler 168 Charles' Apple 146 Chalmers1 Large 169 Cornish Gilliflower ... 169 Cornish July-flower .... 169 Court Pendu Extra .... 128 Court Pendu Plat 128 Court Pendu 128 Court Pendu Plat Eougeatre , . 128 Cable's Gilliflower ... .67 Court Pendu Eond Gros .... 128 Court Pendu Rose .... 128 Court Pendu Musque . . . .128 Coriander Rose 128 Court of Wick 128 Court of Wick Pippin .... 128 Court de "Wick 128 Cos or Caas ...... 168 Cole 127 Cornish Aromatic .... 74 Cranberry Pippin . . . .169 Crimson Pippin 130 Cumberland Spice 128 Cooper's Russeting .... 127 Darlington 129 Darlington Russet .... 129 Delight 129 De Ratteau 162 Dodge's Black 128 PAGR Dutches* 131 Dillingham 130 Dunlap's Aurora 166 Donnelaris Seedling . . . . 169 D urn elow's Seedling . . . .169 Dumelow's Crab 169 Dumpling 169 Dainty Apple ... . 172 Dangers Winter Sweet .... 74 Detroit 95 Detroit 130 De Bretagne 72 D'Espagne 162 Devonshire Quarrenden . . . 155 DeWitt 180 Doctor 130 Domine 130 Dmcnton Pippin . . . . 169 Downton Golden Pippin . . . .169 Downy 172 Drap d'Or 73 Dickson's Emperor . . . 131 Douse 187 Dow's 137 Dutch Pearmain 171 Duchess of Oldtnburgh ... 181 Dutch Codlin 169 Dutdi Mignonne 74 Dyer 75 Eve 169 Egg Top . . . . . . .169 Egg Top 169 English Winter Red Streak . . .161 Early Joe 75 Early June 84 English Summer Pearmain . . . 121 Edgerly Sweet 121 English Nonsuch 175 Emperor 181 Early May 162 Early Pennock 181 English Sicecting 131 Exttn 132 Eustis 132 Early Summer Pearmain .... 64 Early Summer Pippin .... 73 Early Harvest 84 Early French Reinette .... 84 Early Red Margaret . . . .145 Early Red Juneating .... 145 Early Strawberry 76 Early Crofton 172 Early Sweet Bough 109 Easter Pippin 169 Edmonton's Aromatic Pippin . . . 172 Eighteen Osnce Apple .... 126 Elton Pippin 169 Emperor Alexander .... 120 English Codlin 175 I English Golden Pippin .... 171 I English Eusset 98 English Golden Russet ... 131 Epse's Sweet 74 Esoptis Spitzeriburgh ... 76 1 Eve Apple 145 Forever Pippin 168 Fall Ghffse 170 Flushing Seek -no-farther ... 162 Fall Orange 149 Fink's Seedling 160 Frith Pitcher 174 French's Sweet . . 188 INDEX OF FRUITS. 479 PAGE Father Abraham 138 Fall Queen 182 Fall Winesap 71 Fall Wine 77 Fallemcald-er 79 Fort Miami 80 Favorite 132 Fulton 134 Fronclise 133 Fenton Sweeting 160 Ferdinand 133 Fama Gusto- 170 Fall Beauty 132 ferns 170 Fall Vandervere 113 Fall Jenne.tting 132 Fall Gennetting 132 Foundling 132 Funtling 132 Fleiner 133 Fall Harvey 182 Fall Pippin 78 Fameuse 77 Fallawater 79 Fenouiilet Gris 170 Fenouiilet Rouge .... 170 Flower of Kent . . . . .170 Flint Russet 152 Flushing Spitzeriburgh . . . .133 Formosa Pippin 155 Fry's Pippin 128 French Pippin .... 138, 149 French Crab 109 F rankling Golden Pippin . . . 188 Gate 69 Golden Pippin 69 Garden Royal 81 Gray Vandervere .... 186 Golden 170 Green Seek-no-farther . . . 137 Gaulfs BMftoicer 170 Gloucester White 170 Gillet's Seedling 106 Gibbon's Smathhouse .... 113 Gibbon's Smokehouse . . . .118 Gabriel 184 George 135 Gloucester Cheese 170 GobleRus^t 170 Garnon's Apple 128 Gilpin 184 Gloria Munni 174 Glace de Zelande 179 Glory of York 155 Golden Drop 128 German Green 72 Golden Spice 75 Green Mountain Pippin ... 79 G re-en Sweet 88 Greasy Pippin 88,95 Green Bellflower 95 Garrttsoti's Early .... 185 Giles 185 Gully 186 Giant 171 Golden Pearmain .... 171 Goodyear 171 Goodyear's Seedling .... 171 Governor 171 Granny Buff 168 Granny Earle 186 Granni winkle . 186 I PAGE Great Yandevere . 186 | Gov. Seward 126 : Golden Russet 71 Golden Ball 82 Golden Harvey 170 Golden Pippin 171 Golden Reineite 170 Golden Russet ...... 131 , Golden Sic ett 81 Gray Apple Green Newtown Pippin ... 93 Green Winter Pippin .... 93 Grise 99 Gross Eeinette d'Angleterre ... 72 | Gregson Apple 163 ! Grave Slije .'.'.'.'.'.' 83 ; Grand Sachem 171 Grindstone 166 Green Everlasting 1C6 Gros Api Rouge .... 87 Harkness' New Favorite . . . .176 Hollandburg 172 ! Hollandbury 172 i Hepp^r 171 ! Heterich 172 Harrigan 174 Hampshire Greening .... 104 Harvest 84 \ Hay's Winter 116 Hollow Crown Pearmain . . . 116 Honey Greening 83 Heicke's Winter Sweet ... 89 //owwwi's Red 139 High Top Sweet 189 Hunter 189 Hardingham's Russet .... 152 Hannah . 171 : Howard Russet 168 Hogan 161 , Honey Sweet 150 Herman 188 i Helen's Favorite .... 138 i Hector 188 : Haicley 137 i Horse Apple 132 I Horse Block 145 ! Honemaker Pippin 129 I Haske'.Vs Sweet 187 1 Hommacher Apfel 129 Hay's Winter Wine .... 116 Haymaker 129 Hartford Sweeting .... 187 Harrison 187 Hagloe 137 i Hawthorden 171 Hampshire Yellow .... 173 ! Herefordshire Pearmain ... 85 Herefordshire Red Streak ... 177 Hinckrnan 175 Hoary Morning 172 Hollow-cored Pippin .... 95 Holland Pippin 188 Hubbardston Nonsuch .... 85 Imperial Vandervere .... 118 Irish Pitcher 174 Indian Queen 181 Indian Apple . ... 186 Iron Apple 124 Imnan ....... 95 Indiana Jannetting .... 100 ; Irish Peach Apple . . . .172 -ISO INDEX OF FRUITS. PAGE Ironstone 169 Joe Berry 94 Juicy Bite 122 Kelly White 69 John Garretson's Early . '. . 135 Jersey Pippin 139 Jewett's Red 140 Jewett's Fine Bed 140 James' Eiver 143 Jennette 100 Jersey Black 123 Jaber Sweet 189 Jefferson 189 Jeffries 139 Jenkins 149 Johnson's Fine Winter . . . .166 Jack Murphy 175 Jonathan 86 Januarea 72 Jersey Greening .... 95, 104 Jersey Sweeting 86 July Pippin 84 Juneating 162 Kentish Fill-basket 172 Keswick Codlin 141 Kenrick's Autumn 172 Kerry Pippin 172 King Philip 86 Kirke's Lord Nelson .... 173 Kirke's Lemon Pippin .... 178 Kirk's Golden Beinette ... 170 KilhamUill 172 King of the Pippins .... 173 King George the Third . . . .167 Knightwick Pippin .... 128 Knight's Golden Pippin . . . .169 Kaighn's Spitzenberg . . . 141 Kingsley 142 King Apple 142 Kingsbury Busset 168 Kane 172 Keim 172 Kelley White 169 Kountz 04 Knight's Codlin 179 Large Golden Pippin . . . .161 Lady de Grey's 172 Ladies' Blush 173 Lady Finger 173 Long Island Russet .... 178 Loan's English Pearmatn . . . 178 Large Bed Sweeting 176 Lane Sweet 178 Long John . , . . . . 173 Lucoml>e's Seedling .... 173 Luce's Early Joe 178 Leather Coat Busset .... 175 Lorin-g Sweeting 145 Loudon Pippin 144 Lowre Queen 144 Ldand Spice 143 Laquier 142 Lancaster 142 Ledge Sweet 143 Limber Twig 148 Long Stem 144 Loure Queen 144 Leland Pippin 143 Lacker 142 Lake .143 Lancaster Greening .... 142 Late Strawberry 65 I PAGE S Late Baldwin 66 ! Lady Washington . . . . 70 127 I Little Pearmain 71 1 London Sweet 89 London Winter Sweet .... 89 Loring Sweet 145 Large Striped Pearmain . . . 158 ! Lancaster Queen 158 i Late Queen 143 ! Lecker 142 i Ladies' Blush ...... 134 j Long Pearmain 141 I Long John 141 Lady Finger 141 Lowell 88 Lippincott 107 Ladies'1 Sweeting 88 Lady Apple 87 Large White Juneating ... 84 Large Yellow Bough .... 109 Lemon Pippin 173 Lori-grille's Kernel 173 Lyscom 145 Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet . . . 156 Marston's Red Winter ... 144 Melvin Sweet 146 Marks 146 Monarch 146 Mo-nkff Favorite 147 McLellan 147 MifflinKing 148 Montreal 158 Monks1 Codlin 174 Mclntire's Sweeting 174 May Seek-no-farther. .... 174 Menagerie . . .... 174 Molasses 174 Murphy's Bed 175 Martin . 147 Mother 147 Musk Spice 148 Munson Sweeting 148 Myers' Nonpareil 148 Moore's Sweeting . . ' . . .159 Marble Sweeting 174 May Apple 174 | Mduck 174 Mother Davies 174 MUarn . • 174 I Mamma Beam 69 Mygatt'a Bergamot .... 75 ! Mountain Pippin 79 Melon . ' ..... 89 Melting 90 Melt-in-the-mouth .... 90 Melting Mouth 90 Melting Pippin . 95 Mackie's Clyde Beauty . . . .127 Major . . . . . . . 145 Matchless 94 Marietta Eusset ..... 106 Manomet 145 Manomet Sweet ..... 145 Monmouth Pippin 92 MiUcreek Vandervere .... 113 Milicreek . .... 113 Male Carle 14G Margil 174 Margaret 145 MargarethaApfel 145 Maiden's Blush 168 Mela di Carlo . . 146 INDEX OF FRUITS. 481 PAGE MelaCarla . 14G Meangere 174 Minister 147 Michael JTenry Pippin .... 91 Monstrous Pippin 174 Mouse Apple 147 Moose Apple 147 Murphy 175 New York Spice 143 Norton's Melon 89 Noll's No. 1 120 Ntvertink 149 Neisley's Winter 1T6 Newtown Pippin of Sanders . . .119 Neverfail 100 Niack Pippin 109 New Jersey Red Streak ? . . . 131 Nodhead 140 Nortlwn Sv:ect 149 Northern Golden Sweet . . . .149 Nonpareille 175 Niger 179 New York Gloria Mundi ... 174 Neicto-wn SpUzenberg .... 94 New Scarlet Nonpareil . . . . 177 Never-Fail . . . . . Nfwtown Pippin S3 NtwarkKiny 175 Newark Pippin 149 Newark Sweeting 126 Northern Spy 94 Norfolk Beaufin ..... 175 Nonsuch Ohio Favorite . Old Golden Pippin Old English Codlin Old Pearmain Old Nonsuch Oldfleld . Ohio Wine Orange 175 . 85 . . . 171 . 175 85 . 102 182 . 141 149 Orndorf ....... 149 Orne's Eitrly 149 Osborris Sice-et 150 Osborn's Fall Sweet . 150 Overman's Sweet ..... 150 Old Royal Russet .... 175 OsL-eola 150 Old To'icn Crab 149 Ortley 95 Ohio Nonpareil 83 Old Nonpareil 175 Orange Sweet SI Ortley Apple 95 Ortley Pippin 95 Ostin 175 Osgood's Favorite 145 Owen's Golden Beauty . . . .162 Ox Apple 174 Oxford Peach 157 Ox Eye 94 Paradise Wlivter Suxtt .... 15:) Patterson Sweet . Pennsylvania Vandervere . . . 113 Petit Api 87 Pomine d'Api 87 Pom me Royal 75 Philadelphia Pippin 73 Pomine Water 75 Pirn's Beauty ...... 79 Ponghkeepsie Russet .... 98 Pickmaa Pippin 152 21 I PAGE ! Primale ...... 153 ! Progress ....... 153 ! Potter's Large Gray Seedling . . 172 i Prince's Red and Green Sweet. . . 176 ! Paragon ...... 151 i People's Choice .... .151 ! PfKiffer . . ..... 151 ! Parsons' Early ...... 175 Phillips' Sweeting ..... 97 Prolific Beauty ...... 176 Pomine Rove ..... 17G | Polly Bright ...... 17ti Pomme cle Rose ..... 176 Pryor's R(d ...... 99 Prior's Red ...... 99 PitzerHill ....... 99 Pickm-an ...... 152 Priestly ....... 158 PoleCat ....... 177 Parmin Royal ...... 85 Parmain d' Ete ..... 121 Petersburg!! Pippin ..... 93 J\-nnock^ Red Winter ... 176 Pennock ....... 176 Pearson's Plate ..... Peck's Pleasant ..... 97 Pcnninfjton'l8 Seedling .... 97 Peach Pond Steed ..... 151 Pecker ....... 56 Peiit Api Rouge ..... 87 Philip Wick ..... 80 Phillips' Reinette ..... 123 Pie Apple ...... 138 Pine Apple RiiKStt . . , .152 Pomine d'Api Rouge .... 87 Pompey ....'.. 179 Pomme Gnse ..... 99 Pomine Royale . . 162 Pomme Rose . 87 Pound Royal ..... 162 Pomme Regelans ..... 150 Pomme do Berlin ..... 123 Pomme d'Anis .... 170 Pomme de Charles ..... 146 Pomme Finale ..... 146 Pound ....... 176 Pomine de Caen ..... 72 Portugal ..... • 226 Pomme de Neige .... 76 Porter ...... 93 Princesse Noble Zoete ... 128 Prit&ttey ....... 176 Priestley's American ... .176 ' Prince's Harvest, or Early French Reinette 84 Pumpkin liuxsd Pumpkin Sweet .... Putnam Russet Queen Ann . j Quaker Pippin • Queen's RamdaFt Best . \ Randal Best . Ragon \ Raritan Siced ; Ramlo '• Rambour Franc . ! Rambour d'Ete i liaundell's Sweet . | Red Spitzenberg 1 Red Pearmain . Red Winter Pearmain 152 152 106 88 1-08 176 167 154 154 154 154 102 178 178 181 141 141 141 482 INDEX OF FRUITS. Bed Pippin . Bed Phoenix . Bussam .... Bed Sweet Pippin . Red Bellflower . Bed Seek-no-farther . Red and Green Sweet . PAGE 141 . 141 141 . 159 177 . 176 176 Red Canada 102 Bed Cheek Pippin 92 Beinette du Canada 72 Bichfield Nonsuch .... 102 Richmond 105 Bough and Beady .... 153 Bound Top 160 Buckman's Pearmain . . . 171 Reseau d'Automne 177 Rule's Summer Sweeting . . . 177 Bawl's Janet 100 BockBemain 100 Bock Bimiuon 100 Bed Vandervere 113 Red Sweet 155 Republican Pippin, .... 155 Bed Cathead 176 Bed Ashrnore 120 Bed Pennock 176 Bed Bough . . . . . . 176 Bed Eusset 171 Bed Gloria Mundi ? .... 182 Rome Beauty 106 Boman Beauty 106 Ryiner 177 Roseau 177 River 177 Raiders Jan2*s Transparent .... 192 Gridlti/ 217 C imberland ...... Cumberland Seedling .... 205 2C5 Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel Griotte de Portugal . 2*3 203 ( oii-'stoffa ...... 206 Gro.sse Cerise Rouge Palo . 205 Ciarke's Bigarreau . ... Ciiatenay 212 214 Griottier Rouge Pale Griotte de Villennes 205 . 205 C'.riso d« Xavier 215 Gros Gobet 217 Cje's Late Carnation .... 216 Guinier a Fruit Noir . 215 C triciii . 216 Gnigne Grosse Noir 215 C'-arke's Superb Clarke's Bigarreau ? Cerise Indulle 216 216 217 Gaigue Rouge Hative Guigne Noir Tardiv* . Guigne Gros Blanc .... . 215 213 . 194 Cream 217 German May Duke 195 Davenport's Early 216 Governor Wood .... . 196 Davenport Davenport's Early Black .... 216 216 Grosse Guigrie Noir Luisante Great Bigarreau ? . 199 . 199 DeHollande 211 Guitfne Noir Luisante 208 D'Espagne 211 Harrison Heart . 220 Downton 207 Herefordshire Black 215 Ducner's Late 192 Herefordshire Heart .... . 215 Downer ....... 192 Hildesheim Bigarreau . 196 Downer's Late Red 192 ffoi"!/ . 217 D^wnincfs Red Cheek .... 205 Hollandische Grosse 208 Double Flowering Kentish 216 Holland Bigarreau .... . 208 Dredge's Early White Heart 216 Hoi-man"1 8 Duke .... 211 Dutch Morello 218 Ht/d'i's Red Heart .... . 217 Dwarf Double-Floweriny . 216 196 Double Heart 189 Hortense . . 196 Doctor 192 Holland 208 Delicate 193 Hoadley ...... . 209 De 16 a-la-livre 196 Hovey . 209 D'Etperin 204 Herefordshire White . 216 Do)inut«h 224 224 Cape Grape .... Catawba .... . 247 244 Red Grape 224 Catawba Tokay . 244 Reeve's White , 224 Chasselas Dorc 254 Red Flowering Currant 223 Chasselas Blanc . 254 Striped Fruited . 225 Chasselas de Fontaincbleau . 254 Victoria 224 Clinton . ... . . 245 Whit". Dutch . 224 Cassady .... . . 471 White Crystal .... 224 Clara . . 471 White Leghorn White Pearl 224 224 Concord .... Cle.rmont 471 . 245 White Grape 224 Clifton's Constantia 247 Clarence . 246 GOOSEBERRIES. Delaware .... 255 Decimanner .... . 255 BuerdsiU's Ducktcing Capper's Bunker's ffill . Champagne ..... . 226 . 228 228 D'Arbois . De St Jean .... Diana . . . . . 254 . . 254 245 Collier's Jotty Angler CfomptonSheba Queen Early Sulphur .... Green Walnut .... . 229 280 . 229 . 229 Dutch Hamburg Early Black .... Early Black July . Early White Teneriffe . . 258 258 . 254 . . 254 488 INDEX OF FRUITS. Early White Muscadine Elsinijurgh Elsenborough Emily .... PAOE . 254 . 245 245 . 472 Eaabe's No. 3 Eoanoke Eed Traminer Eother Traminer .... PAGE 472 . 248 . 255 255 Fromentin Eouge . . . . 255 Bother Klevner .... . 255 . . 247 Eothcl 255 Frankendale . 253 Rothe Reifler . 255 Fromentean . 255 Eothec el 255 Frontiac of Alexandria 255 Eothfr anken ..... . 255 Gris Eouge . 255 Raisin Precoce 254 GraJiam 472 Raisin de Champagne . 254 Gibraltar .... . 253 Eaisin de Frontignan . 255 Golden Chasselas . 254 RedM uncy . 244 Grizzly Froniignan Grizzly Frontignac . 254 254 Eed Hamburgh .... . 253 . 254 Ifei-bemont . 246 Royal Mmcuuine 254 Herbemont's Madeira . 246 St. Cla user . . 255 Heath . 255 Salisbury Violet .... 253 Hampton Court Vine . Imitation Hamburg 253 . 247 SchuylkillMuscade.il Schuylkill Muscadine . . 247 217 Isabella 246 £k itpp *rnon a . 248 Jacob's Traube . . 254 Sogar- Sox Grape .... 247 Jerusalem Muscat . . 255 8wftt ffffs Seedlina . . 248 July Grape Kleinbranner. . 254 .- . 255 Sir William Rowley's Black . Sir A. Py tone's Black 253 . 253 Lebanon Seedling . . 244 Small Black Cluster 253 Lenoir .... . . . 246 Smart' s Elsinerburer . . 245 Longworth's Ohio . . 247 Spring Mill Constantia . 247 Lunel .... . . 255 Btewar d's Black Prince . . 253 Mandrniner . 255 Sumpt er 246 Mammoth Catawba 245 Singleton . 244 Minor's Seedling . . 248 Sokuyi 247 Madeleine 254 T.-anii tier ...... , 255 Madeleine Noir . . 254 Tokay jr 255 Madeira .... . . 247 Tasker's Grace ....'. . 247 . 255 Totten aam Park Muscat 255 Millers Burgivndy 254 ToKa Ion . . 245 Missouri .... Missouri Seedling . . 247 247 True Burgundy .... Valentine's 253 . 253 Morillou Hatif . . 254 Victor a . 253 Muscat of Alexandria 255 Warner's Black Hamburgh . . 253 MoschataBianca . 255 Wnite Caitvwba . 245 Moscado Bianco . 255 White Muscat of Alexandria . . 255 Moscatel Common . . 255 White Muscat 2.55 Muscat Noir Ordinaire . 253 White Muscat of Lunel . . 255 Muscat Noir de Jura . 253 W'tdte Froniignan . 255 Muscat d'Alexandrie 255 White Constantia .... . 255 Muscat Blanc . . 255 White Frontniao .... 255 Muscat Blanc de Jura . 255 ItiUfj Sw&et Vfatvr .... . 255 Muscatell er . 255 Winne 247 Muscat Eouge Muscat G-ris 254 . 254 Wiltnofs New Black Hamburg!), . Wcrthington 253 245 Muscat Noir . . . . 253 Zane . 245 Nepcan's Constantia . 255 Norton's Virginia 247 NECTARINES. Norton's Seedling . 247 Ohio 247 Anders on's . . 257 Passe longue Musquo Passe Musque . 255 255 Anderson's (of some) Anderson's Round .... . 260 Pineau .... . . 253 Aroma tic 257 Pocock's Damascus 253 Barke . 257 Powell .... . 244 Black Pond's Seedling . 245 Black Murry . 259 Purple Frontignan . . . . 253 Bosto) 256 353 Broomfteld . 259 Purple Hamburg Eanfolak . 253 255 Brugnon Hatif .... Brugnon, Eed at the Stone 257 . 257 Eanfoliga .... Eaabe .... . 255 472 Brugnon de Newington Brngnon Musque ... . 259 Eaabe's No. 1 . Eaabe's No. 4 . 471 471 Brugnon Violette Mnsqnee . Claremont . • 259 . 257 Eaabe's No. 2 . . . . 472 Common Elrnge .... . 251 INDEX OF FRUITS. 489 Cowdray White PAGE . 253 Violet . .... PAGE Duke of Telliers .... D'Angleterre Downton Due du Telliers 257 257 257 Violette Angervillieres . Violette Musquee Violet, red at the stone . Violet Musk .... . 25T 257 253 Due de Tilly . ... Due de Tel'o .... 257 . 257 257 Williams1 Seedling . . 258 Du Tilley's Violet Grosse 253 Early Violet Early Brugnon .... Early N&ii'ijKiton . 257 257 . 258 PEACHES. Albcrgo . 281 Early Black Newington Early Black . 258 . 258 Allen 281 . 281 ElniQe . ^ Enierton's New White French Yellow .... Fair child 257 . 258 253 2,)9 Anne ..... 290 Admirable .... . 290 290 Fail-child's Early 259 . 296 Fine Gold-Fleshed . Flanders French Newington .... Genoa Golde.n Hardwickc's Seedling . Hard'inck* . 259 258 . 260 2GO . 259 253 . 253 257 Acton Scott .... Admirable Tardive . Admirable Jaune . 2'JO . 200 281, 296 293 Algiers Winter .... Apricot Peach . . 298 . 296 Aator ..... 290 . 294 Hunt* Tawny Hunt's Large Tawny . , Hunt's Early Tawny Jaune Lisse Large Early Violet Late Yellow . 258 258 . 258 260 . 253 260 Avant Blanche JSachflder .... Baxter's Seedling, No. 1 . . 295 . 261 47'2 . 281 Bdle de Beaucaire Beauty of Beaucaire 290 . 29') 27-J Large White . 258 260 . 281 Large Scarlet Lewis ...... Lord Selsey's Elruge Lucombe's Black . 257 25G . 257 253 Briggs 2S1 Bihar's Early Rareripe . 291 291 Bennett's Rareripe . Beauty of Salisbury . . 2'jl 290 . 290 . 253 259 Murry . 259 SaUi/more Beauty 290 . 2S1 New White 258 Neat Whip) . . 258 Belle de Vitry . Bollis .... 290 . ' . 290 New Scarlet Niwinqton. . 257 . 260 Belle Beaute . Belle de Vitry . Belle de Paris 274 . 290 276 New Dark Newington . ... New Early Newington Oatlanrts . 258 257 259 . 272 2*1 Old White . 260 Blood Cling . 2il . . 276 Old IVim? 259 , 253 . 260 . 256 . 260 . 257 . 248 259 Boudiu . . 276 Own ye. Prince^ Golden .... Perkins1 Seedling . Peterborough (of some) Peterborough Petite Violette Hative . Pitmaston Orange . . Brevooi't .... 272 . 27'2 Brevoort's Seedling Melter . Brown Nutmeg Buckingham Mignonne Bullard' ts Clingstone BuUard'fi Seedling . 272 . . 204 293 . . 2S2 . . 5582 . . 283 . 259 260 Carey's Mammoth Cling Cable's Late 291 . 282 Scarlet Newington .... Scarlet Stanwicke 8-icf.et Yellow .... ^inn TTill . 260 260 . 259 260 . 260 260 . 257 Cable's Late Melocoton . . 281 . 282 Clark? . ... 282 Canary . . . . • OhUlian . . 291 291 Smith's Newington Cable's Medium Melocoton . Cabl6'9 Early Cable's Early Melocoton . . 201 . . 291 . 291 2.78 257 Vermash (of some) . Violette Hative , . 260 257 Crawford's Superb Melocoton . . 27:'. 490 INDEX OF FKU1TS. PAGE 282 291 292 292 291 291 282 281 282 273 Chinese Peach Charlotte Catherine Cling .... Cardinale Catherine Chancellor . Chancelliere Clinton Claret Clingstone .... Cole's Early Red ... Cooledge's Favorite Cooledge's Early Eed Rareripe . . 273 Colonel Ansley's 290 Congress 291 Congress Cling 291 Cole's White Malocolon . . . .276 Columbia 273 Crawford's Late Melocoton . . .273 Crawford's Early .... 272 Crawford's Early Melocoton . . .272 Crawford's Superb Malacatune . . 273 Cnt-Leaved 292 Down-Easter 283 Doctor Cooper 283 Douglass 288 Double Montague 288 Double Mountain 283 Dorsetshire 277 Druid Ifill 272 Eliza 283 Elmira 283 Early York, of New Jersey . . .277 Early Crawford 272 Early Galande 281 Early Barnard 281 Early Maiden 286 Early liobinson Crusoe . . . 292 Eastburn's Choice 283 Eastl'urn 283 Early Anne 290 Early Tilloteon 279 Early York .273 Early Newington Freestone . . 274 Early Neuiiu/ton .... 274, 295 Early Sweet-Water .... 294 Early Admirable 290 Early Purple Avant .... 274 Early May 274 Early Vineyard 274 Early Eed Nutmeg 294 Early White Nutmeg .... 295 Early Purple 274 Early Eoyal George . . . 281, 294 Early Eed Eareripe 288 Edgars Late Melting .... 291 Emperor of Russia . . . .292 French Eareripe .... 280, 2S1 JFulkerson 283 Fulkersoris Early . . . . 2S3 Favorite 292 Favorite Eed 292 Flat Peach of China .... 282 Forts Seedling ... . 292 French Mignonne 274 French Eoyal George .... 281 French Magdalen 294 Freestone Heath 276 French Bourdine 276 Fine Heath Gorgas 472 Golden Eareripe 281 Green Rareripe £34 i Gesfs Superb 1 Grosse Persique Eougo ' Gest's Large Freestone Caland George, the fourth Gold Fleshed Golden Mignonne 292 285 .292 284 274 281 281 Green Nutmeg ..... 290 ' G rc-sse JUignonne ..... 274 Grim wood's Eoyal George . . . 274 Grimwcod's New itoyal George . . 274 Griffin's Mignonne .... 294 Grimwocd s Eoyal Charlotte . . . 291 Gretn Catherine ..... 2S3 Gros Malecaton ..... 285 Golden Ball ...... 292 Hatch . ...... 284 Bale's Melocoton ..... 284 Hale ........ 284 Hartshorn ...... 284 Hastings ....... 284 Hall s Down-Easter .... 283 Honest John ...... 277 Hardy Galande .... 281, 284 Hovcifs Cambridge Belle . , . 282 i Heat K 8 Freestone .... 284 Hcfffner ....... 292 Hoffner's Seedling .... 292 Henry Clay . • ..... 284 Haine's Early Eed .... 277 : Heath Clingstone ..... 274 H.-ath ....... 274 Hoffman's Pound ..... 298 Hogg's Melocoton ..... 288 ' Htjxlop ....... 275 : Hyelop's Clingstone .... 275 i Hill's Madeira ...... 285 ! Ispahan ...... 292 I Incomparable ...... 285 \ Italian ....... 276 Jane ........ 272 I Jaqucs ....... 275 Jaquish • ....... 275 Jaques Eareripe ..... 275 Jose Sictet ...... 285 Joms1 Early ...... 285 Jones' Large Early .... 285 Java ...... 282 Johnson's Early Purple . . . .274 Judd's Melting ..... 276 Ktnri'tfs Haih . . . . .284 Kew Early Purple .... 291 Kennedy's Carolina ..... 277 Kennedy's Lemon Cling . . . 277 Lafaydte Clingstone . . . .298 i Lafayftte ...... 293 Large Melting ...... 298 Late Chancellor ..... 291 Large Early York ..... 277 Large American Nutmeg . . . 294 i L'Admirable ...... 290 \ Large French Mignonne ... 274 ! La Eoyale ....... 276 ! Late AdmiralU ..... 276 i La Grange ...... 298 : Large Eed Eareripe .... 275 i Large Eed Eareripe ..... 288 Lady Ann Steward .... 276 I Late Eed Eareripe ..... 277 i Lady Gallatin ..... 288 i Large Yellow Eareripe . . . .280 , Late Admirable Cling . . . . 285 INDEX OF FRUITS. 491 PACfe ; PAGE T arge White Clingstone . I Ait- Yellow Alberge . 289 ! 293 i Orange Clingstone t Orange . 286 . 296 Largest Lemon .... . 277 : Orchard Qv-w-n .... 288 .Large Newiugton . 293 ' Old Royal Charlotte . 291 Lemon Clingstone . . 277 Philadelphia Freestone . 276 Lord Montague's Noblesse . 286 i Paragon . 287 Lockyer's Mignonne . . i:94 \ Pe-cher d'- Ispahan, 292 Lord Fauconberg's Mignonne Poinsftt . 287 Long Yellow Pine Apple . . 277 Poolt's Yellow £87 Luscious White Rareripe 276 Pftfkiger . .... 293 Livingstone's N. Y Rareripe . . 277 Pavie Admirable .... 285 Lincoln ..... 286 Pavie de Pomponne . 285 Mit'/irt-a-ts . 293 Pavie do Pomponne Grosse . 2S5 Majestrate . ' . ' . ' 293 Pavie Rouge de Pompone . 2S5 Madeira . 2^5 Pavie Cauih 285 Madeira Freestone . 2S5 Pavie Monstreux .... . 2.85 Mei'riam ..... . 285 , Peche Royale .... 276 Mrs. Poinsett 2S5 ! Peche Malte 276 Moore's Favorite . 286 ! Peche Jaime 281 MMing 293 Peen-To . 282 Morrisania .... Monst-ous Freestone . Madeline of Courson Maldsn . 293 294 . 294 2t>6 Pine-Apple Clingstone . Pourpree de Normaudie . Pourpree Ilative . Pourpree Tardive .... 277 . 274 274 . 276 Madeleine de Courson . 294 Poo'e's Large Yellow . . 2S7 Madeline Rouge 294 . Poole's Late Yellow Freestone . 2S7 Malta . ... . 276 Pt'e&id* nt . . . 278 Malte de Normandie 276 Prince's Red Rareripe . . 278 Malagatune .... . 288 ; Purple Avant .... 274 Malacatune .... 288 : Purple Alberge 281 Marie Antoinette Melliah's Favorite . . 280 286 ! Prince's Paragon .... Ret-vS* Favorite .... . 287 2S8 Mignonne 274 281 Millet's Mignonne . 294 : Red Rareripe 275 Montague . 283 ! R'-d Ha r, ripe .... 288 Montauban .... 283 ! Red Magdalen . 294 Motteux's .... . 276 ; Rejne des Vergers .... . 286 Morris's Red Rareripe . 275 ' R-d Nutmeg . 294 Morris lied .... . . 275 , Red Avant 294 Morris White Rareripe . 276 Red Ch-wk ..... . 288 Morris Wi.it* .... . 276 Red Magdalen .... 281 Morris White Freestone 276 Red Cheek Malocoton . 288 Morri.-ania Pound . 293 Red Alberge 281 Morn -ion's Pound . 293 ' Red Heath 274 Monstrous Pavie . 235 « Reid's Weeping .... 295 Monstrous Pompone 285 : 274 Monst/'O'ts Clingstone . 2>5 : 293 , Ronald's Seedling Galande . Roval Sovereign .... 274 . 274 New Royal George . . 294 Royale . . . 276 Narbonne 276 Rouge Paysanne .... 294 New Cut-leaved . 292 Rn-i/al George .... 294 Neill's Early Purple . . 274 , Rose 294 291 ' 294 New York White Clingstone 2S9 ! Ro*e*ank . 279 Newington . . 274, 293 i Rodmatfa Red .... 283 Niv.ttt .... 277 ' 287 Nivette Veloutee . 277 i Site's Old Zack .... 287 Noisette 291 . 286 Skinner't Superb . . . . Saint George .... . 287 . 288 Noir deMontreuil . *T?w York Rareripe . ' . 277 Smock X/iutVs Fa-rorite .... , 288 288 W^wnmn ... 286 S'ucal^lb ...... . 294 Nonpareil .... . 293 Swaize ...... 294 287 . Smock Clingstone .... . 295 Owen's Lemon .... Owen's Lemon Rareripe . 287 i 287 ! Spring Grove .... Sloe-urn's Early .... 295 . 295 Oldm ixon . 278 ! Smith's Neicington 295 October Yellow . 293 Sanguinole'iChairAdherente Oldmixon Freestone . . 278 ' Scotfs Early Red . 294 Oldmixon Clearstone . . 278 Serrated . 292 Oldmixon Clingstone . 278 Selby's Cling 289 Old tfeicington . 293 ; Smock Freestone .... . 288 492 1NDKX OF FKUITS. Smith's Newlngton _ . Smith's Early Nefirington Smooth -leaved Eoyal George tSntno . PAGE 274 274, 295 281 287 Adele d' St. Dcnin . PAGE . 349 sys Amiral 283 Adam's .... Angleterre Noisette 383 . 3S9 889 Stewart's Late Galande 291 294 Superb lioyal 274 Ambre Gris . 389 Superb Sweet Water* ..... . 294 294 Ambrctte d'Hiver 8S9 Ah ! Mon Dieu . . 893 Swiss Miguonne .... Serrate Early York . 274 273 293 Alpha, .... Althorpe Crassaune 843 . 349 866 295 388 Siebott 295 Amande Double . 389 True Early York 273 . 8S9 TUlotson .... . 279 389 Tuffs Early 289 Andrews .... . 348 Tuff 8 Rareripe . Tarbell . 239 289 276 . 339 339 288 Angleterre . 38S True Eed Magdalen .... Tict . . . . . 294 295 . 866 Tide's Eed and Yelloic . Unique ...... . 295 292 389 . 389 Vandermark .... . 295 Autumn Beryamot Autumn Paradise . . 389 . 349 Violet Hative Grosse . Vanguard . ... Van Zandt's Superb . Veloutee Tardive 281 . 286 279 287 355 . 349 Beurre Suisse . . , 850 . 350 Violette Hativo .... Vincuse ...... 281 . 274 Beurre d' Rhine . 350 Vineuse de Fromentin . Ward's Freestone .... Ward's Late Free .... . 274 . 280 2SO 351 851 . 351 Ward's Free . 280 Beurre Gi/ord . 851 Weld's Freestone .... Washington Eareripe Walburton 289 . 289 289 Beurre Gifford . Beurre Moire Beurre Nantais Beurre Superfine Beurre Ba<'h<-licr B,-urre,Millt . . B.urreBrtPmmeau Beurre de Waterloo Bcurre Au/Joss&n . B&urre Sprin, Beurre Stdkman . Beurre C/airgi'au Beurre Colonia . Beurre Chaptal Bourre Ourtotof A. Leroy Beurre St. Nicholas B-urre Oudinot Beurre SctiHn, . Beurre de Bolliciller Beurre Adam . Buriinyham-e . Burlingame . 852 . 353 853 . 353 853 . 358 . . . 853 . 853 354 . 854 854 . 857 . 858 . S61 . . . 864 . 879 890 . 890 891 . 891 891 . 856 Walburton Admirable Waxen Eareripe .... Washington ..... . 289 279 . 289 Washington Eed Freestone . Walter's Early .... Washington Clingstone Weeping . .... 2S9 . 279 239 . 290 White Eareripe 276 277 White AJalacaton 276 White Nutmeg .... White Avant .... 295 295 While Imperial .... White Blossomed Incomparable White Blossom .... 279 . 295 295 Willow Peach Williamson's New York White Heath . 295 289 . 274 White C'in-f'xtone .... 2^9 Yates' Early Yellow Admirable . 296 296 288 857 Yellow Malagatune Yellow Alberge .... Yellow Eareripe .... 288 . 281 231 230 Bord--nnarNf.ill .... Conites?e de Fresnol . Compte de Michaux . . . PAGE 3(50 . 859 867 897 . 356 350 Colmar Bosc 397 ot ".'.'.". . 369 Colmar des Champs . . 314 Id Standard . 377 391 Columbia .... 819 Columbian Virgalieu Columbian Virgalouse . Comxtocfc .... . 319 319 893 ir . main .... ennahi 334 . 318 Comstock Wilding Colmar 393 8L('3 SIS Burnett Butter Pear . . 891 822 ' Colmar d'Uiver Colmar Jaminette Colmar Gris .... . 325. 3SO 87:! Captif d' St. II Calehasita D< Chapiu O/tapmctn Citron of Boh Cailliot Kosat CalebasM (PEt Caendu Fran Catinka Canandaigua, Catherine . Celestln . j.lena .... inge . 300 392 . 863 Colmar Souveraine . Colmar Van Mons . Colmar Charnay .... Colmur cPA-reniberg Colmar Neil Colmar Preule . 380 . aso . 388 . 389 897 , 880 emia a ce . 892 . 892 899 . 85S 857 . 357 Colmar Doree , "93 Crawford . 893 357 Croft Castle 893 . 357 343 Cross GroASci/ne . 360 893 Chaptal , . 358 858 . 858 358 . 358 300 319 359 . 359 . ^ 350 360 Cresane ..... Ouisss Waslams .... Cuissc Madame . • . . 393 Chancellor Charles Van Mons .... Charles Van Hooyten . 'Christmas Coter Cashing ..... Cumberland 860 893 Cyprus Pear . 394 Colt Conseiller Ramuez . . Countess of Lunay Comtesse de Luuay Collins Cuvelier Dallas . 893 360 De Sorlus Dex No nnes Des \ones . 86'2 361 361 Coffin's VI r gal Gail lot Rosat d' Oapiwmont Calabassd Bose Cabot . Cafjah-'af . Calrebasxe Calebasse Doul Calebasse dMIo Cale'Msxe Oro Cap it-iii Claire Calho an Canning Ca'Wai Cadilloc . Cellite . C'lelm^ford Charles of An Charles d'Autr Chaumontel trc Ckcntmontel i-?u Etc . 394 . 399 857 815 Despoelberg .... 385 Delice d'Hardenpont of Angers Delivcs d? lloji'd&ripont o'u Nord . 861 and Bd- 861 )'e Extra . lande . iso .... ttria,' .'."." che . 892 . 357 392 . 392 392 . 392 892 . 392 357 . SIT 392 . 392 380 . 393 392 392 Dslivcs de 3/&7J..S1 362 Dflic&s Charles Van Jfonx Dillon Dearborn ..... De df-ux foix, Lane, . Downiny 362 . 862 394 394 473 Doyenne Do\vniii2 . Doyenne Bonssock Nouveile Doyenne fr fix d^IIicer^Nowpcau Doyenne d'Alencon Doyenne Grat/ . 473 818 . 821 321 823 Doyenne White .... Doyenne Musque Doyenne Dillen .... Doyenne Jio.-'e .... 322 . 355 862 . 362 863 sgros . . 317 359 Doyenne SieuUa Doyenne San telle.it & Doi/enne Gouhalt . 363 863 863 380 Chambers' Largo .... Chambrette ' Citron Citron des Carmes .... Clara . 334 400 . 360 331 . 892 Doyenne dn Cornice , 863 363 894 Downton .... . 394 Dorr 894 '. 397 394 Clinton 892 Clion Compte de Lamy . 844 360 . 893 893 381 D'Aremberg Parfait . D'Auch 814 . 893 Copea . 893 D'Austrasie 872 INDEX OF FRUITS. 495 Ditten . Dearborn's Seedling DeVallee De Keinzheim . Des Trois Tours . De Melon . Dean's Summer . De Louruiti Deli'-e-i d' Ifardenpont Delices d'Ardenpont Do Yigne Pelone . Deschamps De Maunt PAGE 362 . 820 400 . 400 313 . 813 821 . 861 861 . 361 367 . 314 393 De Tonneau 834 Diel's Butterbirne 813 Diel 313 Diauiant 369 Diagk-r 360 Du- 823 Dorothce Royale 813 Doyenne d'Ete . • . . . . 321 Doyenne' 322 Doyenne Blanc 822 Doyenne Panache 323 Doyenne Galeux 322 Doyenne Boussouck . . . . 818 Doyenne Gris 822 Doyenne Rouge 322 Doyenne Roux 322 Downbam Seedling 370 Doyenne d'Hiver 817 Doyenne du Printempa .... 817 Doyenne d'Automne .... 822 Dunwrtier 394 Dunmore 365 Du^hew? of Ansjouleme .... 364 Duchess of Mars 866 Duchesse de Mars 866 Duchesse of Orleans .... 864 Dun'! an ....... 366 Due d'Aremberg 814 DuPatre 317 Dumas 844 Due de Bordeaux 844 Duafiess of JSerri 866 Duchess of Berry 366 Dusnas 381 Diiyu ~*ne d Ete ..... 894 Early Druzdona .... 894 Early Butter of Ofa .... 867 Early St. Germain .... 358 Elizabeth Van Mons . . . .366 Ezcfllcvtissima 894 Early- Suyar 366 Early Beurre 338 Early Bergamot . . . . . 894 Early Queen 397 Early Catherine 894 Early Tiousselet 394 Easter Beurre 817 Easter Bergamot ..... 889 E^hassery 367 Echasserie 867 Edica-rd's Elizabeth .... 866 Edward's Henrietta .... 870 Edward's William 400 Ellanrioch 396 Emerald 894 English Red Cheek .... 395 English Beurre 886 i English Bergamot 889 i English Autumn Bergamot . . . 889 ! PAGE Enfant Prodiye 895 Epargne 873 EpineRose 399 Epine d'Ete Coaleur Rose . . .399 Epine d'Ete 899 Etourneau 846 E^eicood 867 Epiue Dumas 344 Eliza d'Heyst 850 Episcopal 895 Fondante Pariseile du Cornice Horticule 3C1 Fi'j-ue 868 FigueVert 368 Feaster . - . . . . . .891 Fondant fl de Charneuse . . . 368 Fond ante de Marines .... 379 Prccel . .... . 33J Osband's Favorite ;;79 Present de Ma'ines 38:) Ott . 879 Pitt's Marie Louise .... . 393 Otwego ...... 3X0 Prince's St. Ge-'inairt, . 335 Oswego Beurre .... Olivers Ru$*2 Old Pine . 465 Wilmofs New Scarlet 406 Orange Hudson's Bay . Old Hudson 456 . 459 Wi'ley Wilev 462 462 Orange Prolific. . Ohio Mammoth 462 . 465 William Henry Harrison Walker's Seedling .... 4(56 463 461 Western Queen 4i>3 Profusion .... Pine Apple .... . 466 . . 466 . 466 460, 465 Wi'mot's Superb Wfiite Alpine White Bi/xh Alpine . 1 Yellow CAM 42.3 463 466 466 APPE N D I X . APPLES. Concord 471 Emily 4,2 Berry 470 Graham 4.'2 Bud's Facorile . 470 469 Eaabe • Raabes No.\ 471 Cogswell Pearmain . Cranberry .... Canine's Sweet . . 469 470 . 470 Raabe's No. 2 Raabe's No. 3 Raabes No. 4 472 472 471 CaHasaga .... 470 Dr.pper . 470 PEACHES. Gray Pippin Maiden's Blush .... 470 . 469 Barter's Seedling, No. 1 . ... 472 Mountain Sprout . Nickejack .... Kilter . 470 . 470 470 Gorgas JanQ 472 Sputttd Pippin . 470 PF.AR3. Summerour .... J-0 Stunner Pipr.in . 471 Barry Downing 473 GBAPES. Doyenne Dtncning .... General Taylor 473 Brinck'o 471 , Hovey .... • Cassady Clara . 471 471 Rcgnier .... • 473 GENERAL INDEX. Almond, its history, propagation, soil, hardihood, cultivation and uses, page 45; varieties, 46. Analysis of the apple, 53; of the grape, 240; of the peach, 264; of the pear, 800- of the strawberry, 453. Appendix, 469. Apricot, its history, propagation, 47; soil and diseases, stocks, uses, varieties, 48. Apple-borer, 60 ; moth, 61. Apple, its history, profits of growing, annual planting west, 53; duration of, fruit, bearing age of, propagation by seed, 54: modes of grafting, budding, 55; by layers, cuttings, cutting of scions, selection of trees from nursery, influence of climate, location, 56 ; influence of stock, hardihood, bearing increased by budding or grafting, transplanting and distance, 57; soil and manures, 58; cultivation, pruning, insects and diseases, 59; remedies for, 61; terms used in description, 62 ; forms, 63 ; meaning of terms, uses, varieties, 64. Aphis, woolly, 62. Barry, P., 30, 63. 'Bark Louse, 61 Blackberry, its culture and varieties, 181. Budding, shield, 22 ; annular, 28. Canker-worm, its habits, 60 ; to destroy, 61 Caterpillar, to destroy, 60. Cappe on pruning, 304. Cherry, its history, 182; for street planting, propagation by seed, 188; budding, time when, grafting, time when, modes, to grow Irom roots, transplanting, 184 ; distance apart, stan dard trees, dwarf trees, soil and situation, 185 ; cultivation in nursery, in orchard, prun ing and training, 136; to protect, insects and diseases, uses, 137; gathering fruit, classifi cation, engravings, 1S5; varieties, 189. Curculio, its habits, description of, 405 ; preventive remedies for, 407. Curl, of leaf in peach trees, 267. Cross-breeding, to obtain new varieties, 21. Currant, its history, propagation, transplanting, soil and situation, 221 ; culture, pruning, insects, uses, 222; varieties, 223. Cuttings, how to make, to plant, 26. Dwarf trees, of the cherry, 185; of the pear, 306. Duration of varieties, 33. Dubreil on pruning, 83. Fruitfulnesa promoted by root-pruning, 32. Fruit, history of, 15; west, 16; value as food, 19; varieties, origin of, 20; propagation of, bud ding, 2"2; grafting, 24; degeneracy of. limited age of, influence of soils on, 88; influence of stocks, climate, 39 ; gathering, time when, how, 40 ; room for keeping, 41 ; cellars for, 44. Grafting, whip or tongue, splice, crown, saddle, side, 24; cleft, wax, 25 Grafts, to restore, to preserve, to send by mail, wrapping or tying, 25. Gooseberry, its history, book of, numbers of, where successful, propagation by seed, 224; cut tings, grafting, transplanting, soil and situation, culture, pruning, 227; mildew and reme dies, uses, varieties, 223. Grape, American. Classes, history, immense vines of, vineyards, 231 ; movable frame for, method of suspending, 43 ; among the ancients. 232 ; propagation of, 234; transplanting, cost of vineyard per acre, position and soil for, 235; preparing ground, pruning and train ing, 236; analyses of, insects, &c., 240; uses, 241; ripening, gathering, &c., 242; varie ties, 243. Grape, Foreign. History, success of, propagation, 249: cold-houses for, 260; vine borders, planting and training, 251 ; routine of culture, insects, varieties, 252 . GENERAL INDEX. Hoadley, George, 17, 250. Hybridizing, 20. Introductory remarks, 15. Insects injurious to the apple, 60; to the cherry, 187; to the currant, 222; to the grape, 240 ; to the peach, 267; to the pear, 805; to the plum, 404; to the quince, 435. Kennicott on Fruits in Illinois, 18 ; on their uses. 19. Knots or warts on the plum, 404. Kirtknd, J. P., 17, 20. * Layers of shrubs, of the grape, 26. Labels of wood, of zinc, 38; of tin, 37. Manures, for the apple, 58 ; for transplanting, 23 ; for the grape, 240 ; for the peach, 264 ; for the pear, 300 ; for the plum, 404 ; for "the quince, 432'; for the strawberry, 452. Mice, to deter from girdling trees, 23. Mildew, on the gooseberry, 228; on the grape, 24) ; on the peach, 268. Mulching newly -planted trees, 29. Nectarine, history of, varieties, 256. Packing trees, 29. Peach, history of, propagation, 261 ; transplanting, soil and situation, 268 ; analyses of, 264: prun ing, 266; characters, 269; use-i, 270; preserving fresh, 271 ; varieties, 272. Pear, history of, propagation, 297; hardihood, stocks for, 298; transplanting, selection of trees, 299 ; soil and manures, analyses, 300 ; pruning, 801 ; insects and diseases, 306 ; selection of varieties on quince, gathering and uses, 306 ; varieties aud forms, 307. Preface, iv. Planting, how to be done, 28. Plum, history of, propagation, 402; transplanting, soil and situation, pruning, 403; cultivation, manures, diseases, 404; insects, 405; uses, 407; characters, varieties, 409 Prunes, how to dry, 408. Pruning, 30; to remove large branches at time of transplanting, 31; the roots, to induce fruit ing, 32; its theory and principles, to form particular shapes, 33; the apple, 59; the cherry, 186; the currant, 222; the gooseberry, 227; the grape, 236; the peach, 266. Quince, history of, pronagation, 431 ; soil, situation, transplanting, pruning, 432; insects, uses, 433; varieties, 43C Rabbits, to prevent from girdling trees, 23. Raspberry, history of, propagation, soil for, 437 ; pruning and training, insects, 438 ; protection for, uses, profits of, autumn fruiting, 439 ; classification and varieties, 440. Rivers on pruning, 301. Runners, when to remove, 26. Rust on the apple leaf, 62. Soil for trees, how to prepare, 27 ; influence of, 38. Stocks. Influence of, 39 ; for grafting or budding on, 55 Step-ladders, 40. Strawberry, history of, propagation, 446 ; fertile and barren, 447 ; varieties, 448 ; soil and situation, 449; season "to transplant, 450; culture of, 451 ; manures for, 452; analysis of, 453. Suckers, 27. Seedlings, their tendency, 20. Sea spray, its effects on mildew in grape, 250. Thomas, J. J., 21. Training, varied forms of, 86. Trees girdled. 23; transplanting, soil for, 27; super-phosphate of lime for, 28; how to plant, 28; time when, 29; packing, care of when received, 29; pruning, 30; training, 35; labels for, 36 ; protection of, against mice, rabbits, form most desirable, 87. Varieties, introduced to Ohio, 17; Illinois and Wisconsin, 18; origin of, propagation, 20 ; to produce now, 21. Vinery, cheap mode of building, 250. Vineyards, cost of, per acre, 235. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY C. M. 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