iil:i!'^-!!i

iiii:

III

II

FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

6*unil at

mi

The Emu

-^i"^^

A Quarterly Magazine to popularize the Study and Protection of Native
Birds and to record Results of Scientific Research in Ornithology.

Oicial Organ of the ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.

/^

X

Editor: J. A. LHACH. D.Sc, C.M.B.O.U.

{" Eyrecourt," Canterbury, Victoria.)

Assistant Editor: R. -H. CROLL, R.A.O.U.

(Education Department, Melbourne.)

VOL. XIX. -1919 20.

MeClioutntc :

WALKF.R. MAY & CO., PRINTER.S, 429-31 BOURKK .STRKET

FlUROPEAN AGENT.S :

WmrKkllV & CO., 326 Hir.ii Hoi.horn, London.
1920.

^|.S53t^-Ou^ V

CONTENTS OF VOL. XIX.— i

919-20.

About iMenibers, So, 2^(>.
Additions to Library, 76, 1 58, ]zg.
A Dipterous Parasite of Nestling

Birds, 48.
Allied Buff-rumped rit-Warblcr, The

{Gi'obiisihiis licillfvi ii'siucr),

81.
Amongst the Birds in ()ut-l)ack

Moree, N.S.W., 308.
A Mysterious Songster, 68.
An Ornithologist with the A.I.F. in

Egypt and Palestine, 43.
A Rare Cuckoo Combination —

Rufous Bristle-Bird antl Fan-
tailed Cuckoo, 236.
A Small-billed Tit-Warbler [Acau-

thiza mor^ani), 161.
Australian Crows, 297.
Avocets, 68.

Bird Notes from Mackay, Qld., 34.

Bird Notes from Prairie Table-land,
North Queensland, 308.

Bird Protection, 74.

Bird Sanctuary, 75.

Birds Observed about the Light-
house, Puysegur Point, Inver-
cargill, N.Z., 133.

Birds of Mount Compass District,
South Australia. 299.

Black - and - White Wren - Warbler
[Maluriis leiicoptcrus). i.

Blackbird in Tasmania, 70.

Black-throated Honey-eater, Tlic
(Melithrc'ptus t^ithnis). 2.

Bovver or Striped-breasted Shrike-
Thrush (Cnllurici)H-la bower i),
161.

Camera Craft Notes. 71, 140, 237,

Changes in Colour of the P>ill of tlie
' Black Moor-Hen [Calliintla
tcncbi'osa). ;8.

Colour-Sense in Satin l!o\ver-P.inls.
306.

Cormorants in Tasmania, 9.

Correspondence, jz. 144, 251, 324.

Crested Penguins in \\(>lern Aus-
tralia. 295.

Cuckoo-Shrikes, 42.

Donation ol the " William S1l<,^^ ■
l)aH " Oological Collection,

Eastern Pahearctica, The, and .\iis-
tralia, 82.

Economic Section, 247, 317.

P'ield Notes on the Painted Honey-
eater (Evtiuiiop/iila pic/a). 2j ^.

Flame-breasted Robins, 69.

From .Magazines, 151.

Great Crested (Tippet) C.rebes on
Port Phillip, 69.

Haunts of the Rufous Scrub-Bird,
[Atrichornis rufesceiis, Ram-
say)— Discovery of the Female
on the Macpherson Range,
S.E. Queensland, 258.

Holiday Trip to the Far Upper
Murray, 62.

Honour Roll, 80.

Introduced Birds in QueensL

Library, The, ^29.

Material for Study of the M(
podiida, 10, 107,

Migration of Swifts, 53.

Monthly Conversaziones,

Nesting of White-rumpcd Swift
(Cypschis pacificus), ]/(\

Nest of Euyosiopodux i^uttdlus
(Spotted Nightjar), 72.

Northern Notes, 233.

Notes, 9, 42, 255, 336.

Notes . from Dolomite, Western
Queensland, 50.
from Western Australia, 59.
Concerning the Birds Met
With on Stradbroke Island, at
Dalby, and on the Bunya
Mountains, 226.
on Birds Observed in the
I'pper Clarence River Dis-
trict, N.S.W., Sept.-Dec,

the
179.

I ^i.

60

S"-

Note
Note

Note-

Notc^
Note^

i5i

Nest
Ui-Ch

IS, 139.

and I'",ggs of Desert
It (Asii'bvia /nrnixi!;),

m the Birds Observed on the
Uunya Mountains and Strati-
broke Island, 215.

Coulcnis of V„l. XIX

1919-20.

Notes on Parasitism, 30^

Notes on Sea-Birds, 1C12.

Notes npon tlie Food ot the Swilt

Parrot (Lathcumts discn/nr),

128.
Notes u]K)n the T'ood of the Yellow

Parrot (Platyccyiiis fJavcolus),

129.
Obituary, 255, 335.
Pachycephala olivacca. New Sub-
species of, zyj)-
Pelicans in a Thunderstorm, 70.
Quail, 57.

Queensland Notes. 75.
Report on the R.A.O.U. Oological

Collection, t,2i>,.
Report on the Ringing of Wild

Birds, 236.
Reviews, 148, 327.
Rosella Parrot, The [I'latyccrcits

cximius). 130.
Royal Australasian Ornithologists'

Union — Annual Meeting, 193.

l^tifous Scrub-Bird, The {Atrichornis
iiifcsccns), in Queensland — a
New Sub-species, 257.

State Secretaries' Reports, 239, 320.

Stray Feathers, 68, 141, 192, 244,

313-

Swifts Drinkiiig, 68.

Tasmanian and New Zealand Groujis,
The, 275.

The Bunya Range Excursion, 202.

Trip to the National Park of Tas-
mania at Mount Field, 98.

l^nidentilied Petroica. The, 68.

Variation in the Albatrosses and
Petrels, 310.

Welcome Home Dinner to A.I.F.
Members of R.A.O.U., 152.

\Miat are Australian Petrels ? 296.

\Miite Variety of the Black Moor-
Hen [Gallimtla teuehrosa), 136.

White-winged Wrens, The, 137.

Wilson's Promontory (Vic.) and its
Wild Life, 288.

Contents of Vol: XIX. — 1919-20.

ILLUSTKATION5 IN VOL. XIX.

♦

Sonic Australian Wren-Warblers (culnuiid) .. .. plitc 1

Nesting-Mound of Brush-Turkey, from uliicli 14 eggs were taUi-n plate ii
Tree in which Powerful Owls Nested . . . . jilati' lii

, Tree (with x at base) in which Kitle-Bird's nest was dis-
covered, 114 feet from ground .. .. .. [ilate iv

Base of tree in top of which second Rifle-Bird's nest was dis-
covered, at height of 129 feet from ground .. .. jjiate v

Nicobar Megapode (Mcgapodius uicoharicusis), fig. i ; Cuming's

■\Iegaj)ode {M. cit)uint;i), lig. 2 . . . . . . plate vi

Right and left tarsus and foot of Megapodius cumingi ; Kiglit

and left tarsus and foot of Megapodius iiicobaricnsi'; ])late vii

Australian Mound-Fowl (Mrgdpodius ttDniilux) . . . . plate viii

Jobi Brush-Turkey {'J'a/lcga!!iis johinisis) .. .. .. )ilate ix

Brush-Turkey {Catheiitrus Intluiiiii) . . . . . . ]ilate x

Brush-Turkey (Cathcturus lathami) . . . . . . ))late xi

Right tarsus and foot of .Epypodiiis hniijiii . . . . plate xii

Blacktown, N.S.W. — The haunt and feeding-ground of forest

Honey-eaters . . . . . . . . . . plate xiii

Lemon-breasted Flycatcher . . . . . . . . ])late xi\-

Leach Kingfisher (Daccio leach i) emerging from nesting hollow ;

Young Leach Kingfisher (Daeeln leachi) . . . . ])late xv

Frogmouths . . . . . . . . . . . . ])late xvi

Nest of the I^ied Caterpillar-eater (Campepliaga leucomela) ;
Nest of the White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater (Canipe-
pliagti liiiiiieralis) . . . . . . . . . . plate xvii

Nest of Spotted Nightjar (Eurosiopodus guttatiis) . . . . plate xviii

Allied Burt^-rumped 'J'it- Warbler {Geobasileits hedleyi rosiiKp)

(coloured) . . . . . . . . . . plate xix

The Great Tundra at the Delta of the Lena River, the nesting-
ground of several Australian Migratory Birds ; Typical
Forest Scene, the nesting-ground of vast numbers of
Cone Seed-eating Birds . . . . . . plate xx

Snow-field Lakes and Mountains, National Park, Tasmania ])late xxi

The Haunt of the Wedge-tailed Eagle, National Park, Tasmania i)late xxii
Egg of Megapodius pritchardi ; Egg of Megapodius cuiiiim^i ;

Egg of Megapodius nicobariensis . . . . . . plate xxiii

Egg of Catheturus purpureicollis ; Egg of Megapodius duperreyi plale xxiv
Egg of Catheturus lathami ; Egg of Leipoa ocellata ; Egg of

Leipoa ocellata . . . . . . . . . . plate xxv

Left Pelvic Limb of Megapodius nicobariensis ; Left Pectoral
Liml) of Megapodius nicobariensis ; Eighth to the
Eleventh Cervical Vertebra;, inclusive, of. Megapodius
nicobariensis ; Cervical Vertebra:' (1-7 inclusive) of
Megapodius nicobariensis ; Right Lateral Mew of the
Skull of Megapodius nicobariensi'^ . . . . . . ])late xxvi

Trunk Skeleton of Megapodius nicobariensis ; Skull of Mega-
podius nieobarioisis, seen directly from above ; Right
Humerus of Megapodius nicobariensis, ])almar aspect . . ])late xx\ii
Trunk Skeleton of Megapodius nicobariensis . . . . plate xx\iii

Eggs (in situ) and Nest of Mallee-Fowl . . . . ])late xxix

Chestnut - (piilled Rock-Pigeon; Young Coachwhiji-P.inl

(Psophodes crepitans) .. .. .. .. plate xxx

Young White-beanled Honey-eater (Meliornis vuwce-hollaHdicf') ;

Young Crround-Thrushes (Oreoeincla lunulata) . . i)late xxxi

vi Contents of Vol. XfX. — 1919-20.

Bower or Striped-breasted Shrike-Thnish (Colluficiiicla hnweri)

(coloured) . . . . . . . . • . plate xxxii

The Head and Anterior Part of Celebean Maleo {Mcgacephalon

malco) (coloured) . . . . . . . . . . plate xxxiii

Kk8 of Mcgacepluilon malco ; Egg of AlegacepJialon malco . . plate xxxiv
Skeleton of the Right Pectoral I>imb of the Celebean Maleo
(M. malco), palmar aspect; Dorsal Aspect of theCraninm
of the Maleo ; Ventral \^iew of the Mandible of Mcga-
cephalon malco ; Anconal Aspect of the Skeleton of tlie
Left Pectoral Limb of the Maleo . . . . . . plate xxxv

Left Lateral View of the Skull of the ]\Ialeo (Ma^accpJialoii
malco), mandible detached ; Skeleton of the Right
Pelvic Limb of the Maleo, mesial aspect . . . . plate xxxvi

N'entral View of the Mandible of the Maleo ; Basal View of
the Cranium of the Maleo ; Left Lateral View of the
Cervical VertebriE of the Maleo ; Skeleton of the Right
Pelvic Limb of the Maleo . . . . . . . . plate xxxvi i

Left Lateral Aspect of the Trunk Skeleton of the Maleo {Mci:a-

cephal»n maleo) . . . . . . . . . . plate xxx\iii

Dorsal View of same Trunk Skeleton of a Maleo as shown in
Plate XIX., fig. 42 ; Ventral View of the same Trunk
Skeleton as shown in figs. 42 and 43 . . . . jjlate xxxix

Little Mowbullan Jungle, Bunya Pines, and Open Spaces

("Air Wells") .. '.. .. .. .. plate xl

The Camp on Bunya Mountains, Queensland . . . . plate xli

The Party, R.A.d.U. Camp-out. 1919, Bunya Mountains,

Queensland . . . . . . . . . . plate xlii

Magpie Geese (Anseranas semipalmata) in tree above pool

containing lotus lilies, the sacred lily of Buddha . . plate xliii

Grey Jumpers — one sitting on nest, the other sitting alongside,

Taronga Park, Sydney . . . . . . . . plate xliv

Young Pelicans ; Pelicans on Pelican Island, Brisbane River plate xlv

The Ground-Thrush (Oreocincla Itimilata) . . . . . . plate xlvi

Rufous Scrub-Birds (Atrichornis) (coloured) .. .) plate xlvii

Haunt of Rufous Scrub-Bird (Atrichornis rufescens) and Lyre-

Bird (Mc)iiira alberti) . . . . . . . . plate xlviii

Egg-mound of Scrub-Turkey (Cathcturus lathami) at base of

large scrub box-tree . . . . . . . . plate xlix

Mass of Fallen Trees and Scrub Debris, under which l^ufous

Scrub-Bird (Atrichornis rufescens) lives . . . . plate 1

Scrub Scene, showing Nest of Satin Bower-Bird m head of

Tree Fern . . . . . . . . . . plate li

Play-ground of the Satin Bower-Bird (Ptilonorhynchus violaccus) plate lii

Nest of Noisy Pitta (/'. strepitans) at base of Booyong tree . . plate liii

Nest of Spine-tailed Log-runner (Orthonyx tcmniincki) in wide-
leaved rushes . . . . . . . . . . plate liv

Male Painted Honey-eater (Entomophila picta) feeding young plate Iv

A Scene near the Derby River, National Park, Victoria . . plate Ivi

Lilly-pilly Gully, National Park, Wilson's Promontory, Victoria plate Ivii

\'ariation in the Bill of the Galapagos Albatross (Diomcdca

irrorata) . . . . . . . . . . . . plate Iviii

Dark and Light Phases of the Fulmar {Fulmarus glacialis) . . jilate lix

White-winged Bush-Chat and Nest . . . . . . plate Ix

Young White-shafted Fantails (Rhipidura albiscapa) ; Young of

Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) . . . . . . plate Ixi

Nesting Ground of Pelicans, Losbos de Afuera, West Islanii . . plate Ixii

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

SOME AUSTRALIAN WREN-WARBLERS

Blue-and-Wliite Wren-Warbler
f Miliums cyanotiis)

Black-and-white Wren-Warbler Allied Black-and-White Wren-Warbler

fMaliirns leiicoptcrus) (Maliinis cdouardi)

Official Organ of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union.

Birds of Zl fe%tber.

Vol. XIX.] ist JULY, 1919. [Part i.

Black-and-white Wren^ Warbler (Malurus leucopterus).

HV A. J. C.UIFKKLL, C.M.B.O.U.

There is much liistoric and ornithological interest surrounding
the Black-and-W'hite Wren, first discovered in 1818 on Dirk
Hartog Island, W.A., by Quoy and Gaimard, collectors attached
to the French survey ship Uranie, and originally called Merion
leucoptere.

The Black-and-White Wren did not appear again until 1901,
when the writer, through the courtesy of the late Bernard Wood-
ward, Western Australian Museum, described the Barrow Island
bird before the Field NaturaUsts' Club of Victoria (see J'ictorian
Naturalist, xvii., p. 203), and more recently (1916) Mr. Tom Carter,
M.B.O.U., procured specimens from the original locality, Dirk
Hartog Island (see Ibis for October, 1917) ; and Mr. G, M. Mathews
furnished coloured figures of the male and female in The A ustral
Avian Record, vol. iii., No. 4.

The two island varieties (males) are now figured (Coloured Plate
I.), together with their mainland representative, the Blue-and-
White Wren {Malurus cyanotus), all the specimens being taken
from the " H. L. White Collection," National Museum, Mel-
bourne.

As previously stated (/:/»//, xviii., p. 2()()), the chief points of
difference between the Barrow Island bird and that of Dirk
Hartog Island are that the latter [leucopterus) has the darker blue
tail (deep, dull violaceous blue), corresponding with the colour
of that of the Blue-and-White Wren {cyanotus) of the mainland.
The tail of the former {edouardi) is a more greyish-violaceous blue,
while the female edouardi nearly resembles the colour (fawn) of
the female Blue-and-Whitc bird, the female leucopterus l)eing
lighter (drab). It also appears that the feathers of the lower
part of the tibia of the male leucopterus are dusky grey, as in
cyanotus, while tlie entire tibia of edouardi is black. From an
examination of workable material these differences seem constant,
and, there being no intermediate forms of the Black-and-White
species, the two varieties may be separated on visual examination,
without the assistance of attached labels.

1

Ramsay, Birds in Upper Clarence River District. \

July

Notes on Birds Observed in the Upper Clarence
River District, N.S.W., Sept.^Dec, 1918.

By J. Ramsay, R.A.O.U., Sydney.

The old-time gold-mining township of Lionsville is about 70 miles
from Grafton and about 40 miles from Tenterfield. It is separated
from the latter place by a range of hills attaining a height of,
roughly, 2,500 feet above sea-level. Though the bulk of the timber
consists of magnificent specimens of ironbark, box, blue and red
gums, tallow-woods, and other trees, the steep gulUes provide
the necessary shelter for numerous pockets of fairly rich brush,
which are still a refuge for many species of " scrub-birds."

With the intention of studying the habits of some of these, we
arrived at Lionsville on the 19th September, 1918, and spent
the following day in search of a position suitable for that pur-
pose. The season being exceptionally dry, the choice of camping
sites was restricted, owing to the absence of water, and our first
camp was at " Storm Gully," high up and well among the hills
about 8 miles along the old Tenterfield- LionsviUe mail track.
Here some interesting species were noted, but the site proved too
much in keeping with its name, and the position too elevated.
Only one Rifle-Bird was seen, and the continuous cold winds so
interfered with bird-life generally that after a stay of three weeks
it was decided to move to a lower level. A return was made to
Lionsville on the 14th October, and Camp 2 was made on
" Slaughter-yard " Creek, about 2\ miles south-west of Lions-
ville, adjacent to several small areas of scrub, and amongst
magnificent forest timber, in more accessible country than the
steep gullies around Camp i.

All species met with at Storm Gully were present except Atri-
chornis and Menura. A fact worth recording was the extra-
ordinary height at which many species were building. Nests of
Rhipidura alhiscapa and Eopsaltria chrysorrhoa were many times
found at considerably over 50 feet, while a .pair of Colluricinda
harmonica built at not less than 80 feet from the ground. One
Satin-Bird's nest was measured at 115 feet, while, most remark-
able of all, two Rifle-Birds' nests were respectively 114 feet 6 inches
and 128 feet 9 inches from the ground. In all probabihty
experience of bush fires in previous seasons (of which there was
plenty of evidence) was the reason for this, and the birds' wisdom
was shown when, in November, destructive fires passed over the
country for man^■ miles around, burning not only the small forest
timber, l)ut, in many cases, eating right through the patches of
scrub also.

Tlu' following are notes on some of the specie's oliser\'e(l : —

Catheturus lathami. Brusli-Tiukcy. — These birds were 'iairly
plentiiul in the more secluded parts of tlie scrub. In tlie steep gullies,
if disturbed from lower down the hillsides, their legs quickly take them
to safety ; but if frightened from above they ahnost in\ariably run

The Emu, Vo/. XIX.

PLATE II.

Vol. XIX.

I9I9

I K.^MSAV, Birds m Upper Clarence River District.

a few steps and tlicn sail out on to a horizontal limb, where they
appear most foolish and ill at ease, and will even allow a quiet
observer to walk beneath them without taking flight again. Once
only did one hide tor protection in a thick bush, and allowed itself to
be almost trodden upon before being flushed.

In a small ])atch of scrub three nests were observed, all on stecj)
hillsides .indeed, there was no level land a\ailablc;, and facing almost
due cast, though very little sunlight could reach them at any time
of the day. The first nest (see l^late II.) was discovered being
built by the female (the mtile Wcis never observed near it) on the 28th
September, and in a little while the bird became so tame that she
would allow me to sit within 2u or 30 feet while she was either building
or feeding on fallen figs and lilly-pilly berries, making a peculiar
grunting cluck the while. During construction, and for a short time
after, the nests are easily discovered by the area above them being
so thoroughly scraped as to leave the small rootlets of the scrub trees
all exposed. A little later, however, more leaves cover the ground,
and it is then really remarkable how well these great mounds blend
into their surroundings. Several nests were built on top of and others
within a few yards of last year's nests. Of several examined only
one contained eggs, though two at least of the others had been com-
pleted for over eight weeks. The eggs were placed, larger end up,
at the very bottom of the nest, and were laid in two circles (8 and 6),
all, with one exception, exactly 9 inches apart. One egg, however,
had been laid out of place, almost on top of another, and was on its
side, broken. They varied from fresh to about half-incubated.

Megaloprepia magnifica. f'urple-breastcd Fruit-I^igeon. — This fine
Pigeon was met with fairly frequently, though more often heard than
seen. Between feeding times it would often remain motionless on
some broad horizontal branch, giving vent to an occasional call. It
commonly took up such a position in some big forest tree, and at
the slightest alarm would dash off deep into the scrub. Even when
feeding it is a difficult bird to locate at the top of a high fig-tree, as
its back blends as beautifully with the green leaves as its breast does
with the dark branches. Only two or three were seen at a time, and
no nests discovered, though on the iith November a young bird was
procured which had sufficient feather growth to enable it to fly
freely.

Lopholaimus antarcticus. Topknot-Pigeon. — A few flocks of
" Topknots " were noted, one of which contained some hundreds of
birds, which located themselves in the region of some fig-trees in fruit ;
they were, in consequence, fat and heavy. In an endeavour to obtain
a good pair, ten birds were shot ; eight of them burst asunder on
striking the ground. Two others, shot from a small flock passing
over, were quite devoid of fat, though in good plumage.

Columba norfolciensis ^leucomela . White-headed Pigeon.— Only
three specimens seen. Locally known as the " Bailey " Pigeon.

(Edicnemus grallarius. Southern Stone-Curlew. — A few birds were
heard around Lionsville, which is imdulating " apple-tree " country.
They arc only worthy of note from the fact that an egg, discovered
as usual on the bare ground, was. at a second visit, found to be
covered over with fine dust to such an extent as to render it almost
invisible from horseback.

4 Ramsay, Birds in Upper Clarence River District. [ist^Xi '

Astur novae-hollandiae and Astur cinereus (clarus). White and Grey
Goshawks. — A nest found on the 15th October was built in a tall
red gum, overhanging a gully, at a height of about 80 feet. It con-
tained two young birds, which were attended to by one parent in
grey plumage and one pure white, the latter being by far the smaller.
It was intended to secure the whole family when the young were
more advanced, but the bush fires drove the young away before they
would otherwise have left, and the interesting opportunity was lost.

Baza subcristata. Crested Hawk. — Only three specimens were seen
— two flying over Camp i, and one, a male, discovered near
Camp 2, sitting on two eggs in a slight nest built in a bunch of
dead mistletoe {Loranthus) at a height of about no fe'et. The eggs
were, unfortunately, so incubated that after a rather difficult " scoop "
one young bird chi|)ped through while in the collecting-box. The
male remained on the nest tiU nearly touched by the scoop, and then
flew off, to return almost at once with several twigs, which he carried
alternately with bill or feet during the whole time the climber was
up the tree.

Ninox strenua. Powerful Owl. — This great Owl was heard on
many occasions at Camp 2, and the writer was shown a tree in
which a pair nested in September of the previous year (191 7). (See
Plate III.) Some miners were camped close to the nest, and shot
one of the " Night-Hawks " as it was taking a full-grown ring-tail
possum to the nest. The hole was in the main trunk of a great
grey gum in a fairly open position, among forest timber, and about
half a mile from the nearest scrub. Though we heard one bird calling
at all hours after dusk, we never h6ard an answering call, though a
shriek from the Owl on one side was commonly followed immediately
by a scream, as of fright or pain, from a squirrel or opossum at
a distance in another direction. There seemed no reason for this,
but it was sufficiently common to be noticeable.

Strix tenebricosa. Sooty Owl. — One specimen was flushed from a
bushy tree in the scrub on the 21st October, and took refuge in a
tangled mass of fig-tree roots which wrapped a rotting tree-trunk ;
but, though for weeks after every likely tree (and many an unlikely
one) about was hammered with a tomahawk, no other was met with,
nor at any time did we dislodge an Owl of any kind by hammering.
As a matter of fact, most of the hollow spouts were in trees the
lower portion of which were sound and would not respond at all to
the most energetic hammering. The tenebricosa referred to refused
to budge from his fig-root refuge, notwithstanding a shower of sticks
and stones hurled at it.

Trichoglossus novae-hollandiae. Blue-bellied Lorikeet. — At Camp
2, from soon after daylight till about 8.30 a.m., immense flocks
of this species dashed and dodged through the forest trees, flying east.
Their pace was tremendous, and the noise of their wings could be
heard at a great distance. At about 4.30 p.m. the first flock passed
again, returning west, and various flocks continued to pass until dusk.

Menura superba. Lyre-Bird. — Only at Camp i were any Lyre-
Birds seen, and then prol)al)ly only a pair, as they were ahvavs in
the same locality.

Pitta strepitans. Noisy Pitta. — The few Pittas noted answered
readily to a whistled imitation of " Want-a-whip," and were occasion-
ally heard calling at night.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

Tree in which Powerful (Jwls Nested.

(The hollow is near the top of 'the picture, and was

80 feet from the ground.)

PHOTO. HY J. RAMSAY, R.A.O.U.

^*^'', ^''^'1 Ramsay, Birds in Upper Clarence River District. 5

Atrichornis rufescens. Rufous Scrub-Bird. — At Ciunp i Atrich-
ornis were seen ;il three ])laccs. They are very local and may
be found constantly about the same spot ; but, though they may be
easily called out of the undergrowth and seen for a moment or two,
it is With great dilftculty that they may be watched for any length
of time. I have stood for half an hour searching the ground close
to me and following the shrill notes of the bird as it moved slowly
about, crossing and re-crossing its tracks, and, although the bird
was never more than a few yards away, I w^as not able to detect a
single movement among the short undergrowth it was traversing.
A pair — or, at least, two birds — were located close to the camp, and
could be heard at regular times through the day, as they fed beneath
a dense mass of " wild raspberry " bushes. As the ground beneath
was fairly clear, tracks were cut through this, and, by lying flat, with
chin on the ground and hat pulled over my eyes, I managed
to watch them feeding. On one occasion both birds were so close
to me that when they had gone I could easily rest my hand where they
had passed. They moved by a series of short hops, putting their
heads under the loose, dead leaves and forcing themselves along in
such a manner that the leaves passed over their backs, so that at
times they were completely hidden, and could only be detected by
the slight movement of the leaves over them. On this occasion the
second bird appeared to be slightly smaller and darker than the
first, though neither made any note.

At another time one bird was calling regularly at some little
distance, and after each call there was a distinct squeaking chirp
just ahead of where I lay. By " worming " myself quietly along
I came within sight of a second adult bird sitting about 18 inches
from the ground, and undoubtedly answering the first. It remained
so for perhaps ten minutes, and then hopped down and commenced
to feed. They may be heard very early in the morning, and are
among the last to cease at night, like the Eopsaltria capita (Large-
headed Robin}, one of whose notes is very similar.

Artamus personatus and Artamus superciliosus. ^Masked and White"
browed Wood-Swallows. — On 3rd October a large flock of Artami-
probably these species, passed over at a great height, flying in a
southerly direction.

Colluricincla harmonica. Grey Shrike-Thrush. — Common in forest
country, and only worthy of note insamuch as one pair (as previously
mentioned; built near the camp at a height which, after careful
calculation, was considered not less than 80 feet. This was not
from any fear of the camp, as both birds (in common with other
species) were in the habit of coming right up to the tent for the
building material with which we supplied them.

Falcunculus frontatus. Yellow-bellied Shrike-Tit. — One pair noted,
and they were building (end of October at the extreme top of a
lofty red gum.

Neositta leucocephala. White-headed Tree-runner.— At Camp 2 a
flock of Neosittas was observed, several individuals of which clearly
displayed the white head so characteristic of this species. Un-
fortunately, the only one secured was a female, but there is little
doubt it is a true leucocephala, and that the habitat of the species
may be extended into northern New South Wales. [In his "Nests
and Eggs" Mr. A. J. North does not show New South Wales as a

6 Ram<^ay, Birds in Upper Clarence River District. f^fXiy

habitat of this species; but Dr. E. P. Ramsay does, in his "Tabular
List "• (1888). It is indeed a happy coincidence that Mr. John Ramsay
confirms his father's useful "List." The specimen that Mr. Ramsay
collected, now added to the " H. L. White Collection," National
Museum, Melbourne, is well represented by the central figure of
Gould's excellent plate of this species in " Birds of Australia," vol. iv.
—Eds.]

Myzomela sanguineolenta. Sanguineous Honey-eater. — A number
of males were noted, in which the cap of the head, nape, and a narrow
line running down to the back of the neck was a bright golden yellow,
caused by the pollen of wild-flowers (probably " native passion-fruit ")
accumulating in the feathers. On shooting a specimen the pollen
was found like a yellow powder, and so heavy that it would fall out
if the bird was laid on its back.

Oriolus viridis (Sagittarius). Australian Oriole.— Birds plentiful.
On two occasions it was noted that their partly completed nests were
taken possession of by Drongos.

Chibia bracteata. Spangled Drongo. — Fairly common at Camp
2, and a most quarrelsome bird. I have more than once lost sight
of a female Rifle-Bird through a Drongo suddenly swooping down and
driving her away. If its victim is in the air it has little hope of
escape, but I have seen the Rifle-Bird put up a good fight when on
a branch, and ultimately drive away the intruder. As noted above,
on two occasions, at least, they took possession of nests of the Oriole.

Ptilonorhynchus violaceus. Satin Bower-Bird. — Satin-Birds were
common at both camps, feeding in company with Cat-Birds, Pigeons,
&c., on lilly-pillies, figs, and other berries. Of five bowers examined,
not one contained anything beyond twigs and a few fresh leaves ;
not even a single shell was observed. Possibly they were new bowers,
the others having been destroyed by fire. An old male was
observed to strip the leaves from and ultimately pick some young
green gum-shoots, which he took to the bower, while another was seen
to eat with evident enjoyment the fleshy leaves of the smaller of the
two giant nettles.

On the nth November a female was observed carrying leaves to
a nest built in a bunch of mistletoe (Loranthus) at the extreme tip
of a horizontal branch some go feet from the ground. Even the
local blacks would not attempt the climb, and the young, no doubt,
were duly hatched. A second nest was in the hollow ledge formed
by a broken-off bough of a huge grey gum, the first branch of which
was just reached by an 80-foot ladder. From this one heavily-
incubated egg was taken 26 days after the nest was discovered being
built. Another nest, at a height of 1 1 5 feet, was placed among some
shoots on a horizontal branch, and also contained one egg well
incubated. Five other nests were all at great heights— two were
quite " ungettable," and two others which were ultimately inspected
proved deserted ; the fifth was unfinished at time of leaving. Of
the eight nests, only one could be seen from the ground, and they
were only discovered by closely watching the birds. They are very
wary when building, and will perch quietly for a long time with twigs
or leaves before actually going to the nest. They will also, at times,
carry twigs, &c., about aimlessly, to be either dropped in mid-air or
placed on the top of some branch which provides no possible support
for a nest.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE IV.

WSS^SS^i^lf^^^^^

<:?

^^<M^mm

^^^^r^""^ :t^^.

M^''^^f#S^

M'' >^j9fBj|^^H|^H^^^^^^^m^^B

^^m

iw

n

(with ^ :it l)asc) in which K
114 Icet Iroi

-iWrd's iifst was (lisrovi'i

[•liOTO. BY .1. KAMSAY. K.A.O.U.

Vol. XIX
1919

] Ramsay, Birds in Upf^ev Clarence River District.

Ailuroedus smithi ( viridis . (■.il-Hird— ("at -Birds wcro common.
cs]iocialI\- so at llu> first (amp. I'raclically all the nests nolccl were
in tree-terns at the heads ot <h->- j^ullies in seeiiided ])ar1s ol llie scrub.

Ptiloris paradisea. Ivitlv-Bird. -At Camj) i only one Ritle-
Bird was noted — a female. As the weather was cold she kept to
the forest timl>er, and was seldom seen in the scrub, preferring to
follow the sunlight around the steep hillsides. Although she was
shy, there were opportunities of observing her habits, and I was much
interested in her feeding. Clinging like a Climacteris to the side of
a branch or trunk, she would pick , a few times at some loose bark or
rotten timber, and then lay her ear against it listening for any
movement of insects within. She would peck and listen a few times,
move on a foot or so, repeat the performance, and then suddenly
pick and tear furiously, while bark and rotten wood showered down,
until the unfortunate beetle or centipede was discovered and devoured.
The birds showed great strength of legs and claws, and clung to the
under side of a branch for long periods ; one was timed for over
40 minutes hanging head downwards on a broken branch, apparently
devouring ants or their larvae.

An old male was known to frequent the site of our second camp,
and paid us a visit while our tent was being erected, nor during the
whole time we were there did he show any fear of us. On one
occasion, at least, he slept a night in a bangalow palm to the trunk
of which the tent-pole was fixed. He came to a big ironbark tree
near the camp several times a day, and plumed himself and rested
in the sun, calling at intervals. The second day a female arrived on
the scene, and a few days later a second one appeared and attacked
the first for a while, though all three birds moved off together a
little later.

From that date (21st October) to the end of December some of
them were under observation almost every day. Very seldom were
they seen in the scrub, though occasionally they were found quietly
feeding on the berries of the " bastard rosewood " (Synoum glandu-
losiini], or native tamarind, in company with Satin-Birds. They were
never observed lower than about 15 feet, and only once seen to drink,
when the old male had recourse to a little store of water held in a
fork some 50 feet up a red gum. Each morning, at daybreak, he
would take up a position on top of a great ironbark branch, and
spend a quarter of an hour pluming himself ; then he commenced to
call at intervals of a few minutes, though with wings closed, a'nd
just sitting idly on the branch. Suddenly he would face about and
extend his wings so that each quill showed separately and the
extreme tips just met in front of him. This was an infallible sign
that one of the females was present, and she would .soon be dis-
covered close at hand. With wings extended and head thrown back
so as to display the beautiful throat feathers, he would then throw
his body from side to side, the feathers making quite a loud noise,
like " Woof-woof." Occasionally one of the females would step
daintily along, and, facing him, spread her wings and sway from side
to side, copying his every movement. [More often she would flit
along past him, and continue on out of the tree. Sometimes he would
call her a few times, sometimes he would follow immediately ; but
it always ended in a wild chase through the ti'ees and across gullies,
where it was impossible, without wings, to follow at any speed.
A quarter of an hour later he would be heard calling, and thereafter

8 Ramsay, Birds in Upper Clarence River District. F.^'^'Ti

might be found at any time of the day within half a mile of the camp.
It was only, however, by persistent searching that the females
would be discovered unless called up by the male. Except when
feeding on the berries, they frequented the highest trees, and rarely
called, though they would lift their heads and listen if the male did so.
At this time the ground was covered with fallen timber and over-
grown with "giant nettles," "wild raspberry" bushes, and numerous
vines and shrubs, that made rapid progress impossible, and moving
about at all a great difficulty, especially when one must keep one's
eyes aloft.

On the I St November, however, a bush fire swept most of the
district around us, and on the morning following the country
presented a totally different aspect. Instead of thick scrub that
closed in over one's head, the ground was covered with ashes ; where
a great tree had lain with its spreading top all tangled with vines
was only a smoking log. Everywhere was clear going, if one kept
a sharp look-out for smouldering trees, w^hich continued to fall at
intervals for some weeks. The old male Rifle-Bird took up his
position ; I took mine, and in due course one of the females appeared,
and, after watching the male " showing off " for a few minutes, flew
off across a little gully into some open forest. It was then that the
effect of the fire was appreciated, and I made good progress after
her. Suddenly she appeared flying towards me, and apparently
sweeping down from a great height, which was unlike her usual
behaviour, for as a rule both sexes travelled always ahead, working
from tree to tree, like Climacteris. She passed by and alighted in a
bushy tree, then returned to the top of a tall gum, stayed a few
minutes, and swept past again. When this w^as repeated my heart
sank, for it seemed as if her only interest in such a place could be a
young bird, and the thought that all the hunting and searching through
the awful scrub was for naught was very bitter. However, I went
over, and presently saw her swoop up into an immense mass of
mistletoe, stay a few minutes, and then swoop down into the bushy
tree again. By getting in another position, a round, dark mass could
be seen in the mistletoe, and presently, with the glasses, I saw the
bird hop into it. Even then I could hardly credit that a Rifle-Bird,
famed as an inhabitant of thick brushes, should build at the top of a
gum-tree on a steep hillside half a mile from the scrub. (See Plate IV.)
By hiding beneath the bush she visited so often, however, all
doubts were settled, for at a distance of only a few feet I watched
her picking pieces of vine which she took to the nest in the mistletoe.,
A curious thing is that the short pieces were taken inside the bill,
so that they were invisible. It was only when long pieces were taken
crosswise that one could see she was carrying anything. Being
satisfied that the nest was in course of construction, I left it severely
alone, and, forsaking the scrub, searched consistently through the
forest for other pairs. The result was that on the nth November
a second nest was found in a similar position in a giant gum growing
in the very edge of the scrub. (See Plate V.) A female was seen
at about 1 1 o'clock carrying both dead and green leaves and pieces
of vine to a large bunch of mistletoe, in which a nest could be plainly
discerned. As with the first bird, the short pieces of vine were taken
right inside the bill, and both birds went to and from their nests
without any attempt to disguise their actions.

As no other birds could be discovered within a wide radius, a close
watch was then kept on the old male in order to check the actions

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE V.

■ ul lice HI l(jp oi wIucIl sccuiul lvillc-];irirs Ncsl uds discovi

at height of 129 feet from ground.
(Tree stood on edge of, and looked down upon, rich scrub.)

PHOTO. BY J. RAMSAY, R.A.0.1

Vol. XIX. 1 JlAfi\s.AY. Birds in Upper Clarence River District. Q

ol i1k' second Icm.ilc, and ultinialfK', alter losing her many times,
slie was traced ri.ulil I mm the male on the ironbark branch to the
second nest, probably a mile away. Whether this is usual or not,
it is impossible to say, but for weeks after both females continued to
meet the male each morning, and no other male was observed. The
first nest was considered as being lined when discovered on the 2nd
November. On the 8th I found the bird sitting ; and on the fol-
lowing day, seeing her feeding, posted myself beneath the nest.
She returned shortly afterwards, feeding from tree to tree as usual,
passed through the nesting tree as if of no interest to her, and
worked up the hillside. Presently, however, she returned and swept
through the trees in (Mie great curve and right to the nest. I
watched her settle down, and left her, half an hour later, still on.
For an extra margin of safety I waited another four days, and on
the 1 j;th climbed up. It was not an easy climb, as the mistletoe
could not be reached from the nesting-tree itself, which had to be
roped and pulled close to a second tree higher up the hillside, and
as the topmost branches of this would not stand the strain, it, in
turn, had to be braced to a third, then a " tunnel '■' had to be cut
through to the heart of the mistletoe in order to get a mirror above
the nest, which proved, after all, to be full of dead leaves. It was
climbed again on the 26th, but was quite ragged and untidy, and
obviously deserted. After measuring the height with a fishing line,
the mistletoe was torn off with a rope in an attempt to get the nest.
It measured 114 feet 6 inches from the ground, and the fall of the
mass from this height so shattered the nest that only a few pieces
of a round-leaved vine (still green) and two pieces of cast snake-skin
remained.

The second nest was found on the 1 1 th November, and the tree
was not climbed till the 5th December. Although still higher (it
measured 128 feet 9 inches), it was a fairly easy climb, and, as the
female was in the tree, great hopes were entertained. It proved,
however, to be beautifully lined, but otherwise empty. As the bird
remained about and the nest had not been disturbed in any way,
it was climbed again on the 16th December, but with no better result,
and, from its ragged appearance, the bird had evidently forsaken it.
As this climb had been left to the last possible moment, and the
camp had been already broken up, there was no further opportunity
of observing this most interesting species. The experience, how-
ever, throws fresh light on their breeding habits, and will doubtless
be of value to future observers.

Cormorants in Tasmania. — This summer Tasmania has been
visited by tliousaiids of i^lack Cormorants {Phalacrocorax carho).
Tlicy may be seen upon every sheet of water of any size in the
island, and one competent observer informs me that he saw one
flock on the Derwcnt consisting of at least 10,000 birds. There
can be no doubt but they are depleting the fi.sh in the inland
waters to a very large extent, and the Fisheries Commissioners
have spent all their available cash in paying a royalty for all
heads forwarded. In spite of this destruction their numbers do
not seem decreased in the slightest extent. — Clive E. Lord.
Hobart, 4/3/19.

10 Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidce. [.^.f")",

Material for a Study of the Megapodiidae.

By Major R. W. Shufeldt, M.D., C.M.Z.S., Hon. Memb.
R.A.O.U., Washington, D.C, U.S.A.

Several years ago, when I published my classification of birds,*
the MegapodiidcB were arranged as Family I. of the Sub-Order
XXIV. under the Galliformes (Super Sub-Order XV.), and at the
present writing I see no reason to reconsider this arrangement.

Apart from the difference in the rank of the groups employed,
Sharpe viewed the position of these birds in the system in a similar
light five years previous to the publication of my scheme of
classification (jf Aves,-f and other avian taxonomers entertain like
opinions.

In Dr. Sharpe's classification, the Graces (Family Cracidce)
follow next in order after the Megapodiidce, as their probable
nearest alHes among the Galhnaceous birds, and this may be so.
He divided the Megapodiidce into seven genera, namely : —
Megapodiiis, with seventeen species ; Eulipoa, with one species —
the E. wallacei of the Molucca Islands ; Lipoa, with one species —
the L. ocellata of Australia ; Talegallus, with four species, all
found in New Guinea and off-lying islands ; Catheturus, with two
species, Australian forms ; .Epypodiiis, with two species, a Waigiou
and a New Guinea one ; and, finally, the noted Megacephalon,
M. maleo, of the Celebes and Sangi Island.

Professor Alfred Newton has said : — " In 1870 Mr. G. R. Gray
enumerated 20 species, of which 16 were represented in the
British Museum, and several have been described since ; but ten
years later Schlegel recognized only 17 species, of which examples
of 12 were contained in the Leyden Museum {Mtjs. des Pays-Bas,
viii., Mongr. 41, pp. 56-86), while M. Oustalet, in his elaborate
monograph of the family (Ajiu. Sci. Nat., ZooL, ser. 6, x. and xi.),
admits 19 species. The birds of this genus range from the Samoa
Islands in the cast, through the Tonga Groups, to the New
Hebrides, the northern part of Australia, New Guinea and its
neighbouring islands, Celebes, the Pelew Islands, and the
Ladrones, and have also outliers in detached portions of the
Indian Region, as the Philippines (where, indeed, they were first
discovered by Europeans), Labuan, and even in the Nicobars —
though none are known from the intervening islands of Borneo, |
Java, or Sumatra.

" Within what may be deemed their proper area tliey are found,
says Mr. Wallace (' Geogr. Distr. Anim.,' ii., p. 341), ' on the

* Shufeldt, R. \Y., " An Arrangement of the Families and Higher Groups
of Birds." The Amer. Nat., vol. xxxviii., Nos. 455, 456, Nov., Dec, Boston,
1904, pp. 833-857, illustrated. The position of the Megapodes is shown
on page 852.

t Sharpe, R. Bowdler, " Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds,"
vol. i., London, 1899, pp. 12-14.

I M. ciimingi occurs on Labuan and other islands off the north coast of
Borneo, and it is recorded (Proc. Zonl. Soc.. 1881, p. 800) from Sandukan,
but confirmation of the statement is desirable.

Vol. XIX.

IQIt)

] Shufeldt, Material for a Study nj the Meoapodiider. u

smalK'st islands and sand-bank^, and can cNidcntK- i)ass onht a
IV'W iniK's of SIM with caM^.' Indeed, piodl (i| Llieir roaming tlis-
position is aftordcd by tiie lact that the i)ird (iescribed by Lesson
(' Voy. Coqitillc,' Zool., p. 703) as Alecthclia urvilii, hut now
considered to be the young of M. freycineti, flew on board his ship
when more than two miles from the nearest land (Guebe), in an
e.xhausted state, it is true, but that may be attributed to its
e.xtreme youth. The si)eeies of Megapodius are about the size
of small lowls, the head geni'rally crested, the tail very short,
the feet enormously large, and, with the exception of M. wallacei
{Proc. Zool. Soc, i860, Aves, pi. clxxi.), from the Moluccas, all
have a sombre plumage."*

Professor Huxley grouped the Megapodiidcv with tlu^ Cracidce
in the division Gallina', designating them as the Perisltropes.-f
The opinion of ornithologists is quite general that the Mcgapodes
are the lowest type among the Gallinaceous fowls — an opinion
based principally upon the fact that they bury their eggs for
incubation, and that the young are far advanced upon hatching.
Many reptiles also bury their eggs in the ground, where the heat
of the sun and the warmth generated by the soil and rotting
vegetation incubates them, as is likewise the' case with the eggs
of the mound-birds.

Sharpe arrayed the " Megapodii " as Sub-Order V., or the first
Sub-Order of the Galliformes (Order VII. )J

Professor Max Fiirbringer, in his scheme of classification of
birds, divides the Galliformes into the Gallidce and the Opistho-
comidce, the former being divided into the three following families
in the order given — namely, the Megapodiidcv, Cracidce, and
Gallidce or Alectoropodes (" Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und
Systematik der Vogel," 1888).

Indeed, apart from Garrod's unnatural grouping, practically
all avian taxonomers of recent times group the MegapodiidcB
as the first family under the Galliformes ; so I do not deem it
necessary to go further into this part of the subject at the present
time, though I may say that I refer especially to tlie classificatory

* Newton, Alfml, I'.R.S., " A Dictionary of Birds," assisted by Hans Gadow,
with contril)iitions from Kichard Lyilekker, Charles S. Roy, and Rol)ert W.
Shufeldt, ]\I.I). London, 1X93. Part II., Art. " Mega pod e," p. 542. This
article is a very thorough one, and contains a considerable amount of
information about the Mcs^apodiidcp, including their peculiar habits of
incubation and the names the various species have received.

f Huxley, Thos. H., " Classification and Distribution of the Alvctoro-
morphcs," P.Z.S.. i,S6X, p]i. 29-319. The reference is to what is said on
page 296.

X Sharpe, R. Bowdler, " A Review of Recent Attempts to Classify Birds."
Budapest, 1891. Dr. Sharpe said of the Megapodiidcs : — " Episternal
process perforated to receive the feet of the coracoids ; nasals holorhinal ;
sternum more than twice the length of its inner notch ; hallux on the same
level as the other toes, and its basal phalanx as long as that of the third,
toe; oil-gland nude. (C/. Seebohm, 'Classification of Birds,' 1890.) Nest,
none. Eggs deposited in a mound raised by many of the birds in concert.
Young hatched without the intervention of the jiarent bird. ,ind able to
fly almost from birth " (p. 6,S).

12 Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidcr. [,., T,, .

schemes of Forbes, Sclater, Newton, Reichenow, Stejneger, and
others. This classification is based upon our knowledge of the
morphology of the group, their habits and general biology, and is
so well and scientifically established that I have no expectation
whatever of disturbing the generally accepted opinion in the
premises — that is, with respect to the position of the Megapodes
in the S3^stem. These extraordinary birds have been written
about for the last three centuries and more, during which time
some considerable material illustrating them has collected in our
museums, and the object of the present paper is to pass in review
such of this as may be available to me at the present time.*

Forbes never paid much attention to the Megapodiidce, while
Garrod took them into consideration when engaged upon his
general studies of the arterial and muscular systems of birds, and
in some few other papers. In going over his work, it may be
as well to note here that he found to be the case in the Gallince
that " both carotids are present in all this order, except in the
TurnicidcB and Megapodiidce, in which the left only is developed."
This statement he based upon his examination of Hemipodius
tachydromus, Catheturus lathami, and Megacephalon maleo.-\
" Amongst the Gallincs," he tells us, " I have always found the
oil-gland nude in the Megapodiidce {Talegalla and Megacephalon) "
{loc. cit., p. 216) ; and, in another paper, " x\mong the Gallince
the only genera which at all approach Opisthocomus, as far as
the lower larynx is concerned, are those of the Megapodidce "
{loc. cit., p. 467).

Coming to the myology, he found that " the Gallince possess
the ambiens, the accessory femoro-caudal, the semitendinosus
(large), the accessory semitendinosus (large), and the post-
acetabular portion of the tensor faciae (large) ; the femoro-caudal
is well developed in some, and absent in a few." With respect
to the Megapodiidce, he found this formula to hold in the case of
Catheturus lathami and Megacephalon maleo.

He further pointed out that the Gallince formed an exception
to the rule among many birds where " a tufted oil-gland is com-
bined with caeca to the intestine " {loc. cit., pp. 202, 216).

In another place he states that " in the majority of the Gal-
linaceous birds the expansor secundariorum, with the normal
origin from the secondary quills, has a different method of in-

* Some of the earliest works upon the MegapodiidcB are as follows : —
Antonio Pigafetta (Journal, April, 1521), " Primo Viaggio Intorno al

Globo," ed. Amoretti ; Milano, 1800, p. 72.
Nieremberg, " Historia Naturae," Antwerp, 1635, p. 207.
Hernandez, " Hist. Avium Novae Hispaniae," cap. 220, p. 56.
Churchill (trans, of Navarrete), " Collection of Voyages and Travels,"

vol. i., 1704.
Gmelli Careri, "Voyage du Tour du Monde," Paris, 1727, v., pp.

157. 158.
Petiver, " Phil. Trans.," xxiii., p. 1,398.

+ " Garrod, Alfred Henry, F.R.S., The Collected Scientific Papers of,''
Loiid., 1881, pp. 173, 174; also P.Z.S., 1873, pp. 457-472,

Vol. XIX

I Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidce. 13

sertion, which has led M. A. Milne-Edwards to describe the
muscle in the common Fowl as a part of the coraco-hrachialis
(brevis) in his superb work on fossil birds. In the Megapodiidce
also the attachment to the coraco-brachialis brevis is wanting,
the tendon ending either by blending with the teres-mairgin or
running on to tlie scapula " (loc. cit., pp. 323, 324).

Continuing his investigations, he discovered that " the biceps
humeri muscle sends a peculiarly large fasciculus to the tendon
of the tensor patagii longus, which reaches it opposite the middle
of the patagium. This slip I never find developed in the Cracidce,
but it is present in the closely-alhed Megapodidce, and in all other
Gallinaceous birds " {loc. cit., p. 468). Garrod also gave us a
paper. " On the Anatomy of the Maleo {Megacephalon maleo),"
which is illustrated by two views of the lower larynx of the bird.
In the contribution we find the pterylosis given, the visceral
anatomy, something on the myology, and the morphology of the
air-passages {P.Z.S.r 1878, pp. 629-631 ; also in " Coll. Sci.
Papers," pp. 452, 453).

In the course of his discussion of the taxonomy of birds he was
led to say that " the Megapodidce, together with the Cracidce, as
Professor Huxley has so clearly shown {P.Z.S., 1868, p. 298),
form a well-established sub-order of the Gallina?, and osteo-
logically it is not easy to separate them ; but in the Cracidce both
carotids are present, whilst in the Megapodidce the left only is
found " {loc. cit., p. 177).

At the close of the present paper I shall add an entire section to
the study of the eggs of the Megapodes, and in other places in the
following pages give a few notes on their breeding habits. In
the " Dictionary of Birds " Newton has pointed out that " the
extraordinary habit possessed by the ]\Iegapodes generally of
relieving themselves of the duty of incubation, as before mentioned
— a habit which originally attracted the attention of travellers,
whose stories were on that very account discredited — as well as
the highly-developed condition of the young at birth, has been so
fully described, and so often repeated by other writers, as to be
very commonly known, and here there seems no necessity to enter
into further details concerning it.*

One of the most important and at the same time most inter-
esting papers that has been contributed to the study of these
birds is by J. J. Lister, F.R.S., &c., some three or four years ago.f

* Newton, Alfred, loc. cit., pp. 542, 543. See also Gould, " Handb. B.
Austral.," ii., pp. 152-175 ; G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, pp.
292-296; Wallace, "Malay Archipelago," i., pp. 415-419, ii., pp. 147-149;
Guillemaud, " Cruise of the Marchcsa," ii., pp. 193-197, with figure ;
Hickson, " Naturalist in North Celebes," pp. 94, 95.

f Lister, J. J., " The Distribution of the Avian Genus Megapodius in the
Pacific Islands," Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 191 1, pp. 749-759. Illustrated
by map of East Indies, upon which the distribution of the species is plotted
(P- 750)- iliis is a very thorough study of the Megapodes with respect to
species, distribution, (light, nesting and other habits, &c., and should be
read by anyone studying the group.

1^. Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidct. [,^f"l"i ■

Personally, I have studied all the skins of the Megapodiida; in
the collections of the United States National Museum, for which
courtesy I have to thank Dr. Chas. W. Richmond, Assistant
Curator of the Division of Birds of that institution. Several
skins were, moreover, loaned me for the purposes of photography,
and from them I secured negatives which yielded me pliotographs ;
these latter, remodelled and coloured ])y hand, form the subjects
of three of the plates to the present paper. My observations on
all of these skins were compared with those of Ogilvie-Grant,
who worked the family up for the " Catalogue of Birds of the
British Museum " (vol. xxii., p. 445).

This author makes a sub-order (II.) for the Peristcropodcs, and
the Mcgapodiidce is the leading family in it (Fani. I.) This
family is followed by a " Key to the Genera," of which latter he
admits seven, namely :-s-i, Megapodius ; 2, Eulipoa ; 3, Lipoa ;
4, Talegallns ; 5, Catheturus ; 6, .Epypodiiis : 7, Megacephalon.
These genera, in so far as Mr. Ogilvie-Grant is concerned, are
based entirely upon external characters.*

Megapodius xicobariensis.
(Plate I., fig. I.)

Perhaps there has been more published abcnit the Xicobar
Megapocle than any other species of the family. Ogilvie-Grant
gives a good, though brief, description of the bird (" B. M. Cat.,"
xxii., p. 447), and it has been figured a number of times.f

It would appear that originally this species was confined to
Nicobar Island ; but there is some evidence that they have been
introduced elsewhere through the agency of man. Lister says
that Professor J. Stanley Gardiner believes that " a sultan of the
Maldive Islands, who died in 1878, introduced Megapodes into an
islet covered with cocoanuts and scrub, forming a part of the
great atoll of Male in that archipelago. Professor Gardiner thinks
they were probably imported from the Nicobar Islands."

Again, Guillemand (referring to Wallace's view)J says :^
" That this (Nicobar bird) is not impossible must be evident to
every traveller in the Malay Archipelago, for birds of this genus
are often seen in captivity " (" Cruise of the Marchesa," vol. ii.,
p. 122, footnote, 1886).

* Ogilvie-Grant, " Cat. Birds Brit. ^lus.," vol. xxii. See also, by the
same author, Allen's Nat. Lib., " Handbook to the Game Birds," vol. ii.,
p. 182, 1895-97 ; Meyer and Wiglesworth, " Birds of Celebes," vol. ii., 1898,
p. 671 ; Semper, Karl, " The Natural Conditions of Existence as They Affect
Animal Life," Internat. Scientific Series, vol. xxxi., London, 1883,
chap, viii., pp. 234-264.

t V. Pelzen, " Reise Novara Vogel.," p. no, pis. iv. and vi. Fig. 12 =
the egg. This work I have examined, and I find the ligures of the bird
very indifferent, while that of the egg is probably nearly correct with respect
to colour, size, and form — that is, as nearly correct as a lithographic figure
can make it.

+ Wallace, A. R., " Geograph. Distrib. of Animals," London, vol. ii.,
P- 342.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

J^g-''-

Plate I. Fig. 1. — The Nicobar Megapode (Mcgapodiu.s nicoharicnsis)
Fig. 2. — Cuming's Megapode (M. cuiiiiiigij

Vol. ^'-^ J ShuI'Ei.dt, M liter ial for a Study of the iMegapodiidw. 15

As pointed out, in part, above, Lister gives in his article a full
discussion of the distribution of the Megapodiidce, as well as the
geological and physical description of the islands where Megapodes
are to be found.

As in the case of all Megapodes, the feet of the Nicobar species
arc very large. They are well shown in figs. 5 and 6 of Plate II.,
in which the characters are so clearly portrayed as to obviate the
necessity for any detailed description. That pair of feet belongs
to the same specimen which furnished the head shown in fig. i
of Plate I. The specimen is No. 178,336 of the collection of the
United States National Museum, and from its label we learn that
it is a male bird, taken at Tilanchong (Nicobars) on the 30th of
January, 1901 (cohector ?). " Length, 15 inches ; iris medium
brown ; bill horny-olive ; feet dull red, black in front of tarsi and
top of toes ; soles yellowish ; naked space on sides of head pale
vermilion." As this data was doubtless taken shortly after the bird
was taken, it is particularly valuable. The plumage of this species
is well known, and the sexes are very nearly alike in this respect.*

According to Ogilvie-Grant, the average length of this species
is 14.5 inches {loc. cit., p. 447), while I find this average length
to be a little more than 15 inches.

The crest in this species is an elongation of the feathers at the
back of the head, and not at all conspicuous. Top of head is of
an ecru brown, the aforesaid " crest " of a greyish- white colour,
which colour is, on either side, extended as far forwards as the
posterior margin of the eyelid.

There appear to be 22 or more skins of Megapodiiis nicobariensis
in the collection of the United States National Museum, and I
have carefully examined them all. This series appears to have
been collected by Mr. C. B. Kloss in the Nicobar Islands, and
their National Museum numbers run from 178,326 to 178,350
inclusive, all to 178,330 and 178,336, neither of which I found.
In the case of No. 178,328 (or 178,330 ?) the number does not
appear on the label, which is greasy and unfit to write upon
(?, length 15 inches ; igth February, 1901). No. 176,336 of these
specimens is the one I used to make the head shown in fig. i of
Plate I. of the present contribution.

Mr. Kloss used a blue writing paper (folded) for his label, and
upon it he frequently added some valuable information.

In some of these specimens the crest is very evident, while in
others it is quite the reverse. Most of the birds were collected
during February and March, 1901. Nos. 178,326," 178,327, and
178,329 are all males, the first two having been shot on the 19th
of February, and tlie r(>maining one the next day (Kachel,
Nicobar). No. 178, 320 liad a length of 16 inches. No. lyS.^zy
of I5|- inches, and No. i/H.]2() of 15] inches. All these appeared
to have a slight crest.

No. 178,331 is a female, witli a length of 15^ inches, collected

* Hume and Marsh, " Game Birds of India," vol. i., p. 119, pi. (1878) iii. ;
opp. p. 428, pi. ii. (i88u).

1 6 Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidce. [,^f"j"| ,

on 2oth of February at Kachel. No. 178,332 was also a female,
taken next day (length, 15:^ inches), and contained eggs nearly
readv to lay. On the same day he collected another female
(Kachel), No. 178,333, which also measured 15J inches, and in
which the crest is particularly well marked.

No. 178,334 = a female (19th February, 1901) ; length, 15 J
inches ; contained nearly mature eggs (Kachel) [Katchall].

Nos. 178,335 and 178,337 = females (23rd February, 1901) ;
length of first, 15^ inches (Kachel).

Some of these birds were collected at Tilanchong, Nicobar, as,
for example. No. 178,338 (o^), 178,339 (9), and 178,340 (?), ist
February, 1901 ; length, 15I inches ; weight, 30 ozs. There is
quite an elaborate label on No. 178,339, the female specimen
collected on 31st January, 1901. It was " shot while digging a
hole for egg in nest-mound. The mound was situated just within
the edge of jungle by the seashore, and between several small
cocoanut trees growing upon it. The dimensions of the mound
were 8 feet high and 30 feet in diameter. It was composed
entirely of sand ; no leaves, apparently. His [her ?] mate was
shot a few moments previously on top of the same mound. The
bird contained an egg ready for laying."

No. 178,341, a female, shot on ist February, 1901, presents
nothing worthy of note, and No. 178,342 (sex not given) has the
usual data on the label. Another male, with a length of 15^
inches, shot on Little Nicobar Island, 28th February, 1901, is
No. 178,343, and a female of the same length (No. 178,344), shot
on the same island three days before, has on the label — " Iris
brown, bill horny-olive, skin of head pale vermilion, feet dull red,
front and claws dull ohve-brown."

Still others of this species are as follows : —
No. 178,345, ?. — Length, 15 inches; Little Nicobar Island, 2nd

March, 1901.
No. 178,346, <S- — "Great Nicobar, 8th March, 1901. Bill
yellowish-olive horn ; iris brown ; skin of head orange red ;
legs dull black, brownish-orange at the back."
No. 178,347, Q. — Great Nicobar, i8th March, 1901 ; length, 15 j-

inches. Naked skin of neck vermilion.
No. 178,348, V- — 14I inches. " Iris brown, l)ill horny-olive, feet

yellowish-olive, claws black." 12th March, 1901.
No. 178,349, S- — Length, 15 inches. Trinkut Island, Nicobar,

3rd February, 1901 (caught in a rat-trap).
No. 178,350, 3. — Length, 15I inches. 8th February, 1901, Nan-
kanai, Nicobar. " Bill greenish-brown, sides of head brick-
red, angle of mouth dull orange, iris clear brown. Common
in jungle, but rather shy, and hard to shoot. Back of
tarsi fleshy-brown ; sole pale fleshy-brown."
No. 178,378, S- — 23rd February, 1901. " Iris brown, soles dull
yellow, bill horny-olive, skin of liead vermilion, legs
brownish-red, olive-brown in front to black claws."
Kachel, Nicobar. (There is a good crest on this specimen.)

Vol.^ xiX.j Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiida;. 17

It may be said, in connection with this Nicobar Mcgapode, that
Lister, in his above-cited article, introduces excellent evidence
going to show that Megapodes have been domesticated or semi-
domesticated by the natives, and in some instances transported
from one island to another. As we might naturally expect, there
are many traditions among the natives in regard to these birds,
and viirious authors have touched upon this part of the subject.*

Megapodius cumingi.
(Plate I., fig. 2.)
Cuming's Mcgapode is the species which is found in the
Philippines, in the islands of North-West Borneo, and in the
Celebes.! It resembles, in some respects, the Nicobar Megapode
— that is, in size and form, while in plumage it is a much darker
form. The feet are not so stout, and the claws are much more
slender (Plate II., figs. 3 and 4).

The general plumage is a deep olive-brown, the feathers of the
lower parts and back being rather glossy. J

There is a good typical specimen in the collection of the United
States National Museum which formerly belonged to the " Menage
Collection " (No. 4,103). It is a male bird (adult), taken at
P. I., Palawan, by D. C. Worcester and F. S. Bourns, 5th January,
1892. The natives call this fowl " Tabon," and it is the only
species that occurs in the Philippines (No. 233,660).

The following specimens in the collection of the United States
National Museum have been studied by me, and at the present
writing (19th September, 1914) they comprise the entire series
(if we include No. 233,660, noted in the last paragraph) in the
collection of that museum : —
No. 107,647, S (two original labels), original No. 1,302. Alf.

Marche.
No. 192,551 (original label No. 3,010). — Fugo, P. I., 30th August,

1903. Philippine Museum. R. C. M'Gregor and A.

Celestino, collectors.
No. 201,739, c^. — Fugo Island. Shot by Pte. West, 29tli May,

1907. Dr. E. A. Mearns.
No. 200,692, ?, ad. — Baluk Baluk Island, P.I., Sulu Sea, Dr.

Edgar A. Mearns. Shot by Lieut. Gordon Johnson; U.S.A.

" There are hundreds of nesting-mounds on the island "

(E. A. M.) (13,883).

♦Woodford, C. M., F.Z.S., 1888, p. 249.
t Dillwyn, P.Z.S., 1851, p. 118, pi. xxxix. {M. pusillus).
Tweeddale, P.Z.S., 1877, p. 765 (Zebu), pi. Ixxviii. This plate is a
fairly good figure of the bird. The specimen is standing, and much
reduced. Both papers have been read by me.

Ogilvie-Grant, \V. R., " Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.," vol. xxii. Description,
" Bill horn-vellow ; iris warm brown," skin on neck as in .1/. nicobariensis,
&c.

J Rothschild and Hartcrt, "Notes on Papuan Birds," Novitatcs Zoo-
logies, vol. viii., p. 1J5, 1901.

2

l8 Shufeldt, Malerial Jor a Study of the Megapodiidce. [i^f"]"]..

No, 211,299. — Albatross Philippine Expedition, Taal Volcano,

Luzon, Phil., 27th December, 1907.
No. 233,006, 3. (Col. No. 4,104). — Same date, &c., as the last.
No. 23,307, S (Menage Collection), (original label 4,105). — P.P.
Palawan, 7th January, 1892. Collectors, D. C. Worcester
and F. S. Bourns.

There are no measurements or other data on the labels attached
to these skins, as there should be. Some of the collectors may
have "field-notes" in their note-books, but this is not the case
%\ith all. As all ornithologists are awai-e, the " lengths" of birds
in the skin is only too often unreliable, as thousands of cases will
vouch for in any collection. For example, Ogilvie-Grant gives
the length of M. nicobariensis as 14.5 inches, which was probably
made from a British Museum specimen of that species. As a
matter of fact, the average length of that species in life is over
15 inches.

The habits of Cuming's Megapode are now probably well known
to the naturalists in the Philippines, especially to such ornith-
ologists connected with the Bureau of Science at Manila as that
veteran collector, Richard C. M'Gregor, and others on his staff.

There are no skins of Megapodiiis sanghirensis nor of Megapodiiis
hernsteini in the collection of the United States National Museum.
The first-named occurs in Sangi and Talant Island, and the last
in Sula Island.

Megapodius forsteni.
According to Sharpe {loc. cit., p. 12), this species is confined to
the Moluccas, and he refers to Gray (p. 450) for its description.
In the " Cat. Brit. Mus. Birds " Ogihve-Grant refers it to
Temminck.*

This species is a verj- dark, small form, which is crested. By
some it is referable to M. jobiensis. In fact, it would appear,
from the material at hand, that M. forsteni, M. affinis jobiensis,
and M. affinis need a careful going over. There is not a sufficient
number of specimens in the collection to admit of this, in my
opinion. The following is the record of those the Museum
possesses, with such information about them as I find upon their
labels : —

No. 126,040. — M. forsteni, .£■ New Guinea (Butaneng). Adult.
No. 126,041, $, adult. — Same species, same locality.
No. 146,786 (" Meg. jobiensis "), S- — Mus. Boucard. Collector,

A. A. Bruijn, Tobie. (Crested.)
No. 146,788, .3 (original label = A. A. Bruijn, Ternate. M.

affinis).
No. 145,789, ?, ditto.
No. 146,776. — (" Megapodius forsteni ") {affjlnis ?) A. A. Bruijn,

col. Sex not given. Mus. Boucard. Waigiou. Small feet,

dark plumage, nails slender, crest.

♦Gray figured the species in 1847 (" Geu. B.," iii., p. 491, pi. cxxiv.)
See also Reichenb. Tauben, pp. 4, 190, pi. cclxxi., tig. 2,496.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE VII,

Vol. XIX.

] Snui-1-LDT, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidai. 10

No. 146,775. — Same as last. (Sex ?) Crested. Label = .1/. /.

afinis. (This may l)e M. affinis, Meyer, A. B. ?)
No. i4(),778, J. -Mas. Boucard. {Megapodiiis jobiensis.) Coll.,

Bruijn, Tohie (Jul)idsland ?) Second label. — A. A. Bruijn,

Ternate. Meg. affinis. (Conspicuously crested ; dark

species ; large feet. — R. W. S.)
I find in the collection no skins of Megapodiiis brnnneiventris
(A. B. Meyer, p. 452), a species found in south-east New Guinea.
There is an unidentified specimen from New Guinea, which is
rather a large species. It is crested, and it is brown above and
grey on the lower parts. The neck is bare and feet small.
Geisler collected it, but no date is given. (No. 126,040, ,S, adult.)
There is a Megapode about which I have been unable to gather
any information. Lister, in his above-quoted article, speaks of
it as follows : — " In 1887 Mr. T. F. Cheeseman, the well-known
Curator of the Auckland Museum, to whose knowledge and kind-
ness many visitors to New Zealand are indebted, visited the
Kermadec Islands, which are a scattered group lying nearly
half-way between the North Island of New Zealand and the
Tonga Islands, to the N.N.E., and some 400 or 500 miles from
either. . . (Extensive summing-up here, and description of a
bird building a mound and breeding in the old crater.) Mr.
Cheeseman cautiously observes that the evidence, such as it is,
seems to point to the former existence of a species of Megapodiiis
on this island " (" On the Birds of Kermadec Islands," Trans, and
Proc. of the N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxiii., 1890, p. 2ig).

There appear to be no skins in the National Museum collection
of Megapodiiis macgillivrayi, a species occurring in south-east
New Guinea and Louisiade Islands (see Gray, p. 453).* This
likewise applies to Megapodiiis eremita, of the East Papuan Islands
(Hart., p. 452), a species which has been described and referred to
by not a few ornithologists.!

There is still another Megapode, of which 1 have little or no
information. Sharpc does not list it in the " Hand-list " ; there
are no skins of it in the collection of the United States Nati(Hial
Museum — this is Megapodius brenchleyi. C. M. Wood\\'ard, in his
work on " The NaturaUst Among the Head Hunters," refers to
the peculiarities of its nesting habits, &c. (pp. ioo-ioi).J

Megapodius duperreyi.
(Less, and Garn., p. 454.)
This is a species which has attracted very considerable attention,
and one that enjoys a very wide range for its habitat, being found

* Sclater, P. L., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1876, p. 460, pi. xliii. This article
is illustrated by an excellent plate of the bird, which I have seen.

t Sclater, P. L., " Voy. Challenger," p. 32, pi. xi. (1880) [Pigeon Island,
Admiralty Group] ; Studer, T., in " Forchnngsreise S. M. S. Gazelle," iii.,
p. 253, pi. xii. ; Meyer, A. B., Ibis, 1890, p. 423 (no figures, but describes eggs
of M. brenchleyi and M. eremite) ; Brazier, juo., " Kggs ol McjapodiidcB,"
P.Z.S., 1874, p. 607.

X See also P.Z.S., 188S, pp. 249, 250.

20

Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidce. [i^f""}"] .

in Kangean Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, and
Northern Australia.

Formerly this bird was known as Megapodius tumulus (Plate
III., fig. 7), and not a few ornithologists continue to so describe it.

Le Souef {Ibis, 1899, p. 16) states that M. duperreyi, although
the birds are " very poor fliers," occurs on the scrub-covered
islands " a good many miles from the N.E. coast of Queensland.
He surmises that they may have been blown out during cyclones "
(Lister).

There is considerable hterature on this well-known bird, and
there is a fair series of skins in the collection of the United States
National Museum.*

The following skins arc in the United States National Museum
collection : —

No. 71,573, ?, ad. — {Megapodius tumulus) ; Cape York, Queensland.
No. 71,843 (sex ?) — " Megapodius tumulus,'' x\ustralia. (A mounted

specimen, with crest raised.)
No. 146,782, •?, ad. — Mus. Boucard. Bruijn, collector, 1876,

Doktur, N. Guinea.
No. 146,783 (sex ?)— Ditto.
No. 146,784, S. — Coll. Laglaize, 1877.
No. 146,785, o. — Sormg, 1884.

All these were formerly in the Mus. Boucard.

Megapodius freycineti.
(Q. and G., p. 457.)

This is a species found in the Moluccas and West New Guinea,
of which considerable is known. t

The general plumage-colour of Freycinet's Megapode is a deep
black, and it presents the usual characters of these birds with
respect to its feet and form of the body. On the occiput the
feathers are lengthened to produce a crest, which, though not
long, is full and somewhat conspicuous when elevated.

I found six (6) skins of this species in the collection of the United
States National Museum for my examination. They seem to

* Lister, Jos. J., toe. cit., p. 749 ; Lesson, " Traitc d'Oni.," p. 478, pi.
Ix.xxvii., fig. I ; Buffon, " Oiseux," p. 256, pi. x., fig. i (1840); Reichens,
" Tauben," p. 3, pi. cclxxv., fig. 1,530 (1862) ; Dorey, " New Guinea," 1861,
pp. 290, 438, pi. xxxiii. (juv.) ; Gray, P. Z. S., 1861, p. 290, pi. xxxiv., three
plates (excellent), juv., of M. quoyii, M. reimvardii, and M. titmutus (and
others).

f M. Freycinet, " Voyage .^utour du Monde . . . sur les Corvettes
dc S.M. L'Uranic et La Physicicnne, 1817-1820," Paris, 1825 ; on p. 125
it will be noted that Quoy and Gaimard found Me<^apodius freycineti on
Waigiou Island, to the west of New Guinea. Ogilvie-Grant {loc. cit., p. 458)
gives a brief description of the species, &c. Lesson, " Man. d'Orn.," ii.,
p. 225(1828); id. " Traite d'Orn.," p. 479 (1831); id. " Compl. de Buif.,
Ois.," p. 257, pi. viii., fig. I (1840); in the first cited M. freycineti —
Alecthelia urvitlei. Oustalet (loc. cit., vol. xi., p. 69), in speaking of the
night of Megapodes, says: — "A young specimen of M. freycineti flew on
board La Coqitillc with a favouring breeze when that vessel was over two
miles from land."

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE VIII.

Vol. XIX,

"I Shufki.dt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiida;. 21

afford a sufticit'nt numtx-r for a fairly good study of tlic bird ; tlicy

are as follows : —

No. 125,028 (sex?) — The original label is in Italian, and docs not

give the collector ; " nelle Giiinee."
No. 146,777 (sex ?) — Mus. Boucard. Collector, ]>ruijn, Salawatti.
No. 146,778.— Ditto.

No. 146,779 (sex ?) — Ditto. Halmaheira.
No. 146,780 (sex ?) — Ditto. Waigiou.
No. 146,781 (sex ?)~Ditto.

These old labels give but little information, and the data we
most need are entirely lacking upon them, not even the sex being
given in a single instance. No dates and no measurements ;
only the name of the collector and the locahty, which, if the latter
be correct, is given quite immaterial as to who the former happened
to be.

There are still three more species of the genus Mega pod ins, of
which the National Museum possesses no examples in its collection ;
these are : — M. geelvinkianus, a form inhabiting certain parts of
North-West New Guinea and the island of Geelvink Bay (A. B.
Meyer, p. 459). I have never had the opportunity to examine
skins of this species, nor any of the following — namely, M. layardi,
of the New Hebrides, and M . laperousei, of the Mariannes — the
first being described by Tristran (p. 459) and the latter by
Temminck (p. 460).*

Megapodius senex, Hartt.
(Hartert, Nov. ZooL, v., p. 62, 1898.)
At the present time (September, 1914) the United States
National Museum possesses, in its ornithological collection, but
one skin of this species — a bird thus far found only on the Pelew
Islands. Its label furnishes the following data : —
No. 112,653, o. — Linnege Naturhistorisches Institut, Berlin. N.
Pelew Islands. t
According to Lister, Otto Finsch says of M. senex that this
species, inhabiting the Pelew Islands, occurs also on nearly all
the sandy and rocky islands of the group ; some are separated by
intervals of some 3 or 4 miles. He considers this species " a good
flier," and able to fly from one island to another in the group. f

Megapodius pritchardi, Gray.

(" Brit. Mus. Cat.," p. 461.)

Pritchard's Megapode, of the Ninafou Island, is another species

of which the collection of birds of the United States National

Museum stands in need at this time. It seems to have but the

one specimen, namely : —

♦The pagination cited refers to the "Cat. Birds Brit. ?*Ius.," vol. xxi.

t " Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.," vol. xxii., p. 460 = M. lapcrousii, Temni.,
pi., vol. v., livr. 69, p. 3.

I Finsch, Otto, " Die Vogel der Palau-Gruppe," Jour, des Museum
Godeftray, Heft viii., Bd. iii., 1875, p. 30 (p. 162 of the volume).

22 Shxifeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidcr. [^^'

Emu

luly

No. 234,003, juv. (pullet). — Ninafou Ishind. Keccivcd from IMason
Mitchell. Coll. E. F. Allen.

It has been said that this species lays its eggs in holes on the
island where it is found. These excavations are made in the
volcanic sand ; this latter is warm enough to incubate the eggs,
and they are hatched in this unusual manner.*

Megapodiiis pritchardi is described by Sir Walter Buller in his
Supplement to " The Birds of New Zealand " (vol. i., p. 31), and
included, says Lister, " under the name of ' The Southern
Megapodc ' in that fauna, on what appears to be wholly inadequate
grounds " {loc. cit., p. 755) ; and, continuing. Lister points out
in another place, in his instructive article on these birds, that
" M. pritchardi belongs to the section of the genus with the back
and upper surface of the wings rufous brown and the breast and
belly lead or slaty grey, and in its general coloration perhaps is
nearest M. cumingi, Dillw., of the Philippines and Borneo. In
the type specimen, described by G. R. Gray (P. Z. S., 1864, p. 41,
pi. vi.) [he also gives lists, &c.], and now in a somewhat dilapidated
condition in the British Museum, the bases of the quill-feathers
are white," &c., &c.

" A specimen in the Leyden Museum was described by Schlegel
{Mns. Pays-Bas, viii., p. 64), &c. . . The first specimen which
came to the Auckland Museum was described by Buller {Trans,
of the New Zealand Institute, vol. iii., 1870, p. 14), also Hutton
{Trans. New Zealand Institute, iv., 1871, p. 165)."

I cite the museums where Pritchard's Megapode is to be found
at the present time, in so far as I know to be a fact, for the reason
that such information is frequently of great use and value to
working ornithologists. In this matter we certainly are under
great obhgations to Mr. Lister for the information set forth in
his article.

EuLiPOA WALLACEi (Gray).
(Ogilvie-Grant, " Cat. B.," xxii., p. 462, 1893.)
This bird is found in the Molucca Islands, and was formerly
known as Megapodiiis wallacei (Gray, P.Z.S., i860, p. 362,
pi. clxxi.)

At present there are no specimens of it in the collection of the
United States National Museum.

LiPOA OCELLATA (Gould).

(Ogilvie-Grant, t.c, p. 463.)
This large representative of the Megapodiidce occurs in Southern
and Western Australia. It has been written about and figured
by a number of the ornithologists of Australia and elsewhere.!

* Friedlandcr, " Ueber die Nestlocher d. Megapodiiis pritchardi auf der
Insel Ninafou," Oynithologische Monatshericlitc, vii., p. 37, Berlin, 1889.

t " Official Check-list of the Birds of Australia," The Emu Supplement,
Jan., IQ13, Part 3, p. 22 {Lcipoa oceltata), here called the " Mallee-Fowl."
Campbell," A. J., '" Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds." Also the very

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE IX

I. xrx

1919

] Sfu-feldt, Material for a Study of the Meoapodiidcr. 23

According to the " Official Check-list of tlio Birds of Australia "
(p. 22), the range of this species is given as " New Soiitli Wa,les,
Victoria, S., W., and N.W. Austraha."

The United States National Museum has kindly loamd mv the
only specimen (Skin No. 154,275) it possesses of the Mallee-Fowl,
and it is at hand at the present writing. From its label it evidently
was obtained from the " Museum Boucard," and, as usual, the
information about it is extremely vague. For locality and date
we have only "3, 1896, Austraha." I have been unable to make
out the collector's name on account of the poor handwriting.
The sex is not given. It is a fairly good skin of an adult speci-
men, though apparentlv an old one, -with the head bent down
upon the breast in a most outrageous fashion, rendering it im-
possible to properly examine the plumage of the throat.

The grey feathers, tinged with pale brown, on the top of the
head are elongate, and evidently form a crest. Their distal ends
are narrowly emarginated with light grey. Throat tan, passing
to pointed feathers longitudinally striped with tan, black, and
white ; these, centrally, become much larger below, and are black
and white only, or black with longitudinal white stripes. Breast
pearl-grey. Lower parts white. Feathers at sides of breast
barred near their extremities with black, terminating with pale
tan emarginations. Some of the flank feathers barred trans-
versely with dull black. Crissum tan. Lower neck and upper
parts grey, with feathers showing broad emarginations of deep
tan as they approach the interscapular region. Feathers of back
and secondaries of wings beautifully barred and blotched in
bizarre pattern with white, browns, greys, and fainter tints.
Some of the black and white bars are wavy and broad ; some very
delicate, fine, and zigzagged. The entire combination is remark-
able and pleasing. Primaries of wing grey, with outer vanes
faintly barred. Rump grey ; feathers of lower rump or upper
tail coverts elongated, and nearly cover upper part of tail ; latter
composed of 12 (?) feathers, central one transversely barred with
black, tan, and dark grey ; outer feathers dark grey, deeply
emarginated with light tan. Feet (in skin) black, and not par-
ticularly large for a bird of this size. Circumocular space naked.

Talegallus (Less.)
(Ogilvie-Grant, t.c, p. 4r)4.)
According to Sharpc's " Hand-Hst," there are four species con-
tained in this genus, all of which are confined to New Guinea and
off-lving islands. These species are T. cnvieri, Less (p. 465, " Cat.
B. M."). T. fiiscirnslris, Salvad. (p. 466), T. johiensis, A. B. Meyer

valuable works on Australian birds by Gregory M. Mathews — " Reference-list,
Birds of Australia" and "Birds of Australia" ; A. J. North, "Nests and
Eggs of Birds Found Breeding in Australia and Tasmania " ; " Birds of
Australia," by Lucas and Le Soui'f ; Dr. J. A. Leach's excellent little
volume, "An Australian Bird Book"; E. P. Ramsay's "Tabular List of
.\ustralian Birds," and numerous other publication.s.

24 Shufei.dt, Material fnr a Study of the Megapndiidc^. [,^, T] .

(p. 467) (Plate XIII., fig. 27), and T. longicaiidus, A. B. Meyer
(p. 467).

The first species occurs in West New Guinea and Molucca
Islands, the second in New Guinea and the Aru Island, the third
in New Guinea and Jobi Islands, and the last-named in South-
East New Guinea.

I find two skins of Cuvier's Brush-Turkey {T. cuvieri) in the
collection of the United States National Museum, and they are
as follows : —
No. 146,767. — A. A. Bruijn, Ternate, coll. N. Guinea, 1879, Mt.

Arfak, N. Guinea. (It is from Mus. Boucard.)
No. 146,768, $. — Ditto. Collected in same locaUty in 1879.

These birds are entirely different from such forms as the
Nicobar Megapode. They are black, with large, nearly naked
heads, with large, pale-coloured feet and tarsi. Big light -coloured
bills, the superior mandible being curved downward. Nostril
exposed and elliptical. Extremely narrow, hair-like feathers on
top of head and occiput black.

There do not appear to be any skins of T. fiiscirostris or T.
longicaudiis in the collections of the United States National Museum,
which cannot be said of Talegallns johiensis (Plate IV., fig. 8), for
of the latter species I find skins of five (5) adult birds, all from
the Boucard Museum, and collected by A. A. Bruijn. Their
numbers are as follows : —
No. 146,770, ?. — Jobi.
No. 146,771 (sex ?) — Waigiou.
No. 146,772, S- — Jobi [on labet " Tobie "].
No. 146,773, $. — Jobi.
No. 146,774, ci- — Waigiou.

These skins are badly made up, the heads being sunk far down
between the shoulders, rendering them unsightly and almost
useless for pictorial purposes through the use of photography.
However, they give a good idea of the plumage and general appear-
ance of the species.

Catheturus (Swains.)
(Ogilvie-Grant, " Cat. B.," xxii., p. 467, 1893.)
(Plate v., fig. 9.)
The members of this genus are large birds, having some
resemblance to a Turkey [Meleagris], hence the name of "Brush-
Turkey " for them. Up to date (September, 1914) there appear
to be but two species of them known — namely, the Brush-Turkey
(C. lathanii, Lath.) of Queensland and New South Wales, Aus-
tralia, and Barnard's Brush-Turkey (C. purpttreicollis) (Le Souef,
Ibis, 1898, p. 51). They have been frequently described and
figured, and these descriptions are generally accompanied by
some account of tlicir breeding habits, &c.*

* Gould, " Birds of Australia," v., pi. Ixxvii., and works of oilier Aus-
tralian ornithologists cited above. Ogilvie-Grant's description in the
" Cat. Birds Brit. ]\Ius." is accurate and quite full.

The Emu, Vul. XIX.

PLATE X.

Plate V. — The Brush-Turkey (Cathetitnis lathami)

The Emu, Vol XIX;

PLATE XI

Vol. XIX,

I9I9

] SiHTFELDT, Material for a Study af the Megapodiidrc. 25

In cnunieratinfi; tlir >i)ccini(ns in tlic collcctinn of tlic United
States National Musriini, I lia\r onlx- taken into eonsideration
the skins in the cases in the " R.m.i^e," \e.. aiul not ;niy wliieli
may or nui\' not l)e lonnd in the nionntcd t«(llection of the
" exhibition series."

Among the former I find tlu'ei' specimens of Cathcturus lulliioiii,
namely : —

No. 213,164, ?. — Nat. Zool. Park. (Died 20th July, 1910.)
No. 213,167, ?. — Nat. Zool. Park. (Died 21st November, 1910.)
No. 152,711 (sex ?) — N.S. Wales. Old label broken and mutilated.

Second label :— U.S. Expl. Ex., Capt. C. Wilkes, U.S.N.

Talegalliis lathaiili (Gray). The Brush-Turkey. T. R.

Peale. P. 484. Australia. [This specimen (Plate VI.,

fig. 10) has been mounted, and is evidently an old museum

relic. No date, no exact locahty, &c.]
Of these three specimens, No. 213,167 is the specimen which was
used to make the figure (3) for Plate III. of the present article.
It has a length of about 25.5 inches. The bill is black, and feet
horn colour. Exposed nostril circular. Head and neck bare,
very thinly covered with fine, narrow, and short feathers, thickest
on top of head and back of neck. General plumage black ;
feathers of lower breast and abdomen emarginated with pale grey.
Upper tail coverts plumaceous. Back and tail feathers, above,
glossy. Tail rounded, composed of fourteen feathers. Quills of
primaries black and very strong. Claws pale horn colour, much
worn from scratching, and inclined to be deformed (twisted).

Ogilvie-Grant says: — "Skin of head and' neck pink-red, thinly
sprinkled with sliort, hair-like, blackish-brown feathers ; wattle
bright vellow, tinged with red where it unites with the red of the
neck ; bill black ; iris and feet brown " {loc. cit., p. 468).

The bird before me has no " wattle," and that appendage may
only be found in the male, though I do not know this to be a fact,
as i have never seen the male, either dead or ahve.

Barnard's Brush-Turkey is not represented in the United States
National Museum collection, and I have never had the opportunity
to observe it.

.Epypodil's (Oust.)
(Ogilvie-Grant, i.e., p. 469.)
So far as I am aware, there are two species in this genus, viz. : —

1. .E. bniijni (Oust.), Waigiou. ("Cat. Brit. Mus.," p. 470.)

2. /E. arfarkianus (Salvad.), N.W. and S.E. New Guinea. [Loc.

cit., p. 470.)

Of these two, the National Museum has but the first represented
in a skin ; it is a fairly good specimen.
No. 146,767 (sex ?) — Waigiou. Museum Boucard. Coll., Bruijn.

This specimen may be described as follows : — General plumage
black ; breast, abdomen, and exposed parts of feathers deeply
tinged with reddish-brown. Head naked, very sparsely scattered
over with short, fine, hair-like black feathers, chiefly on top of

26 Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the MegapodiidcP. [,^,^"5",!^

liead and Imck of neck. Bill large; superior mandible decurved ;
horn colour. Nostril naked, circular. Legs and feet large and
strong ; brownish-black (PL VII., fig. ii). Wings ample ; feathers
broad, and, in this skin, primaries reaching almost to end of tail.
Upper tail coverts plumaceous, bright reddish-brown. Fourteen
black tail feathers, which are broad. Tail rounded.*

The description in the " British Catalogue " (vol. xxii., p. 470)
apparently applies only to the adult male. In part it states : —
" Head and neck almost entirely naked, with the exception of a
few hair-like feathers, which are most numerous along the super-
ciliary stripe and on the nape. An elongate, fleshy crest commences
on the forehead at the base of the culmen, elevated in front and
spread out over the crown of the head to the nape, the whole
being covered with a close-set horny papillae ; on either side of
the nape there arises a large elongate wattle placed at right angles
to the neck, and from the basal part of the fore-neck there hangs
down over the chest a single long, subcylindrical wattle ; the
colour of these wattles, as well as the naked skin of the head and
neck, appears to have been red or orange ; bill and feet dusky,"
&c.

The "wattles" spoken of here are but faintly shown in the
specimen at hand, which may have been a female, and in that
sex they may not be as prominent as in the male (?). In any
event, had I described the bird at hand, it would have been quite
a pardonable oversight had I taken what remained of these wattles
for the shrivelled-up skin of the neck.

Alfred Newton says that this bird " has frequently made its
mound, laid its eggs, and reared its young in the Zoological Gardens,
after the manner described many years ago by Mr. Bartlett {Proc.
Zool. Soc, i860, pp. 426, 427). In earlier days the position of
this bird was a great puzzle to some ornithologists, who thought,
from the form of its bill, that it was a bird of prey, and called it
the 'New Holland Vulture'" ("Diet. Birds," p. 59).

Megacephalox (Tcmm.)
(Ogilvie-Grant, I.e., p. 471.)
M. maleo, Hart. (p. 472), Celebes and Sangi Island.
There arc no skins of this Megapode in the National Museum
collection, and I have never seen a specimen. It has, however,
been observed and described by others on many occasions. f

Before passing to my description of the eggs and osteology of
the MegapodiidcB, I will terminate this part of my paper by
quoting the time-honoured description of Wallace of these birds

* Oustalet, Le Nat., No. 41, p. 323 (1880). Salvadori, T., Ann. Mus. Civ.
Gerrov., xviii., p. 8 (1882) : id. Orn. Pap., iii., p. 2i,^ (1882). Oustalet, Ann.
Sci. Nat., xi.. p. 38, fig. 33 (adult), 34 (juv.) (188 1).

fSarasin, P. and F., " Zeits. d. Gesellschaft f. Erd-Kunde," Berlin, 1894,
PP- 375. 388, 396, and 398. This naturalist found that Megaccpfialtim
maleo, of the Celebes, lays its eggs in the neighbourhood of hot springs, near
the seashore.

The Emu, Vol. XIX,

PLATE XII.

Plate VII. — Right tarsus and foot of Mpypodius bruijni.

^°'lor''^'] SfiUFELnT, Material fny a Study of the Mef^apodiidcr. 27

(" >[alay Aivh.," j,|,. k,^, i(,(,) : " Tli.' Mc-u/yu/K/u-r Ur says,
" are a small laiiiily "I birds loiuul only in Australia and tiir
surrounding islands, but extending as far" as tlie Philippines and
North-East Borneo. Tliey are allied to tlu> (iallinaceous birds,
but differ from these and from all otiurs in never sitting upon
their eggs, which they bury in sand, eartli, or rubbish, and leave
to be hatched by the heat of the sun or fermentation. They arc
all characterized by very large feet and long, curved claws, and
rnost of the species of Megapodiiis rake and scratch together all
kinds of rubbish, dead leaves, sticks, stones, earth, rotten wood,
&c., till they form a large mound, often 6 feet high and 12 feet
across, in the middle of which they bury their eggs. The natives
can tell by the condition of these mounds whether they contain
eggs or not ; and they rob them whenever they can, as the brick-
red eggs (as large as those of a Swan) are considered a great
delicacy. A number of birds are said to join in making these
mounds and lay their eggs together, so that sometimes forty or
fifty may be found. The mounds are to be met with here and
there in dense thickets, and are great puzzles to strangers, who
cannot understand who can possibly have heaped together cart-
loads of rubbish in such out-of-the-way places ; and when they
inquire of the natives they are but little wiser, for it almost always
appears to them the wildest romance to be told that it is all dom^
by birds."

EXPLAN.ATIOX OF Pl.ATES.

(All the figures in the plates are reproductions of photographs made
by the author direct from the specimens. They were all made
natural size ; and, should any particular figure not agree with
the measurements given in the text and elsewhere, that figure
has been reduced in reproduction.)

Pl.vte I.
Fig. T.— Left lateral view of the head of Megapodius mcoharieusis ■

adult male. No. 178,336, Coll. U.vS. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 2.— Left lateral view of the head of Megapodius cumiugi ■ adult

male. No. 201,738, Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.

Pl.\te II.

Fig. 3. —Right (arsus and foot of Megapodius cumiugi ; adult male.
No. 201,738, Coll. U.S. Nat. :\Ius. The head of this speci-
men is shown in Plate I., fig. 2.

Fig. 4.— Left tarsus and foot of Megapodius cumiugi ; ])clongs lo the
same specimen sliown in fig. :;. Both figures are shown on
outer aspect.

Fig. 5. —Right tarsus and foot of Megapodius nicobariensis ■ adult
male. No. 178,336, Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. Belongs to the
specimen .shown in Plate I., fig. 1, above.

Fig. 6.— Left tarsus and foot of Megapodius nicobariensis. Same
specimen as fig. 5.

28 Shvfulut, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidcs. [.sf"}",!)-

Plate III.
Fig. 7. — Australian Mound-Fowl {Megapodius tumulus), Gould,
Northern Australia. Specimen in the U.S. Nat. Mus.
Photograph by author, much reduced.

Plate IV.
Fig. 8. — Jobi Brush-Turkey {Talegallus johiensis), Meyer, South-
Eastern New Guinea and Island of Jobi. Specimen in the
U.S. Nat. Mus. Photograph by author, much reduced.

Plate V.
Fig. 9. — Left lateral view of the head of Catheturus lathami ; adult
female. No. 21.1,617, Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.

Plate VI.
Fig. 10. — The Brush-Turkey {Catheturus lathami), Gray, Australia.
Specimen in the U.S. Nat. Mus. Photograph by the author,
much reduced.

Plate VII.
Fig. II. — Right tarsus and foot of /Epypodius hruijni ; adult. Pale
brown in life. No. 146,767, Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus (obtained
from the Museum Boucard).

The Black-throated Honey-eater (Melithreptus

gularis).

By p. a. Gilbert, R.A.O.U., Lakemba, N.SAV.

The Black-throated Honey-eater is by no means a shy bird, but
if one happens to be under a tree wherein it is foraging for insects
it descends a branch or two, gives an inquiring look from one side
to the other at the intruder, and then, with composure, flies to a
neighbouring tree, and there renews its search for food. The
notes of this bird are clear, almost clarion, sometimes suddenly
changing to shrillness, but always well modulated when thus
varied. Its song, once learnt, could never be mistaken for that
of any other Honey-eater, nor is it possible to render in words
or music its wonderful versatility and variability of song. It is
really thrilling to hear the notes of these birds ringing out from
the topmost flowering branches of a lofty old gum-tree — a song
indicative of a superabundance of vigour. This volume of sound,
emanating from these virtual feathered mites, is a true mani-
festation that the vernal period has arrived, and an indication
of an annual event of great moment to the species.

At no other time of the year do they appear in such good song
as that attained in early spring. As the spring months retreat
one by one their notes become correspondingly subdued, until
autumn finds them almost without a note. From January to
April they may be seen flying around in small flocks of from four
to eight, which are probalily mad(> np of one or two families.

The Emu, Vol. XIX,

PLATE XIII.

Blacktowii, X.S.W. ilic luiuut ;uul Icccling-ground of forest Honey-eaters.
The box sapling in the foreground was infested with saw-fly larvae,
from which I saw Black-throated Honey-eaters make a meal.

Vol. xiX.-j Gilbert, The Black-throated Honey-eater. 2Q

During May they gradually disperse for mating, and by the time
June arrives they have paired up, and during this month their notes
begin to increase in extent and volume. July usually finds them
busily engaged settling on a suitable breeding haunt, and from
then on to December their whole energies are utilized in, and
concentrated upon, efforts to bring forth successfully one or more
broods, according as to whether the season favours them or not.
But they generally achieve, sooner or later in the season, this result
— the necessity which Nature has forced upon them of perpetuating
their kind. The male is pugnacious in the extreme, and nothing
in the feathered tribe is too small or too large to mix himself
up with. AH and sundry arc cleared from the precincts of his
domain. As is noticeable among other Honey-eaters, its flight
is undulatory — that is to say, a succession of beats raises the
body, then the wings are momentarily held to the sides and the
body drops, to l)e raised again by another succession of beats,
and so on. When approaching an alighting place they reach it
with a sudden upward movement, which makes it very difficult
to follow them at nesting-time. They are vigorous fliers, and
when flying together in pairs or in flocks a softened " Tsut-tsut "
is emitted by one and answered by the other.

The following description is taken from " Nests and Eggs,"
vol. ii., part 2, page 193 (by A. J. North) : — " Adult Male. — General
colour above olive-yellow, becoming a clearer yellow on the rump,
the hind neck paler and having a slight ochreous wash ; wings
brown, the lesser and upper wing-coverts of a slightly darker
shade ; the primaries narrowly edged and the secondaries ex-
ternally margined (the latter less distinctly) with whitish-grey ;
tail feathers brown margined with whitish-grey ; forehead, crown
of head, lores, a line of feathers below the eye, the ear coverts,
and upper portion of hind neck black, the latter separated by a
buffy-white band on the nape, which passes into pure white on
either side of the nape where it extends to the bare skin behind
the eye ; checks and sides of throat white ; chin and centre of upper
throat blackish, passing into a dull blackish-grey on the lower
throat, and pale greyish-brown on the fore neck and breast ; sides
of breast and abdomen creamy-brown ; centre of the lower breast
and abdomen dull white ; under tail coverts dull white ; l)ill l)lack ;
legs and feet dark yellow ; iris hazel ; bare skin al)ove and behind
the eye deep opal-blue or bluish-green. Total length in the flesh
6.75 inches, wing 3.4, tail 2.7, bill 0.58, tarsus 0.75."

Adult Female. — Similar in plumage to the male, but slightly
smaller.

With regard to the distribution of M. gularis, I cannot do better
than give a tabulation of ranges contained in our several well-
known hand-lists or catalogues : —
A. J. North's " Nests and Eggs." — Queensland, New South Wales,

Victoria, South AustraUa, Western Australia.
R. Hall's " Key." — 2, 3, 4, g = North Queensland, South Queens-
land, South-East Australia, Western Austraha.

■30 Gilbert, The Black-throated Honey-eater. \

Ell

July

R.A.O.U. " Check-list." — Australia generally.
G. M. Mathews's " Hand-list," 1913.^

Melithrcptits giilaris giilaris — New South Wales, Victoria.
loftyi — South Australia.
ingrami — Mid-Queensland.
,, ,, carpentarianits — North Queensland.

,, ,, Icetior — Northern Territory.

,, ,, coongani — Mid. and North-West Aus-

tralia.

It will be seen that G. M. Mathews incorporates M. gularis and
M. Icetior to make up six sub-species, \vhile other authorities treat
them as two distinct species. From an analysis of the above
summary of distribution, and from information conveyed by
different authorities, M . gularis would appear to be of very rare
occurrence north of the Tropic of Capricorn, past which hue one
would expect to find that its closest affinity, M . Icrtior, takes up
the running.

Relative to its disposition along the coastal and in the central
areas of New South Wales, its dispersal is in moderate numbers
only, even where congenial surroundings obtain, and, so far as
my experience goes, I have nowhere found it plentiful. During
igi6 I noted five pairs over a wide expanse of bush at Blacktown,
N.S.W., but prior to then and since that year odd pairs were met
with.

The Black-throated Honey-eater (A/, gularis) is mostly met
with in open forest country comprised of smooth-barked gums,
stringybarks, ironbarks, and tea-trees, interspersed with clumps
of box-trees and saplings. It is in one of these box-tree clumps
that they generally select a position to nest. Such habitats are
met with over a great deal of the forest country of New South
Wales.

The food of the Black-throated Honey-eater covers a wide
range in nectar and in insects. The former is sipped up from
any blossom at hand, while the latter are chiefly comprised of
saw-fly lar\-<e {Tenthredinidce) and Paropsis grubs {Chrysomelidce),
which" abound on the box saplings. Moths and small beetles are
nipped up from the blossom, or whilst they are on the wing they
swoop down on or dart at any insect that comes their way,
securing it with the greatest precision. These tactics arc most
noticeable when they are feeding fully-fledged young. It may
here be said that the eating of insects by this Honey-eater is of
infinite advantage economically to man, for every now and then
some insect forsakes the forest and the scrub to take up habitation
on the farm or field.

The nest is a beautiful, compact, cup-shaped structure, com-
posed of fibrous bark securely woven together, with a profusion
of hair, wool, or fur thickly interwoven and matted, giving it the
appearance as of loose felt. It is so deftly worked in and out
that the outer part of the cup is conspicuously hairy, while the
inner cup or receptacle receives, in adcUtion, a cushion of wool

^'""'.■g.^'^] Gilbert, The Black-throated Honey-eater. 3 1

or fur for the lining. Thus the foundation of bark is almost com-
pletely hicUlen from view. Very few other Honey-eaters' nests
can compare with this one in uniqueness of composition. It is
usually placed in the pendulous, tufty twigs of the uppermost
lateral branches of the box-tree, for which they show a keen
partiality, and the height from the ground is most frequently
between 20 and 40 feet — rarely lower, and sometimes higher. It
is at all times a difficult nest to find, as it is well concealed by the
thick, drooping, bushy twigs chosen to support it, the leaves of
which are drawn together as the material is attached to the
branchlets immediately above them, and, so secured in the leaves
which close round it, is thus afforded protection from strong
winds and incidentally obscured from below. At Blacktown I
located a nest getting built in the sprouts on the main trunk of a
smooth-barked gum which was well over 60 feet from the grijund,
this being the highest I have met with, while my friend, Mr. 11.
Keane, records finding one 12 feet or so in the lower branch of a
box sapling, this being about the lowest I know of.

Two or three eggs are laid for a sitting, and in shape may be
oval, rt)unded-oval, or elongate-oval, varying considerably in
this respect, like most other Honey-eaters'. In colour they are
of a hght buffy-white, with an irregular zone of spots, freckles,
and blotches of a salmon-buff or reddish-buff colour, with a few
faint purplish underlying markings showing up here and there
between the surface markings. They possess no distinctive
characteristics whereby one is enabled to separate them from
specimens of other species of Melithreptus, but a few minor details
are worth mentioning. Generally they lack the brilliancy and
richness of the ground colour of the eggs of M. hrevirostris and
the contrast and intensity of coloration of the surface markings
of M. hinulatiis. Again, they are lustreless, while those of M.
lunulatiis are slightly lustrous.

The late Mr. A. J. North described the young birds as having
" the upper parts faint rufous-brown, with dull grey bases to
the feathers, which show through here and there ; wings brown,
the upper wing coverts and secondaries with dull rufous-brown
margins ; tail feathers brown, margined with yellowish-olive,
more distinctly on the central ones, and passing into dull rufous-
brown around the tips ; head, ear coverts, and hind neck faint
rufous-brown, with a white band on the nape, dull rufous in the
central portion ; lores and tips of ear coverts blackish ; all the
under surface and under tail coverts dull white ; chin, centre of
throat, and fore neck washed with light rufous-brown ; wing
3 inches."

Nectar constitutes the food of tlic young for the first few days,
gathered chiefly from Ihjwering eucalypts, which blossom pro-
fusely during spring and summer, and when they have gained
sufficient strength insects of all descriptions are fed to them
freely.

On 12/ 11/ 16 I was strolling through the bush at Blacktown

32 Gilbert, The Black-throated Honey-eater. [isf"iuiy

when I was attracted by a pair of these birds hovering over, then
darting down upon, the back of a calf, and picking and tugging
at its hair, then up into the air again, and so on. They were not
long in getting their bills full, and, when they had done so, dis-
appeared with celerity among the trees. The whole operation
was over before I realized that they were nidulating. I remained
in the position in which I first saw them, and after waiting five
minutes or so was relieved by hearing their call-notes issuing
from among the trees. They were coming back for another load
of material, with which the calf, wilHngly or unwilhngly — but albeit
gratuitously — supplied them, and I thus detected the direction
from whence they came. They perched in a tree just above the
calf and immediately commenced preening their feathers, then
stretching and relaxing their wings, and legs. While they were
thus engaged I moved in the direction I saw them come from.
Presently one " cheeped " and the other instantly flew out,
hovered over the calf, and then, with a sudden dive and without
alighting, once again gathered a bill of hair. A few chirrups,
and away it flew, being joined " on the wing " by its mate as it
did so. They both flew over my head and on in a straight line
for about three hundred paces, and with a sudden rise disappeared
into a tree. I arrived just in time to see them depart from a
leafy cluster of a box-tree 25 feet up. This time they flew at
right angles to the course they took to reach the calf — one to a
stringybark-tree, the other to the ground. In a short time
both returned with material, the first to go in evidently being
the female, with flakes and shreds of bark. I could distinctly
see the leaves quiver as she industriously worked the bark into
its position. The other bird, which I took to be the male,
in the meantime had perched about a foot from his working
partner, slowly moved towards his mate, whereupon she
came out, took the material from him, and returned with it to
her nest to further its completion. WhilQ she was thus engaged
in constructing the nest, he occupied his time by chasing away
sundry small birds that ventured round. I ascertained that the
material picked up from the ground was loose hair rubbed off
stock that had been lying down, which demonstrates the keenness
of vision in these engaging little birds, and their aptitude in
fossicking out the sources of supplies for ncst-])uilding. A fort-
night later I examined the nest and it contained three eggs and
one of the Pallid Cuckoo {Ciiciiliis pallidus, Lath.) The lining
was an extra lot of wool, and the eggs were nearly buried out of
sight in it, and were quite greasy.

I shall here give data of the few nests and young that have
come to my notice : —

Wyong, 8/11/09 (coastal, 63 miles nortli of Sydney). — Three in-
cubated eggs.
Ravensworth, 9/11/13 (61 miles inland from Newcastle). — Two eggs.
Blacktown, 26/10/13 (west of Sydney, 21 miles). — Young Pallid
Cuckoo in nest.

^'■"^■"I ChLBEKT, The Black-throated Honey-cater. 33

119 J

1919

Blacktown, 9/11/13.— Feeding three young in nest.
Blacktown, 27/8/16.— Two fledgelings being fed m short saphng.
Blacktown, 10/9/16.— New nest partly pulled to pieces l)y otlier

birds.
Blacktown, 8/10/16.— Three young almost ready to leave the nest.
Blacktown, 25/11/16.— Three eggs and one of Pallid Cuckoo.
Blacktown, 1/10/17.— Nest building ; inaccessible.
Blacktown, 11/11/17.— Mr. H. Keane records nest with young.
Lakemba, 31/12/17 (9 miles south-west of Sydney).— Fully-fledged

young being fed.
Lakemba, 3/8/18.— Nest getting built.

Nest and eggs of Mellihrcptus ^ularis (two-thirds natural size). The eggs
are from three separate sittings, comprised of three, two, and three
respectively.

PHOTO. BY r. A. OILBEUT, K.A.O.V.

As will be seen, tlu' foregoing observations on M. gularis have
been recorded over the coastal and central areas of New South
Wales only, and it is here suggested that further data might be
supplied incidental to its habits and distribution in other regions
of Australia by ornithologists who have met with this bird, as
heretofore very httle reference 'has appeared in The Emu relative
to this species, and the want of unanimity in such an important
aspect as distribution is sufticient proof that a good deal more
can be learnt about the species. It is only by working out the
life-history of a species in its absolute entirety that we can hope
to place ornithology on a sound and unassailable foundation.

3

34

Harvev, Bird Notes from Mackay, Q.

Bird Notes from Mackay, Q.

Bv W. G. AND R. C. Harvey.

The Lemon-breasted Flycatcher '{Micraca fiavigaster) is fairly
plentiful in open forest country, where it may be seen perched on
some dry twig, and occasionally darting off in pursuit of an
insect, which it generally secures with a loud snap of its bill. It
has a delightful little song, which may be heard at its best during
the spring and early summer. The most remarkable feature in
the life-history of this bird is its nest, which ranks as the smallest
nest in Australia, if not in the whole world. The nest is so
designed that it holds only one egg, which is almost as large as
the egg-cavity. When sitting the . bird screens the entire nest
from observation by spreading her breast feathers around it —
a fact which has been revealed by the camera, but hitherto
unnoticed by us. The young -bird is a marvel of protective
coloration. When danger threatens, it will sit quite still, with
its beak pointing upwards, and so well does it blend with its
surroundings that only the most practised eye can detect it.
" Keep your back to the sun " seems to be its motto, for we have
not observed it in any other position. As the sun goes round,
so also does the young Flycatcher.

The Peaceful Dove [Geopelia placida) is a very common bird in
this district — a fact which is due, no doubt, to their prolific habits.
Nests containing either eggs or young birds have been observed
all the year round. Several pairs of Doves seem to use the same

Peaceful Dove {Geopelia placida) on nest.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE XIV,

l..-ninii-lirc-astc(l 1-1\ catcluT.
piK-r — IJiid screening nest with its hn-ast. Lower — Bird and yoiiiii

I'HOIOS. BV \V. i;. AMI U. I . IIAKVI

The Emu, Vol, XIX.

PLATE XV.

Leacli Kiuglisher (Dacelo leachi) emerging from nesting hollow.
Young Leach Kingfisher (Dacelo leachi).

I'HOTOS. BY W. O. AXD K. U. UAKVKY.

Marvev, Bird Notes from Mackay, Q.

35

nest, for no soontT has one j^air departed witli its young than
another takes possession. 'I'lnis the nest is used eontinuously
until it iaUs to pieees.

Leach Kingfisher [Dacclu Icachi). — This is the common Dacelo
in our loeahty, and, although a Kingfisher by name, it very
sekloni lishi'S lor a hving. During severe droughts \vc have
olisi>rved them on Santhingluun Lagoon catching fish, but under
normal conditions they keep to the forest and feed on snakes,
small lizards, insects, young birds, and small mammals. The
" Jackass," as it is called locally, usually commences nesting
operations about September, but eggs have been observed as late
as December. A hollow spout is generally chosen as a nesting-
site, although in some cases a hollowed-out termites' nest serves
the purpose. The eggs (three in number) are almost round, and
of a uniform white colour, with a glossy appearance. The fully-
fledged young bird may be distinguished from its parent by its
brown eyes, which become lighter in colour as the bird reaches
maturity.

Black-throated Butcher-Bird {Craciicus nigyogularis). — Judging
by our observations all over the district, and from reliable
information gleaned from others, this fine songster is now a rare
bird in the Mackay district. The disastrous cyclone of January,
1918, and the floods which accompanied it, combined to almost

Black-throated Butcher-Bird (Cnicticiis iiigrogHhiris).

I'HOTO. ItV \V. 0. AM) H. (. HAHVIV.

exterminate the Hutclier-Hirds. How bold these birds were
before the cyclone may be gathered from the fact that the one
depicted in the photograph would follow us for hundreds of yards
during the breeding season for the sake of persecuting our dog.

36 Harvev, Bird Notes from Mackay, Q. [.sf^uiy

which had, in some unaccountable way, incurred its displeasure.
One day, having the camera with us, we decided to take advan-
tage of this to secure a photograph. After focussing on a branch,
the dog was tied up beneath it, and, in spite of our presence and
the close proximity of a fearsome-looking camera, down came
the bird, and the photograph was taken. The cyclone experience
has so humbled the few survivors that they are now as corre-
spondingly shy and retiring as once they were audacious. The
two sole survivors in our locality are seldom seen or heard now,
and are certainly more esteemed on that account, for distance
lends enchantment to more things than a view.

Yellow-necked Bittern {Dupctor goiildi). — This interesting bird
appears to be a migrant, but we are unable to say where it goes
to after leaving here. Jt usually arrives here about September,
and as the nesting season approaches its loud calls, which may
be heard during the stillness of the night, serve to remind us that
yet another wet season is drawing near. The call consists of a

Yellow-necked IMangrove-BiUena {Dupctor i^oiddi) ou nest.

.u 11. t. HAnvi:y.

Icjud, long-drawn boom, which, according to some, is the origin
of the mystical bunyip. The nesting season is usually in full
swing during the wet season (December to March). The nest,
which is generally built over water, consists of a frail platform of
twigs without any lining, and just enough depression to keep the
eggs from rolling out. Four eggs usually form the clutch — rarely
five.

Vol. XIX.

1919

II..\RVF.v, Bird Notes from Mackay, Q.

37

Southern Stone-Plover {Bitrhinus grallarius). — Being nocturnal
in its liabits, this tine bird is seldom seen, but its weird call is well
known to anyone who has spent a few nights in the bush. The
open paddock between our house and the lagoon appears to be the
meeting-place f(ir all the Stone-Plovers in the noiglibourhood.

Southern Stone-Plover {Burhivus grallarius) at nest with eggs.

■HOTO. liT W. G. .\ND E. C. H.inVEY.

Here, during the winter months, they assemble from far and near,
and at times their glee-parties are such that only our combined
enthusiasm in " birdology " enables us to appreciate their music {?).

Black-and-White Fantail (Rhi'pidiira tricolor). — This happy
little fellow was very plentiful here before the cyclone, and nested
freely on the Sandringham Lagoon, always building in close
proximity to the Pied GralUna (Magpie-Lark). During the cyclone
we rescued three, but all the rest perished. Our three lived
happily together until the breeding season commenced, when the
less attractive female got the order to "go bush," and she went,
vowing vengeance. The remaining pair were soon busy at a nest
in the mango tree just above the verandah, and in due course
had a neat little cup-shaped nest, containing three eggs. Both
birds took turns at incubation, and all went well until the eggs
were nearly hatched. Then something happened. The female
was busy with incubation duties, the male was out foraging for
insects, and while thus engaged he met the outcast female, who,
after the manner of her sex, commenced a flirtation. The male

38

Harvey, Bird Notes from. Mackay, Q.

r Emu

I,.. Jul:

bird became so engrossed in this new departure that he forgot
ail about his brooding mate, and we were beginning to fear that
he would entirely desert her. The brooding bird, however,
proved to be equal to the occasion. Leaving the nest, she at once
proceeded to the spot from whence came the love-song of her

Black-and-White Fantail [Rhipiditya tricolor) on nest.

PHOTO. IIY \V. (i. AND I). C. HAHVEY.

erring mate. After thrashing her rival she succeeded in coaxing
her mate back to the nest ; but the outcast renewed her efforts
on several occasions, and only the watchfulness and prompt action
of the brooding bird prevented the male Fantail from committing
bigamy.

Blue-faced Honey-eater (Entomyza cyanotis). — This large and
interesting Honey-eater is always found in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of the Fandamis palm — so much so, in fact, that it is
known to most people in this locality as the " Pandanus-Bird."
Not only do they build their nests in these palms, but during the
non-breeding season they derive an easy living from the many
species of insects which shelter among the leaves. Occasionally,
as the opportunity presents itself, they vary their diet with a
little ripe fruit or the nectar from blossoms. These birds have a
peculiar habit of performing an ecstatic dance or " corroboree "
in mid-air. This antic is performed by a dozen or more
Entomyzas, and at various times during the non-breeding season.
One bird generally takes the lead and flies up skyward, calling
excitedly to the others, who immediately take wing and follow
their leader to a height of from 30 to 40 feet above the tree-tops,
where an excited corroboree takes place. Why they do this is a
moot point, but it appears to us to be merely an overflow of mirth.
Another peculiarity of this bird is its primitive method of nest-
building. It is unable to suspend its nest from a branch as other

(CIX.-|

Harvey, Bir(^ Notes from Mackay, Q.

39

Honcy-cators do, but as tinir .i^ors (in it may evolve tliis ]i;il)it.
In the Macka\' distriet it usually builds its nest iu tlu' PuHdaniis
or scrow-palni. It will also build in a hollow spout or relint-
other Inrds' nests, such as the Maf<pic-Lark, Friar-Bird, Little
Friar-Hird. and J^)Utchcr-Bird. On onc^ occasion we discovered a

Blue-faced Honey-eater {Entomyza cyanolis) at its nest in Pandanus palm.

PHOTO. IIT W. O. AXn n. C. HARVEY.

nest on a paper-bark {Melaleuca), which appeared to have been
built by a pair of Entomyzas, but closer investigation revealed
the outhne of a Little Friar-Bird's nest. This Honey-eater is a
favourite with the Koel Cuckoo. One nest we observed contained
two eggs of the Koel as well as a full clutch of the foster-parent's
eggs.

Yellow-eared Honey-eater {Ptilotis chrysolis). — This noisy Honey-
eater is usually found in the vicinity of scrub, where it lives chiefly

^^HM

r^4v

^^^^yJB^^i'lih-'.i ^H^r * Itt^M in ^K^^^^^l

wmmm

Yellow-eared Honey-eater (['iilotts chrysotis) feeding young.

i'HOTO. IIT \V. (i. AXI) II. t. HAUVKY.

40

Harvey, Bird Noies from Mackay, Q.

on honey extracted from blossoms, varying its diet occasionally
with insects and berries. It builds a cup-shaped nest of tea-tree
bark adorned with spiders' cocoons. The nest is generally
placed in the top of some vine-covered sapling in or near the
scrub. The two eggs which form the clutch are pure white with
a few specks of dark brown at the larger end.

Australian Pipit {Anihiis aiistralis). — A pair of these'birds built
a nest in the horse-paddock adjoining our garden, but some
marauding animal robbed the nest when the young ones were
only half-grown. A second nest was then built within a few
yards of the first, and a second clutch of young ones hatched out,
only to suffer a worse fate. One morning a number of Egrets
which happened to be passing settled in the paddock to rest and
feed. One of these made a raid on the Pipits' nest, and before

Australian IMpit {Anthus aitsti-alis) at entrance to nest.
rnoTo. iiY w. ci. Axn n. c. nARvr.v.

we could interfere it had killed the mother bird, which remained
to defend her young rather than seek safety in flight. The male
bird continued to feed the young, but, in spite of all his efforts
and the assistance rendered by ourselves, they both perished.
On examination we found numerous parasites resembUng the
larvae of blow-flies firmly attached to the bodies of the young
birds. Two of these parasites w^ere preserved in spirits, and will
be forwarded to any scientist interested.

Red-backed Wren (Malurus cruentatus). — This is the only
Mid urns found in our locahty. It frequents grassy flats and open

IIarvev, Bird Notes from Mackay, Q.

41

forest country, and is plentiful all over tlie district. Odd nests
of this species, containing either eggs or young, are to be found
all the year round, but the majority nest between the months of
December and March. The nest is composed chiefly of grass
stems and Melaleuca bark and lined with horsehair. The male
bird assists with the building, but his plain little mate does the
lion's share. He also takes part in feeding the young ones,
although in one case that came under our notice the young birds
were lieing fed by two females. When the young are very small
they "are fed almost exclusively on " lace- wings," but as they
become stronger cicadas and other large insects are preferrecl.
Hearing a great commotion among the Wrens one day, we pro-
ceeded to the spot and found a pair excitedly pulling their nest
to pieces and making a great fuss about it. The nest contained

Male Red-backed Wren (Malityus cyuentalns) Jeeding young with Cicada.

I'HOTO. IIY \V. G. AND V. C. HAnVKT.

a full-grown young one, which had become Iwpelessly entangled
in the horsehair lining of the nest — so much so that we were
engaged for more than half an hour releasing it. The Wren is a
favourite foster-parent of the Narrow-billed Bronze-Cuckoo, and
is also imposed upon by the Square-tailed Cuckoo, as the fol-
lowing extract from our note-book will show : — On the evening
of i8th February, 1914, as we were returning home after a day's
work in the paddock, we found a nest of the Red-backed Wren,
which contained an incomplete clutch of Wren's eggs. Next
morning we inspected the same nest on our way out to work at
about 6.30 a.m., and found that one of the Wren's eggs had been
removed and an egg of the Square-tailed Cuckoo had been placed
in the nest. We are quite certain that the Cuckoo must have

42

Haevev, Bird Notes from Mackay. Q.

r Emu
List July

placed its egg in that nest between the hours of 6 p.m. on the
i8th and 6.30 a.m. on the 19th, hut whether the egg was placed
there in the twilight or under cover of darkness is a moot point.

The Northern Oriole {Oriolus affinis) is not by any means a
common bird in this district. During the breeding season each
pair of birds seems to be restricted to a certain locahty, and
never goes beyond its own boundaries. As a mimic the Oriole
has few equals. During the months of July and August, just
before the breeding season, the Oriole amuses itself by imitating
the calls of other bush birds. Among the bird-calls which are

Young Northern Orioles (Oriolus affinis).

PHOTO. IIT

imitated to perfection by this mimic may be mentioned the
Magpie, Black-throated Butcher-Bird, Friar-Bird, Magpie-Lark,
Drongo, Maclcay Kingfisher, Black-faced and Little Cuckoo-
Shrikes, Whistling Eagle, Goshawk, Blue-faced Honey-eater, Fig-
Bird, and many others. Its suspended, open nest is a bulky struc-
ture of tea-tree bark, and similar in size and shape to that of the
Friar-Bird, but easily distinguishable 1)\- its untidy appearance.

Cuckoo-Shrikes. — On 6th April, 1919, near Lower Tarwin, a
small township in southern Gippsland, I saw a flock of Cuckoo-
Shrikes which must have numbered many scores. They were
flitting from bush to bush amongst the stunted coastal vegetation,
and looked as though they were tired out. These birds were
possibly the Tasmanian forms on their migration northwards,
and it would be interesting to know if Tasmanian observers had
noted the departure of Cuckoo-Shrikes just previous to the above
date. — A. Chas. Stone. South Yarra (Vic), 2/5/19.

3u,i'^ ] r?ERNEV, Oruiihologist in Egypt and Palestine.

43

An Ornithologist with the A.I.F. in Egypt and
Palestine.

By Tkoopkk V. L. 1)Erxi:v, l^.A.O.U., Queensland.

The first few months of my residence in Egypt were spent on a
patcli of desert that was quite the most uninteresting spot
imaginal)le, with practically no bird-life. However, since tlien
campaigning has taken me over much of Palestine — a trip I would
not have missed for a great deal. To the naturalist and antiquarian
there has been almost daily something of interest to be seen.
The life of a trooper is rough, of course — ^very rough ; dirt is
plentiful, and washing water is scarce ; food is plain — ^very plain — •
and generally not quite enough of it. But still we must not
complain ; there is a war on, and we did not come out here as
Cook's tourists. Having been used to the bush — to the back-
blocks — for so long, I do not feel the roughness of the company
and things in general as would a man used only to town life. My

The Australian White Egret.

PHOTO. BY W. H. D. LE SOUEF, C.M.Z.S.

44 Berney, Ornithologist in Egypt and Palestine. [,sf Ti

only trouble is rheumatism, of which I have had a couple of
touches. The first did not put me off duty, but the second put
me into the hospital in Cairo.

Mr. Nicholls, of the well-kept Cairo Zoological Gardens, gave
up a lot of his time working through the collection of skins with
me, to help me identify birds that I had noted in Egypt and
Palestine. The colony of Egrets that had their headquarters in
the Gardens have considerably increased, and there are now two
colonies. These, together with many other useful species, are
now closely protected all the year round, the facts being brought
to the knowledge of the natives by sheets with coloured figures
of the principal birds.

The Convalescent Camp I went to after coming out of the
hospital was in clear sight of the Pyramids, and within a few
minutes' run in the tram of the Zoological Gardens. I had always
pictured the birds of Egypt and Palestine as being African and
Asian, and it came as somewhat of a surprise to me to find how
exceedingly European — not to say British — they are. During
last winter (November-February) I was camped on a hopeless
patch of desert just off the Canal, and during that time identified
ten species of birds, eight of which were British. The most
common was the Sparrow, also the White Wagtail. The former
is our old friend of the house-tops, but a long residence i^i this
sandy country has caused it to take on a somewhat dusty hue.
The White Wagtail, a very sweet little bird, comes to Egypt
during the period mentioned in great numbers, when you will
always see half a dozen in sight — sometimes 40 or 50 — about the
horse lines, where they are attracted by the files. Kites are
always with us. Others that I noted were the Short-toed Lark,
Crested Lark, Kestrel, Barn Owl, Quail (very similar to ours),
Norfolk Plover, Wheatears, Whinchats, and Hooded Crows. An
interesting bird that I saw occasionally was the Hoopoe, and a
very graceful and pretty bird was the Cream-coloured Courser.
Bee-eaters often passed overhead, but I could not identify them ;
there are three species in Egypt. A bird I did not expect to see
out on the desert was the Black-headed Gull. A couple of
hundred of them frequented the camp for some weeks, having,
I suppose, followed the Canal along. I used to feed them at
times with meat that I got frohi the cook-house. They reminded
me of a trip I made to a broad in Norfolk, where some thousands
of them were nesting, and again of the time when I have fed them
with bread in the winter at London Bridge, the Gulls hovering
and taking the bread from my fingers.

In Palestine I noticed White Storks, Egyptian Vultures, Ravens,
Chukar Partridges. My list is a very short one, but I have no
means of collecting, so that the small birds piactically all escape
identification. A pair of Partridges had a nest with nine or ten
f'ggs (June) just at the back of one of our camps. Shells fell in
the vicinity daily, and one morning a Turkish " whizzbang "
shell landed within killing distance of the nest ; but, as there were

Vol. XIX

1919

] Bernev, Ornilhologist in Egy/>1 and Palestine. ^.^

no casualties, the birtls (U'cidcd to rcnKiin, ;uul did not desert, as
I expected. It is a pity we have no Partridges in Australia.
These Cliukars are fine birds, and very hke the Red-legged
Partridge of Euiopc. They have a fairly wide range, extending
from Palestine right across India. They appear to like dry
country. I saw them many times in the Jud^ean Hills. When
disturbed, they put their heads up and ran like Guinea-Fowls.
Palm Doves are plentiful everywhere (Egypt and Palestine), in
suitable localities, on trees and palms. In Cairo, they, the
Hooded Crow, and the Spairow are the most commonly seen birds,
to which may be added the Kites. It is rather amusing to hear
the soldiers speak of the Kites as " Kitchener's Birds," and to be
told that he was the first to introduce them into Egypt. This
is, of course, only a fairy story, but as a matter of fact Lord
Kitchener (the Zoo people tell me) did interest himself in the
useful, insect-destroying birds, and it was largely due to him
that a Bird Protection Act was passed.

In the spring Western Palestine and part of the Judiean Hills
are bright with wild-flowers ; and as it is with the birds, so is it
with the flowers — so many of them are British : wild roses, black-
berries, meadowsweet, poppies, &c. The latter are just the
same as the poppies that grow among the wheat in the old country
—the same poppy red, but of a depth and richness of colour that
is really wonderful. This extremely rich colour is due, I expect,
to some mineral in the Palestine soil. Palestine is full of interest
on account of its antiquities and old Biblical associations, but
one point of interest is almost entirely overlooked — I mean the
Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea. In time to come they will be
recognized as one of the wonders of the world, and people will go
to see them as now they go to the Rockies or the Himalayas, or
the huge crater of the Jenncrger, in Java. I have seen at close
quarters Mount Everest and Kinchinjunga, the world's highest
peaks (28,000 feet), and the spell they work on my senses is akin
to the feeUng of fascination that takes hold of me as I sit and
watch the Jordan Valley, 1,300 feet below the sea-level, the
lowest spot on the earth's surface — the very antithesis of the
great peaks. Spread out before you is a broad, flat valley, nine
miles across and twenty-five from north to south, which way the
Jordan flows — to the south to enter the Dead Sea, while to the
north the continuation of the valley becomes hemmed in to half
its width between the Judaean Hills and the Hills of Moab — a
broad, flat valley bounded by limestone hills, most barren, that
rise to a couple of thousand feet on either side. The floor of the
valley is deeply scarred by endless wadis, 40 to 60 feet deep, with
perpendicular sides, cut by winter rains. On the east side runs
the muddy, swift-currented Jordan, while on the west is the
Wadi Aujs, a swift-flowing stream, clear as crystal, on a bed of
rock and pebbles. Each water-course is bordered by a narrow
strip of vegetation, rank weeds, and stunted trees, but these are
so dwarfed by the overpowering scene of desolation everywhere

4.6 Berney, Ornithologist in Egypt and Palestine. [ist July

that tliey make but little impression on the eye. All one sees
is the hfcless valley and the barren hills — a colour-scheme in brown
in two or three shades, with splashes and areas of grey-white, as
though put in by Nature to form a contrast. Evening is the
best time to view the scene, for then the horizontal rays of the
setting sun cast heavy-laden shadows, showing up each wadi on
the flat, each fold in the hills. All day strange ghostly whirl-
winds stalk ceaselessly, silently, from S.E. to N.W. across the
valley, always two or three stealing across the plain, sometimes
half a dozen. We see plenty of whirlwinds in the dry interior
of Australia, but they differ from those on the Jordan. The
former have a more pronounced waist, and are much more
bustling and disturbing in their course, while the latter are prac-
tically the same size all the way up, and appear to require but
httle wind to create them ; their movements and carriage are very
stately and straight. Their white colour (limestone dust), their
stealthy, silent progress, make them strangely weird. The
atmosphere over all is like no other I have ever seen, and I doubt
if a painter could quite catch it. It is due, I suppose, to the fine
dust hanging ever in suspension in the sunlight, combined with
the general soft brown colour of the landscape. No flower or
butterfly catches the eye from my eyry, no sound of small bird
catches the ear ; but in space below fly three Ravens, searching
the ground for scorpions, with which the country abounds —
fitting actors in such a scene.

Dust ! I do not think there is any doubt about it — there is
no place in the world that can compare with the Jordan Valley
for dust. It is indescribable. It is from hoof-deep to fetlock-
deep, practically everywhere (I am writing of summer -time).
It is often impossible, when riding, to see the four men in the
preceding section, who are only a horse-length ahead of you.
Fortunately, Nature has, in this dust business, overreached
herself, and made a burlesque of the thing, so that men laugh and
joke at it. No wonder bird-hfe is scarce here. Although I was
right down against the Dead Sea on more than one occasion, I
regret I never had the opportunity of a dip in it — an experience
that would have been very interesting. From one who was more
fortunate than I, I learn that you can even stand upright in its
briny waters, and without effort float with the top of your shoulders
above water, and quite comfortably in that position read a book
or paper. It is not too good a medium to swim in, as every stroke
sends your shoulders and the upper part of your body shooting
above the surface. As theie is no life in the Sea, whose waters
contain 25 per cent, of salt, no Gulls or Terns hover over its
surface, no Waders follow its margin in search of food. There
is no tide, and therefore no clean sand or shingle on its shores,
which are covered with mud and silt left by the flood-waters of
the previous wet season. There is something unreal, uncanny,
in the whole place — the lifeless sea and dead valley — with its
shade temperature of 110° F. and 120" F. You are looking, it

^"'k m'^"] Bi'RNEV, Ornithologist in Egypt and Palestine. 47

seems, with Dante into anotlicr world, and a very unhealthy
world, too, for it reeks with IcNcr. \'v\-\ icw indeed of our men
— there ma\- he sonic, but 1 cauiint think ol any anioni; those I
know- put in the sunnnir months in the Jordan Valley
without, sooncT or later, hax'iui; to i^o into liosjMtal with fever
or debility.

The chief tree in the valley — in fact, the only tiet', all else
being little better than bushes — stands 15 to 20 feet high, and is
a mass of thorns and hooks. The thorns are about 1;^- inches long,
and as thin and as sharp as needles, while the hooks arc small and
shaped like a tiger's claws, and are just as wicked. I do not
know the name of the tree, but I have heard it called the " Tree
of the Crown of Thorns," because the crown of thorns for our
Saviour is said to hav(^ In-en mad(^ from it, which I can quite
believe. Jerusalem would be onl\- alxjut 11 miles from the
X'alley.

To return to the birds again. I had always imagined the
migrant British species as making for Africa via France and Spain,
and crossing the water at the Straits of Gibraltar, or perhaps a
bit farther along the Mediterranean ; but it is evident, it seems
to me, that a very large number take the overland route, and
follow the southern coast of Europe right round to Port Said, and
then probably follow the Nile. This way would avoid any long
sea journey, and give them good feeding-ground all the way. I
do not know what the northern coast of Africa is like, but I fancy
most of it is pretty barren and inhospitable, so that birds could
gain nothing by short-cutting across the Mediterranean.

I was regimental quartermaster-sergeant for four or five months,
but the billet (quite a good one) meant my remaining at a base
camp 250 miles behind the firing-hne. This did not suit me, so
I threw it up, and went back to the ranks in order to get to tlie
front, and I have never regretted doing so. I have been, I think,
very fortunate, in my short term of service, in seeing so much.
In Palestine I saw Jerusalem, with the Mount of Olives and the
Garden of Gethsemane, Bethlehem, Jericho, Mount of Temptation,
the Jordan Valley, and the Dead Sea, besides many minor places
and hundreds of miles of country.

Recently I have been having a particularly good tinu-. \•^)\'
three weeks I was doing duty at a fishing camp at a place called
Sayed, on the west coast of the Bitter Lakes, through which, you
will remember, the Suez Canal passes. There is a great abundance
of fish in these waters, which has created a fishing industry
entirely in the hands of the natives. For the protection of
shipping during the war, the Government stepped in and took
charge. Each boat that went out had to carry an armed soldier,
to see that none of the fishermen, in collusion with the Turks,
laid mines in the Canal. T]u> boats go out for 24 hours at a time,
sometimes remaining out a couple of nights. I found it all very
interesting — both the trips and the life generally. The 30-foot
boat, a " felucca " (invariably spoken of by the natives as a

48 Bernev, Ornithulogist in Egypl and Palestine. \^^^f'

July

" falooka "), with its three-cornered sail carried on a 40-foot
sky-scraping spar, the native crew of six or seven, and the mixed
catch of all sorts of marine wonders. Between the trips I wandered
along the beach or among the salt marshes, in search of bird-life.
No birds appear to be nesting now.

How jolly it will be to get back to civilization again — to clean
sheets and decent living ! Not that I regret coming ; I do not —
far from it. I should have regretted in years to come not having
done so. My experiences and the things I have seen have amply
repaid me.

I hope my letter has better luck than C. Barrett's, in which,
5'ou will remember, the censor deleted all the scientific names of
the birds he mentioned !

A Dipterous Parasite of Nestling Birds.

By p. a. Gilbert, R.A.O.U., Lakemba, N.S.W.

Our hon. librarian, Mr. W. B. Alexander, in his review of recent
acquisitions to the R.A.O.U. library, mentions on page 321 of
vol. xviii. (April, 1919) the receipt of a paper entitled " Parasitism
of Nesthng Birds by Fly Larvae," O. E. Plath, Condor, vol. xxi.,
page 30, with the following comments : — " The author finds that
in America a considerable proportion of Passerine birds are subject
as nestlings to the attacks of larvae of a fly, which suck their
blood. . . The attacks of the fly larvae result in a considerable
mortality amongst the nestlings. Do Australian birds suffer in
this way ? "

I have been collecting data on a fly parasite for several years
past, but, as the hosts located have been few and far between,
my progress has necessarily been very slow ; but since the question
has been put by Mr. Alexander I thought an effort to answer his
query would not be out of place.

My field observations have been intermittent, a week or a
fortnight elapsing between visits to any hosts that I had found ;
hence a good deal of information was lost in not being able to
make daily investigations. However, as a first instalment, subject
to modification with more extensive inquiry, I herewith give my
researches to date.

From four species of our l)irds I have collected maggots, and
bred them out, which all proved to be identical. The birds thus
attacked were : —

Lyre-Bird {Meniira siipcyba), 13/8/1911. — One young bird, about
two weeks old, with 17 maggots studded over the lateral and
ventral portions of the body.

White-cheeked Honey-eater {Meliornis sericca), 14/3/13. — Two
young, about a week old, one with three and one with two maggots ;
both had them on the ventral surface of the body.

^'°''i^'^'J ^"'iLBEKT, /I Diplcrous Parasile of Nesiliii^ Birds. ^(j

Tawny-crowncd Honey-eater [Glyciphila fulvifrons). — Two
young, about a week old, with three and one larva; respectively.

White-bearded Honey-eater {Meliornis novce-hollandicB). — From
19/4/14 to 7/6/14 I found five broods infected ; these were from
upwards of twenty nests whicli I located during that period, it
being a favourable time for autumn breeders. I specially mention
the dates because at present I feel convinced that their attacks
are carried out during the autumn and winter months. I have
examined numerous young of many species during spring and
summer months in search of these parasites, but so far have
been unsuccessful.

Of the live broods of M. noiHC-hoUaiidiw, the following larvcC
were counted on them : —

1st brood — I
2nd ,, —I
3rd ,. -I
4th „ -I
5th .. I

with

II and I
8 ,, I

4 .. I

5 .. 1
4 .. I

with 7.
>. 5-
.. 4-

.. 3-

All were on lateral and ve

•ntral

surfaces 0

f bodies.

As soon as the young birds are hatched it seems that the fly
seizes the first opportunity to deposit her eggs, which are usually
placed under the wing of the young bird, where they immediately
hatch, and from there disperse irregularly over the lateral and
abdominal parts of the body, keeping clear of the various feather
tracts (pterylje). They then pierce the epidermis or outer skin,
and instantly proceed to suck up the blood. Their growth is
remarkably rapid, the maggot taking about six days to mature,
leaving the body before the young are anything like fledged. As
they develop they work their way further into the young bird,
keeping their anal segment slightly projecting from the epidermis,
so that their excreta in no way obstructs tlicir development nor
interferes with the function of the tracheal system. When the
maggot reaches maturity it leaves its host, and, falling to the
bottom of the nest, it works its way into the lining and there
pupates. With the Honey-eaters mentioned the lining is usually
composed of the velvety fluff gathered from Banksia cones. I
had no success with pupae brought home in nests, but those bred
from larvae collected took thirteen days or more to emerge. The
fly is a member of the well-know-n family 'Muscidce, which includes
house and blow^-flies. It is a short, stout fly measuring :^-inch ;
the arista is clothed with long hairs, more so at base, and the
wing venation resembles that of the blow-fly {Calliphora oceaniccB).

I hope to treat this subject more fully when sufficient material
comes to hand. So far, I w'ould say that the depredations of
this fly among our birds are insignificant, although some of the
young were extrenieU- (.maciatcd, but managed to leave tin- nest
fully fledged.

50 Keksey, Notes from Dolomite, Western Queensland. [i,t j"iy

Notes from Dolomite, Western Queensland.

By Herbert J. Kersey, R.A.O.U.

During a residence of five weeks at Dolomite, about six miles
west of Cloncurry, in what I consider as one of the most desolate
districts in Queensland, I had an excellent opportunity of
studying the birds of the locality. In all, I recognized sixty-three
(63) species, and was told by the residents that during the dry
seasons of the year great numbers of birds from the interior came
to that place to drink at- the stream of water — then the only
water to be found for miles around. It is kept flowing by being
pumped from the mine.

The fohowing is a list of the birds recognized, together with
notes concerning them : —

Dromaius novae-hollandiae. Emu. — On 21st January one of these
birds, together with a large chick, was seen from the train, about
50 miles east of Cloncurry.

Synoicus australis. Brown Quail. — Several seen on 14th, 20th, and
24th February.

Geopelia tranquilla. Ground-Dove. — Very numerous, and were seen
almost daily. Their notes sound more plaintive than those of the
coastal birds.

Phaps elegans. Brush Bronze-winged Pigeon. — One bird seen in the
trees along the banks of the Cloncurry River on 26th January. A
few days later Mr. A. J. Corr reported having seen four of these birds
very close to his home.

Ocyphaps lophotes. Crested Pigeon. — Were to be seen in pairs every
day.

Lobivanellus lobatus. Spur-winged Plover. — This bird was heard
during the nights of 6th and 15th February.

^gialitis nigrifrons. Black-fronted Dottrel. — A pair was seen on
the mud-banks in the Cloncurry River on 26th February.

CEdicnemus grallarius. Southern Stone-Curlew. — Heard only once.

Choriotis australis. Australian Bustard. — Very common. Some
very large birds were seen, and a loud croaking sound could be heard
as the birds were flying overhead.

Carphibis spinicollis. Straw-necked Ibis. — Many flocks, numbering
in each perhaps 150 birds, were always to be seen following and
de\ouring the swarms of locusts, which were everywhere very
numerous.

Notophoyx novae-hollandiae. White-fronted Heron.— N'ery rarely-
seen.

Notophoyx pacifica. While-necked Heron. — Seen on two occasions
hshing in the water at the bottom of one of the " open cuts.''

Nycticorax caledonicus. Nankeen Night-Heron. — A pair of these
birds llcw o\cr mv tent late one evening.

Dendrocygna arcuata. Whistling-Duck. — Heard almost every
night. Seem to l)c very numerous.

Phalacrocorax carbo. Cormorant. — A single bird rose from the
water in the " open cut " of the Salmon mine.

Vol. '^'^ I Kersev, Notes Jrom Dolomite, Western Queensland. 5 1

Phalacrocorax sulcirostris. Little Black Cormorant. — One of the
residents, .seeing a pair of these birds on the water of the creek, shot
them and sent them to me, asking the name of the birds, and
inquiring if they were good to eat !

Accipiter torquatus. Collared Sparrow-Hawk. — Single birds were
seen on 7th and i4lh February.

Uroaetus audax. Wcdge-tailcd Eagle.— One pair seen soaring very
high.

Hieracidea berigora. Brown Hawk. — The most common bird of
the West. One ilock seen on the wing was estimated to contain not
less than stx) birds. Their food consisted of locusts, which were
snapped up while flying about.

Ninox boobook. Boobook Owl. — This bird was heard calling on
the nigh I of 8 th February.

Strix- delicatula. Australian Barn Owl. — Heard almost nightly.

Calyptorhynchus banksi. Banksian Cockatoo. — These birds were
re}K)rtcd to me as having been seen on 19th February.

Cacatua galerita. White Cockatoo. — Heard on 14th February.
Some bovs told me that a pair of these birds was nesting in a hollow
tree not far from the school.

Cacatua roseicapilla. Rose-breasted Cockatoo. — Common. Small
flocks of these Cockatoos were often seen.

Licmetis tenuirostris. Long-billed Cockatoo (Corella). — Very
common. The food of these birds consisted chiefly of the grub found
inside the branches of the young gum-trees. There were many young
birds.

Calopsittacus novae-hollandiae. Cockatoo-Parrot. — Seen almost
daily. They were locally known as " Quarrion.'"'

Aprosmictus scapulatus. King Parrot. — Four of these birds were
seen flying o\cr on iqlh February.

Melopsittacus undulatus. Warbling Grass-Parrot. — Very common.
I noticed these beautiful Parrots were nesting in almost every hollow
in the trees.

Eurystomus pacificus. Australian KoUer. — Seen almost daily.

Halcyon pyrrhopygius. Red-backed Kingfisher. — A single bird
was seen on 26lh February.

Halcyon sanctus. Sacred Kingfisher. — Could be seen daily. 'Slany
>-oung liirds were seen.

Merops ornatus. Australian Bee-eater. — Several seen on 26th
Februarx".

Scythrops novse-hollandise. Channelbill.— Heard on rst and 8th
Fcbruarv.

Dacelo leachi. Leach Kingfisher. — Very common.

Eudynamys cyanocephala. Koel Cuckoo. — This bird was often
seen and heard along I lie creek banks.

Centropus phasianus. Pheasant-Coucal or Spur-fooled Cuckoo. —
Heard on one occasion.

Petrochelidon ariel. Fairy Martin. — Numbers of these birds were
nesting under the ledges of rock in the " open cuts " of the mines.

K2 Khrsev, Notes from Dolomite, Western Queensland. [,sf"juiy

Smicrornis brevirostris. Short -billed Tree-Tit. — Single birds seen
on 2}\-<\ and J4th February.

Pachycephala rufiventris. Rufous-breasted Whistler.— A very rare
bird in the West. A pair was seen on 25th February.

Rhipidura motacilloides. Black-and-White Fantail. — These birds
were often seen. One nest was seen.

Graucalus melanops. Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike.— Were very
common.

Campephaga humeralis. White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater.— These
birds were \-erv common, and nests and eggs could be seen on almost
every small tree. All nests examined were constructed of grass-
roots, horse-hair, and cobweb, and each one contained three heavily-
incubated eggs.

Pomatorhinus temporalis. Grey-crowned Babbler. — Were first seen
on 15th February. There were never more than four in any of the
flocks seen.

Cisticola exilis. Grass-Warbler or Golden-headed Fantail- Warbler.
— Were fairly common, but did not observe any nests.

Artamus leucogaster. While-rumped Wood-Swallow. — Small ffocks
of six or seven birds were often seen.

Grallina picata. Magpie-Lark. — These birds were very common,
and were nesting in many trees.

Dicaeum hirundinaceum. Mistletoe-Bird or Australian Flower-
pecker. — This beautiful bird was often seen in the clumps of mistletoe
in the trees on the creek banks.

Pardalotus affinis. Yellow-tipped Diamond-Bird. — Were often
seen. The " drives " or " mines " of these birds were seen in almost
every bank.

Ptilotis penicillata. White-plumed Honey-eater. — A very common
bird. Invariably seen in pairs.

Myzantha flavigula. Yellow-throated ]\Iiner. — Two pairs of these
interesting birds were seen on 25th February.

Tropidorhynchus corniculatus. Friar-Bird. — A small number was
seen on 6th Fcbruarv.

Philemon citreogularis. Yellow-throated Friar-Bird. — These birds
were always to be seen. I have often disturbed flocks of them after
sunset, when I found them camping in the very small blood-wood
trees. One nest was found in a mistletoe clump suspended over the
water.

Anthus australis, Australian Pipit. — Very numerous.

Mirafra horsfieldi. Bush-Lark. — A very common bird in the West,
and could be heard almost every night. On a still night the flitting
of their wings could be heard distinctly. It was interesting to notice
how closely these birds and the Pipits crouched on the ground when-
ever a large bird flew overhead. Having taken one's eyes off them
for a moment, it is a most difficult matter to locate them again when
they are crouching or S([uatting thus.

Taeniopygia castanotis. Chestnut-eared Finch. — Tiiis bird was
found in great numbers, and the nests were to be found in any hollow
limb or small bush. One pair built in the bushes which formed the

1. XI\.
1919

1 Kersev, Notes from Dolomite, Western Queensland. ^3

roof of the school. The children were very interested to sec the little
birds fly down on the floor of the shed to pick up a straw or a feather
they had dropped.

Another Finch, slightly larger than but resembling \-cry much the
coastal " Bullfinch,"- was often seen, but I was unable to classify
this pretty IMack-lhroated Finch.

Corone australis. Australian Raven. — Four or five of these birds
were seen on one occasion.

Cracticus nlgrogularis. Black-throated Butcher-Bird. — Seen daily.

Gymnorhina tibicen. Black-backed Magpie. — Seen daily.

In addition to those mentioned above, a Whistler, Honey-
eater, Mycatchor, and a Wren- Warbler 'were also seen, but I was
nnable to dett-rniine exactly to which species they belonged.

Migration of Swifts.

By H. Stuart Dove, F.Z.S., West Devoxport, Tasmania.

The first Spine-tailed Swift {Chatura caudaaita) seen in North-West
Tasmania this summer was a solitary specimen travelling at a
great rate towards the sea, or in a northerly direction, on 12th
January. A couple were noticed on 19th February circling towards
the beach at noon ; wind fresh from N.W., weather fine. On
20th same month a large number was seen by Mr. L. A. Thurston
(a resident of Devonport, and one of our members, R.A.O.U.) pass-
ing over from S.E. towards X.W. ; wind was north-w'est, moderate,
weather fine after rain from S.E. on i8th. On 22nd February
the same observer noticed a small party coming from N.W. in
the afternoon ; wind was light from that quarter. On 4th March,
after a few hours' rain from eastward, a pair of Swifts was noticed
coming from the north-west ; wind E.S.E., light. Towards evening
a number appeared, at heights of 40 feet to 200 feet or so, circling
and feeding. The afternoon was muggy, with light showers.

At about 10.30 a.m. on 5th March hundreds of Spinetails
appeared over Devonport until noon, circling before a violent
south-easter, and disappearing towards the north-west. The air
seemed thick with them at from 30 feet to a great altitude,
circhng and playing, but apparently not feeding. A loose cluster
of the birds, like a magnified Pleiades, could be seen circling and
preserving much the same formation until it disappeared away
over the coast-line to north-west. This is tlie first lar<^e company
of Spinetails observed for two years.

6th March. — A large number again appeared in the morning,
between 10 and 11 o'clock, making towards south-east. They
were back again at sundown, when a very peculiar effect was
observed. A very large cloud covered most of the western sky,
turned a beautiful golden tint by the rays of the setting sun, and
as the birds flew straight towards this the white throat and fore-
head of each became tinged until it resembled old ivory. As the

iA Dove, Migration of Swifts. [^^^

Emu
t July

company passed in a long trailing line, mostly by ones and twos,
it was very striking to watch this transformation take place as
soon as each bird was in the right position for the eye to catch it.

A friend (Mr. W. G. Buck), when out driving on 14th March,
saw a number of Spinetails about 5 p.m. flying just over the tops
of a grove of gum saphngs, back and forth, as if hawking insects ;
this was about a mile inland, on a calm, sunny evening. On 22nd
March a single Swift was noticed from the Forth Hill, about
6 miles west of this, making north-west or seawards at 5.30 p.m. ;
moderate breeze from S.W.

Early in afternoon of 30th, being close and showery from the
N.W., a small party of the birds appeared over the garden, flying
low (20 feet or so) and feeding. Shortly after a great company
appeared from S. an S.E. The air appeared thick with them,
from low up to 300 feet or so, dashing in all directions. One party
formed a loose cluster, as on 5th, and circled as if in play while
working towards north-west. This habit of forming a kind of
Pleiades and working along in that fashion, which has been noted
also in former years, seems peculiar to the Spinetails when on
migration ; I have never seen it with any other species. Although
the wind freshened up from the direction towards which the birds
were making, it did not seem to affect them in the least ; their
wing-power is so strong that it is apparently just as easy to go
against as with a good breeze. A Graucalus, or " Summer-Bird,"
which was endeavouring to make in the same direction was blown
hopelessly to leeward.

The morning of 5th April was thundery, with rain : afternoon,
clearing, with fresh N.W. breeze. Swifts were seen from 4.30
until 5 p.m. in small straggling lots, coming from E. and S.E., and
making directly north-west, not feeding. The following afternoon,
at 4 o'clock, a large number passed in similar straggling fashion,
and heading, as yesterday, against a fresh breeze : day was fine,
with drifting clouds, wind squally. These were the last Spinetails
observed.

Under the heading of " The Elusive Swift," some instructive
notes were contributed to an April Sydney Mail by W. M. S. The
writer says that " along the New South Wales coast north of
Manly, and especially about Dee Why and Narrabeen, the Swifts
had been noted every day for eight months without intermission.
Always they are on the wing. These birds are supposed to land
occasionally somewhere, but the writer has never yet met an
observer who had seen a Swift anywhere but on the wing. Most
authorities are agreed that the Swift is the fastest flier in exist-
ence ; according to Gould, it can cross Bass Strait in an hour.
When in full flight, with all its matchless powers exerted, one of
these birds will pass over the head of an observer with something
of the effect of a rifle bullet. One hears a whistling sort of sigh,
has a dazzling impression of what looks like a brown streak of
light, and the bird is vanishing a quarter of a mile away before
the observer has time to turn round to try and follow the flight.

Vol. XIX.
1919

] Dove, Migration of Swifts. ee

This species will tiy easily at the head of a wind-storm having a
vehxnty ol" 50 miles per hour ; in fact, it appears to revel in
storms ! It will fly with the wind for a time, then turn and fly
against it, without diminishing speed, and after criss-crossing in
a kind of gambol with the elements will go straight ahead again
to overtake the storm. When it is recollected that this Swift
commonly travels up to 200 miles an hour — Sydney to Melbourne
is but a two-hour or so journey for it — it will be realized that it
has no trouble in giving a start to the fastest wind-storm and
getting ahead whenever it chooses. Along the coast, as the night
gathers in, so their speed increases, until by the time it is dark
they are travelling in a veritable frenzy of energy, as if conscious
of being pursued by some evil demon of the air, and intent on
outstripping it. As the darkness closes in over the area through
which they rush, they are still flying as if they had no intention
of ever landing. According to Dr. Leach, the Spine-tailed Swift
has never been recorded as alighting in Victoria, but the spines
at the end of the short tail feathers are believed to assist the bird
in clinging to the face of a cliff." Most of these remarks by
W. M. S. I can endorse from personal observation in Tasmania,
where I have seen many thousands of Spinetails, but never
anywhere except on the wing. Their enjoyment of storms, too,
quite coincides with opinions expressed by me for many years
past in The Emu and other journals — that their appearance on
our coast is almost invariably accompanied by atmospheric dis-
turbance. It is extremely probable that this species flies all
night— when migrating, at all events— as I have seen them passing
overhead until it became too dark to distinguish objects any
longer. But the " frenzy of energy " possessing them just as
darkness closed in has escaped me — the birds seemed to continue
at their usual easy but incredibly rapid pace as long as they could
be seen. It is evident that vast numbers of the Spinetails never
visit our island at all, otherwise they could not be seen for eight
months in succession on the coast of New South Wales, so that
the total quantity migrating each season from the northern hemi-
sphere must be enormous.

Other Migrants. — The Welcome Swallows {Hirundo ncoxena),
Tree-Swallows {Petrochelidon nigricans), and a great many Woocl-
Swallows {Artamits sordid us) appeared to leave with the disturb-
ance at the end of March, as well as most of the Summer-Birds
{Graucalus parvirostris). A good many Pipits (Anthus australis)
were noticed up to the third week of present month (April), ancl
some Wood-Swallows, which appeared to have delayed inland
long after the majority had gone, were observed during Easter
passing with their easy sailing flight out to sea, at a considerable
altitude, the last noticed being on 21st (Easter Monday). The
season is exceptionally fine, dry, and warm.

56 Dox-E. Migration of Swifts. [.sf'juiy

Swifts and the Weather. — About ten days ago I had occasion
to proceed to Tasman Peninsula on a collecting trip for the
Museum. As we motored through the Dunalley district large
numbers of Swifts {Chcetura caudacuta) were observed flying very
low. Recalling to mind Mr. Stuart Dove's writings concerning
Swifts and the weather, I remarked to my companion that, in
accordance with the observations of one ornithologist, we might
expect a storm. He rather scorned the idea, and pointed to the
bright sunshine and other indications which would naturally
suggest fine weather. However, the Swifts turned out to be
better weather prophets than he anticipated, as, although we
commenced work at sunrise the next morning with every prospect
of a fine day, at about ii o'clock a strong southerly wind arose,
accompanied by rain. This observation serves to confirm Mr.
Dove's remarks. — Clive E. Lord. Tasmanian Museum, 3/3/19.

Spine-tailed Swifts. — Mr. W. H. D. Le Souef writes : — " On
17th March I saw a number of Spine-tailed Swifts, mostly flying
high, passing over Melbourne and travelling north,- and also, as
usual, against a fairly strong north wind. They were evidently
migrating."

Mr. J. Cecil Le Souef noticed large numbers of these fine
birds flying north over Koo-wee-rup, near the coast-line of
Victoria, on 7th March. These were evidently the same birds as
those seen by Mr. Dove two days before. — ^W. H. D. Le Souef.

Notes on Nest and Eggs of Desert Bush-Chat

(Ashbyia lovensis).

By J. Neil M'Gilp, Moolawatana, Copley, S.A.

The bird was first described by Mr. E. Ashby in The Emu, vol. x.,

page 251 ; nest and eggs first described by Capt. S. A. White in

The Emu, vol. xvi., part 3, January, 1917.

Though I have only been collecting since May, 1918, I have
always been interested in birds, and knew of the Desert Chat
some years ago, but did not know its name until Capt. White
asked me to look out for it last year.

The name Desert " Bush "-Chat is rather misleading, for
the bird rarely takes to the low bushes, spending most of its time
on the ground.

The call of the Desert Chat is rather a plaintive, piping call,
but mostly used at breeding time, just before nesting. I have
often seen this bird mount high in the air, almost perpendicular,
with the same motion of wings as the Song-Lark, but it invariably
returns to earth in a falling sort of way to almost the same spot
as it left the ground. All the time of ascending it gives a sharp
" Whit- whit- whit " ; at other times, when calling its mate, it
gives a sweetly pretty song.

The bird generally nests after first rains, but also in Septemjjer.

Vol. XIX. 1 !\i.GiLp_ N(,/fg on Nest and Eggs of Desert lUish-Chat. 57

The clutcli ill good seasons is mostl\- time, hut in poor years
two is the usual setting. On 21st April, kjK), wr had a nirc rain,
which continued on to 22nd April, thus breaking a drought since
June, 1918. On 25th April (three days after rain) I was fortunate
to find a pair of Chats, their habits leading me to hunt for a nest.
I found a round hole scooped out just alongside a small, dry
annual salt-bush, depth about 3 inches. Thinking this a start
of a nest, I had a look at the spot the following day and found a
partly-built nest — some twigs and pieces of wool— but in no way
rounded out. I did not think of touching the nest, for I knew
from experience that the bird would desert, which I think strange,
for they are very trusting birds, and not easily frightened. On
the morning of 28th April I again passed the nest, and found it
rounded out and like a nest, with a start of lining going on ; it
appeared to be fine rootlets. I noted both birds carrying, and
each, on arrival, built the nest. On 30th April I found the nest
completed, but was unable to find birds. On ist May I again
failed to locate birds, and feared they were frightened by my
close watch ; I had often been within two or three yards whilst
they were building. On 2nd May I had another look, and was
delighted to see the bird (female) leave the nest quietly when I
was about 6 yards away. I found one egg. On 3rd May I again
called in at nest, and found two eggs, the bird leaving quietly at
my approach. The next day we had three-quarters of an inch of
rain, and I was not able to visit the nest ; but on the 5th May,
at 5 p.m., I visited the nest, and when about 5 yards away the
female fluttered off the nest, pretending lameness and flattening
itself to the ground within 3 feet of me. I took clutch— two eggs,
none having been laid since 8 a.m. on 3rd May. I have noticed
previously that the Desert Chat does i)ot pretend lameness unless
she is sitting ; until a full clutch is laid she only hops out of the
nest and stands a few yards away.

The nest and eggs I am sending to the R.A.O.U. collection.
The nest is frail ; it is composed chiefly of wool at bottom of hole.
Lining is of small rootlets or twigs, evidently to keep eggs off the
damp wool, which, in event of rain, woulc> absorb the moisture.

Nest situated on open plains, in ground of open, clayey nature.
The nest on one side shows a sort of platform ; this is on the far
side from bush. Rim of nest fully |-inch above ground.

Quail.— While cutting his hay with a reaper and binder on his
farm at Lardner, our neighbour, Mr. W. B. Hardie, noticed a
Quail on the platform canvas above the knife. Later on in the
day the man who was stooking the sheaves found a Quail bound
to the sheaf with the string around its neck. Upon behig
released, it flew away, apparently none the worse. Farmers like
to see Quail in this"^ district, realizing they are not destructive,
and possibly are useful, consequently they find sanctuary on the
farms. — C. C. Currie. Lardner, Gippsland.

^8 Alexander, Changes in Colour of Bill of Moor-Hen. [j.fT,] ,

The Changes in Colour of the Bill of the Black

Moor^Hen (Gallinula tenebrosa).

By W. B. Alexander, M.A., Keeper of Biology in the
Western Australian Museum.

In Novitates Zoologicce, vol. xxv., No. i, p. i (1918), Miss Frances
Pitt gives an account of the colour changes of the beak and shield
of the young English Moor-Hen {Gallinula chloropus), accom-
panied by a plate of coloured drawings of the heads of live speci-
mens at different ages. The most interesting feature of the
changes detailed is that when first hatched the young English
Moor-Hen has a bright red shield on the forehead, the upper part
of the beak being the same colour. This red patch dwindles in
size until it is entirely lost when the bird is seven weeks old.
The complete disappearance of all colour coincides with the
growth of the feathers, so that while the bird is in its immature
plumage its bill is dull greenish-grey in colour. Some months
later, during the autumn or winter succeeding its birth, the young
Moor-Hen acquires the adult plumage and the frontal shield and
bill re-acquire their bright red colour. Subsequently this colour
does not vary in brilliancy even during the moult.

I believe that the Austrahan Black Moor-Hen [Gallinula
tenebrosa) undergoes similar if not identical changes. Curiously '
enough, the matter had been brought to my notice by Mr. J.
Higham only a few days before the arrival of the part of the
Novitates containing Miss Pitt's article, and I am indebted to
him and to Mr. T. Carter for allowing me to examine two speci-
mens of young Black Moor-Hens obtained by them at the Warren
River, Western Australia, on 28th March, 1919.

It is no doubt well known to most Australian ornithologists
that the young Black Moor-Hen as a chick has a bright red frontal
shield. This presumably remains, as in the English Moor-Hen,
until the down is replaced by feathers. The young bird in
immature plumage is, as described by Mathews (" Birds of Aus-
tralia," vol. i., p. 232)7 similar in general colour to the adult,
though perhaps rather browner on the back ; the under surface
is paler, and the feathers on the chin and lower abdomen have
white tips. A hne round the bend of the wing and the outer
edge of the first primary are white. Mathews and, as far as I can
discover, all previous authorities have failed to record the fact
that, just as is the case in the English Moor-Hen, the bird while
in this immature plumage has no red on the beak. Mr. Carter's
notes on the labels of the two specimens referred to above, from
the Warren River, read : —
$. — Bill mottled green and black (lower base green), frontal

plate black.
S- — BiU mottled green and horn.

Field notes as to the length of time during which this immature
plumage lasts would be of interest.

Vol. xix.-j Alexander, Changes in Colour of Bill of Mooi'-Hen. ^Q

I do not know whether tlie legs and feet undergo similar
changes, but, whereas the adult Black Moor-Hen has green legs
with bright red coloration on the joints, the immature birds
collected by Mr. Carter had feet and legs described in the male as
olive-green and in the female as grass-green. What colour are
the legs of the chicks ? I would suggest that some of The Emu'?,
coloured plates be devoted to hitherto unligured nestlings of
some of our common species, which would probably be of more
value to members of the R.A.O.U. than pictures of rare birds
from North Queensland and Northern Territory, which they are
never likely to see.

Notes from Western Australia.

By W. B. Alexander, M.A., Perth (W.A.)

I. Grey-headed MoUymawk {Diomedea chrysostoma). — A specimen
of this bird was picked up on the beach at Fremantle in June,
1917, by Mr. F. L. Stronach, and is now in the Western Austrahan
Museum. This is, as far as I can ascertain, the first definite
record of the species from Western Australia, though the seas of
this State have been included in its range in most lists of Aus-
tralian birds, presumably on theoretical grounds. The name of
Grey-headed Mollymawk, or Albatross, seems to me much more
satisfactory than Flat-billed or Culminated as a vernacular for
this species, since its grey head differentiates it from all the other
Australian species, whilst the bill is closely similar to that of the
Yellow-nosed Albatross, and the differences which exist can only
be recognized on careful comparison.

2. White Egret [Herodias alba syrmatophora). — This l)ird is
recorded in all the books as occurring throughout Australia and
Tasmania, but it is certainly very uncommon in the south-west,
and the only definite record of its occurrence here which I can
discover is the entry in Ramsay's " Tabular List," indicating
that a specimen from Western Australia was in the Australian
Museum in 1888. (Ramsay's hst is, however, not always reliable.)
There were no specimens from the south-west in the Western
Austrahan Museum collection until recently. In February, 1917,
one was received from Bremer Bay, on the south coast, about
TOO miles east of Albany, where it was shot by Mr. R. Wellstead.
In March, 1919, two male birds out of a small flock were shot on
Herdsman's Lake, near Perth, and are also now in the Museum.
I am informed that in April, 1919, another party visited Herds-
man's Lake, where I hope they were not molested.

Quite a number of water-fowl which are common in south-
east Australia are rarely, if ever, met with in the south-west.
It is possible that some of these are only now finding their way
down occasionally from further north. As an instance, I may
mention that the White Ibis has not yet been recorded from this
State except in the extreme north (though many books give its

()0 \lex\sdkr, Notes from Wes/eyn Australia. [.sf'juiy

distribution as "Australia"). The Straw-necked Ibis is now
commonly met with at least as far south as Perth, but Mr. T.
Carter has recorded in The Emu, vol. iii., p. 209, that when in
May, 1888, this bird first appeared in the region of the North-West
Cape, it was (luite unknown to the natives of that district.

3. Black- tailed Native-Hen {Tribonyx ventralis). — These birds
have recently appeared in numbers in the south-west coastal
districts (April and May, 1919), extending at least as far south as
the Vasse River at Busselton, where Mr. T. Carter secured speci-
mens. Mr. T. P. Draper and I saw about 50 of them one afternoon
on the shores of Monger's Lake, close to Perth, and I have heard
of them from various other localities. I am informed that the
pastoral regions further north are very dry at present, and
probably this accounts for the visitation.

4. Hoary-headed Grebe {Podiceps poliocephalus). — These birds
are also very abundant at present (May, 1919) in the neighbour-
hood of Perth — not only on the lakes, but also on the salt-water
estuary of the Swan River. I have never observed them on the
river before, and a number of yachtsmen inform me that their
presence there is quite unusual. Contrary to their usual habit,
when approached they take refuge in flight rather than by diving.
Doubtless their presence is due to the same causes which have
driven the Native-Hens to the coast. The Little Cormorant and
the Little Black Cormorant would also seem to have been affected,
as they are far more numerous on the river than usual. As a rule
the Pied Cormorant is much the most common species, but at
present the other two species arc much more numerous.

Introduced Birds in Queensland.

By a. H. Chisholm, R.A.O.U., Brisbane.

I HAVE been interested of late in collecting information relating
to the arrival of overseas avifauna in Queensland. Some useful
notes have resulted. There are records to show that in May of
1869 the State Acclimatization Society received a shipment of
birds by the ship Flying Cloud, the species comprising the Rook,
Starling, Lark, Blackbird, Tlirush, and Sparrow. What became
of these immigrants is not so clear, but the indications are that
they were all exterminated. Certainly this was the case with the
Rook, Lark, Blackbird, and Thrush, and I cannot find anyone
who remembers the Starling and Sparrow in Queensland in other
than recent years, the belief being that the birds now present
worked their way up from the south. Had the StarHng and Sparrow
contingent of fifty years ago prospered, they would probably have
been on the " black list " much sooner — this despite the declara-
tion of the secretary of the society that there was not likely to
l)e objection taken to any of the imports.

^°'iok/^'] CiiisHOLM, Introduced Biids in Qncensland. 6l

In addition to the Sparrow and Starling, the only introduced
free birds now in Queensland are the Indian Dove and the Indian
Minah. The latter, according to Sir Alfred Cowley, has been
acelimati/.ed in North Queensland for well oN-er 30 years-; and
Mr. W. D. Armstrong states that Indian Doves were first brought
to Brisbane as recently as 1912. In view of this latter fact, it
is astonishing to note how plentiful the species is at present ; in
seven years twelve pairs have so multiplied as to make the bird
the commonest in the Brisbane Botanical Gardens and a decided
force in the suburbs. This is further proof that the hardy stock
of European birds breeds much more rapidly than native species
less accustomed to civihzation.

The remarks of Mr. Armstrong, a former Speaker of the Queens-
land Legislative Assembly, in reference to the Dove are as
follow : — " The Indian Dove [Turtur ferrago) was introduced to
Queensland early in 1912. My nephew, the present Lord Hunting-
field, was then with his regiment in India, and sent me 26 pairs,
16 paiis of which survived the journey. I kept four pairs at
Adare, Gatton, but the natural enemies exterminated them.
The others I gave to Mr. Bailey, the then Curator of the Brisbane
Botanical Gardens, on the one condition that they were not to be
placed in captivity. This was observed, the birds being liberated
in Mr. Bailey's kitchen garden. Food was placed there daily for
them, but they soon became independent of this, and made their
own living from the various fruits in the gardens. My reason for
introducing the birds was chiefly that our beautiful gardens lacked
the pleasing music created by bird-life. To some extent the
Indian Dove has overcome this, but much more could and ought
to be done by the administration. I have since tried to get the
English Wood-Pigeon out from England, but failed. I have had
two consignments sent, but no bird survived the Suez Canal and
the Red Sea."

Mr. Armstrong adds that the only other kindred experiment
of a private nature that he can think of was the attempt of the
late Robert Ramsay to acclimatize the Partridge at Eton Vale,
this being made in the eaily seventies of last century. I under-
stand that Calif ornian Quail were also introduced, but did not
long survive.

' Bearing on the introduction of the Indian Minah {Acridoihercs
tristis) to Queensland, Sir Alfred Cowley obliges with the informa-
tion that this species, now so well represented on northern cane-
fields, was not imported direct from India, but obtained from
Melbourne, where a goodly batch was collected in the grounds
of St. Patrick's Cathedral and shipped to Queensland. That,
says Sir Alfred, was in 1883, and the birds were obtained on behalf
of the \'ictoria Sugar Company (since merged into the C.S.R.
Co.), the llamlrigh Company, and iJic (iairloch Company, to
combat a plague of locusts that was devastating the canefields.
Most of the Inrds were released on the Herbert River plantations,
some on the Johnstone, and a small batch at Townsville. The

62 Chjsholm, Inlyoduced Birds in Queensland. [i^t Tiiy

success of this experiment is noteworthy. It has demonstrated
that the Indian Minah, whose cheerful chatter and rich brown
and white plumage is so well known about Melbourne, can be
adapted to other service than city scavenging ; that it is hardy
enough to weather both the coolness of the south and warmth of
the north (a test few native birds could stand) ; and that it can
live just as well in the bush as in town. This latter point makes
it seem the more curious that the Minahs of Melbourne stick so
closely to the city,/

While on the subject of introductions to North Queensland,
Sir Alfred Cowley mentions the interesting fact that a plague of
rats following the plague of locusts caused the sugar companies
to introduce the Indian mongoose?. Only a small number of
these animals were let loose, and little was heard of them later—
which is probably just as well for many beautiful birds of North
Queensland.

Since the above notes were written I have received an intimation
from a leading resident of Stanthorpe (South Queensland) to the
effect that Goldfinches have been noted about that locaHty since
early in May of this year. The writer suggests that possibly they
were driven up from the south by a severe drought. He adds : — •
"The Sparrows and Starlings, here in numbers at present, do no
appreciable harm in a big fruit-growing and vegetable-producing
district — but who will prophesy ? "

A Holiday Trip to the Far Upper Murray.

By Colonel (Dr.) H. W. Bryant, R.A.O.U.

Feeling the necessity for a complete change of air as well as a
mental rest, and after having made inquiries of friends, I finally
decided to go to Corryong, in the north-east of Victoria, near
the Murray River.

22nd March. — I left Melbourne for Wodonga, and changed
trains from there for Tallangatta, where I arrived at 3.30 p.m.
From Tallangatta a motor-car took me over the hills to Corryong,
passing through some very fine mountain scenery. Saw a fair
number of rabbits. At a sharp turn in the road the chauffeur
pulled up to point out the place where a team of horses took
fright only a few weeks before and burst through the flimsy
protecting fence and pulled a waggon laden with stores after
them. The waggon capsized, and, with horses and driver, rolled
down the hill, turning over three times until stopped by some
trees. The driver and horses miraculously escaped unhurt, but
the goods were l)adly damaged. There were still many of the
broken cases lying about, bearing evidence of the accident. We
arrived at Corryong about 7.45 p.m., and put up at Jager's
Hotel.

Vol. xix.-j Bryant, Holiday Trip to Far Upper Murray. 63

23rd March. — In the rnqming, after a good night's sleep and
some deUcious Murray cod for breakfast, I again left by motor
for Nariel. We went back about 4I miles on the road we came
overnight, crossed a rushing stream, turned to the left up a valley,
and followed the course of the stream for 20 miles to the com-
mencement of the bigger hills. On each side of the stream were
rich Hats, where dairying principaUy was carried on. I noted a
good many maize crops, which appeared to be flourishing, and
noted many fields planted with cereals just showing grain above
the ground, and was informed that it had been the driest season
for years in this district. Nariel is the name of this district, and
I stayed at the last house but one near the foot of the hills. Just
at this point the valley broadens out into a semicircle, with hills
rising from it and forming a natural amphitheatre. The black-
butts (eucalypts) were in blossom, and gave off a suggestive,
sweet, honey-like odour which faintly pervaded the atjnosphere
and brought back recollections of my boyhood wanderings in
the bush.

The farm-house where I stayed was about 100 yards from the
bank of the Nariel River, and after lunch I was shown a high,
dead tree overlooking the river on which sat eighteen Cormorants,
mostly the large black variety {Phalacrocorax carbo), with a few
Pied birds (P. hypoleucus). " I proceeded to make them lave
that," which they did, leaving two of their flock behind, dead,
and several others badly damaged. Late in the afternoon I put
on my waders and had a try with the artificial fly, and after
several misses I caught a rainbow trout about i lb. weight, a fly
called " The Butcher " being the successful one. There was a
great deal of bird-Hfe about besides the Cormorants. Flocks of
Gang-Gangs {Callocephalon galeatinn), Black Cockatoos (Calypto-
rhynchus funereiis), and King Parrots {Aprosmidus cyanopygiiis)—
the latter, I was told, made their appearance in the valley when
rain was impending ; many Lories {Platycerciis elegans), full-
plumaged and immature, were seen, also a few Satin Bower-Birds
{Ptilonorhynchns violaceus) and Rosella Parrots {Platycercus
cximius). Pied Bell-Magpies {Strepera graculina) were very
plentiful, and took a good toll of the maize crops, and were ably
assisted in this by the Lories and Cockatoos. These black-and-white
"Jays" were very tame, and appear to have a very great deal
of joy in their hves, if their chatter and antics are any guide.
I never saw so many famiUes of Blue Wrens {Maliiriis cyanciis)
in any place, and already the male birds were losing their summer
plumage, and all that remained was the blue tail. The Yellow-
rumped Tits [Acanthiza chrysorrhoa) were in large families, also
the Red-browed Finch {.Egintha temporalis). White-browed Tree-
creepers (Climaderis siiperciliosa) were also very plentiful, and
thousands of Starlings (introduced) roosted at night in the
blackberry bushes which were growing in many places along the
banks of the river. White-eyes {Zosterops dorsalis) were also
seen in the blackberry bushes.

64 Bryant, Holiday Trip to Far Upper Murray. [.^t^'juiy

J4th March. — In the morning I shot three more Cormorants
and caught five rainbow trout averaging about i lb. in weight
each. These fish gave wonderful play considering their poor
condition, and some of them were scraped about the tails,
evidently the result of Cormorant attacks. At Christmas time
a friend of mine from Melbourne was fishing in this stream, and
he said he had the best trout-fishing he ever had, and could fill
his creel at any time of the day. I was informed by several of
the local residents that the Cormorants first came in numbers in
January, and that they quickly thinned the stream. The oldest
resident informed me that he had taken careful notes of their
system, which was as follows : — A dozen or more partially sur-
rounded the deeper pools and then started diving and splashing
with their wings, and l)y this means they drove the fish up the
gravelly shallows on to the banks, where they devoured them at
their leisure.

25th March. — Up at 6 o'clock, being called by our old friend
" Jack " Kookaburra, wliose hearty laughter makes one ashamed
to stay in bed. Took the gun and went for a walk up the road
to a small pond, where I was informed I might get some Black
Duck {Anas superciliosa). The people of the house, without a
gun, used to pass them frequently without disturbing them ;
however, they got up from a small swamp just alongside the road,
and like a flash of lightning a Little Falcon (Falco luniilatns) was
after them, and he darted at two that were close together, but
they separated at the critical moment, and dodged him and escaped.
In relating this to the oldest inhabitant, he stated that he had
seen the same kind of Falcon catch a full-sized rabbit and take it
away. The Falcon would be considerably less than a quarter
the weight of a rabbit ; it shows what wonderful strength there is
in this little bird.

Late in the afternoon I went for a walk up the hill at the back
of . the house. There were plenty of rabbits and many Tree-
creepers and Flycatchers [Rhipidura albiscapa), and I also saw
a Bronzewing Pigeon [Phaps chalcoptera). The trees are various
— peppermint gum, messmate, blackbutt, and white gum. So
far I had not seen any currajong about, but saw some on the
journey out growing on the sides of the hills. The hills around
are heavily timbered, and on the flat in front of the house were
some very big white gums which are well used by the Cockatoos,
Pied Bell-Magpies, and Black-backed Magpies.

26th Marcli. — Shot a Pied Cormorant this morning, and saw
a large flock of Spur- winged Plover [Lobivandhis lobatiis), also
a number of Black Cockatoos, which were screeching a great
deal ; also saw numerous King Parrots. These two latter birds
are said to indicate rain. In tlic afternoon took gun and fishing-
rod, &c. After crossing tlic cicck I had a tramp to llie head of
the valley, where I was told a creek came in and some fine fisli
might be cauglit, l)ut found that it was imp()ssil)le to fish tlie
creek with flies, as the scrub was too thick. On the wa\- I saw

Vol. XIX.
iqi9

J Bryant, Holiday Trip to Far Upper Murray. 65

a large flock of White Cockatoos [Cacatita galerita), which woke
up the whole neighbourhood with their screeching. When half-
way I felt very tired, so took off my creel and the other para-
phernalia and sat down on a log close to a colony of black-and-
white " Jays " [Strcpera graciilina). I tried to answer their calls,
with the result that one of the party came over to investigate,
kept up a continuous chatter, and came down to the lowest limb
of a tree under which I sat, only a few yards off, to continue the
discussion. On my return journey it rained, thus proving the
truth about the advent of the King Parrots. I made for home,
shooting a few rabbits for the pot. I saw no King Parrots during
the rest of my stay, and the rain this time was only a light
shower. Amongst other birds seen that day was the Black-and-
White Fantail {Rhipidura motacilloides), " Willie Wagtail," one
of which was trying to walk up a young steer's face to catch
insects off him. The steer did not mind, and the Fantail played
about his face in the most impudent manner, not even taking
notice of my approach until the steer moved, when I was only a
few feet away. I also saw a good many of the White-shafted
Fantails {R. albiscapa), which were also very tame. The
Harmonious Thrush [Colluricinda harmonica) was noted, though
scarce, and the larger Friar-Bird (Tropidorhynchiis corniciilatiis),
both of these being more often heard than seen at this time of the
year. The Kookaburras {Dacelo gigas) and Black-backed Magpies
{Gymnorhina tibicen) were also very numerous, and on my return
this evening a great chorus of the former, comprising at least a
dozen, showed their derision at my non-success as a fisherman.
To-night I heard several Mopokes {Ninox hoobook), also the sharp
bark of the foxes up the river. It was very dark and still.

27th March. — Rather warm to-day. In the afternoon went
over to the " Island " after an hour's unsuccessful fishing. The
" Island " is formed l)y a small offshoot of the river enclosing
some thick scrubby country, with large trees interspersed. I put
up a Wonga Pigeon {Leucosarcia melanolenca) here, the only one
I saw all the afternoon, although my " old friend " had informed
me that if I walked through this place and climbed up a small
cutting on the side of the hill I would sec them as " thick as flies " ;
but I am afraid he is living in the past, for Mr. Cronin, from
Corryong, at whose sister's place I was staying, had already
informed me that they were plentiful years ago and he was
doubtful of their presence now. In the corner of the " Island "
under the hill I put up a dozen Black Duck. Again, I was told
that some persons had been nearly poisoned by eating W'onga
Pigeons which were very fat from feeding on the berry of a shrul:)
that grows along the river-bank ; again I am sceptical, and cannot
help thinking that the W'ongas were so good that they ate too
much of them.

28th March. — Not sleeping well, so rested to-day.

29th March. — Got up at 6 a.m. to try for some Ducks for the
pot, but did not get them— they were too wary ; but I shot a couple

5

66 Bryant, Holiday Trip to Far Upper Murray. [,,Pjuiy

of Plover instead, and they were very nice cooked en casserole.
Fished from 4 to 6 p.m. without success. Noted fresh birds as
follows to-day :— Wedge-tailed Eagle (Uroaetus audax), Brown
Hawk [Hieracidea orientalis). Nankeen Kestrel [Cerchneis
cenchroides), Blue Crane or White-fronted Heron {Notophoyx
novcc-hollandiie), Wattle-Bird {Anthochcera caruncidala), Scarlet-
breasted Robin {Petroica leggii). Shot one Pied Cormorant.

30th March. — Rested again to-day. In the afternoon went
some distance down the stream. Got one fish (-| lb.) and had one
other rise. " Shags " still about, but very scary ; noted where
they had been fishing.

31st March. — In the morning went down river with gun to
where I had seen Cormorants fishing, and managed to get a
black-and-white one which rose from the bank. Put in another
cartridge at once, and as two big black ones came out from under
the bank on my side I made a good right and left. Came on to
rain, and rained heavily all the afternoon ; the mists around the
hills rising and faUing, and showing the most beautiful tints of
light blues and different coloured green, according to the foliage
exposed. It rained heavily most of the evening.

1st April. — ^The sun rose this morning, and with it the healthful
terrestrial smell after rain, mingled with the sweet scent of the
flowering blackbutts, brought back many thoughts of days that
were gone — ah me ! never to return. Wrote all the morning, and
in the afternoon tried to fish, but the water was very dirty after
yesterday's rain.

2nd April. — Heard foxes barking last night (slept badly), also
heard a great commotion in the hen-house ; got up and looked
out, but it was too dark to see anything. In the morning walked
down the road ; saw plenty of Plover, rabbits, Jays, Black-backed
Magpies, and Lories, and nearly walked on a big black snake,
between 5 and 6 feet long, whose head I promptly blew off. I
also saw a large number of Red-browed Finches (Firetails),
Ground-Larks {Anthiis attstralis), Gang-Gangs, and Black
Cockatoos. The black-and-white " Jays" and Lories were having
a gay time in a fine maize crop.

3rd April. — Took it easy all the morning, and had a general
clean-up of gun and tackle. In the afternoon went well up the
river. Lost several fine fish through either lightly hooking or
defective tackle, but caught one rainbow trout (2 lbs.) that
gave me all the fun I wanted. I do not know how many times
it threw itself heavily out of the water, and how often it tried to
snag me, but eventually it was got into the landing net. I also
caught another over i lb. They are a game fish, and have twice
the fight in them that the brown trout has. The river has got
much clearer to-day, and just nice for fishing. Examined the
contents of stomachs of fish and found a few dark-coloured,
partially-digested things like crickets, and also a big black fly
with yellowish wings.

4th April. — Went for a walk this morning and saw the usual

Vol. XIX.

Br^'ant, Holiday Tn'f^ to Far I'l^pcy Murray. 67

quantity of birds, which seemed to be getting tamer, excepting
Plover. Ihis valley of the Nariel River leads up to a site selected
for the future township, where the Gibbo Ranges start ; and a
track, so I was informed, leads across the ranges to Omeo which
is quite passable for a cart except for 15 miles of the latter ]")art,
and except when the river was swollen l)y rain. An old mine
called the Dark River Mine is being worked in these ranges, and
many years ago very rich ore was obtained, which was sent in
those daj^s to Newcastle for treatment. The Nariel River enters
the Murray, and in the latter part of its journey it is called the
Jcrimal. Went a good distance up stream, but did not get a
rise ; saw one Black Cormorant, besides numerous Black Cockatoos
and other birds already named.

5th April. — Was awakened by a flock of Pied Bell-Magpies
feeding on the road just beyond the verandah. Looked out of my
bedroom window and saw one bird carrying an empty cartridge-
case in his bill, dropping it and pecking at it, when suddenly
from tlie opposite side of the road two Black-backed Magpies
darted out at them. There was an alarm given at once ; the
Bell-Magpies flopped up into a big tree at the side of the house.
The Magpies went back to their tree, where there was an old nest,
just opposite the house, and sent up a carol of triumph. It was
a glorious fresh morning, but no sooner were the Magpies' backs
turned than down came the others into the road again and pecked
about. Then an immature Lory plumped down amongst them,
apparently out of curiosity to see what the rest were eating.
Immediately a mischievous Bell-Magpie sneaked round behind
the Lory and tried to pull its tail, which the Lory resented by
erecting its scalp feathers and spreading out its tail. Then
suddenly the Magpies made another vicious assault, which
necessitated a quick return to the fir-tree of the party, accom-
panied by the Parrot, and a chorus of protesting " Jays " was
echoed in the distance by the long-drawn-out " Caws " of the
Ravens {Corvus australis)., which are also numerous in the
district. In a very lew seconds the Bell-Magpies were back on the
road, and all round the front verandah, where they played, being
very interested in picking over the sparsely-grassed ground.
When I came on the verandah and copied their whistle they
showed no sign of fear, but played about for some time. After
breakfast I went across the road to see some birds hopping in
the green trees and flying into the wattles below. I stood quietly
under the wattles, and down came several Satin Bower-Birds to
investigate me from the lower branches. These birds were also
very tame, and stayed for a considerable time without being
disturbed. Later on in the day a heavy rain set in, and, having
received a telegram to return as soon as possible, I came back to
Corryong, then to Tallangatta, Wodonga, and Melbourne.

I can recommend this trip to anyone who wants complett; rest
from mental work in a refreshing climate, among beautiful
surroundings. Another advantage : where I stayed is 20 miles

68 Bryant, Holiday Trip to Far Upper Murray. [,st ju'y

from the post-office, and this prevented any sudden disturbance
from the head centres of civiUzation, as only two mails a week
can reach you. There are numerous rivers and creeks running
down the sides of the mountains in these parts of Victoria, all
ending in the Murray, and only a short time back they were all
stocked with trout ; but if some steps are not taken soon to
exterminate the Cormorants all the money that has been expended
to make this country a good fishing place will have been spent

Stray Feathers.

Avocets. — I saw a pair of Avocets last week near Mungindi,
the only pair I have ever seen in North-West New South Wales. —
F. C. Morse. Coocalla, Garah (X.S.W.), 10/5/19.

Swifts Drinking. — While driving my wife and family to Armi-
dale (X.S.W.), 2jrd December, 1918, we were following the road
between Bingara and Bundarra, which in places runs just along
the bank of the Gwydir River. We noticed, while passing close
to one large water-hole, a number of Spine-tailed Swifts {Chahira
caiidacuta). They were skimming the surface of the water hke
Swallows, and we could distinctly see them, every now and then,
scoop up the water in the same way that a Swallow drinks. It
was a very hot day, probably 110° or 112° in the shade, and it
was just noon when we noticed the birds drinking. — F. C. Morse.
Coocalla, Garah (N.S.W.), lo/s/iQ-

A Mysterious Songster. — Sitting out of doors one evening early
in March, at about 9 p.m., I was startled by a dehghtful bird-
carol, evidently high above our heads. It was a very dark, star-ht
sky, and a beautifully mild evening ; the bird was apparently
right above our heads. Mr. Allingham, as well, has heard the
bird singing at night, also high overhead. One night, when
riding home from a camp out near the Fletcher River, he heard
it at intervals for several miles, and wondered if the bird was
following his course or if the notes came from different birds.
It is some years since I heard a Skylark singing, but the song
reminded me of the Skylark's song, with a Canary trill in addition.
I shall be glad to know if any of our members know anything of
this fairy music-giver. — Mrs. A. Black. Pajingo Station, via

Charters Towers (Q.)

* * *

The Unidentified Petroica. — In the April issue Mr. H. V.
Edwards writes of " An Unidentified Petroica (Australian Robin),"
and adds — " They (the Petroicas) do not breed in immature
plumage." His description exactly fits the female and im-

Vol. XIX.

1919

] Stray Feathers. 69

mature male of P. phanicea. On 7th October, 1909, at Mumble,
near Kow Plains, north-west Victoria, Mr. J. A. Ross and I
found a nest of P. goodcnovii being l)uilt. The male was in attend-
ance, and was in immature plumage. Again, at Ferntree Gully,
Victoria, on 7th November, 1916, I found a nest of P. phocnicea
built in a cleft of a burnt and charred stump. The female was
fiushed from the nest, and was at once fed ])y her mate. The nest
contained three eggs sliglitly incubated, and the male was in
immature plumage. — Frank E. Howi'. Canterbury (Vic),

Flame-breasted Robins. — Several times during Die last few
years 1 have l)een able to note the nesting hal)its of the Flame-
breasted Robin {Petroica phcenicea) in the highlands of New South
Wales. It is interesting to see how friendly this pretty little
bird is. At the Kosciusko Hotel, which stands at an elevation of
5,000 feet, in the Monaro district, a pair of Flame-breasts lay
every year in an ivy plant growing up a verandah post in the
front of the hotel ; visitors pass within a few feet of the nest all
day long. Close to the town of Kiandra, which is between 4,000
and 5,000 feet elevation, I was camping in a shed on Eight-Mile
Dam in December, and a pair of these birds built a nest on a
window-sill within a few feet of the head of my bed, and not very
far away another pair had a nest on the lee of a large eucalypt.
On 2oth December, 1914, I noted a pair building in the verandah
of the Guy Fawkcs Hotel, which is not far west of the Dorrigo
Mountains.— A. S. Le SouiiF, C.M.Z.S., R.A.O.U. Zoological
Gardens, Sydney, 16/5/19.

Great Crested (Tippet) Grebes on Port Phillip. — During January
and February, while I was staying at South Melbourne, I fre-
quently saw a finely-plumaged specimen of this species between
the South Melbourne pier and the baths. It seemed to prefer
the shallow water near the shore, where it kept on diving. I
timed its performances a number of times with a stop-watch, and
found that the period which it stayed under water was very
constant, being about 37 seconds, and I never found it exceed
40 seconds. On 23rd March, when on the s.s. Karmala, lying
at the new railway pier at Port Melbourne, just before saiUng, I
again saw one of these birds, and thought it was probably my old
friend. Soon afterwards, however, a second was observed, and
then three more. The five birds were undoubtedly a family party,
as one of them — that first observed — was very much darker in
colour than the rest on the back and head, and seemed to have a
better ruff and crests. The others were presumably birds of the
year, or possibly one may have been the female, though I do not
think the female is usually noticeably different from the male. —
W. B. Alexander. Perth (W.A.), 14/5/19.

yo stray Feathers: [,sf7"'y

Various Strays. — Mr. H. L. White sends a clipping from the
Daily Telegraph (Sydney), dated 17/5/ig, which states that at
Mountain Ash, Mongarlowe, Mr. G. Sharpe shot a monster Wedge-
tailed Eagle {Uroaetiis aitdax) which measured 7 feet 8 inches
from tip to tip of wings, and weighed 12 lbs. It would have been
interesting to know the sex of this bird.

Mr. I. W. De Laney the other week reported an unusual
suburban sight. In a garden at Elsternwick (5 miles from Mel-
bourne) he noticed a White Hawk {Astiir novcB-hollandice) in a
pcpper-trcc, eating a rat.

Mr. Tom Carter, M.B.O.U., writing from Western Austraha,
states : — " I have described in the Bull. B.O.C. a new sub-
species of Stipiturus (Emu- Wren) from the Maalock country. Mr.
Alexander and myself compared a series of each from Dirk
Hartog Island, the South-West Coast, and the new bird. It comes
midway between the two first named, and all three birds are
quite distinct from each other, according to their several locali-
ties."— A. J. Campbell.

* * *

The Blackbird in Tasmania. — It may be of interest to place on
record some details of the first nest found in our island of the
English Blackbird {Meritla merula). Although discovered a couple
of seasons ago, it has been travelling among the ornithologists,
and has only lately reached me, having been brought down from
Launceston by Mr. H. C. Thompson. The Blackbird in England
usually builds of coarse grasses and rootlets, using mud as a lining
only, on which is placed a secondary lining of fine grass-stems.
The peculiarity of the Tasmanian structure is that it is practically
built of mud, that material forming the foundation, sides, and
rim, while on the exterior are stuck strips of gum-bark, small
twigs, and bits of dry bracken. Inside the deep cup is placed a
thick lining of dry gum-leaves, and on this again the secondary
fine grass-stem lining. The mud has set almost like cement,
and thus the nest has survived its journey ings wonderfully well.
The dimensions are : — Outside diameter at rim, 6 inches by
5 inches ; inside diameter at rim, 4^ inches by 3J inches ; total
depth outside, 5 inches ; depth egg-cavity, 2'f inches. The nest
was found in the vicinity of Russell's Plains, a few miles from
Launceston, by Mr. F. Claridge, and when visited on 4th Decem-
ber, 1916, contained four eggs, which were quite warm, but
Messrs. Thompson and Claridge could not obtain a sight of the
bird. Since then, however, a pair of Blackbirds has been seen
by the owner of the Queechy estate, near Launceston. The
structure was placed about 7 feet from the ground in a fork of
prickly wattle {Acacia verticillata), the mud of the foundation
projecting between the branches of the fork. — H. Stuart Dove,
F.Z.S. West Devonport (Tas.), 5/5/19.

Pelicans in a Thunderstorm. — During the afternoon of 28tli
February, 1919, tliis district was visited by a terrific thunder-

The Emu. Vol. XIX.

PLATE XVI.

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^'''io^g'^] '"^''^^y Feathers. 7 1

storm ; although less tlian an inch of rain fell, tlie lightning was
unusually vivid. The following afternoon I went for a ride
through some of my paddocks. My boundary-rider, who had
seen me going out in a certain direction, that evening asked me
if I had seen some very large l)irds in a certain paddock that
afternoon. I said, " No ; what were they ? " He said, " I do
not know ; they are strangers to me. I have never seen anything
like them before in my life. There were about twenty of them
walking about the Palmer Paddock flat, but I could not get nearer
than about 300 yards, when they flew up and settled on the stony
hills. I followed them up to have another look at them, but
before I could get near enough to see them properly they flew
further up the hills and settled again, so I left them." I asked
him what they were like, and he said, " Something like a Goose,
with a white breast, light grey back, long legs, a bill like a Goose,
but a little longer." I said, " They must be Native Companions."
He then said, " No ; I know those birds." However, I went to
have a look next morning, but could see nothing of them. While
riding home the following evening, and when within about 300
yards of my house, I saw this man standing in the stable yard,
with some large bird in his arms, flapping its wings. When I
rode up I found him with a Pelican. I said to him, " Wherever
did you get that ? " He said, " This is one of the birds I was
telling you about." I said to him, " But how did you catch it ;
could it not fly ? " He said, " Yes, one of my dogs hunted it up
from somewhere — I did not notice where — and it flew up on to
the stony hills and settled, and I sneaked up pretty close to it,
then made a rush at it, and caught it before it could get properly
going on the wing." I cut the bird's wing and put it in a dam
near my house, where there was about two feet of water. It is
still there (30/5/19) and doing well. Although I have seen
Pelicans here when the lagoons and swamps are full of water, I
never expected to see them here during such a protracted drought
as the country was suffering from at that time ; all the lagoons
and swamps had been practically dry for many months. So it
is quite likely these Pelicans were affected by the lightning, and,
although they could fly, they were unable to do so for more than
a short distance for a couple of days ; by that time they had all
recovered sufliciently to depart, excepting this one bird. No
dead Pehcans or even their feathers have been found in the pad-
dock, so it is probable that the birds were only slightly dazed,
and none killed. — Thos. P. Austin. Cobborah Estate, Cobbora,
N.S.W.

Camera Craft Notes.

Ix tlie last number of the Ediu the photograph of the two
Podaygns was not successfull}' reproduced. The present illustra-
tion should be referred to instead of the one on Plate XUX. (vol.
xviii., p. 308). — W. H. D. Le Souef.

72 Camera Craft Notes. [^^.^

July

Under " Camera Craft " are reproduced two photographs by Mr.
W. G. Harvey, Mackay (N.O.,), representing the nests of the
W'hitc-shouldered Caterpillar-eater and the Pied Caterpillar-eater.
The Messrs. Harvey Brothers are adepts at nature studies with
their camera, and it is hoped that more of their excellent pictures
will follow these. — A. J. Campbell.

Nest of Eurostopodus guttatus (Spotted Nightjar). — The accom-
panying photograph was taken whilst on a trip around the Boinka-
Linga district (on the Ouyen-Pinaroo line). Several Spotted
Nightjars {Eurostopodus guttatus) were seen during our stay, but
it was not until towards the end of our trip that we were successful
in locating the nesting-site. On approaching the vicinity of the
nest the bird was seen to rise from the ground, and one of the
party, Mr. F. E. Howe, was fortunate enough to find the egg.
The egg was simply placed on the ground, no attempt being made
to form any depression in the ground. The photograph was
taken in situ, no one being allowed to handle the egg until after
the plate was exposed. We were formerly of the opinion that
the egg would be placed on the limestone ridges, so that when the
bird was sitting she would harmonize with the surrounding
material, but this was not the case, as the egg was found amongst
the fallen debris under the mallee eucalyptus. — Herbert A.
PuRNELL, R.A.O.U. Geelong.

Correspondence.

Gould's types.
To the Editors of " The Emu."
Sirs, — I do not agree with Mr. Edwin Ashby when he says
" Gould would call anything within lOO miles Adelaide." Gould
was far too careful to do this, and he speaks many times of the
"Mallee belts" of the Murray. I am now alluding to Gilbertornis
riif ocularis (P. rufogularis). To strengthen my contention I
would like to state that this bird puzzled my father very much,
and I know he had several conversations with Gould about it,
stating that he had hunted the country for many miles around
Adelaide for the bird, but had never seen it, and had come to
the conclusion there was some mistake ; but Gould assured my
father that he procured it near the township of Adelaide. I had
the honour of re-discovering this species much nearer to Adelaide
than Karoonda, and upon sending a specimen to Melbourne I
was astonished at receiving a letter stating that my bird was the
immature of Pachycephala gilberti, especially as I had made the
skin and dissected the specimen. — Yours, &c.,
" Wetunga," Fulham (S.A.), 26/5/19. S. A. WHITE.

The Emu Vol. XIX.

PLATE XVII

Nest of the Pied Caterpillar-eater (Caiiipcfyluiiia Ifiuuinela).

Nest of the Whitc-sliouUlered CaterpiUar-cater (Caiiipcphaga humcralis),

PHOTdS. liY W. (J. HAKVKV.

The Emu, IW. XIX.

PLATE XVIII

Nest of Spotted Nightjar (Euros/opodtis i;ul/aliis).
(fl) Egg in situ amongst dAris, &c. (b) Egg and Nest (!) enlarged.

PHOTO. BY H. A. PURNELL, R.A.O.U.

Vol.^ xix.-j Correspondence. y^

To the Editors of " The Emu."
Sirs, — May I suggest tliat collectors during the next nesting
season watch for opportunitit'S of introducing some of our most
interesting and beautiful native birds into localities more or less
suitable and within reach of the larger centres of population.
For instance, that gem of the saltbush country on the borders
of South Austraha and Victoria, the Black-backed Wren {Malurus
melauotus), or its nortliern relative, the Turquoise Wren (M.
call (lilt us), might, one would think, be capable of being established
in many places within reach of Adelaide or Melbourne. I would
suggest that in the event of a clutch of fresh eggs of either of
these species being found that it might be brought home with
care and placed in the nest of our ordinary Blue Wren {Malurus
cyaneus). Of course, it will not be easy to find early enough nests
of M. cyaneus, as the Mallee bird nests earlier ; still, with perse-
verance it might be done. I think it more than likely that the
young would be successfully reared and established in their new
conditions. We must remember that only a very few workers
have either time or means to allow of their visiting the haunts
of some of these rarer birds, and any collector carrying out such
a scheme as the above will earn the thanks not only of all bird-
lovers now living, but also those of generations to come. —
Yours, &c.. EDWIN ASHBY, M.B.O.U.

" Wittunga," Blackwood, S.A., 17/6/ig.

To the Editors of " The Emu."
Dear Sirs, — I have read Mr. Jas. Buckland's letter re Cor-
morants with great interest. As you know, I have done a great
deal of research work in respect to these birds, and I can prove
without doubt that the Cormorant is a most necessary bird to
preserve the balance of nature, and it is the greatest folly to
destroy these birds because they devour the imported fish. The
birds arc of much more consequence to Australia than the
imported fish, and the angler should be satisfied with the in-
digenous fish of Australia, or otherwise not grumble because the
Cormorant takes toll of the fish which are imported. Mr.
Buckland has given a very good illustration of that which will
surely happen if the Cormorant is exterminated, and I can back
him up with several such instances.

Mr. Buckland asks for information in respect to birds and fish
of the Coorong. I am greatly interested in the Coorong, for I
am visiting the islands which are the Pelican and Swan nesting-
places regularly, and keeping a very close watch upon the breeding-
grounds of these birds. In carrying out this work as president
of the South Australian Ornithological Association, I motor for
many miles along the shores of the Coorong and traverse many
miles by water in the caretaker's boat ; therefore I am competent
to make the following statement : —

74 Correspondence. [isfTii

In the old days my grandfather, the late John White, owned
a station in the South-East at Avenue Range — that was in
the forties — and his son (my father) travelled backwards and
forwards from his home here at the Reed-beds to the station b^''
way of the Coorong. In those days the bird-life, consisting of a
great many species, were in countless thousands, and the waters
of the Coorong teemed with fish. When the fishermen began to
set their nets and send the fish to the Adelaide market years after
this, the fishermen became obsessed by that erroneous idea that
the Cormorants were taking all the fish (these birds were very
plentiful then — they were to be seen in thousands), so the fisher-
men started slaughtering the birds, and the Government was
induced by unwise counsel to put " blood-money " upon the
heads of Cormorants and Pelicans. This went on for years, until
the ranks of the Cormorants were so decimated that where they
could once be seen in thousands there was not a bird to be seen
to-day. Result : fish of all kinds have been very scarce for years
past in the Coorong, and not only that, but the fishermen are
suffering the loss of hundreds of pounds sterling each year by the
ravages of the crabs, for these crustaceans not only attack and
destroy any fish caught in the set nets, but entangle themselves
in the nets by the hundreds, rendering the nets useless. Man is
paying dearly for his folly, yet he learns httle or nothing by it. — •
Yours, &c., ^ - ' g ^ WHITE.

" Wetunga," Fulham (S.A.), 26/5/i().

Bird Protection.
By H. V. Edwards, Bega, N.S.W.
Although the latest Bird Protection Acts — a distinct im-
provement on their somewhat crude and certainly ineffective
predecessors — have proved beneficial and a stronger deterrent on
the reckless destruction of useful species, many valuable birds
are still destroyed at times either wantonly or through ignorance.
It would be a wise step, I think, if — as is done by the various
Fisheries Departments — notices printed on linen were affixed on
trees and in other conspicuous places containing a schedule of the
birds " black-listed " — that is, which may be shot, &c., in any
season, and drawing attention to the penalties which may be
inflicted for the destruction of birds either absolutely protected
or at least protected during their breeding season — comprising, of
course, all birds not so " black-listed." The principle of appointing
" honorary rangers " may be good, but few persons will, I tliink,
be found willing to accept the office. Where a prosecution for
destroying, &c., a protected bird is at the instance of, or upon
information laid by, a member of the police force or other salaried
official, no odium is incurred ; but where steps are taken at the
instance of an honorary ranger some ill-feeling may be engendered,
although he carries out a duty of benefit to the wliole community.

Vol. xix.-j Kdwards, Bird Protection. 7<

1919 J ' I ^

There appear, by the way, in the latest New South Wales
Birds Protection Act, two striking anomalies — namely, the in-
clusion in the " black list " of the (iill-Bird (Wattled Honey-
eater) and Painted Snipe. There isn't a shadow of logical reason
for " black-listing " cither.

A Bird Sanctuary. — I recently paid a visit to the vicarage at
Warialda. and was delighted to find in Rev. Mr. Nixon another
bird-lover and observer. In the back yard were two home-made
trays on top of a post, beyond reach of cats. Here fed in compara-
tive safety Peewits, Blue-faced Honey-eaters, Magpies, Streperas,
the inevitable Sparrows, Black-and- White Butcher-Birds, Soldier-
Birds or Miners, while, awaiting their turn in the shrubs close to
hand were the little Wrens, Silver-eyes, Tomtits, and Acanthiza
nana. Since then the visitors have increased, the Grey Jumper
and the Babbler having entered the sanctuary. The vicarage is
in the centre of the town, and these birds, though of varied orders,
readily eat any scraps placed on the tray. On the second tray
are several drinking vessels, readily made use of by all the visitors.
So far the reverend gentleman's principal pets seem to be the
three beautiful Blue-faced Honey-eaters — the first the writer has
seen in the district.— S. A. Hanscombe, R.A.O.U. 12/5/19.

QUEENSLAND NOTES.
An Expensive Duck.
In the Rockhampton (O.) Police Court on 19th May, before the
Police Magistrate, Mr. P. M. Hishon, the secretary of the Native
Birds Protection Association (P. V. Maloney) proceeded against
Claud Pollard for having had a Wild Duck in his possession at
The Pocket, near Yaamba, on the i8th of April last, such date
being in the close season. Mr. P. T. Rees Jones (Messrs. Rees R.
and Sydney Jones) appeared for the complainant, and Mr. E. R.
Larcombe, instructed by Mr. H. Grant, for the defendant, who
pleaded guilty. Mr. Larcombe stated that the defendant was
out sliooting wallabies, and had no intention of shooting wild
Ducks. Mr. Jones said that the complaint was laid under sec. 4
of the Native Birds Protection Act. The constable found the
defendant with a wild Duck in his possession and took it from
him. He also took his gun and cartridges. The offence was
committed on the i8th April, whilst on the i6th of the same
month there were notices in the papers that April was a month
in the close season. He had been instructed by the Association
to ask for an increased penalty, the minimum fine of £1 having
apparently had no effect. There had been seven prosecutions in
the last twelve months. The maximum fine was £5. The PoUce
Magistrate said that it was evident that the fine of ;^i had not
acted as a deterrent ; l)ut he would not impose the full penalty,
considering the cost of the defence. Mr. Larcombe : " It will be

76 Edwards, Bird Pyotection. [i.f"" j„i •

a very expensive Duck to him." The PoHce Magistrate : " I will
fine the defendant £2, with £2 2s. professional costs, los. witnesses'
expenses, and 3s. 6d. costs of court ; in default 21 days' imprison-
ment. The Association has asked me to increase the penalty,
and from this on I will increase the minimum penalty from £1
to £2."

Additions to the Library.

Bv Chas. Barrett, C.M.Z.S., Hon. Librarian.
I. — Books, &c.
" Wild Tife Photography." H. V. Edwards. Gordon and (iotch
Ltd. (From tlie author.)
The sub-title of this booklet is " How to 01)tain Valuable
Snapshots of Birds, Beasts, Reptiles, &c., in their Native Haunts."
Thirteen of the illustrations are from original photographs.
Some appear to have been heavily retouched, especially that of
an echidna, on page 11. The author is enthusiastic, and novices
in the art of nature photography will glean useful hints from his
introductory pages on the camera and accessories, though experts,
perhaps, will not agree with him on some points.
" A Practical Handbook of British Birds," Part L Edited by
H. F. Witherby, with contributions by Ernst Hartert and
others. Witherby and Co., London.
Mr. Witherby, who is the editor of British Birds (a magazine
that is alwa3^s interesting), is well known to ornithologists, even
in Australia. His latest venture is described as " practical,
original, and up-to-date," and this first part supports the claim.
The whole work (18 parts at 4s. each) will consist of about 1,200
pages, arranged for two volumes, and publication will extend
over 18 months. The illustrations will include coloured and
black-and-white plates and about 300 text figures. Of each species
a general description and field characters will be given, with notes
on breeding habits, food, migration, &c. The plan is excellent,
and if a similar work on Australian birds could be published it
would be welcomed by hundreds of field naturahsts as well as
professed ornithologists.

"The American Ornithologists' Union." T. S. Palmer. (Re-
printed from the American Museum Journal.)
A brief history of the A.O.U., with biographical notes, &c. The
Union was founded in 1883 by a small group of scientific men.
They numbered only 23 ; in November, 1918, the membership
total was nearly 1,000, and the Union is claimed to be the largest
association of its kind in the world.

Bulletins of the Scrips Institution for Biological Research of the
LTnivcrsity of Cahfornia : No. 5, " The Resources of the
North Pacific Ocean : their Extent, LUilization, and Con-
servation." No. 7 : " Oceanic Circulation and its Bearing
upon Attempts to Make Seasonal Weather Forecasts."

Voi.^ ^'-'^•] Barrett, Additions to the Library. yy

II. — Periodicals Received i.v Exchange.

A Ilk, vol. xx.wi., parts i and 2.

Aiistniliiui Zoologist, vol. i., parts 4, 5, and ().

Avicultitral Magazine, vol. x., parts 4, 5, and G.

Bird Lore, vol. xxi., parts i and 2.

British Birds, vol. xii., parts Q and 11.

University of California Pul)lications in Zoology, vol. xix., parts

I and ].
Condor, vol. xx., part 0 ; vol. xxi., part 2.
Ibis (eleventh series), vol. i., parts i and 2.
Ottawa Naturalist, vol. xxxii., part 2.

Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania for i(ji8.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. xliii.,

part 4.
Proceedings of the Koyal Society oj ]'ictoria, vol. xxxi., part i.
Revue Francaise d'Ornithologie, No. 119.
South Australian Ornithologist, vol. iv., part 2.

Articles on Australasian Birds in the Periodicals Included
IN the Above List.

" The Destruction of Bird-Life in Australia," by Walter W.
Froggatt, F.L.S. Australian Zoologist, vol. i., part 4,

P- 75-
The author points out what he considers to be the fallacy of
man\' statements that are made in the press by people who
generahze on the causes of destruction of native birds only from
conditions prevailing in their own districts. He concludes that
" the multiplication and expansion of bird-life all over Australia
is regulated by the conservation of water."

" The Lyre-Bird : Some Nesting Notes," by John Ramsay and
Albert E. Keene. Australian Zoologist, vol. i., part 4,
p. 81.
A l)ricf article, with some excellent illustrations fium })lioto-

graphs.

" The Great Black Palm-Cockatoo," by Dr. E. A. D'Ombrain,
R.A.O.L). Australian Zoologist, vol. i., part 4, p. 95.
Dr. D'Ombrain describes two young specimens of Microglossus
aterrimus which were sent to him in July, 1912, by Mr. W. R.
M'Lcnnan, from Cape York. One soon died, but the other survived
and became acclimatized in captivity. It proved gentle and
timid and remarkably agile.

"Birds in My (iarden," by H. L. White. Australian Zoologist,
vol. i., part 5, p. 103.
Interesting notes on the birds frequenting the author's garden
at " Belltrees," Scone, N.S.W. No fewer than 104 species were
noted.

^8 Barrett, Additions to the Lihvavy. [,sf"juiy

" Ornithological Notes," edited by A. F. Basset Hull. Australian
Zoologist, vol. i., part 6, p. 177.

An interesting budget of notes on such subjects as " Nesting
Habits of Artamiis," " Pelicans at Lake Cowal," " Sagacity of
Brooding Birds," &c. There are some excellent illustrations
from photographs. This should prove a popular feature in the
journal.

"The Flight of a Falcon," by Thomas P. Austin. Australian
Zoologist, vol. i., part 6, p. 185.

Deals chiefly with the Black-cheeked Falcon {Falco niclano-
genys). Mr. Austin considers that this bird, in pursuit of its prey,
is the fastest living creature on the wing in Australia.
"The Crow Family," by Walter W. Froggatt, F.L.S. Australian
Zoologist, vol. I, part 6, p. i8g.

x\ valuable contribution to economic ornithology. Mr.
Froggatt declares that " the wholesale condemnation of Crows
is a grave mistake, and that their indiscriminate destruction
should not be allowed, for in most places the Crows do more good
than harm to the man on the land, and should be protected where
they are useful."
" Third Anzac Number of the Avicultural Magazine."

This number contains the following articles on Australian
birds : — " The Passing of the Spotted Emu," by Graham Ren-
shaw, M.D., F.R.S.E. ; " Notes on Barraband Parrakeets," by the
Marquis of Tavistock ; " The Twelve Swiftest Birds in Australia "
(concluded in vol. x., part 5) and " Pugnacious Australian Birds,"
by E. S. Sorenson.

" Birds-of-Paradise," by An Old Australian Bird-Lover. Avi-
cultural Magazine, vol. x., part 5, p. 88.

Deals with Birds-of-Paradise in captivity. The author has had
remarkable success in acclimatizing the Red, the King, the
Superb, and other Birds-of-Paradise. The King species, he notes,
is a great mimic.

"In the Pine and Mallee " (Part 11. ), by J. W. Mellor. South
Australian Ornithologist, vol. iv., part 2, p. ;;().

Field notes on birds identified in the Hundred of Bookpurnong,
South Australia.

Articles of General Ornithological Lnterest.

" Notes on the Height at Which Birds Migrate," by Captain
Collingwood Ingram, M. B.O.I'. Ibis, vol. i., part 2, p. 321.
An article on a branch of ornithology upon which, as the author
states, we are profoundly ignorant. Yet he is able to give
observations that shed at least a dim light on the subject. Mr.
F. M. Chapman, in 1887, observed birds flying across the moon's
disc at estimated elevations varying from 6,000 feet to 14,000 feet.
The height at which birds migrate, it is pointed out, is governed
very largely by the meteorological conditions prevailing at the
time. In clear weather the majority of species fly high ; when

Vol. xix.-j BAKR-EJr, A ddidons lo lite Library. yg

the air is cliari^cd witli inoislurr birds on migration arr inclined
to fly low. In such conditions Captain inj^rani has observed
migrants off the China coast almost skimming the surface of the
sea. The greatest height recorded is 15,000 feet, the birds con-
cerned being probably Cranes.
"Frederick Du Cane Godman (Obit.)" /his, vol. i., part 2.

Mr. Du Cane Godman, late President of the British Orni-
thologists' Union, died on 19th February, 1919, after a short illness,
at his house in London. He was, excepting his younger brother,
Percy, the last survivor of the original 20 members who formed
the Union in 1858. He was honorary secretary and treasurer
from 1870 to 1882 and from 1889 to 1897, when he was elected
president in succession to Lord Lilford ; he held offtce until 1913,
when he resigned, owing to ill-health. Mr. Godman was born
in January, 1834 ; he was educated at Eton, and afterwards by
private tutors ; entered Trinity College in 1853, where he met
Osbert Salvin and the brothers Alfred and Edward Newton, both
of Magdalene College. After leaving the University young
Godman started his bird-collecting travels, his first expedition
being to Norway. He travelled in Lapland, Sweden, Russia,
Egypt, Jamaica, and other countries. He and Salvin presented
their great neo-tropical collections to the British Museum in
1885 ; it had been amassed, with a fine library, in connection with
the wonderful " Biologia Centrali-Americana."

" Notes from a Traveller in the Tropics," by Frank M. Chapman.
Bird Lore, vol. xxi., part i, p. 11 ; part 2, p. 87.

Those who have read Dr. Chapman's " Camps and Cruises of
an Ornithologist " know that he is a " traveller " of the rare
class whose written impressions are never dull ; he is a keen and
skilled observer, and records observations that are most inter-
esting. His notes from the tropics (Panama to Peru) are on the
same level as his previous writings, and are illustrated with some
remarkable photographs.

" On the Popular Names of Birds," by Ernest Thompson Seton.
Auk, vol. xxxvi., part 2, p. 229.

An article of special interest to Australian ornithologists in view
of the fact that a new R.A.O.U. " Check-list " is to be published.
Mr. Thompson Seton, who is famed as an author of animal
stories and also as a naturalist and traveller, expresses, in this
contribution to a difticult subject, opinions that are shared,
doubtless, by many other ornithologists. " The scientific names
must, of course, be left to the scientific experts, who, we must
admit, take them very seriously ; but the popular names have
been treated in a most casual or contemptuous way — in many
cases ignored altogether. . . If it is the aim of ornithology
to spread a nation-wide knowledge of birds, then the popular
names are at least as important as the Latin names." The
scientist, as such, he declares, has no more to do with the popular
names of the birds than he has with the conjugation of the verb

8o Barrett, Additions to the Library. [isf "lui ■

"to be," for they are a growing part of the hving language.
The name must be " simple, easily said, descriptive, short, and
is much stronger if in some way it ties up the bird's character-
istics with familiar ideas." Such " clumsy names " as " White-
throated Sparrow " and " Black-and- White Warbler," and
" absurd pedantries " like " Pileolated Warbler " and " Pro-
tonotary Warbler " are condemned. In summing up, Mr. Thompson
Seton says : — " I take it that the business of ornithology is, first,
to accumulate correct information about birds and then to diffuse
it among the people. If the ornithologists had set out definitely
to build an eternal barrier to popular interest in birds they could
not have done it better than by establishing such impossible
names as are cited above. They never were, and never could be,
English names."

About Members.

Before leaving Perth (W.A.) for England at the end of July,
Mr. Tom Carter, M.B.O.U., intended to have a " parting shot "
in the historic Shark Bay district, intending to leave Fremantle
on 30th April ; but the local strike dislocated all shipping, and
up to the 13th May the steamer had not started. Mr. Carter,
therefore, had reluctantly to abandon his trip north. All members
will sympathize with Mr. Carter in his keen disappointment for
further field research in such an interesting region, and heartily
wish him bon voyage.

* * *

"In Australian \\'ilds " is the title of a new book by Mr.
Charles Barrett. C.M.Z.S., to be published shortly by the Mel-
bourne Publishing Co. It will contain 100 illustrations from
photographs by the author, the majority being of birds. Some
of the chapters deal with experiences during R.A.O.U. camps in
the different States ; others describe the author's trips with only
a guide, white man or aborigine, for company. Another book by
Mr. Barrett, written while he was on active service, is being
published in Cairo. " Egyptian Hours " deals with phases of
nature in Upper and Lower Egypt and Palestine. The illustra-
tions are from drawings by a member of the Royal Air Force.

Honour Roll.

The Council of the R.A.O.U. has decided to hang in the Union's
room an Honour Roll, on which will be inscribed the names of all
members who served in the Great War. Will members who
enlisted kindly furnish the secretary with their full names, and
state what rank they held, what distinctions (if any) were gained,
and other particulars of interest. All interested are invited to
assist in making the record complete.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE XIX.

Q -^

Jhe £mu

Official Organ of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union.

" Birds of zi feather.'

Vol. XIX.] ist OCTOBER, 191 9. [Part 2.

The Allied Buff^rumped Tit'Warbler (Geobasileus
hedleyi rosinae).

Bv Capt. S. a. White, C.M.B.O.U., '^ Wetuxga," Ihlham (S.A,)

The writer had the honour of discovering this bird in i()i2, and
it was from specimens sent to Mr. Gregory M. Mathews tliat tlie
bird was described by him in The Austral Avian Record (vol. ii..
No. I, p. 9) as Acanthiza rosincr. Prior to 1912 the writer had
observed a small dark bird resembling the Acanthiza genus, but
no specimens were secured till the type and co-types were taken.
As soon as the first example of this bird was obtained it could
be easily seen that it was a new bird. Mr. Mathews was at that
time describing all my new material, and most kindly named
this after my " life's partner " — a worthy tribute and compliment
to one who has done much for ornithology by her devotion to
her husband and science, for it has been through Mrs. White's
loving companionship and assistance that the writer has been
able to carry out so much of his field work. I take this as a
fitting time to pay this tril)ute to my wife for tlie wonderful
fortitude and courage displayed by her during many of our trips
into the interior, and she was by my side wlien the type of
Geobasileus h. rosince was taken.

Habitat. — Frequents, as far as known, l)ut one type of country
— i.e., samphire fiats along the coast, extending from Port
Adelaide along the eastern shores of St. Vincent Gulf, and along
the opposite or western side, where it has been recorded by Mr.
F. E. Parsons, one of our young and promising South Australian
ornithologists. Never has this bird been seen to leave the salt-
bordered samphire flats, although the flats may be bordered by
mangroves on the sea side and by low bush on the other. Another
remarkable thing is that these birds have not been foimd to exist
in quite similar country further inland. Much of tlie country
inhabited by this bird is under tidal influence, and chning high
tides only the tops of the larger samphire bushi's are out of water,
and when the tides go out they leave large depressions and in-
numerable creeks holding salt water.

Habits.— \i is common to see small parties of these birds, from
five to six up to twenty or more, in the winter months, diligently

6

82 White, The Allied Bitff-riimped Tit-Warhley. {,.f"'oa.

searching amongst the sampliirc bushes or hopping smartly over
the damp soil in search of insect life. I found them easily
alarmed, and able to avoid pursuit by splitting up into ones and
twos and doubling back in the opposite direction to that in
which they were travelling. When alighting they invariably
disappeared in the bushes. They pair in the late spring.

Flight. — ^Weak, and never sustained for long. When feeding
and moving from one place to another a slow, jerky flight of a
few yards is taken, and the bird dwells for a moment on hovering
wings before it drops into the low bush, and immediately disappears.
Food. — Insect-life constitutes two-thirds of the food, small
seeds and vegetable diet making up the balance. Upon examina-
tion of one bird's stomach it was found to contain eight large
green bugs, as well as three ground-beetles and some small seeds.
A'^o^g.— When feeding, a short, low, chirping sound is made,
but when resting in the low bush the bird will give a very pleasing
half twittering and half warbling song, not of long duration,
and very low and soft. When alarmed the bird becomes silent.
Coloration of bill, feet, and legs dark blackish-brown ; iris dull
white or cream colour.

The reason my notes upon this bird have not been published
before can be easily understood when it is known that my field
notes went on with the skins to Mr. G. M. Mathews, who has not
yet dealt with this species in " The Birds of Australia."

The Eastern Palaearctica and Australia.

By Robert Hall, C.M.B.O.U., Bellekive, Hobart (Tas.)

In 1903 I visited the delta of the Lena River* (Maps II. a, VL),
and met many of the birds that annually visit Australia. To get to
this Arctic section I had to go through much interesting country,
and some comparison with Australia should be of interest because
of affinities and stronger contrasts. The Asiatic portion is the
Eastern Palsearctic Region (Map I.), the delta mentioned having
remains of mammoths and fruits of, it has been claimed, an
equatorial vegetation. These show Siberia was not always a
country frozen in summer a foot below the surface.

One door to this fascinating region is in Manchuria (Map I., c),
where faunas and floras meet. It is there the long-haired tiger
of the south joins with the reindeer of the north ; the conifers
and twiners touch. Millions of the Waders from Australia pass
here on passage to the frozen north in the same May month as
a rush of Malay-Asian birds comes in to breed in Manchuria.
Most of its own bird fauna at this moment is going to leave room
for the southerners.

* Ibis, July, iyu4, p. 415-

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE XX.

The Great Tiiiulra at the Delta ol the J.ena Kiver. Ihe Ne.stin<
Ground of several Australian Migratory Birds.

1 ...-A-iito-^ . .--^

Typical Forest Scene — The Nestmg-Ground of vast numbers of
Cone Seed-eating Birds.

PHOTOS. BY 11. HAIL, C.M.B.O.r.

Vol. XIX.-] IIai.l, The luis/crii Pctla-arctica and Auslralia. ^^

1919 J ^

Between these two regions the Indian Region lies, with its
zoological dependency, the PhiUppines (Map 11., / ). These harbour
both Australian and PaLxarctic birds (Megapode* and Loxia),
while Further India itself has passed on to Australia many genera
that are PaLxarctic {e.g., Acroccphahis, Reed-Warblers).

The great Siberia has a pri'ponderance of cone-seed-eating birds
in the central area, Australian migratory birds in the north
(Limicolece), and true Pheasants in the south. There is an entire
absence of Parrots.

In passing from Tasmania one leaves the insular form of Coot
{Tribonyx) (Map U., h) ; sees in the Commonwealth proper a host
of unique genera; leaves Australia at Wallace's line (Map II., g),
and passes immediately into a completely different fauna, with
its Woodpeckers {Picidcc) but not its Honey-eaters [Mdiphagidce).
The isolation of Australia now shows out as a clear sign of some-
thing very old, even of Mesozoic age. It is in Japanese waters
that the outlying marine representatives of the two regions meet
— the Short-tailed Petrel {Piifflniis tcnnirostris) and Guillemot
{Alca).

In Map II. {c) there is, judging ]:)y the forest growtlis, a high
range of mountains acting as a partial barrier to expansion of
both faunas and floras adjoining. The bird-hfe on the eastern
side is mixed with Indo-Chinese species, while that of the western
side is European. At Yarkutsk {d) the Conifene are largely
preponderant, and it is the hard-billed birds which are in evidence.
Further north (Map II., c) the forest growth disappears, and it is
here the spring inrush and egg-laying of vast numbers of birds
from Australia take place. At (a) of the same map the most
northerly Finch in the world, the Snow Bunting {Plectra phcnax),
has its nest on the polar shore.

It was in the taiga delta of the Lena River (Map II., a) that
I had my first and only experience, the photographs shown having
been made before the birds were disturbed. We may recall the
words of Henry Seebohm when referring to the Yenesei delta —
" Full of birds, covered by flowers, and full of mosquitoes."
From my notes I see that Mr. Trebilcock (my companion) and
myself arrived on 12th July in this broad northern home of our
sporting birds. For such a sight I had travelled 3,000 miles from
the main Siberian railway, and yet we had only two hours for
our inquiry at 72° N. We secured twelve species of birds in a
country new, sponge or bog-like, with far visions of water and
mosses. The weather was good, and the home for birds appeared
suitable ; here all were Limicoline, excepting a Lapland Finch.

The great area of flat or undulating land reminded me of ricc-
fields, extending as far as the eye could reach. The Sandpipers
of different species fly separately, and yet the air is full of their
voice, as if there was a vast multitude. It is a tender sight to
see these individual, gentle birds in graceful flight— rapid and in

* .1/. cuniingi, col. pi. vi., vol. xix., pt. i, lig. 2.

84

Hall, The Eastern Palcsavctica and Australia. [,^j

Vol. ^•^•1 llAi.L, The Eastern Pala'arctica and Australia. 85

Mapl.— Palrearctic Region — a, Arctic sub-region ; h, Siberian Province of
Eurasian sub-region ; c, Manchurian sub-region.

II. — a, Breeding ground of Si\ovf-¥i\\c\\ [Plcctvophcnax) ; h, nesting ground
of several species of Australian migratory birds ; c, tundra and
pine forest boundary ; d, most northerly nesting ground of
Australian Swift [Cypseliis pacificus) ; c, mountain chain alter-
ing two faunas ; /, meeting ground of Pal;earctic Australian
forms, Loxia and Megapode ; g, Wallace's Line, dividing faunas ;
h, isolated genus of Coot {Tribonyx).

III. — Approximate breeding grounds of — -a. Curlew (X uiiiiiilii'i ivnihipiis),
N. to 57 °, W. to 105 ° ; b, Whimbrel (A^. phuopii^ r.ii /, -,f/»s). N.
to 69°, W. to 105°"; r, Little Whimbrel (.V. niiiiiiln^), Middle
Lena and lower Yana Rivers.

IV. — Breeding grounds of — a, a, Little Stint [Pisobia ntfiicnllis) ; b. Mon-
golian Dottrel {Ockthodromus mon^olicus) ; c, Oriental Pratincole
(Glayeola orientalis) ; a, b, c winter in Australia.

V. — ^Migration routes, approximate, of — a, Australian Snipe (Gallinago
austratis) , b, Eastern Snipe (G. mcgala), European Snipe (G.

i^dlliuago).

VI. — Triiiga snbmiinita, Middendorf Stint — a, breeding ground ; b, winter
ground.

VII. — Breeding ground (June) of — a, Cypscliis pacificus (White-rumped
Swift), //////, ChcBtura caudacuta (Spine-tail Swift), ::::::;
b, winter ground of a, breeding ground of c ; r, winter quarters
(June) of Chalcococcyx and Cacomantis (Cuckoos).

VIII. — Range of migration of — a, Motacilla alba ocularis, a to a' (Siberian
White Wagtail); b, Anthits richardi, b In b' (Richards Pijiit),
Motacilla flava iaivaiia, b — a' (Siberian Yellow Wagtail).

IX. — Interrupted distribution — a, Blue Magpie (Cyanopica), a, C. cooki,
a" C. cyana ; b, Scrul)-Bird, // Atricliia clamosa, b" A. riifesccns.

X. — Distribution of Siberian Blue-throat (Cyaneciila siiecica siiccica) —
a, breeding quarters ; b, winter quarters.

XL — Distribution of Plovers — a, Esacus magnirostris ; b, QT. recitrvirostris.

XII. — Indicating distribution of Kingfishers — a, Dacelo ccrvina ; b, D.
leachi ; c, D. gigas ; d, Halcyon coromandis ; e, Alcedo ispida
(over the region, also d) ; F, stronghold of Kingfishers.

86 Hall, The Eastern Palcparctica and Australia. [,sf'ckt.

revolution. Egg-shells of the many Waders are everywhere upon
the mosses, and young in thousands are still as death itself in
hiding. Austraha does not know these living birds in beautiful
colours of black and gold, with variations. When they get to us
they are grey, for winter wear. My luck did not seem good to have
spent five months in getting here, to be able to stay only two
hours, and spend five months in getting back. The birds would
be there before us. Nature in those two hours gave us a com-
pensation in a magnificent mirage, showing the whole delta and some
outside islands upon which Bewick's White Swan was nesting.
It showed us the Polar Sea, and impressed us with gratitude.
It was a great uplifting, and I felt as a guest in the birthplace of
the Australian migratory birds in their mile upon mile of the
greatest moss plain in the world, and its mile upon mile of
feathered life.

The country here is completely speckled with a white-headed
seeding grass, and is sectioned into great squares of mosses, with
deep, narrow, natural water moats, showing frozen bottoms.
The bird cliffs outside the river — forbidden to us — contained quite
another type of birds — Kittiwake Gulls — any one of which, at
that moment of the mirage, might have been protecting fifty
young under the law of mutual aid. Falcons were doubtless
making their incessant raids in defiance of the watchful Barge
and attacking Oyster-catcher. In these delta islands the timid
Turnstones [Strepsilas) undertake to keep guard for the common-
weal of timid Dottrels. It was in this delta that Baron
Nordenskjold observed the Eider drake with its many Ducks
sitting on a single nest. The boat in which we were travelling
was the s.s. Lena, at one time consort to the memorable voyage
of his ship, the Vega. On this occasion we were taking stores
to Baron Toll's Janet part}', never again heard of, excepting the
remnant of sailors who starved in this delta before the arrival
of the Australian birds.

The Palsearctic Region has approximately thirty-five species
of Limicoline birds annually migrating to Australia from the
eastern polar area, and approximately two hundred species
migrating to Africa. The latter are mostly Passerine.

The Taimyr Peninsula is the European and Western Asiatic
zoological vacuum, while the delta of the Lena is similar for
Australian and Eastern Asiatic birds. The most of the birds
leave before the winter sets in. They almost altogether go south.
Exceptions go north, as with the Colymhidce or Divers. They
are nesting up the rivers of the Arctic, and later get to the
Frozen Sea. I met one in a swamp a few dog-versts in. The
Colymbidce include the Grebes of Australia, these being the only
two genera of the family.

When I arrived in Siberia it was between the cold seasons, not
intending to be in many of the terrible snow-storms that sweep
over the northern portions of Eurasia at the close of winter. I
hoped to get out before the heavy snow-falls in August, which

Vol. xix.i itai.i., The Eai^teru Palmxrctica and Australia. 8?

suddenly (Ustroy all second l)roods of i^rds. Late spring snow-
storms are very destructive to bird-life in Siberia.

The PaUearctic Region, with its sub-regions (Map I.) is
approximately marked {a) Arctic sub-region, {b) East Siberian
Province of the lun-asian sub-region, (c) Manchurian sub-region.
It is a land of (irouse and Pheasants.

(i() Is a great desert of 45,000 square miles of marshes and
treeless rises, with a really terrible climate in winter.
It has its extinct mammoth animals just as the sand
centre of AustraUa has its, and both were more con-
genial. I believe it to be the only breeding area of the
Spoonl)ill Sandpiper [Enrynorhynchiis) ; is the home of
the Snowy Owl [Nyctca) in its timber and Snow Finch
on its seashore ; and many migratory birds.
{h) The East Siberian Province is largely European till Trans-
Baikalia is reached (Map IT, e). Then, owing to the
Yabloni Range, the Indo-Chinese birds work up them-
selves, tending to make another sub-region. At Lake
Baikal I saw Flamingoes {Phccnicopteriis) and our (ilossy
Ibis {Plegadis falcinellus), common to both regions.
There are numerous Woodpeckers (Picidcs).
(c) The Manchurian sub-region has many peculiar genera and
several eastern representatives of European birds — e.g.,
Blue Pie of Spain {Cyanopica cooki) being practically the
same as the Manchurian Pie (C. cyana). Map IX., a' \" ,
shows one of the cases of interrupted distribution. In the
same way in Australia we have eastern and western repre-
sentatives of a genus {h' b" Psophodes (Coachwhip-Bird),
also Atrichia) in which there are only two or three species,
with no other species or any member of that species in
the broad area between (Map IX.) Here the Rook, Jack-
daw, and Roller {Eiirystomiis) are eastern representatives.
The Roller has its representative in Australia. Many
of the genera have worked up from Indo-China.
In the Polar sub-region I had several small surprises. One
summer day, at i o'clock a.m., I was called by my interpreter to
observe a new bird. There was the daylight, broad, and without
the glare of the sun. The singing of birds in the willows was as
brisk as the most musical of days in Australia. This was in the
land of the midnight sun, with its yellow Iceland poppies in full
display. As a set-off to this glory the mosquitoes fairly boarded
the steamer, and only a Yarkut pilot could hold the bridge against
them. Swamps had matted grasses so thick and cushiony that
we were able to walk upon them, rising and falhng softly.
Myosotis was bright and widespread to the delta ; so was Fragaria
(strawberry).

The birds of the river in the Siberian Province are mostly
Finches. Birches, pines, firs, cypresses, cedars, and willows offer
food or shelter. In Ma\- Yarkutsk is full of birds, while in June

88 Hall, The Eastern PalcparcHca and Australia. \_-iJ^"oc\.

they have gone north. Currants, raspberries, strawberries, bil-
berries, and gooseberries form a portion of their food. Nuts of
the cedar are the food of the Finches and dessert of the people.
The sight of the edelweiss was good enough for me, supported by
great fields of the equisitine horse-tails. Lower down the river
the Common Sandpiper was nesting in this latter cover.
Innumerable squirrels and a white hare were playing about, and
a brown bear was enjoying the ground that a polar bear would
later occupy in his wanderings. All migratory birds would then
be gone, just now the Tunguse dogs are hunting the river for
fish, which is all they need do in summer. Where the Aldan
River junctions with the Lena River the wading birds about meet
in July-August, the wading birds coming from Alaska. It seems
to me they would then work up the valley of the Aldan and make
across to Manchuria in their autumn migration. The Alaskan
and Tchukchi birds travel along the north-western face of the
Stanovoi Range and thus avoid the Okhotsk Sea and Japan. Going
north (9/5/03), I saw the Australian Godwits, Whimbrels and
Golden Plover take advantage of the rice-fields in Japan and
Chosan (Korea), as it was there I obtained several while changing
their winter plumages and waiting for the northern snow to melt.
Being an early season, the northern Geese, Swan, and Ducks that
winter here had migrated for the tundra, and would wait nearer
the melting snow-line.

The main door of Siberia for me was Vladivostok. Just
previously I had lived three weeks in several rich valleys of S.E.
Palaearctica (Corea) and secured 210 specimens of birds, including
several migrants up from Australia, bound for Siberia. That
these birds were moulting impressed me, as they have no time
to lose when once they get to the north and its short season.

My first night in Vladivostok (17/5/03) was dark and stormy.
Vast flocks of shore birds were passing low overhead, helping to
fill the air with their signal calls. The whole air seemed in great
stress of trouble. This portion of the east (Ussuri) is particularly
interesting to any student of migratory animals. Both plants
and animals of the colder north meet those of the warmer south.
As for the birds, all China appears to empty itself into Ussuri,
while its own get north to make room for them. In the midst
of this change untold numbers of Waders flock across from the
far south for the far, treeless, peaty north. It was on this coast
I saw, as it were, large flocks of Sea Starlings, black and active in
flight, called by the Japanese " Umi-suzume " — Sea-Sparrows.
They were Guillemots — characteristic sea-birds of Palaearctica.
At first sight, while sitting upright upon the rocks, they reminded
me of smaller Penguins. The North Pacific has its teeming
thousands of Alcidce as the south has its Penguins. They are
characteristic of the oceans of both regions north and south of
the equator. The Guillemots were nearly due to build their
nests upon the Russian rugged sea-rocks. Some of those I saw
were slowly wheeling over the water surface — at one minute in

^"^'ion'^'l Hai.l, The Eastern Palo'arctica and Australia. 89

a dense black and compact mass, and at the next so widely
separated as to be mere specks. They would at one time fly in
the V-shape and vary the mass form of their company in a very
pretty way. I have never seen any bird in tin- southern hemi-
sphere behave like this, tlie nearest beinj,' the Starlini:^ (Slurnits),
on land.

Two days later a storm from the nortli bore down upon
Vladivostok. In front of it came thousands of sea-birds and
Waders, as tliis was nuv of tlie st't-backs they must meet in tlieir
migration.

Among the hills were Crows and Kingfisliers, representatives
of families cfjnunon to this and our region. True Pheasants and
Woodpeckers were new to me, while I missed the many Pigeons
and Bower-Birds. The Banded Stilt and Crested Grebe breed in
both regions, as do several Terns — Sterna anglica, S. caspia, S.
sinensis, Hydrochelidon hyhrida* H. leucoptera visits northern
Austraha in winter.

Manchuria is the stronghold of Cranes, the Tancho {Griis
leiicaiichen), the national Crane of the Japanese, being figured
on their screens. The throat is white, in comparison with the
red one of the Australian species. An " accidi'utal " of our species
has been recorded in Siberia.

The Plain-Turkey of Manchuria {Otis dyhonskie) is so like the
European form as not even to constitute an eastern variety of
0. tarda. It is not so fine a bird as the Australian Bustard {0.
{Choriotis) australis). Strangely enough, there is no species of
Bustard between N.W. Australia and India.

Instead of seeing the Button-Quails of Australia (Hemipodes) in
the desert country of Manchuria (Gobi), the prevalent form was
the Sand-Grouse. About Lake Baikal I saw the Pallas Sand-
Grouse {Syrrhaptes paradoxus) on a portion of steppe country.
This is the bird that erupted into England in vast numbers — a
flight westward of, say, 5,000 miles. The Sand-Grouse reminded
me of the Flock-Pigeon of Queensland (Histriophaps), as if the
latter held the place in Australia of the absent Pteroclidce, a family
that is structurally related to the Pigeons. The feather tracts
of the Grouse are similar to those of the Pigeon, and the young
of both are naked. Capercailzie [Tetrao bonasi) is common
about Seul. I secured, some weeks later, male and female of the
Siberian Rock Ptarmigan {Lagopus mutiis, sub-sp. ?), near the
mouth of the Lena, also several young. This is probably the
same species listed for Manchuria. It is interesting to be walking
across country bearing their favourite berry food — bilberries,
crowberries, and tender shoots of ericas. In Yarkutsk they sell
at = i^d. each. This bird moults three times a year, excluding
wing and tail quills.

The Corvidce takes in the Blue Magpie and Nutcracker, and the
mud-nest-building Corcorax and Struthidea of Australia. In

*Biiturlin, F.niii, vol. xi., October, p. 96.

go Hall, The Eastern Palcsarctica and Australia. [,st^"oct

Northern Siberia I secured Corvus corone orientalis, and in its
pine forests the Nutcracker {Nttcifraga caryocatactes macrorhyncha).
Nutcrackers, once in many years, will have an exodus from Siberia
into western Europe. Perhaps the pine forests have not seeded.
In Australia we have an exodus from Queensland to Victoria of
Artamiis personatiis (Masked Wood-Swallow), once in, say, every
five to ten years. This, also, is exceptional migration, and we
know it is a shifting of their food supply south. Pine forests are
essential to the Nutcrackers — shy and rare birds.

The Blue Magpies [Cyanopica) of Amoor Land and Spain arc
practically the same, with no species between. In Australia we
have a parallel case of the Scrub-Birds {Atrichia) occupying extreme
boundaries of a continent, in small areas, and by two species only,
showing discontinuous distribution (Map IX.) This is a good
example of many species of western Europe and eastern Asia,
between which there is no representation. The ancestral home
appears to have become quite vacant.

The Kingfishers {Alcedinidce) are distributed over the world —
a family conspicuous for charms of colour and aberrant form.
Of the 150 species, the greater part is between Papua and Celebes
(Map XII., F). Dacelo is Australian. Halcyon coromandiis is the
beauty of eastern Asia {d). Alcedo ispida {e), the iinest of Europe,
is Palaearctic. Of the twenty genera, one alone (Ceryla) is in
America. Dacelo, the largest form, in three species, is interesting
because of its climatic variations in colour in relation to its
distribution. The north-western species {D. cervina) is in the
drier area, and is palest {a). D. leachii is in the hot, humid
area [h], and is brilliant. D. gigas, being in neither type of
country, and moderately cool, is normal or intermediate in its
colour display. (F) is the stronghold of Kingfishers.

The Australian Swift {Cypselus pacificiis) I found nesting in
Yarkutsk (Map VII., a). It gets to Australia in December. I
found it breeding in the market place, upon rafters, and observed
it on the chffs up-stream. It was not seen on the 1,500 miles of
river between Yarkutsk and the delta. It is said to nest in S.W.
Siberia and the Yenesei to 58^°. The Spine-tailed Swift {Chcetura
caiidacuta) (Map VII., a) nests on the upper part of the Yenesei
in June and in the northern parts of the Amoor basin. It visits
Tasmania between December and March.

The European Common Cuckoo {Cuciiliis canoriis), found over
nearly all the world, is absent from Australia. In northern
Australia we have the Oriental Cuckoo (C. satitratiis), which I
collected within the Arctic Circle, as well as C. canoriis. Between
Siberia and Australia there is a black Cuckoo {Sitrniciilus liignbiis),
a mimic of the Drongo. Map VII. (c) shows the winter home
of Australian Cuckoos, Chalcococcyx and Cacomantis ; {b) is their
summer home, and the winter ground of {a). On hearing the
northern Cuckoo for the first time my mind went to " More-pork "
of the Commonwealth. Above Yarkutsk I noticed several of the
3^oung of C. canoriis, as if the adults had already started on their
migration south.

\oi. j^'^ I IIail. The Eastern Patcparctica and AustYalin. QI

Graitcalits. the Cuckoo-Shriko, is found no furtlicr north than
Manchuria. It is mostly found in Australia, India, and Africa.

Wood-Swallows (Arluiiiiis) range between Tasmania and Xortli
China, while a closely-allied family of Waxwings {Anipelida')
ranges between the latter and the Arctic Circle. .\t the time I
was in Japan their breeding-place was not known.

Geocichla sibirica, the Siberian Ground-Thrush, is found in the
valley of the Lena, westward to Great Britain, and south to Java.
G. htniilata then takes its place in Australia. This northern form
is melanistic, and it would be interesting to know if the young
are like the adults, as with other Geocichla.

I collected four species of Song-Thrushes, one being Titrdiis
mnsiciis, the Song-Thrush, which passes through England on its
way from northern Europe to Africa. Those nesting within the
Arctic Circle of Eastern Siberia migrate to the Indian region,
and possibly Egypt. They never come on to Australia, as those
we have were artificially introduced. We also got Meriila
naimianni, a Blackbird, at Yarkutsk, which winters in China.
A Hedge-Sparrow {Accentor montaneUiis), secured in July in the
Arctic sub-region, also winters in China.

The Wheatear {Saxicola (rnanthe) is closely related to the Robin
(Peiroica) of Australia. I met it nesting right up on the northern
edge of the tundra. The Alaskan birds also migrate to India in
winter, I think meeting the Lena birds on the Aldan River. The
nearer course for them would have been via Saghalien and Japan.

The Blue-throat {Cyanecnla suecica siiecica) is also a relative of
our Petroica. I found it nesting far beyond the region of timber
in the Lena delta. This small bird migrates to Abyssinia and
India, and is found not to occupy the country between its
extremes of range (Map X.) It is one of the few Passerine birds
found nesting at the Lena mouth among the birds due out to
Australia. It never goes with them.

The W'hite-eye {Zosterops) has its most northerly range in
Manchuria. Z. japonictts has the tip of its tongue frayed out
like that of Ptilotis, the Australian Honey-eater.

Of the family Certhiidce, I met the English Tree-creeper [C.
familiaris) commonly in Corea. It had a sweet, strong song,
which our Cliniacteyis does not have, and the tail is used in
climbing, much more so than with our birds.

Acrocephalus australis, the Reed- Warbler of Australia, has
several close relatives in Palsearctica. It appeals to me as a.
Palgearctic bird that once annually migrated from Siberia to the
Straits Settlements and Burma along with many of the others
in the eastern arc. Later it came on to N.W. AustraUa, and has
become a species nesting on the continent. PhyUoscopus and
Regulus, which I collected, had a song and appearance like it.
The whole sub-family mostly nest in Siberia and winter in Burma.
Many are equally fine song-birds, P. borealis singing on the Lena
to the exclusion of all others. Regulus goes to Alaska, and is one
of the few birds that pass down from Alaska into America. This

gZ Hall, TJie Eastern Palcrarctica and Australia. [,sf"oct

goes to Panama. The Alaskan mountains make a barrier to
further migration (Map VIII., c). Once in America we meet the
Mocking-Bird [Mimiis polyglottis), the greatest songster of this
sub-family {Sylviince).

Pitta nynipha is found in the extreme S.E. Palaearctica, while
in humid Austraha we have two species finely coloured. A New
Guinea genus (Corapitta) is black. Other species fill in Indo-
China. A case of interrupted distribution is found in P. angolensis,
living away in West Africa with no connecting link.

The cosmopohtan family of Swallows is feebly represented in
Australia, though Hirundo is numerically strong to compensate.
H. giittiiralis, of S.E. Siberia, touches North Australia. The
almost world-wide Clavicula, of which I saw a milhon and about
a thousand nests, is absent from Austraha. Rock-Martins
{Petrochelidon) have a remarkable distribution. Of the eight
species, two are Australian, two South African, and four
American. Of the true Martin {Chelidon urbica whitdcyi) I counted
42 nests under one verandah in Yarkutsk.

Of that great and broadly distributed family of Miners — the
Sturnidce — Australia has one species — Calornis, of Queensland.
Stiirniis vulgaris, the common Starling of Europe and Asia, is a
bird introduced to southern Australia.

The most broadly distributed Titmice belong to the genus
Pants, which is found almost everywhere excepting in the Aus-
tralian region and South America. Xerophila and Sphenostoma,
of our dry areas, belong to the family, while our Acanthiza does
not.

Woodpeckers belong to the widely-distributed family Picidw ;
they have spring tails. Of Woodpeckers I collected five species.
There are four hundred. The Woodpeckers are shy, solitary
woodland birds, much more so than our Climacteris, and I found
in skinning the birds that the skin adhered to the body, making
the preparation very slow. By the hammering of the bird's bill
I could distinctly trace it, and away in the silent forest I was so
impressed with the new experience that the first bird was not
shot. The tone and methodical ringing of the hammer thrilled
me with wonder.

The Blue Rock Pigeon [Columha livia), from which have sprung
our domestic varieties, was the only Pigeon seen, even though
there are sixty of this cosmopolitan genus. It was secured on
the extreme south-east of the region (Corea), which is weak in
Pigeons. It has 12 species, the Malay Peninsula 120, Australia
20. In Australia we have only one species of the genus — C.
leitconiela (the White-breasted Fruit-Pigeon).

Finch-like birds are common all the world over, but they, as
families, are quite particular as to which portions they occupy.
The two great examples are FringiUidce and Ploceidcp, with little
structural difference. The former occupy most of the world
excepting Australia, while the latter (Weaver-Birds) occupy
Australia, India, and Africa, leaving out Siberia and all Europe.

^'''ig^.'^'] Hall, The Eastern Palccarctica and A iislralia. 03

In tlu' lu'ld tlicy arc all Finches, of which I collected in Corea
eight species {Emberiza). In central Siberia the Finches pre-
dominate because of the type of food. The Snow Bunting
{Plcctyophcnax nivalis) nests in the nortliern forests or right on
the polar coast rocks of the Lena (Map II., a). One of the
Russian e.xiles gave me a specimen. Passer mo)ilaiiiis is the
common Sparrow of Corea. I found it or P. in. satiiraliis in central
Siberia.

I collected tlie typical Scarlet Grosbeak {Carpodaciis erylhriniis
crythriniis) some 300 miles below Yarkutsk, where the Stanovoi
Mountains send out a fine spur. If not actually a Loxia, it is
first cousin to the one on the highlands of the Philippine Islands,
where an Australian l)ird (Megapode) meets it. Here we found
a dangerous " horse-tail " [Equiscta arvense), which sickens pack-
horses. The other species, Si-bik-te {Nyakitia), is wholesome and
fattening.

We collected two species of Redpoll {Acanthis) and a Brambling.
The Redpoll moults a portion of its summer bill, which has grown
long. This is a most unusual performance for birds.

Fringilla lappuiiiciis I found just out of its nest in the delta
of the Lena.

I collected at Yarkutsk the Song-Lark of Britain {Alauda
arvensis) — probably the only species that goes to winter near
Shanghai. The Australian member of the Alaiididcv is Mirafra,
a truly fine songster, which is found right through to Shanghai.

Galerita cristata is an extra fine mimic of other birds in song.
Larks moult once a year, Pipits twice. Of the Pipits we collected
some most interesting forms — the Blue-throated, the Tree, and
Richards's. Pipits and true Wagtails make up the great family
of Moiacillidce, the latter being, strangely enough, absent from
Australia, except for a wind-blown specimen. Pipits are cosmo-
politan, leaving out Polynesia. One form only is found in
Australia, one in the Antarctic, and at least three I collected in
the Arctic. Richards's Pipit [Anthiis richardi) migrates from the
Upper Lena to the Malay Archipelago (Map VIII., h to b'). The
young, after the first moult, is brighter than it is afterwards.
This appears so with the Australian Pipit. It is partially
so in several species of other genera — e.g., the White-throated
Tree-creeper (C. lettcophcea) having a rufous rump. The young
of Corvns orientalis, just as with C. aiistralis, neither improves nor
loses the whole adult degree of intensity in the first plumage.
The Blue-throated Pipit {Anthiis cervinus) is a sub-species of the
English Meadow Pipit. It is rather wonderful the cold areas
these birds get into. One may find a Pipit on the highest Aus-
tralian mountain (Kosciusko). The European Tree-Pipit {Anthiis
irivialis trivialis) I found in tlie Baikal district, hovering above
its nest- bush while singing.

Of the White Wagtails [Motacilla alba ocularis) whicli I
collected in tlie Lena delta, one is found also in Ahiska in June
(Map VIIL, a, a). It comes south to Burma with the tide of
immigration in August {a to a').

qA Hall, The Eastern PalcearcLica and A iislraiia. [,st^"oct

Of the Yellow Wagtails, one [Motacilla flava taivana), collected
at Yarkutsk, migrates also to Malay Peninsula (Map VIII., b
to a').

I met two Flycatchers of the genus Musckapa in Siberia, and,
though the genus is a large one, we have no member of it in Aus-
tralia. One interesting northern form is Terpsiphone, so often
figured on Japanese screens, with its tail twice the length of its
body. Of this great family Dr. Leach records approximately
half as being found in Australia.

Fish-Hawks {Pandion) are w^ell distributed birds with inter-
esting habitats. In the Houtman Abrolhos Islands of Western
Australia they nest on sand beaches ; in Kamchatka, on sea-beach
rocks ; in dense forests in Western Palaearctica (Mnland). The
commonest Buzzards are of the genus Biiteo, found all over the
world excepting the AustraUan region. One {B. solitarius) has
been recorded as a visitor. We call our Gypoictinia a Buzzard.
In Siberia I collected male and female of a Biiteo that might well
be Archibuteo, excepting for its feathered tarsi. The bird collected
was the light variety {A. lagopus paUidus) of the European species,
which is known to come east as far as the Lena. On the Lena
there are both representatives. The species migrates to Natal
from the Arctic, and I wonder if the sub-species goes there or is
content with India as its range. The sub-species is also found
in Alaska, and as the Alaskan birds migrate to Burma it will
probably do so, Biitasiiir teesa (White-eyed Buzzard) is found
about Corea, occasionally visiting Northern Austraha. This
w^ould be its extreme limit. The Eastern Red-footed Kestrel
{Cerchneis amurcnsis) makes a migratory passage to Abyssinia.

I secured two Owls : the Short-eared Owl {Asio accipitriniis) is
distrilnited practically all over the world except the Australian
Region ; the Long-eared Owl {A. otiis) is found, approximately,
only north of the equator. Although I was travelling in the
district of the Snowy Owl [Nydca), I had to be content \nth the
hearing of it.

Ducks were numerous in parts, but were mostly quietly away
nesting. In Corea, where I expected great numbers, they had
gone north, and the Chinese species had not yet come up to take
their place. A Widgeon that winters in Polynesia I saw in
Siberia — Mareca penelope. Polynesia is very feeble in species of
Ducks. The Baikal Teal {Eiinetta formosa) has a tail hidden by
its coverts. In travelling across on the great ice-breaker I saw
a small flock. Of five other species collected, one was Anas
boschas, the English Mallard.

We collected the Bean Goose {Anser anser serrirostris) on the
lower reaches of the Lena. Great flocks pass Yarkutsk at the
end of April going north (early May, Russian time), and it is said
by a postman there tliat the ])irds return via the Okhotsk Sea.
They would thus annually move in an oval, as in winter they are
found in Japanese waters. It seems possible they make up the
valley of the Aldan and across to Okhotsk, working down to

Vol. XIX. "1 IIai.i., Tlie Eastcyn Palcvarctica and Australia. 0"%

lyiy J >'-'

Corca. On 22iul jul\- \vc passed a breeding-ground, l)ut the;
goslings were in hiding. The adults were moulting their quills.

Swans are not found on the equator. On the south side is our
black species {Chenopis atrata), and on the north Bewick's snow-
white bird, which winters in Chinese waters and nests on the
islands about the delta of the Lena. I only heard of it.

The Cormorant [Phalacrocorax carbo) of Asia is scarcely distinct
from P. novcc-hollandicc of Australia.

I saw what I feel sure was the Great Northern Diver. In my
intense interest and excitement, together with the fact that I was
balanced on a floating mass of water weeds and enveloped in
mosquitoes, I missed the shot.

Botatiriis sicllaris, the Bittern of the north, was softly licllnwing
just as our B. pcvciloptiltis does. The Little Velhnv Bittern
{Ardctta sinensis) nests in Siberia and Australia.

Sterna longipennis, the Long-winged Tern, I f(Hmd nesting near
Yarkutsk. It is a species that migrates to Northern Australia.
Four species of Terns, already mentioned, nest in both PaLc-
arctica and Australia.

Lams argentatits vegce (the Herring Gull) nests far away north
of the Arctic Circle. I met a colony with young. An outlier,
said to be a male, promptly informed the many families that an
enemy was approaching the rookery, so that I could not find one
young in the few minutes I had. Instead of wintering in southern
China, as most birds do, it makes its way to the Behring Sea and
south to California — a most unusual proceeding. Larus caniis,
the common Gull of Europe and Asia, migrates south to China.
I secured specimens at Yarkutsk, i,8oo miles up the river. We
also got specimens of the British Black-headed or Peewit Gull
(L. riidibiindus) ; the latter also migrates to China and India.

Two robber Gulls nest in Siberia. The Pomarine Skua {Ster-
corariiis pomatorhiniis) rears its young in the tundra, and makes
its way to north Australia. 5. crepidatus (the Arctic Skua) also
nests in Siberia, and later in the year is found in southern Tas-
mania. Many a time I have watched the two phases of the bird
in the Derwent estuary.

If southern Siberia is full of Grouse and Pheasants, central
Siberia Finches, it is the polar basin that attracts the Limicoline
birds, the great wanderers of the earth. Just north of the limit
of trees, near the delta of the Lena, one finds the true tundra —
a land of the midnight sun. For three weeks I lived in its light
and in the care of a fine-meshed mosquito net. Here we saw the
Whimbrels and the Godwits. I saw them getting their plumage
in good order in Corca. The Curlews were with them. Map III.
shows the distribution in summer of the Curlew [Nitmcniiis
cyanopits) (a) in soutliern Silx'ria, W'himbrel {N . phceopus variegatiis)
(6), and A^. {M esoscolopax) ntimttus (c) ; [d] indicates their winter
ground. Whimbrels may descend in a corkscrew way, with one
wing closed.

The Taimyr Peninsula (Map HI., 7) approximately divides the

g6 Hall, The Eastern Palcsarciica and Australia. [^^^

Emu
Oct.

breeding grounds of Limosa lapponica (the shorter-legged Bar-tailed
Godwit of Europe) and L. melanur aides, of Australia. The former
winters in Somaliland and India, the latter as far south as
Tasmania. Though the breeding-grounds fringe each other, the
vast flocks keep their separate migratory courses. The male birds,
being less beautiful, do most of the incubating (A. H. Evans).

A flock of Sandpipers in rapid flight is quite a fine display, a
company of some hundreds wheeling, opening, and closing with
the precision of a trained troupe. In a llock of Tringas may be a
Knot, a SanderHng, and perhaps a DunKn.

Pisobia acuminata (the Sharp-tailed Stint or Marsh Tringa of
sportsmen who know Victorian swamps) breeds along the coast
as far over as Alaska. It returns on its eastern Pacific course
rather than go down America to winter. The majority of the
species of all birds nesting in Alaska are Asiatic. Millions of small
birds, including the Wheatear (Saxicola) and Blue-throat
{Cyanecula), migrate from there to India. All of the Passeres
go no further. The shallow and narrow Behring Strait is no
barrier to migration between Alaska and Siberia, while the
Alaskan mountains are such between Alaska and British
Columbia (Map VIII., c).

Tringa suhminnta (Middendorf Stint) nests much further south
(Map VI., a), wintering at (b). I suppose isolated Inrds do come
further south, just as one will get north as far as Behring Island.

The Common Sandpiper {T. hypolencus) nests in isolated numbers
along the Lena River, and in no particular region. I collected
nestlings on ist July, finding them at the edge of a tangle of
" horse-tails " and dog-roses. It breeds in England as well,
migrating to South Africa ; so it is common to west and east in
Palaearctica. To see them perching was a common sight. They
feed among the buttercups, and have no fear of man. Rhodo-
dendrons were plentiful ; both man and bird at this stage seeing
a mock sun.

The well-known English DunUn, or Ox-Bird [T. alpina), I
secured in the delta of the Lena. The miniature Dunlin {Pisobia
ruficollis) also breeds in tlic lower tundras and Tchuckchi
Land (a'), and comes south in winter to Tasmania (Map IV., a, a').

T. temmincki breeds with the last, beyond the limit of forest
growth, wintering in the Malay Archipelago, but not Australia.
" It has a butterfly-like flight, habituaUy perching on posts,
uttering a continuous trilling song." Mr. Trebilcock and I were
able to photograph the young at i a.m., and were impressed by
the engaging ways of the parents.

Totanus ochropiis (Green Sandpiper) I found breeding at the
mouth of the Lena, 12/7/03. It does not regularly reach Aus-
tralia, an odd specimen having been already recorded by myself
in The Emu. It is said to lay its eggs in other birds' nests, but
in this open waste it would be limited to flimsy ground-nests, and
no time to wait for them.

Eudromias nwrinellus (the Dottrel) 1 secured down the Lena.

^"'I'.w,'^] Hai.l, The EastcYH Palccayciica and Australia. (^J

It does not niif^rati' to Australia. E. vercdus docs so, principally
from Manchuria. /:. [Pcltohyas] australis nests in Australia. This
is practically the same genus as our Ochthodromus (Map IV.), and
the female is the most beautiful of the Plover-like birds. It docs
not incul)ate its eggs, as with a Phalarope breeding here and our
Collared Plain-Wanderer {Excalf actor ia) in Australia. I found it
breeding on the highland and snow foreground shown in photo-
graph.

Mgialitis hiaticida (the Ringed Dottrel) of Europe and Asia,
which I shot in the mouth of the Lena, has been found in Australia.
Three species nest in Australia, while this one breeds in the Polar
sub- region.

Cryinophiliis fidicarius (the Grey Phalarope) is circumpolar.
On the specimens collected Dr. Hartert remarks a case of di-
morphism. The female is the liandsome bird, courts the male,
and leaves the incubation to him. It visits New Zealand. The
Red-necked Phalarope [P. hypoboreiis) comes to New Guinea.

The Ruff {Pavoncella piignax), with his mate, the Reeve, were
observed by myself in the Lena delta. The Reeve builds,
incubates, and rears the young. The Ruff is polygamous.

The Lesser Golden Plover [Charadriiis dominicus) has a most
interesting course of migration in the Pacific. The American
Golden Plover, nesting within a hundred miles, keeps, in tens of
thousands, its own American migratory course to the Argentine.

The Snipe I collected nesting at Yarkutsk is said at Tring to be
the common European Snipe {Gallinago gallinago), and remark-
able that it should be found breeding so far north-east. This
species is also found wintering in the Philippines. A Snipe that is
similar, but larger, is G. australis (both with i6 tail feathers), and
which passes through the Philippines to breed in Manchuria.
G. megala has 20 rectrices, nests in eastern Siberia, and passes
through the Philippines and the Moluccas to winter about Port
Darwin, N.T. (Map V.) The Philippines is an interesting meeting-
place on the way.

Australia has two genera of Stone-Plovers {(Edicneinidcc), each
of a single species, one — Biirhimis — being well distributed over
the continent. The nearest species to it is in Burma, and it is
distributed through Palaearctica directly across country to
England. It does not seem to occur in eastern Palaearctica. The
second genus {Esaciis) is found in North-Western Australia up to
the Phihppines, while the only other known species ((E. rccitrvi-
rostris) (Map XI.) joins at Burma. There is no hind toe to this
non-migratory family. This second genus is closely related to
Vanellns of the eastern Palsearctic, which, in its turn, is more
closely related to Lobivanellits, the Spur-winged or Lobed Plovers
of Australia and Palaearctica.

The incoming of birds to Arctic Siberia is described by Seebohm
in "Nests and Eggs" (A. J. Campbell), p. 807. In August I
found a new movement of the birds was setting in. The Redpolls
{Acanthias), in a collecting broken line of growing length, were

7

n8 Hall, The Easlevn Palccarclica and Australia. [ist^'oct

gathering their forces in the flying south. There was no doubt
of the set of this increasing migratory hue. The birds joined in
numerous Uttle lots, while all day long they added and still flew
south. This immense damp plain, the coming snow-field of, say,
J, 000 miles across Asia, just wonderfully impressed me by the
little I saw of it — Ruffs starting off for Africa, Stints for Australia,
(ieese for Malaysia, and Plovers (Grey) for everywhere. Australia
would soon receive its feathered millions from the Lena — birds
that must leave : Robber Gulls, Terns, and other Gulls, Limicoline
birds, and, on rare occasions, the Passeres of old. These all must
leave the polar flats and cedar forests before the air of 60 minus
Fahrenheit sets down upon them. The fine balancing of rations
moves them over Further India to the greater Australia, India
keeping the perching millions, passing on to us the shore and
sundry birds — the travellers of September. In April the homing
instinct would re-assert itself, and once again, by brain and eye,
these birds of passage would connect the north and south — the
Palaearctic and Australian Regions.

A Trip to the National Park of Tasmania at
Mount Field.

By Clive E. Lord, R.A.O.U. (Curator of the Tasmanian Museum,
Hobart).

Tasmania is the fortunate possessor of a National Park, which has
now been enlarged until it embraces an area of approximately
38,500 acres. It is to serve as a sanctuary for our native fauna
and flora for all time. As a member of the Board entrusted with
its development, it is my privilege to pay occasional visits to this
locality. On some occasions we extend our tours to the highlands
of the mountain plateau, but, as at present a considerable part
of the journey has to be made over rough bush tracks, this portion
is left to the more active members. One of these trips was made
recently, and a few notes concerning the bird-life observed may
prove of interest.

Leaving Hobart by the 4.30 p.m. train on Friday, 29th January,
we reached National Park station (500 feet above sea-level) at
dusk, after having travelled about 50 miles. Most of the journey
was through the orchards and hop-fields of the Derwent Valley,
which afford such picturesque scenes to the traveller by this
route, more especially so when seen in the calm of a summer's
evening.

We stayed the night at the accommodation house, and after
lireakfast next morning the ranger and his assistants joined our
party. Our impedimenta was secured on pack-horses, for a pack
track has alre'ady been constructed for about four miles up Mount
Field. Upon entering the park the first bird noted was a single

The Emu, Vol: XIX:

PLATE XXI.

^''''i9P,'^'J ■■"i^". •' I'i'ip lu //ic Xti/ioii(ilI>(ir/; <>J rdsmuiiid. g(j

Black Cormorant {Phalacrocorax carbo), whicli, the ranger declared,
had been breakfasting in company with several others upon the
trout in the pools under the Russell Falls. This year Tasmania
has received an invasion as regards this species, and they arc
denuding the inland streams antl lakes of fish. Passing through
an area of country timbered with giant eucalypts, we noted
both the Strong-billed Honey-eater {Melilhrcptus validiroslris) and
the Black-capped Honey-eater (.1/. nw/unocephalus) among the
branches, while the ever-present Cresicnt Honey-eater {Lichnicra
uiistralasiaita) flitted al)out among the lower vegetation. 'ilie
track now turned in order to cross a gully, and the flora cliangcd
from eucalypt to tree-fern {Dicksoitiu luitantica), ov^crspread l)y
sassafras [Athcrospcrma inoschaliim) and beech {lui'^iis ciiiuiiiiL^Iufini).
Here we were fortunate enough to observe that most beautiful
bird, the Pink-breasted Robin {Erythrodryas rhodinogaster). Of
an exceeding quiet and retiring disposition, this species is not
often observed in the open, but lias to be sought amid the secluded
vegetation of the creeks. In such localities it builds its beautiful
cup-shaped nest and adorns it with small pieces of lichens and
moss, which, in addition to being an ornament, serve to blend
the nest into the surrounding vegetation, and therefore form a
most excellent camouflage. As one watched this Robin, perched
upon the frond of a tree-fern, with the sunlight breaking through
to show off its dark body and l)rilliant magenta-pink breast, one
lapsed into thought at its beauty. With all the artificial aids
which Homo sapiens has brought to his assistance. Dame Nature
still leads as regards beauty and utility of body coverings. After
remaining a few moments, this living gem of the forest flitted
silently away, and we continued our journey. Wending our way
up the slopes, we were cheered l)y the melodious notes of the
Grey-tailed Whistler {Pachycephala glaucura). Perched amid the
foliage of a blackwood {Acacia mclanoxylon), he led the choral
service being held by the avifauna of the gully. However much
we wished, it was not possible to linger, as the track to the
mountain is a fairly long one — seven miles uphill — and we were
timed to reach the hut at Lake Fenton by noon. Coming again
to another stretch of drier and more open country, the Scarlet-
breasted Robin [Petroica leggii) and the Flame-breasted Robin
(P. phocnicca) were both noted amid the lower bushes, while over-
head a couple of Magpies {Gymnorhina organicnm) quarrelled
noisily. Witliin a short distance a number of Yellow-tails
{Acanthiza clirysorrhoa) were observed, and also a few Brown-
tailed Tit-Warblers {Acanthiza dicmcncnsis) and White-eves
{Zoster ops dor sails).

The track, which had been rising all the time, now turned into
denser vegetation. The massive eucalypts, towering several
hundred feet high, were surrounded by sassafras and beech, while
at their bases various smaller plants served to densen the forest.
We noted the tracks of the rufous wallaby {Macropiis ruficollis, var.
bennetti) amid the scrub, and several Brown Scrub- Wrens {Sericornis

100

Lord, A Trip to the Natioiuil Park of Tasmania. [im^'o'c

Iiiiiiiilis) were l)usih- cngagfd amoiii^' tlu' undcrgrowtli. Along
this section of the track Ewing's Tit-Warbler {A. civin'^i) was
observed. This bird appears to prefer denser vegetation to that
preferred by the Brown-tail {A. diemenensis) , and its nest is also
easily distinguished on account of its more compact shape. This
species has a variable history, as, although figured and described
by Gould in his " Birds of Australia" * in 1848, he omitted it
from his " Handbook," published in 1865. As Gould's " Hand-
book " was the chief work consulted by local ornithologists for
many years, the distinction between Acanthiza diemenensis and
A. ewingi was not really settled until the A.O.U. congress which

The Party in the National Park, Tasmani

was held at Hobart in 1903. Specimens were then obtained, and
the points of difference were agreed upon by the experts present.
When one observes the two species and notes their coloration,
habits, and nests, one wonders wh\' the issue was left so long in
doubt.

The newly-constructed track wound among the giants of the
forest, whose spreading branches met far overhead, making the
trail appear like some vast tunnel driven through the heart of
the bush. One can only hope that this area can be adequately
protected from the fire fiend for all time, and that lovers of nature

* Vol.
Society,

.. pi. 55. Originally described by Gould in " Proc. of Zoological
jth August, 1844.

^"'iqi^'^'l T.ORD. A Tril^ In the National Park of Tasmania. lOI

may always find in the Tasmanian National Park large sections
of country where the orij^inal flora and lanna may be observed
and studied. We are apt to forget how very quickly our native
plants and animals are decreasing in numbers. Every year bush-
fires sweep large areas of country, destroying many species both
of the animal and tlu' \-egetable kingdom. The gun, the snare,
and poison cart all do their work, and this sanctuary for our native
animals lias not been jM'oclaimed a year too soon. Of our
mammals, tht' thylaeine or marsupial wolf [Thylacinus cyno-
ccphalus) and the Tasmanian devil {Sarcophilus harrisi) are now
met with only in the most unfrequented localities. Our forester
kangaroo (.1/. major, var. fitliginosus) is now only to be found on
a few closely-guarded estates, whereas in years gone by this
magnificent species could be noted from sea-shore to mountain-top
all over Tasmania. Our phalangers have been allowed to be
slaughtered wholesale for the sake of the skins, and the platypus
{Ornithorhynchiis analinus) has met with the same treatment.
The latter species is now noticed only in the distant lakes and
streams. Our avifauna has suffered most of all. Our distinctive
Tasmanian Emu {Dromaius diemenensh) has been exterminated.
The gun, the poison cart, and the thoughtless boy have all
assisted to denude the island of some of its most valuable economic
birds. And, to make matters worse, the Indian Dove {T. ferrago),
the Goldfinch (C. cardnelis), the Tree and House-Sparrows (P.
montanus and P. domesticiis), and the Starling (S. vulgaris) have
been introduced, with the result that they are rapidly driving
many of our native birds from their nesting haunts and feeding-
grounds. Having been in contact with man for centuries, these
introduced species rapidly adapt themselves to the settled areas
at the expense of our native birds, which every year are decreasing
in number and are being driven further into the bush. It is good
to recall to mind, therefore, that here we have a sanctuary
where both our feathered and furred friends of the forests may
breed in peace, safe from the gun and the poison cart, and with,
a vigilant ranger to protect them against any other attacks of
man, the destroyer.

It was along the overgrown secticjn of the track that we noticed
the Large-billed Ground-Thrush {Oreocincla macrorhyncha) quietly
hopping from one moss-covered rock to another in search of land
snails or other prized articles of diet. At various places along
the trail could be noticed the " dining tables " of this species.
A small rock, projecting sharply from the fairly clear pathway
of the track, seemed to be the favourite spot. Around such were
small heaps of the broken shells of the land snail. The Thrush,
having secured his snail, apparently makes for the nearest
" table " and breaks the shell by bringing it sharply in contact
with the rock. The silent manners of this species were in marked
contrast to those of the Whistling Shrike-Thrush {Colhtricincla
selbii) whicli had been observed earlier in our journev. The
latter bird attracts considerable attention l)y reason of its

102 Lord, A Trip to the National Park of Tasmania. [j^'

Oct.

beautiful liquid notes," wliich ring through the timber and belie
in every note the old libel that our native birds are not graced
with the gift of melody.

We had now reached the end of the constructed portion of the
" pack track," which, in a few months, it is hoped, will be
available for horses right through to Lake Fenton. The large
packs were taken from the horses, and each member of the party
shouldered his load and prepared to " waltz Matilda " along the
narrow foot trail leading to the lakes. While we were here a
flutter of scarlet amid the timber led to the Fire-tailed Finch
[ZoncBginthus bellus) being recorded as an inhabitant of the Park.
Coming to a patch of horizontal scrub {Anodopetalmn biglandii-
losum), we paused in order that the botanical members of the
party might secure a photograph, but were interrupted by the
discordant cries of a flock of Yellow-eared Black Cockatoos
[Calyptorhynchus xanthonotns), and the camp pessimist and weather
prophet began to talk of signs of rain. Soon after this numerous
Green Parrots (Platycercus flaviventris) were observed amid the
euclaypts, which were here changing to a more alpine form {E.
gunni). The flora was gradually changing, and such trees as
the celery-top pine (Phyllocladiis rhomboidalis) became more
common, and the climbing Epacris, with its scarlet flowers, began
to twine among the stems of the trees bordering the track. A
mile or so more and the timber grew less dense and the mossy
carpet gave place to hard stones. Nearing the altitude of 3,000
feet above sea-level, the track was fringed with clumps of that
interesting plant the deciduous beech {Fagus gunni), the only
Tasmanian tree which sheds its leaves in winter. In close
proximity could be seen groups of the picturesque giant grass-tree
(Richea pandanifolia) and an occasional King William pine
{Arthrotaxis cupressoides). The phalangers (Australian opossums),
by the way, seem very fond of tlie young leaves of this latter
tree.

Arriving at the hut at Lake Fenton, which is situated amid a
belt of dwarf eucalypts, we were welcomed by the soft notes of
the Diamond-Birds {Pardalottis ptmdatus). Having requisitioned
the billy and enjoyed lunch, our siesta was brought to an end by
the violent language of the angler of the party, who caught siglit
of several Black Cormorants (P. carho) swimming in the lake.
Whatever may be said concerning the remaining species of the genus,
there can be no doubt concerning the damage done by P. carho
in the inland waters of Tasmania, and this year the Cormorants
have come in thousands. We formed our base camp at the hut
at Lake Fenton, and for several days were busily engaged in
exploring the lesser-known portions of the mountain plateau and
visiting as many places of interest as time allowed. One of the
busy men of our party was Dr. GrifTfi.th Taylor, Commonwealth
Physiographer, Melbourne, who worked from daylight till dark in
order to gather sufficient data to prepare a rehef model of the
highlands of the Park, so as to show the main topographical

The Emu. Vol. XIX.

PLATE XXI

^"'"i<!^"^'] t.ORD, ./ I'rif^ to the N(itii»iti/ Park of Tasmnnia. IO3

features of this interesting area. The mountain plateau com-
mences in the east at an elevation of from 3,300 to 3,500 feet
above sea-level, and rises to the west, where it terminates in the
great buttress of Mount Field West {4,721 feet higli), from whence
there is almost a sheer fall of 3,000 feet into the Florentine Valley
below. In the east are open moors intersected by shallow valleys,
but to the west the mountains are rent by yawning chasms 1,500
feet deep, in the beds of which lie pine-fringed lakes and
thunderous waterfalls. At the time of which I am writing (the
end of January) the mountains were covered with a carpet of
flowering alpine plants, but those of us who are conversant with
the higher altitudes of this area at other seasons recall great
expanses of snow, many acres in extent.

One of the most interesting trips was that to the summit of
Mount Field West, which is situated about 7 miles, as the Crow
flies, from the Fenton hut. As the track winds about over high
ridges and "ploughed fields" of massive rocks, the journey is
long. However, if it were twice as far it would well repay the
energy expended, on account of the scenery alone ; but one must
not dwell upon that aspect in the present instance, but be content
with recording the featbered inhabitants of this region. Leaving
the hut, the track followed the shores of Lake Fenton for some
distance, and then turned to the right across an open moor. It
was here that we noticed several Black Crow-Shrikes {Strcpera
fitliginosa) among the trees on an adjacent hillside. This species
appeared to be the most numerous of any on the mountain
plateau, for wherever we went its resounding note was to be
heard, and upon reaching the shores of Lake Dobson we observed
a parent bird being pursued by two of its hungry offspring, which
had apparently not long mastered the secret of aerial navigation.
Leaving the lake, the track rises abruptly for 680 feet to a shelf
along the ridge. The steep ascent of the track at this point is
made easier by reason of the beauty of the crimson flowers of the
Tasmanian waratah [Telopea triincata) which line the trail. .As
we looked back across the lakes and moors the scene was enlivened
by the presence of a Brown Hawk [Hieracidea berigora), wliich
wheeled about over the tree-tops several hundred feet below.
The easy flight of the Brown Hawk was in marked contrast to the
somewhat ungainly movements of a pair of Ravens {Corviis
aiistralis) which flew from the hillside down into the valley. As
the track rose towards the summit of the ridge the vegetation
became more stunted and alpine in character, and it was not long
before the scene was one of massive boulders, with small patches
of vegetation struggling for existence among the snow-swept
peaks. The views were now becoming grand in the extreme.
In the foreground was a jumbled mass of rugged peaks, cleft by
mighty gorges 1,500 or more feet deep, in the beds of which valleys
lay pine-fringed lakes and tarns — exquisite watery gems in a
magnificent setting of rugged grandeur formed by snow-capped
peaks and massive buttresses of dark diabase. Beyond this and

104 Lord, A Trip to the National Park of Tasmania. risf"oct

away to the horizon stretched mountain range upon mountain
range, while overhead soared the king of our avifauna — an
immense Wedge-tailed Eagle [UroaHiis audax). The secret of
this bird's flight aroused much speculation as with apparently
motionless wings it soared into the valley and then rose again
to carry out a further aerial reconnaissance with the object of
more closely inspecting the strange group of animals who had dared
to invade its mountain kingdom. And so the trail led on until
we reached the cairn of Mount Field West, 4,721 feet above sea-
level, and from whence, on the western side, there is a sheer fall
of 3,000 feet to the Florentine Valley below. The view from the
cairn is surpassing grand — it is the dernier cri of all the magnificent
outlooks in the Park — and one obtains a splendid vista of the
jumbled but intensely picturesque mass of Tasmania's south-
western mountain system. Space forbids further mention here
except to note the solitary example of bird-life seen on the
plateau near the cairn. This was no less than an example of
the Australian Pipit (Ground-Lark) {Anthits australis), and the
little bird seemed quite astray in its loneliness upon the highest
portion of the Park. After spending as long as possible at Mount
Field West we returned across boulder-covered ridge and flower-
covered moor to our camp at Lake Fenton.

As we were lulled to sleep by the ripple of the water in the creek
which flows from the lake, and by the call of the Spotted Owl
{Ninox maculata), one thought of the great possibihties which lie
ahead for this National Park. Stretching as it does 12 miles
from east to west, and being in places 6 miles wide, it embraces
all characters of country, from the densely-wooded gullies of. the
lowlands to the snow-swept peaks of the mountains. In the
present instance a hurried examination of a small section of the
area only was possible, which accounts for the comparatively
small number of species observed. As further exploring trips
are undertaken, and also when the animals realize that the Park
is a sanctuary in fact as well as name, it is certain that the greater
portion of our Tasmanian species will be found in the reserve.
Here, well guarded, they will be allowed to breed in peace among
a true section of the original Tasmanian bush. Here also, it is
hoped, will be found the naturalists who will study the habits of
our fauna and make many of the details concerning the lives
of our feathered friends available to nature students.

Remarks upon Species Observed.

[The nomenclature is in accordance with the R.A.O.U. " Check-
list," 191 3. The name according to G. M. Mathews's " List of the
Birds of Australia," 191 3, when it differs, follows in parentheses.]

Anas superclliosa (A. s. rogersi). Australian Black Duck. — A single
specimen was observed by Ranger Belcher on one of the lakes.

Phalacrocorax carbo (P. c. novaehollandiae). Black Cormorant. —
Several were seen along the Russell Falls River and also on the

Vol. Xix.-i i,oRi), ,1 Trih to the Natioual Park of Tasmania. 10=5

1919 .1 ' -^ ^-'

mountain lakes. This season Tasmania has been in\a(k(l by
thousands of birds ot this species.

Uroaetus audax ((/. a. atidax). Wedge-tailed Eagle.— A si)lendid
jiair ol tliese birds was seen near Mount Field West.

Hieracidea berlgora {leracidea h. herigora). Brown Hawk. — Noted
near Lake Dobson.

Ninox maculata {Spiloglaux boohook maculata]. Sjwtled Owl. —
Heard calling in the evening.

Calyptorhynchus xanthonotus (C. funereiis xanthonotus). Yellow-
eared Black Cockatoo.— Several flocks of these birds were seen, and
their harsh notes were continually echoing through the timber along
the pack track from the 2,000 to the 2,500-feet level.

Platycercus flaviventris (P. caledonicus). Green Parrot. — This species
was very numerous in the timbered country near the pack track.
Had time permitted, I would have probably been able to identify
other members of the Psitiacidce. as there is every indication that
they are inhabitants of the Park.

Cuculus pallidus (Heteroscenes p. pallidus). Pallid Cuckoo. — Heard
calling in the open timber country near the entrance.

Petroica leggii (P. multicolor frontalis). Scarlet-breasted Robin. —
This species was often observed in the more open country of the
lowlands, although several were seen at high altitudes.

Petroica phoenicea {Littler a c. chrysoptera). Flame-breasted Robin.
— This species appeared to be about as common as the preceding.

Erythrodryas rhodinogaster {E. r. rhodinogaster). Pink-breasted
Robin. — This most beautiful species was occasionally seen among
the ferns and dense \cgctation of the gullies.

Pachycephala glaucura (P. pectoralis glauciira). Grey-tailed
Whistler. — Noted on the lower slopes of Mount Field East, usually
on a hillside or at the head of a gully.

Rhipidura diemenensis (i?. flahellifera alhiscapa). Dusky Fantail. —
Usually seen in the vicinity of creeks. This species appeared to be
fairly evenly distributed.

Oreocincla macrorhyncha (O. liinata macrorhyncha). Large-billed
Ground-Thrush. — On the lower slopes of the mountain, where the
tall timber was interspersed with scrub, this bird could usually be
observed. While nowhere seen in groups, there appear to be large
numbers of this species in the Park.

Acanthiza diemenensis (A. pusilla diemenensis). Brown-rumped
Tit-Warliler. — \'erv common on the lower portions of the reserve.

Acanthiza ewingi (.-J. e. ewingi). Ewing Tit-Warbler. — This species
appeared to take the place of the preceding one at the higher altitudes
and where the timber was denser, particularly so from the 1.500 to
the J,5(x)-feet level.

Acantliiza chrysorrtioa {Geohasileus chrysorrhous leachi). Yellow-
tailed Tit-Warbler. — Around the clearing at the entrance to the Park
several flocks of this species were notecl. h^ach flock contained from
20 to 30 individuals.

Serlcornis humilis (Tasmanornis h. humilis). Brown Scrub-Wren. —
Among the ferns, moss, and bracken which line the sides of the pack

I06 Lord, A Trip to the National Park of Tasmania. [^

track, examples of this species could often be seen. It appeared to
be plentifully distributed among the scrub-covered slopes up to
about the altitude of 2.500 feet.

Malurus longicaudatus (M. c. cyaneus). Long-tailed Wren-Warbler.
— Fairly plentiful at the low altitudes in the cleared portions.

Colluricincla selbii (C. harmonica strigata). Whistling Shrike-Thrush.
— This melodious songster was heard to perfection on several
occasions.

Zosterops dorsalis (Z. lateralis tasmanica). White-eye. — Seen in
small flocks in the 'lowland scrub.

Gymnorhina organicum (G. h. hypoleuca). Lesser White-backed
]\Iagpie. — Common on the lowland clearings.

Pardalotus punctatus (P. p. leachi). Spotted Pardalote. — This
species appeared at various places, from the entrance to the hut at
Lake Fenton (3,400 feet).

Melithreptus validirostrls. Strong-billed Honey-eater. — Noted in
the more open country of the lower slopes.

Melithreptus melanocephalus {Melithreptus a. affinis). Black-headed
Honey-eater. — This species appeared to be more common than the
preceding.

Ptilotis flavigula (Nesoptilotis flavicoUis fiavigtila). Yellow-throated
Honey-eater. — Although nowhere seen in large numbers, the familiar
" Yellow-throat " was a common sight from lowland to mountain
plateau. In common with the other Honey-eaters {Meliphagidcs),
this species probably resorts to the mountain moors in the summer
months, as there is then a wealth of flowers over large expanses
which are covered with snow in winter.

Lichmera australasiana {Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera inornata). Crescent
Honey-eater. — One of the most evenly distributed species observed.

Anthus australis {A. a. histriatiis). Australian Pipit (Ground-Lark)-
— A solitary specimen of this species was noted right at the summit
of :\Iount Field West (4,721 feet).

Zonaeginthus bellus (Z. b. bellus). Fire-tailed Finch. — A few in-
dividuals of this species were observed.

Corvus australis (C. coronoides tasmanicxis). Australian Raven. —
This species was generally distributed over the area examined.
Several small flocks were seen on the mountain plateau.

Strepera fuliginosa. Black Bell-Magpie. — This species was common
on the highlands.

Another Bush Tragedy. — A pair of Harmonious Thruslics
(Colluricincla harmonica) nested this year in an orange tree in
the garden. The three young were almost fledged when one
morning I missed the old one's efforts to drive me away from
the tree. Investigation showed that a large orange had fallen
into the nest. One little head was protruding over the side, two
other little birds were underneath the orange, liut all were quite
cold. — F. C. Morse. " Coocalla," Garali (X.S.W.)

The Emu, Vol. XIX:

PLATE XXIII.

Vol. XI X.J Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiido! . 107

Material for a Study of the Mega pod iidae.

By M.vjok R. W. Shufeldt M.l)., C.M.Z.S., llo.v. Memb.
R.A.O.U., Washington, D.C, U.S.A.

Part II.

Eggs of the Megapodiid.e.

(Platrs VIII.^X., Figs. 12-19.)

Apparently l)ut few (\i;gs of the Mcgapodcs haYc bcx'ii figured in

scientific works, and these few are so well known to ornithologists

tliat it will not be necessary to cite them in this place.

When I undertook the present work it was my hope that I might
examine all the eggs of this family contained in the collections of
the United States National Museum and of Mr. Edward J. Court,
of Washington, D.C. Much to my pleasure, I was successful in
both of these desires, and I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Riley, of
the Division of Birds of the United States National Museum, for
assistance in this matter, and to Mr. Court for the loan of his
entire collection of Megapode eggs for the purpose of d(>scription
and photography.

Through the kindness of Dr. Richmond, I was permitted to
borrow three eggs from the collection of the United States National
Museum for the latter purpose, and these are here shown on
Plate VIII. of the present paper.* These three eggs were one each
of Megapodius pritchardi (No. 33,063), Megapodiiis citmingi (No.
29,908), and one of Megapodius nicobariensis (No. 29,604) ; that of
M. pritchardi (size 72.7 x 44.2 mm.) is typically ellipsoidal in form,
with rather blunt ends, while in colour it is of a vinaceous buff,
of a somewhat deep shade, the vinaceous colour being sHghtly
deeper in large, blotchy areas over the whole egg. These areas
run into each other on the somewhat roughened surface.

With respect to the egg of M. citmingi, the form is as in the last,
while the colour is rather darker. Its shell is rough, with little
flecks of roughness over the entire surface (size 78.8 x 48.0 mm.)

In the case of the egg of M. nicobariensis shown in Plate VIII.
(No. 29,604), it measures 80.6 x 50.6, and has a form nearly like
that of M . pritchardi described above, though in this particular
egg of the Nicobar Megapode one end is not quite as blunt as the
other. In colour it about agrees with it, as does its rough shell.
It exhibits some slight adventitious staining and scratches (see
Plate VIII., fig. 14).

* With respect to the photographs of the eggs in my plates, I would say
that I employed Japanese tints to colour them, and, in some few instances,
while the colour is correct, the shade may be somewhat too dark. This
defect is due to the grey of the photograph showing through the colour
applied, and not to the beautiful tints I employed, which are manufactured
by the Japanese Water Colour Company. Should an egg be perfectly white
or of some very light shade, it is a difficult subject for the photographer to
handle, for, in obtaining a background in the print, the egg itself will carry
some tint of more or less strength, and it is this tint which affects the colour-
applied. However this may be, the form and size of the eggs in the plates
to this paper may be relied upon.

I08 Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidcr. [^

Emu

It would seem that, without exception, the eggs of all Megapodes
are normally covered with a thin, superficial layer of a chalky
incrustation. This thin layer is what gives the egg its distinctive
colour, and it may be scarred and scratched through the slightest
possible contact with any object or surface which may be hard
enough to mark it so. Or, with very little trouble, this entire
superficial covering may be removed, or even rubbed off. Below
it, the shell of the egg is usually pure white or creamy white,
without any markings whatever.

Again, Megapodes' eggs are often stained, due to the fact that
they are covered over with vegetable matter in the mounds
where they are laid. Those laid in sand are generally free of
such staining, while a good many of them present scratches or
other marks.

At that date (28th August, 1914) the National Museum collection
contains but the single egg of Pritchard's Megapode described
above, while of M . ciimingi there are three — the one described in
a former paragraph and two others ; these latter measure 75.6 x
48.7 and 83.3 X 48.8 respectively. Basing an average on these
three, we find the egg of Pritchard's Megapode to be 77.2 x 47.2
mm. They closely resemble the eggs of the Nicobar Megapode
in the matters of form and colour. Ogilvie-Grant says : —
" The eggs of Pritchard's Megapode are subject to much variation,
being reddish-brown, pinkish, stone-coloured, brown, or whitish.
They measure from 2.95 to 3.15 in length, and from 1.6 to 1.9
in breadth" ("Cat. B. Eggs B. Mus.," vol. i., p. 17).

In addition to the egg of Megapodiits nicobariensis described
above, I find in the National Museum collection sixty-two more
eggs of this species (28th August, 1914). Of these I selected
thirteen (13) for descriptive purposes. They were collected by
Dr. W. L. Abbott on the 19th of March, 1901, at Great Nicobar
Island (Palo Kunyi), and bear the National Museum No. 29,852.
Of the remaining forty-nine eggs, forty-two run about the same
in the matters of size, colour, and form as those collected by Dr.
Abbott. The other seven are much paler in colour, the super-
ficial incrustation having probably been removed from each egg,
leaving the shell nearly white. I find the largest one of this lot
to measure 85.9 x 50.2 — indeed, this is the largest egg of the
Nicobar Megapode in the entire lot in the collection.

Returning to the thirteen eggs collected by Dr. Abbott, we
find them, with respect to colour, to be of a uniform light tan of
various shades, or, to use Ridgway's nomenclature, egg No. 5,
which measures in the list of measurements below 79.2 x 50.0, is
of a " pale- vinaceous pink," No. 9 being of a " light pinkish
cinnamon," and No. 10 of a " pale pinkish-buff." No. 9 measures
80.9 X 52.5 mm., and No. 10 79.3 x 49.6 mm., wliilc all these
thirteen eggs range in colour between these two. No. 9 being the
darkest and No. 10 the lightest. A medium one is No. 13, being
a " vinaceous pink " in shade (measures 84.1 x 50.0 mm.)

'I'm: E.ML-, I,'/. .\7.V

PLATE XXIV.

Vol. XIX

1919

1 SnuFEi.DT, Material foy a S/udy of the Megapodiidcc. I0(j

In inillimcters and tenths, these eggs measure as follows : —
(1)78.3x51.0. (8) 80.8x47.5.

(2) 85.6 X 50.4. (9) 80.9 X 52.5.

(3) 81.5 X 49.4. (10) 79.3 X 50.3.

(4) 79.3 X 50.7. (II) 80.1 X 49.6.

(5) 79.2 X 50.0. (12) 78.2 X 49.5.

(6) 80.6 X 52.5. (13) 84.1 X 50.0.

(7) 81.4x51.0.

I'Or these thirteen eggs, then, of Mcgapodiiis nicobanoisis \vc
have an average in the matter of size of 80.0 x 50.0 millimeters.
Unfortunately, though quite naturally, Mr. Ogilvic-Grant, in his
admirable work in the " Catalogue of Birds' Eggs in the British
Museum " (vol. i.), gix-cs the measurements for eggs in inches
and fractions thereof, instead of using the metric system of
measurements now so generally employed in science. He says : —
" The eggs of the Nicobar Megapode, when first laid, are of a
ruddy-pink colour. After being buried, they turn to pale
yellowish-brown, buff, or stone colour. The outer film frequently
flakes off in spots, specks, and large blotches, causing the shell
to be mottled with white. The eggs measure from 3.0 to 3.4 in
length, and from 1.9 to 2.25 in breadth " (p. 15).

Mr. Court has no eggs on this date (28th August, 1914) of M.
nicobariensis in his collection, nor of M. cumingi.

Of the eggs of this latter species, already touched upon above,
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant says {loc. cit., p. 16) : — " The eggs of Cuming's
Megapode are of a ruddy pink or reddish-brown colour, turning
to pale brown with incubation ; two specimens in the collection,
however, are dull white. They measure from 2.c) to 3.3 in length,
and from 1.8 to 2.0 in breadth."

The National Museum collection contains Init one egg of
Duperrey's Megapode {Megapodiiis tumulus) (No. 30,339, 28th
August, 1914) ; it is of a dark tan colour, ellipsoidal in form,
measures 89.0 x 55.3, and was collected by Mr. Dudley Le Souef
in Australia.

In Mr. Court's collection there arc but two eggs of this species,
and both of them closely resemble the last in respect to form
and colour, while they measure 84.8 x 52.0 and 87.9 x 52.9.
From these three eggs we would have an average, then, with
regard to size, of 87.2 x 53.4, which is larger than the egg of the
Nicobar Megapode. Ogilvie-Grant says of this species (loc. cit.,
pp. lO, 17) that " the eggs of Duperrey's Megapode vary from
reddish-brown to pale buff or dull cream colour. They measure
from 3.2 to 4.0 in length, and from 2.05 to 2.2 in breadth."

There are no eggs in the National Museum collection or in the
Court collection of either Brenchley's Megapode (Megapodius
eremata) or of Layard's Megapode [M . layardi), and therefore I
cannot say anything a1x)ut theni from a personal examination.
Descriptions of both are given in the " British Catalogue of Birds'
Eggs" by Mr. ()gilvie-(irant (pj). i() and 17). Thev ver\' much

no Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidcv. [_^'

Oct.

It would seem that there are some eggs of Megapodes in the
collection of the United States National Museum, which have
not as yet been catalogued and placed in the collection, as there
is, at this time, no one in that institution who has given any
attention to " the eggs of foreign birds." Through chance I came
across the egg of a large species of Megapode (No. if), 947) labelled
" Megapodiits gilberti. J. S. Nickerson. Celebes." Now, M.
gilberti is a synonym of M. cumingi, but this egg is far too large
for Cuming's Megapode, as it measures 105.6 x 63.3, and is of a
dark drab colour. Taking its large size into consideration, and
the fact that it came from the " Celebes," I would say that it had
been laid by a Maleo {Megacephalum rnaleo).

Ogilvie-Grant says : — " The eggs of the Maleo in the collection
are reddish-buff, and measure respectively 4.3 by 2-3, 4.05 by 2.4,
4.5 by 2.45 " {lac. cit., vol. i., p. 19). ^

Coming to the Australian Brush-Turkey {Caiheiiinis lalhami),
there is quite a series of the eggs of this species at hand, but only
one specimen of all these, however, is to be found in the collection
of the United States National Museum. It bears the number
30,340, and was collected by Mr. Dudley Le Souef in Australia.
I find it to be typical ellipsoidal in form, of a cream-white colour,
and it measures 89.4 x 61.2.

There arc six (6) eggs of this species in the Court collection,
four of them being broadly ellipsoidal in form, and the other
two of a more ovate contour. They arc of a cream-white
colour, and each show stain-markings, usually restricted and faint
in colour ; but in one instance there is a large dark brown blotch
the size of a dime.

Upon measuring these si.\ eggs of the Brush-Turkey, 1 find them
to be of the following sizes : —

(i) 90.7 X 59.4. (4) 88.3 X 60.1.

(2) 87.1 X 61.5. (5) 89.4 X 59.7.

(3) 89.0 X 58.0. (6) 89.2 X 60.3.

Taken in connection witli the size t)f the one in the collection
of the National Museum, the average of these will be found to be
88.9 X 60.7.

Ogilvie-Grant says : — " The eggs of the Austrahan Brush-Turkey
[Catheturits lathami] are white, generally stained with some
yellowish smears. They measure from 3.4 to 3.75 in length, and
from 2.3 to 2.4 in breadth " (loc. cit., p. 18).

There are no eggs of Cathetunis piirpureicollis in the National
Museum collection, while Mr. Court is the fortunate possessor of
no fewer than four (4) of them at the present writing. Two of
these bear no collectors' marks. They are of the typical ellips-
oidal form, and are pure glistening white, having been " cleaned
off." Upon applying the scale to them I find them to measure
87.0 \ 52.4 and H().() x 52.0. A third egg of this species, 1/11/09,
8.4, lias not been thus cleaned, and is of a very pale cream colour.
It has the form of the others, and measures 93.4 x 56.4. Finally,
there is another white ellipsoidal egg of this species (1/11/9), which

The Emu. VoL XIX:

PLATE XXV

H 60
< 60

^°'"i u'^ J Shui-eldt, Material for a Study of the Mcgapodiidcc. m

measures 8g.6 x 554. Takii^ij the average of these four eggs, I
find it to be 89.1 x 54.0.

There appear to be no eggs of any of the species of the genus
'rali'i!;ulliis in the two collections liere l)eing considered, and the
onl}' description 1 can find, upon casual search, is that of Talcgalliis
cuvieri, by Ogilvie-Grant {loc. cit., p. 18), who says that " the
only egg of Cuvier's Brush-Turkey in the collection is brownish-
bufif, with a pinkish tinge. It measures 3.75 by 2.5."

Finally, I hav^' to describe the eggs of Leipoa occUala, of which
the same writer says that " when fresh they are of a delicate
pinky-white, but after remaining in the mound a few days they
become a dirty reddish-brown. They measure from 3.45 to 3.75
in length and from 2.15 to 2.4 in breadth " {loc. cit., p. 18).

There are, at this writing (August, 1914), no eggs of the Ocellated
Megapode in the collection of the United States National Museum,
while there are ten (ro) very beautiful specimens of them in the
collection of Mr. Court. Upon measuring these I obtain the
following data : —

(1) (555). 95-i -^ (4-I- (fj) i^. 10/11/08, 94.1 X O0.3.

(2) 10/11/08, 84.7 X 5O.1. (7) 10/11/08, 92.1 X 61. 1.
(J) 555j. 10/11/03, 94.1 X ()2.4. (8) 10/11/08, 87.8 X 57.8.

(4) 6, 10/11/08, 85.4 X 57.(). (9) 10/11/08, 93.3 X 61.0.

(5) 10/11/08, 89.7 X 56.9. (10) 10/11/08, 87.9 X 59.3.

It will be found that the measurements of these ten (10) eggs
of Leipoa occllata give an average of 90.4 x 59.6, and that they
range between 84.7 x 56.1 and 94.1 x 62.4.

They are, as a rule, much darker than the eggs of other
Megapodes, being of a vinaceous brown or tan in the majority of
instances, some being lighter than others, while a few show a
dirty brown staining. In form, some are ellipsoidal, while others
are strictly ovate in contour.

Osteology of Megapodius nicobariensis.
(Plates XI.-XIIL, figs. 20-28.)
From a casual survey of the literature of the subject, there does
not appear to have been much pubUshed, as yet, on the osteology
of the Megapodes, nor have many skeletons of these birds
accumulated in the museums. A few years ago the British
Museum possessed but a skeleton of " M . dnperrcyi," two skeletons
of Cathetiirus lathami (juv.), and a skeleton of Mcgaccphalum
malco (A. B. Meyer),* wliile in the superb collection of the Royal
College of Surgeons of Itngland there were to be found another
skeleton of Megacephalitm maleo ; a sternum with right coracoid
and scapula of Leipoa ocellata ; and a sternum with right coracoid,
scapula, and furcula of Megapodius iiimuliis [duperreyi].-f

* " Brit. Mus. Cat.," pp. 437, 469, 472.

t " Catalogue Illus. the Osteology of Vert. Animals, Recent and Extinct,
contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England."
Part III. : Class Aves, by R. Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D., London, 1891,

112 SnvFBLDT:, Material for a Study of the Megapodiida:. [.^^ ou

In his famous paper, " On the Osteology of Galhnaceous Birds
and Tinamous," Professor William Kitchen Parker dwells to
some extent upon the skeleton of Talegalla [Catheturiis] lathami,
comparing the skeleton of that species of Brush-Turkey with other
Gallinaceous birds (pp. 160-167). That appeared in 1862 ; while
nearly twenty years later Oustalet published his accounts of the
osteology of Megacephalon nialeo and Megapodiiis diiperreyi*

Talegallus [Catheturiis] lathami, osteologically. is the best-
represented Megapode in the collection of the Royal College of
Surgeons, where they have two skeletons from the Gould collec-
tion and the sternum of a male with the shoulder-girdle {loc. cit.,
p. 412). Very likely there are skeletons of Megapodes in the
several Australian museums, though I have no personal knowledge
of this.

There are two skeletons of the Megapodiidcv in the collections
of the United States National Museum, and they are catalogued
as being those of Megapodius nicobariensis. When I made
application for them only one of them could be located, and that
one will form the subject of this part of the present paper (No.
19,700).

If there has ever been a detailed account published of the
skeleton of the Nicobar Megapode I have never seen or heard of
it ; while, as cited above, Megacephalum, Talegallus, and M.
tumulus have all received some attention in that respect.

The Skull (Plate XL, fig. 23 ; Plate XII., fig. 26). —As we would
naturally expect to find it, the skull of this Megapode is, in its
general character, distinctly Gallinaceous. There are, however,
some very interesting departures from the typical Galhne skull,
and these will be noted as this part of the skeleton is described.

When viewed from above, it is to be noted that the entire
surface, forwards and backwards, is very smooth and devoid of
all furrows, elevations, and the like. To be sure, there is a median
occipito-parietal elevation above the foramen magnum, but it
attracts but little attention, owing to its gradual mergence on all
sides with the smooth surface of the vault of the cranium. There,
is also a general depression or shallow concavity over the region
of the cranio-facial hinge ; but beyond this the superior surface
of the skull is quite lacking in any prominent characters. It is
quite flat in the frontal region between the orbits, and the superior
peripheries of the latter are unbroken and rather sharp-edged.
These latter are formed entirely by the frontal bones, which,
upon either side, are carried well forward in the close articulation
with the nasal bone. At the juncture of the two there articulates
a very small flake-like lacrymal.

At the postero-mesial aspect of the cranio-facial concavity it

j)p. 412, 413. This very useful volume is a scarce one, apparently, in the
Anicrican liljiaries, and does not seem to have been sufficiently appreciated
by our comparative ornithotomists.

■* " Bibl. Haut. Etudes," xxii., Art. 2, 1881, pi. 1.. ii. (M. iiuilco), and
pi. iii. (Megapodius duperreyi). [A/, duperreyi = M. tuiiiiitits.]

The Emu, Vol: XIX:

PLATE XXVI.

^"''.ur,' '■ I ^""i ii'-'-"'i'. Mdlcrial for a Study nj the Me^apodin/cc. II3

is to l)e ohservc'd that tin- ;;(^s((/ hones arc produced unusualh- lar
backward, and that they articuhitc witli each other to an extent
of at least 3.5 millimeters behind the nasal prolongation of tiie
prcmaxillary. This does not occm- in any other family of
(Gallinaceous birds at present known to me. and certainly not in
any Tetraonine, Meleagrine, or allied geni'ra. and groups.

Sei-n upon lateral aspect (tig. 24), there is to hv observed the
circumscribed and non-e\lensi\-e valley between the short and
blunt squamosal and post-frontal processes. Tlie former jjoints
directl\- to the front, and the latter directly downward, their
ajMces being about I luce millimeters apart. Nearly circular in
outline, tin- tliin edge of the osseous periphery of the auditory
meatus is unbroken. It is most pronounced posteriorly, though
but very slighth' elexaled all round. Posteriorly, as well as
above, the orbital wall is concave and smooth, and devoid of any
openings. There exists no vacuity in the somewhat thick osseous
intcrorbital septum, though the foramina for the olfactory and
optic nerves are of good si/.e, the former being triangular in
outline and the latter circular.

Anteriorly, there is an extensive osseous f^ci-rs pliuia. which
meets the roof of the orbit within the fronto-lacrymal articulation,
and almost reaches down to the palatine bone lielow. Above it
there is the usual slit-like foramen for nerves and vessels passing
forwards to the rhinal chamber. This latter is capacious, and
exhibits in the vertical mesial line posteriorly the sharp edge of
the mesethmoid ; while in front there is, in the middle line between
the nasals, a laterally compressed osseous column supporting the
nasals and the nasal process of the prcmaxillary above, and
resting upon the in-turned maxillo-palatines below.

As in Gallinaceous birds generally, this Megapode is of the
holorhinal type ; the external nariai opening is of an elliptical
outline, and capacious. On the culmen, the nasal process of the
prcmaxillary is very narrow from side to side, and beyond it the
anterior superior maxillary part of the osseous mandible curves
promptly downward to a rather sharp apex. The edge of this
beak of the skull is sharp for its entire length, the maxillary,
nasal, and prcmaxillary, at its posterior termination, making the
usual articulatory contacts above it. Centrally, there is no
osseous lioor to the anterior rhinal chamber between the nariai
apertures, though there is quite a horizontal ledge upon eitlier
side laterally.

When we regard this skull directly from l)ehind, there comes
into view the smooth, sloping parietal surface of the vault of the
cranium ; the low, circular, occipital crest— the area within it
exhibiting the usual clcx-ations and depressions for muscular
insertion : the large and ncarh* circidar foriiincii iiui'^mnn. and,
linalK-. the \-er\- small, Mipri-iorlx' notched (nci/^ilti/ anidvlc.

■[■uruing to the basal \iew, the basitcmpoial aica is seen to be
not \-ery extrii>i\-e, and is bi'oadcr from side to side than it is from
before backwards. The anterior openings <if the eustachian

114 Suvv^LD J, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidce. [j^^'

Emu
Oct.

tubes are circumscribed, distinct from each other, and protected
by a small ledge of bone below. Other foramina for nerves and
vessels open at their usual sites, and do not seem to offer anything
demanding especial notice.

A quadrate has a short, somewhat pointed orbital process which
is bent backward. The elongate body of the bone is much com-
pressed antero-posteriorly, and there is a deep valley between the
inner and outer articular facets below.

Either pterygoid is a short bone with greatly expanded ex-
tremities, and, as usual, twisted upon itself. They do not
articulate with each other, while each makes extensive articula-
tion with a facet on the sphenoidal rostrum, the palatine, and
the quadrate of its own side, the ends of the bone being fashioned
to accomplish this.

Making the usual articulations at its extremities, either infra-
orbital bar or zygoma is a perfectly straight and very slender rod,
as is so often the case in Galline fowls.*

The palatines closely articulate with each other beneath the
sphenoidal rostrum, all to the posterior termination, where each
develops a small, rounded, distinct process, which curves back-
wards and outwards, to articulate with the pterygoid of its own
side. The postero-external angles of the palatines are notably
rounded off, while the rather short body of either bone is markedly
concaved below and correspondingly con vexed above. Anteriorly,
the prepalatines are drawn out as extremely slender rods of bone,
which, in the articulated skull, are widely separated. Opposite
their commencements posteriorly, where the bodies of the
palatines meet in a fine point, the articulation with the vomer
commences. This latter bone is unusually well developed in this
Megapode, it being a long, slender, straight rod, articulating with
the palatines and presphenoidal spine in the middle line in front,
to be carried far forwards, and ending in a sharp point opposite
the posterior margins of the external narial apertures or osseous
nostrils. Often this bone does not ossify in Gallinaceous birds,
and it is usually much sliorter in this group tlian it is in this
Megapode. t

The maxillo- palatines are well separated in the middle line, and
each develops a curved hook of bone which is directed backwards.
On either side the slender prepalatine rests upon the under side
of this as it proceeds forwards to its articulation with the nasal
and premaxillary beyond. The anterior third of the vomer is

* Parker, W. K., and Bettany, G. T., " The Morphology of the Skull,"
London, 1877; tig. 72, p. 2;;4, qj-mx. Shufeldt, R. W., "Osteology of
Birds," N.Y. State Edu. Dept., Bull. 130, p. 219, fig. 37, /. Marshall,
A. Milnes, and Hurst. C. Herbert, " A Junior Course of Practical Zoology,"
Lond., 1892, p. 397, fig. 72, qj-m. This is a very excellent drawing of the
skull of a Fowl, and represents the infraorbital bar slender and straight, as
it should be.

f This was the case in a skull of Tctrao iirogalliis. which l^rofessor W. K.
Parker loaned Professor Huxley many years ago, and which he figured in his
" Classification of Birds " (tig. 14, Vc, p. 432).

. XIX.

i9iy

] Shufeldt, Material for a Sludy aj the Me^apodiida'. II5

directed between tlie " hooks " of the inaxiLlo-j)ahitines, but well
separated from them. The termination of the vomer rests against
the nether sick' or base of the column of bone, described above as
occurring in the fore part of the rhinai chaml)er. This latter
appears to be of the nature^ of an ethmoidal ossification, removed
forwards from the mescthmoid, from which the hiteral ethmoids
spring {pars plana) : in any e\ent, it is tonnected with it above
and beneatli the nasals and premaxillar\-.

Coming next to the mandible, it is seen to be of a typical
(Gallinaceous pattern, witli all the essential characters present as
found in this bone in that assemblage of birds. It is of the
\'-shaped form, with rather less than its anterior moiety curved
downward. At its apex it is rounded off, while the symphysis
— half a centimeter in length is concave aboxe and correspondingly
convex beneath. Unfortunatc^ly, at its articular extremities, or
the extremity of either ramal branch, the- upturned, hook-like,
posterior articular processes are broken (jff, only their stumps
remaining. In life they were doubtless as they occur in most
Gallinaceous birds, as, for example, in Melca^ris*

This jaw of the Nicobar Megapode has about the same depth
of sides throughout, the dentary portion being only a trifle
shallower. Its lower margin is rounded, while the ramal portion
above is sharp, where again it becomes rounded as we pass to the
dentary half. The well-developed internal articular processes
are tilted upward, while either -articular end has an extremely
shallow facet on the outer side for articulation with the quadrate.
This is divided by a longitudinal ridge from an inner, smaller,
and deeper facet, which articulates with the inner and small,
though conspicuously distinct, facet of the quadrate, which has
been referred to in the description of that bone in a previous
paragraph.

There is no splenial foramen present in the side of this bone in
either ramus, and a marked concavity exists between the articular
end and the small coronoid apophysis present.

For the most part, this jaw is pneumatic, as is nearly all the
rest of the skull, the pneumatic foramina occupying their usual
sites.

The sclerotal plates of the eyes, as well as the osseous parts of
the hyoidean apparatus, have been lost from this specimen, and
this prevents my describing them in this paper.

The osseous stapedial element, however, is present in either car,
but they do not appear to offer anything worthy of special note.

The description of the skull of Megapodiiis nicobariensis here
given should be carefully compared with the description Parker
left us of the skull and associated osseous parts in the Brush-
Turkey (Cathetunis lathami) (loc. cit., pp. 160-166). Speaking of
the lower jaw in that bird, he says that it is " strictly Gallinaceous,
and yet the internal angular process is thicker and more clubbed ;

* Shufeldt, K. \\'., loc. cit., p. J19, fig. 36, pci-p.

Il6 Shufeldt, Material fur a Study of the Megapodiidce. [^^^ "^^,

the posterior or external angular process is shorter, broader, and
less falcate ; here again we see a falling-off from the type."

Of the tongue-bones he says that " the os hyoides — the greater
part of the skeleton of the last poststomal, and the first post-
cephalic arch — is strictly typical. The arrested hyoid cornua
are cartilaginous for the anterior third and a little behind ; they
lie in the tongue ; the hasi-, iiro-, and double thyro-hydils have their
tips cartilaginous, as in the Fowl" (p. 164).

The Trunk Skeleton, ]'ertebral Column. Ribs, and Pelvis. — In his
work on the " Brush-Turkey " just quoted, Professor Parker did
not pay much attention to any part of the osteology beyond the
skull, and he says on page 164 : — " I shall not go so much into
detail in describing the osteology of the body of Talegallits ; for,
in the first place, those modifications of structure which indicate
the curious affinities of outlying and aberrant groups of birds
often cluster most within the cephahc structures ; and, secondly,
I wish to do something to extend the knowledge of this most
important branch of animal morphology, the structure of the
skull. At present the unknown is a forest, the known a very
inconsiderable clearing."

Taken as a whole, the trunk skeleton of the Nicobar Megapode
is in every way a Gallinaceous one. To be sure, it has numerous
characters peculiarly more or less its own, but they never consist
of more than modifications of what is to be found in any case in
the skeletons of other members of this assemblage.

Sixteen stout vertebrse are to be found in the cervical division
of the spinal column. The fourteenth of the chain supports a pair
of free ribs, which attain a length each of two centimeters, and are
entirely devoid of unciform appendages. On the fifteenth cervical
the ribs are nearly double the length, in each case, of those on the
fourteenth, while there appears to be, on either one of them, a
rudimentary apophysis representing an epipleural process.

Passing to the sixteenth cervical, w^e find it thoroughly
co-ossified with the first dorsal vertebra, which last, in turn, is
solidly united with the second and third dorsals (fig. 28,
Plate XIIL)

At the other extremity of the cervical series of vertebrae it is
to be noted that the atlas has rather a broad neural arch, antero-
posteriorly, and that its centrum is deeply notched above to
receive the odontoid process of the axis. On either side it is
notched, in order to make room for the passage of the vertebral
artery.

There is a blunt neural spine on the first four cervical vertebrae,
while in the succeeding ones, to include the fourteenth, this process
is quite rudimentary. In the fifteenth it is well developed and
as high as one of the dorsals : in the sixtcentli it is co-equal with
one of the latter, Ix-ing tliorouglily fused with the neural spine of
the first dorsal vertebra.

Axis vertebra has a wi'll-developed hctmal spine, and so has
the third vertebra ; but in the fourth it is rudimentary, while it

The Emu, Vol. XIX,

PLATE XXVII,

rr.ATK XI r.

Fig. 25. — Trunk skeleton of Mci^aJTulius nicobariois/s.

Fig, 26. — Skull of Mcgapodius iiicobariensis, seen directly from above.

Fig, 27. — Right humerus of Mcgapodius nicobariensis, palmar aspect.

Vol. XIX. "j Shufeldt, Maleriiil for a Study of Ike Megapodiidcs. 117

is practically absent in the lifth ; after that it is ])irKl in order to
form tlie open canal for the passage of the carotid arteries. This
arterial canal disappears on the thirteenth cervical, where a small,
median h;enial sjiine is present on the extreme anterior edge of tlu'
centrum, it is more bulky, rudimentary, and further back on the
body of the bone in the next two verteljrfe, while in the sixteenth
it is much produced to fuse with a similar spine on the leading
dorsal (Plate XI., figs. 22, 23).

On either side, the vertebral canal jxisses tlirough the usual
foramina, which here occur in tlie third to the fourteenth cervicals
inclusive : on the axis the foramina arc but mere lateral notches.

The pri'- and post-zygapophyses in the third and fourth
vertebra; are united by osseous laminae, either bone being short
and rather broad. A small, circular foramina pierces the afore-
said laminae on either side in either of these vertebrse.

In the fifth to the ninth cervicals, inclusive, the pre-zygapophyses
are short and bulky, while the hinder pair, in each case, is elongate
and directed outwards and backwards. After passing the ninth
vertebra they become nearly of a length, while the post-
zygapophyses of the sixteenth cervical fuse with the compound
bone of the dorsal section of the spine.

The usual parial spine-like pleurapophyses are developed on
the fourth, where they are quite rudimentary, to include the
eleventh cervical. On the twelfth and thirteenth they again
become rudimentary.

In the cervical section of the spine the neural canal is cylind-
rical in form, to include the twelfth vertebra ; after that its trans-
verse axis is appreciably longer than its vertical one.

Together with the neural spine of the co-ossified sixteenth
cervical vertebra, the neural spines of the first, second, and third
dorsals form a solid plate of bone, about three centimeters long,
and with an average height of some six or seven millimeters. The
superior line of this plate-like process of the compound bone of
the dorsal section of the vertebral column is nearly straight. The
transverse processes of the sixteenth cervical are short and
stumpy, while in the case of these fused dorsals they become longer
and longer as we proceed backwards, their extremities on either
side being solidly united together by metapophysial bars of bone.
The centra are transversely much compressed,' with a plate-like
haemal spine formed only on the first dorsal, and, as has already
been pointed out above, this fuses with a similar development
on the centrum of the sixteenth vertebra. Below the body of
the first dorsal it is transversely pierced by a foramen (Plate XIII.,
fig. 28). Longitudinally, in the middle line, these fused dorsals
are compressed transversely, and present a sharp edge. This
feature entirely disappears in the free fourth dorsal vertebra,
which articulates with the compound dorsal segment of the spine
and the pelvis. In it, too, the neural spine is lofty, antero-
posteriorly narrow, terminating above in a somewliat thickent'd
border. Its large diapophyses are the longest of iin\- in the

II(S SuvFEL-DT, Material for a Sludy of ihs Megapodiid(s. [^J

Emu

Oct.

entire vertebral series, and they stand out at right angles to the
centrum, as do those of other dorsals. There are no metapophyses
developed on this vertebra, while its centrum is longer and
narrower than the centrum of the first sacral.

Parker, in describing the spine of the Brush-Turkey [Catheturus
lathami), says : — " There are sixteen short cervical vertebrae, the
last two bearing rather long ribs, those of the last being stout,
and having each an appendage. The last is anchylosed to the
first dorsal, and it to the next two, whilst the last dorsal is free.
Only the two first dorsal ribs have appendages, and these very
stunted."*

In this Nicobar Megapode there are four pairs of dorsal ribs,
and all of them connect with the sternum through a progressively
lengthening (antero-posteriorly) series, on either side, of costal
ribs or haemapophyses. All these ribs are pneumatic and rather
massive, and they all become longer from before, backwards.
The first three pairs support epipleitral processes, while no such
appendages are to be seen on the last pair of dorsal ribs — that is,
on the longest pair of all of the dorsal pleurapophyses.

As to the sole pair of sacral ribs, they are the longest of the
series, and they, too, are without epipleural appendages ; while
the costal ribs, with which they connect below, reach the sternum
to articulate, on either side, on the costal borders. This is the
last pair that do, and their posterior extremities are considerably
expanded and very flat transversely. Distally, and on the
posterior border of each, there is a short, flat, floating rib ; it projects
behind, and on the right side, in this individual, it is found to be
anchlyosed to the costal rib of the sacral haemapophysis. There is
not the slightest evidence of a second pair of sacral ribs in this bird.

According to Professor Kitchen Parker, " The first sacral in
Catheturus lathami (of which series there are about seventeen)
has ribs that meet a large, double haemapophysis, the latter half
of which belongs to the second sacral rib. The second sacral rib
is small and styloid, and has coalesced with the sacrum ; and a
small flap, articulated with the hinder half of the double haema-
pophysis, belongs to the third sacral " {loc. cit., p. 165).

While distinctly Galhnaceous in its general pattern, the pelvis
of our Nicobar Megapode presents not a few characters which are
strictly siii generis, and do not even occur in the pelves of other
MegapodiidcB most distantly related to it.

When regarded upon its dorsal aspect, there is to be noted in
the pre-acetabular region that the neural crest of sacrum is lofty
and thick anteriorly, while it slopes away to disappear entirely
on the sacral surface at a point between the acetabuhe. The ilia
only come in contact with it somewhat behind its anterior
projection.

* These appendages are very abortive in the Cariama (Dicholophus),
and are totailv absent in the Screamer (Chauna chavaria). In the Apteryx
and Penguin they are very large, and tix the chest-bones almost as com-
pletely as the rib-sutures do in the Chclonia."

Xl\

J SnuFFXnr, Ma/erial for a Study of the Megapodiidce. ng

luthcr ilium in this region has a straight, sharp, transverse
liorder anteriorly, while laterally the bone is concave and looks
outwards and slightly upwards. The margin above, next the
sacral crest and the anterior one, are finished off with a delicate
and raised rim, the infcro-external one being quite sharp and
without any such tliickened emargination.

Posterioriw the ilia diverge from each at a broad angle, and
thus allow a clear view of the parial in vertebral foramina between
tliem (Plate XII., fig. 25). These foramina arc entu-ely absent
on the broad central portion of the sacrum in the mid-area of the
pelvis, but they reappear among the last three or four sacral
vertebne.

In the post-acetabular region, the dorsal surfaces of the iUa are
nearly flat and quite smooth. Mesially, their borders meet the
sacrum on both sides and terminate posteriorly, each with an
inturned projection. Anteriorly, in this region, either ilium
presents a ])eculiar character in forming a prominent process
about 7 mm. above the antitrochanter, which is directed forwards
and outwards.

Neither antitrochanter nor cotyloid cavity present anything
peculiar, while the practical absence of the prepubis on either
side is something rather unusual in the case of the pelvis of a
true Gallinaceous fowl.

Turning to the ventral side of the bone, it is to be observed
that the first sacral vertebra is by no means firmly anchylosed
with tlie next one of the sacrum. It haS' all the appearance of
being free — a point I cannot well decide upon in a borrowed,
articulated skeleton, come from whence it may.

The remainder of the sacrum, however, is very thoroughly
co-ossified and intimately united with the iliac bones.

There appear to be sixteen vertebrae in this pelvic sacrum, the
second to the sixth inclusive of which throw out their diapophyses
to meet the under surfaces of the ilia, anterior to the " pelvic
basin." In the next following ten these transverse apophyses
reach only to the iliac border on either side, and from the tenth
to the sixteentli inclusive each pair Ixxomes progressively longer
as we follow them backward.

All the si.x caudal vertebra; and pygostyle arc of a more or less
rudimentary character, and this is especially true of the last one
and the pygostyle, both of which are unusually small and devoid
of any apophyses.

Posterior to the acetabulum and antitrochanter, upon either
side, the pelvis is smooth and universally concave from above,
downwards. Its hinder border is sharp, and presents no evidence
of an " ilio-ischiadic notch." The pubic element closes in a small
and elliptical obturator foramen, and posterior to it an elongated
obturator space. This pubic style is very slender anteriorly, but
gradually becomes broader as it comes in contact with the ischium
behind, beyond which it projects, and to some extent narrows
again, to terminate in a blunt ])()inl.

120 SnvFKL-DT, Maferial for a Study of the Megapodiida\ [.^('^"o'l.

Tlu' large ischiadic loranicn is of an (i\-att' outline, with tlic
aprx l)fliincl (fig. 28).

Parker, in speaking of tlie pelvis in Callielurus {Talcgalla)
lathami, says: — "The ' ossa innominata ' are essentially Gal-
linaceous ; but the prefemoral parts of the iha, with the anterior
third of the sacral crest, are very much more arched and elevated
than is usual, and even than in the Curassow.* With this latter
bird the Talegalla, however, agrees very closely in the structure
of the whole pelvis, the bones being in both very spongy and thick.
In Talegalla the ' acetabulum ' is more in the middle than in
Crax, and the prefemoral part of the ilium is longer, narrower,
and steeper ; the os pubis is also thicker. Moreover, the ' ossa
innominata ' are wholly coalesced with the sacrum in Crax, only
in the anterior half in Galliis, whilst they are wholly separate in
Talegalla. Also, in Talegalla and Crax the curious pre-acetabular
spur is much shorter than in the type. In the Apteryx the bones
are still more reptilian than in the Talegalla ; in the former the
cervical vertebrae are much the strongest,' and the ribs and pelvic
bones are coarse and flat, while in the Talegalla they are coarse
and thick " {loc. cit., pp. 165, 166).

The Shoulder-Girdle and Sternum. — Here again, in these bones,
we find the evidences of Gallinaceous characters in all their parts,
which includes their high degree of development and general
strength. In the shoulder-girdle the three bones make an extensive
articulation at either shoulder-joint, thus- forming a very perfect
foramen triasseiim.

Acoracoid is a notably straight bone, with a length of 46 milli-
meters, and exhibits but moderate expansion of its sternal
extremity, upon the external margin of which there is a low, blunt
process with flattened apex. At the upper or anterior end of the
bone the acromium is rounded and directly in the continuity of
the shaft. This latter is very straight, smooth, and somewhat
compressed from before, backwards. It is not pierced by a
foramen for the nervus supracoracoideus. .About one-third of the
glenoid cavity is furnished by the coracoid, the anterior boundary
of which is considerably thickened and elevated.

Generally, the ornithic scapula terminates posteriorly in a point,
but here it is rounded off, while the smooth, curved blade, with
its sharp edges, is thin and flat for its hinder moiety. Anteriorly,
the blade is rounded, beyond which it is subcyhndrical in form
immediately before arriving at the head, which, in the articulated
skeleton, meets both the os furculum and scapula.

When describing the coracoids I should have invited attention
to the fact that in their sternal grooves or beds, when duly
articulated as in life, their infero-mesial angles are in contact
through a foramen which is to be found in the plate-like part of
the projecting manubrium. This is seen to be the case in some
otiier representatives of the Gallinaceous fowls.

* The arching of this ]iait is just similar to wliat is seen so markedly in
lircichypieryx, Psophia, and l^Hnuoihcliis ; in otlu-r res])ects the i)elvis ap-
proaches to what we see in those genera.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE XXVIII.

^"'loi^,'^'] SHrFKi.DT, Material for a Studv of the Megapodiidcc. 121

(;.s- fiinii/a is of till' typical r-shajird pattern, with a laiT^c.
tlat, triaiii;ulai Inpoclcidiuni. Tlu' clavicular linil)s arc.
supcrioiiv. inucli flattened from side to side, while below this
Hatti'iiini; takes ]ilace from before, backwards — the two passing
graduallN- into each othir. At tlu' upper clavicular ends, the
expansion often si'cn there is here very moderate, and but httle
thickening taki's place.

" Of the shoulder-bones," says Parker, in speaking of Cathctiinis
{Talegalla). " onl\- thr furcuhnn has diverged from the type : its
angular proct'ss is smalli'r and turns up more than in the l*"owl
ancl the Curassow : the whole bone is more U-sliaped than is usual
in the h'owl tribe : but little change either way would convert
such a furcidnm into that either of a Plover or a Crow " {loc. cit.,
p. i()5).

This Fowl-like Megapode of Nicobar has an mterestmg stern urn,
stamped in the curious way it is with the characters of that part
of the skeleton among the Galhnaceous fowls generally. Its body
is somewhat short longitudinally, when we consider the great depth
of its keel. Anteriorly, this has a depth of about 26 mm., being
65 mm. long in a straight line below — that is, from the pointed
carinal angle to the middle of the small, median notch of the
xiphoidal end. This lower border has a very much thickened
rim, which is, especiall\- in the middle third, broad and flat, its
lateral edges being sharp ; while from before, backward, it is
moderately convex. Not so, however, the anterior border of this
keel, for it is uniformly and very deeply concaved between the
manubrium and carinal angle. The lower half of this border
is sharp, while above it is much thickened, the thickening being
marked by a median groove, in the middle line of which the sharp
border below is carried upward toward the manubrial process,
but fades away before reaching it.

Wedge-shaped in form, with the thickened i)art above, tlu'
manubrium agrees with that process as it occurs on the sterna of
the majority of the great group to \vhich the Megapodes belong.
The thickened part is very moderately bifurcated in front, while
the plate-like part below is pierced by a foramen, as already referred
to above, through which the articulated coracoids duly meet each
other in life. This arrangement ensures their firm retention in
their sternal grooves during flight, which, it appears to me, would
be more necessary among the powerful fliers among the fowls
than in these Megapodes. However, the arrangement exists
here, and it is a character found in many Gallinaceous birds.*

The anterior border on either side of the manubrial process is
markedly concaved and thickened, each becoming thin and
sharper, however, as it is continued upwards as the anterior
margin of either costal process. These costal processes are broad
and lofty, with doubly truncate upper borders. Posteriorly, they

* Shufeldt. R. W., " Osteology of the North American Tetraoiiidae,"
ITayden's 12th Ann.. U.S. Geolog. and (icogr. Snrv. of the Terr.," \n\. vi.,
No! 2, i.SSi, pi. \i., licr. 82, and otluTs.

122 Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the MegapodiidcB. [

Emu
St Oct.

merge into the " costal borders " of the sternum, which latter
are rather wide from side to side, and support, in either case, the
four transverse facets for the articulations of the costal ribs or
haemapophyses. Immediately behind these, on either side, rises
the immense anterior xiphoidal process, with its broad base,
greatly expanded free end, and its straight, sharp, hinder border
or margin (Plate XIII., fig. 28). Between this big process and
the rather short and narrow xiphoidal one there is a great, deep,
elliptical notch, with another smaller one between the posterior
xiphoidal process and narrow mid-xiphoidal prolongation, which
latter is expanded and notched distally.

Dorsally, the body of this sternum is considerably concaved,
and has nearly a uniform width throughout, though somewhat
broader anteriorly than it is behind. In the median line, at a
point between the third pair of costal ribs, there is a single,
circular, pneumatic foramen ; for not only is this sternum
pneumatic, but, to a greater or less extent, all the other bones
of the trunk skeleton, with the exception of the os furculum, the
caudal vertebrae, possibly the scapulae, and most surely portions
of the pelvis.

Professor William Kitchen Parker, already quoted by me
several -times above, says of this part of the skeleton in the Brush-
Turkey {Cathetunis) that " the spaces between the forks of the
hyposternum and between the hypo- and xiphi-sternums are
relatively much smaller, and the external process of the hypo-
sternum is twice as broad as in the common cock. As in the
Curassow, the sternal keel is deeper than in the type, and is very
thick. Altogether, the sternum comes very near that of Crax
globicera, the hyosternal processes being thick and short. The
episternum is perforated, but it is feebly carinate below, whilst
in the Curassow the carination is much developed " {loc. cit.,
p. 165).

Professor Parker also gives, in the memoir I have been quoting,
some valuable observations on the viscera of Cathetunis lathami ;
but this is a part of the anatomy of the Megapodiidcc I have not
had the material at hand to go into.

Skeleton of the Limbs : The Pectoral Limb. — In tlie wing there
is but one bone that is pneumatic — namely, the humerus (Plate XL,
fig. 21, and Plate XII., fig. 27). Air from the air-sac gains access
to its anterior through two or three small foramina in the
pneumatic fossa, occupying its usual position on the ulnar side of
the bone. This fossa here is small and circumscribed, its bounding
outhne being elliptical and sharp-edged. The humeral head is
of considerable size and hemiellipsoidal in contour. The vallc}^
between it and the ulnar crest or crista inferior, known as the
incisura capitis, is well marked, while the radial crest, or crista
superior, is not especially prominent, its base being thick, and
extending but a short distance down the shaft. Just beyond this
radial crest, on the anconal side of the shaft, we find a deep groove,
a little over a centimeter long, for the insertion of the tendon of
tlie latissimus dorsi muscle.

^°''u k!^ ] Shufeldt, Ma/erial for a Siiidy of the Megapodiidce. 123

As for the shaft, it is smooth and somewhat compressed trans-
versely, and presents the usual sigmoid curve seen in the humeri
of Gallinaceous fowls generally.

At the distal extremity, the trochleae for radius and ulna arc
strongly developed, and there is a well-marked ])it for the
insertion of tlu' hradiialis anticus muscle.

The ectepi- and cntepi-condylar apophyses ari' not con-
spicuously produced, though the first-named one, as is usually
the case, is better produced than the one on the ulnar side.

This humerus has an extreme length of 72 millimeters, while
that of the radius equals 74 nun. and the ulna 80 mm. In the
articulated wing the radius projects beyond the humerus exactly
one centimeter. This bone of the antibrachium is rather slender
in its proportions, decidedly straight from end to end, and, in
the main, subcylindrical in form, in so far as its shaft is concerned.
The ulna has fully three times the cahbre of the radius, and its
shaft presents a very considerable degree of curvature from one
extremity to the other, especially along its proximal moiety,
where it presents a big and bulky extremity for articulation with
the humerus. Faint papillae occur in a line down the shaft,
which are intended for the insertion of the quill-butts of the
secondary feathers of the wing.

The two carpal bones of the wrist — nidialc and iilnarc — present
nothing worthy of note, as they depart but little from the character
of those elements in general among Gallinaceous birds.

Skeleton of mamis has a total length of 65 millimeters, the carpo-
metacarpits alone measuring 39 millimeters.

The process on the main shaft of the carpo-nietacarpits, near its
head, on the posterior side, to which the tendon of the flexor
metacarpi radiaUs muscle is attached — so conspicuous in some
(jallinaceous birds — is here quite rudimentary.

Another point to be noted is that the posterior extension of
the proximal phalanx of the index digit is extremely thin, and
allows light to pass readily through it. This is likewise the case
in Callus and other fowls. Indeed, the skeleton of the wing of
Callus bankiva is very much like the one I am now describing as
belonging to Megapodius nicobariensis. One may be satisfied of
this fact by comparing fig. 21 of the present paper with fig. 17
of my " Osteology of the Callince," published in Bulletin No. 130
of the State Museum of Albany (1909). Pollex phalange bears a
claw in Callus, and the same is found to be the case in this
Megapode. Owen also mentions this as being a character of the
manus of the Mound-Bird.*

The Pelvic Limb (Plate XL, fig. 20). --As is the case with the
humerus in the pectoral limb, the femur of the skeleton of the

* Owen, Sir Richard, " Anat. of Verts.," vol. ii., p. 74. The phalanx
which this eminent anatomist designated as the index is here considered to
be the pollex. In other words. Professor Owen considered that the index,
medius. and annularis digits were those found in a bird's hand, while I
consider the phalanges represented to be pollex, index, and medius.

124 Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiido'. [,sf"^'^,

posterior extremit}- is the only bone in it that chances to be
pneumatic. A rather large pneumatic foramen is found to exist
on the supero-anterior aspect of the shaft, close to the summit,
under the ledge of bone formed by the projecting trochanter
major. Through it air permeates the entire anterior of the shaft,
but not the head of the bone or the condyles. These latter are
bulky and large, especially the outer one, which is likewise the
lower one on the shaft. The " rotular channel" between them
is deep and wide, though the popliteal concavity posteriorly is
rather shallow. In front, the upper part of the external condyle
gradually merges upon the shaft, while in the corresponding
locality the internal condyle forms a pointed, conspicuous little
promontory. As to the shaft itself, it is smooth, nearly straight,
and, for its middle third, almost cylindrical in form. The linea
nspera is but faintly seen, and the pneumatic foramen is not
plainly in evidence.

Perfectly globular in contour, the smooth caput femoris —
marked as it is by the usual pitlet for the insertion of the
ligamenhim teres — is considerably individualized and not sessile,
or entirely without " neck," as it often is in birds. To the outer
side of this head of the femur, the summit of the shaft is of a broad,
triangular outline, smooth, and at right angles to the longitudinal
axis of the shaft. Still further, externally, there prominently
rises the superior rim of the great trochanter, a projection which
is carried down anteriorly for a short distance on the shaft. It
is at this point that it arches over the pneumatic foramen,
as described above.

On the outer aspect of the shaft, a short distance below the
trochanter major, there are two rather prominent little tubercles
for the insertion of the tendon of the gluteus niinimus.

A careful examination of what constitutes the patella in this
Megapode convinces me that it is preformed almost entirely in
tough cartilage, and in this particular specimen there is not a
single osseous cell in that sesamoid.

Another bone of the leg characterized by great strength for a
bird the size of the Nicobar Megapode is the tibio-tarsus ; especi-
ally does this apply to its massive proximal extremity, which
must, of necessity, be so, in order to accommodate itself to
articulation with the big condyles of the femur. Internally, the
side of the head of this tibio-tarsus is broad and flat, and only the
very narrow margin of it, anteriorly, is contributed by the low
entocnemial process. In fact, the cnemial process as a whole
hardly rises at all above the summit of the bone ; and the ecto-
cnemial part, with its hook-like, flat-topped ending, stands out
directly from the side, or at right angles to the entocnemial
process. This latter has a length of about a centimeter and a
half, while from a direct front view the ectocnemial process hides
the head of the fibula from sight when the latter is articulated,
as in life. Posteriorly, the head of the tibio-tarsus projects
considerably beyond the shaft, which lattrr is stout, smooth, and

Vul. XIX. I tjiiui'icLDT. Mdleyial fur a Sliuly of the Megapudiida\ 1-5

nearly straif^ht, cxliibiting but a very slight convexity down its
anterior surface. For its entire length, the sliaft is very slightly
compressed in the antero-posterior direction.

Distally, the valley between the reniform condyles is rather
wide ancl shallow, becoming narrow only in front, where above
them, and slightly to tlic onter side, there is a strong, transverse
little bridge of bone, under which, as is the case in so many birds,
some of the tendons of tlie leg pass.

High up on the outer side of the shaft of tlie ti bio-tarsus we
have the low, feeble crest — nearly two centimeters in length — for
articulation with the fibula. Below this, the latter bone, as a
very slender bone, is carried down the side of its companion in
the leg to a point about a centimeter and a half above the outer
condyle. Above its articulation with the tibio-tarsus the fibula
rapidly increases in size, and its rather bulky, triangular head is
much compressed in the transverse direction. As usual, it
articulates in a groove intended for it, found traversing the
external condyle of the femur in the antero-posterior direction.

There is a large, semilunar sesamoid articulating with the hinder
aspect of the inner condyle of the lower end of the tibio-tarsus ;
it is held in its place by strong ligaments.

Turning next to the tarso-metatarsiis, it is to be observed that
for its size it is quite as massive as the other bones of the leg
already described above. Its rather broad shaft is very straight,
and considerably compressed from before, backwards. Its
grooving for the tendons of muscles is but faintly marked ; the
longitudinal excavation anteriorly at the upper end, so deeply
marked in many birds, is here very shallow, and the elongate
tubercle for the insertion of the tendon of the tibialis anticus
muscle lies, not within it, Imt is situated on its inner edge. The
two usual perforating foramina occur at their places just above
this tubercle in the middle line. Extending over the shaft all
around, the head of the bone is large, and presents at its summit
the usual concavities and elevations to accommodate in articula-
tion the condyles of the tibio-tarsus. The inner part of the shaft,
down longitudinally for about one-third its length from the
proximal extremity, is thin and very sharp. This is by no means
frequently seen in the tarso-metatarsi of birds.

The hypoiarsiis has an unusual form ; it is short and somewhat
l)ulky. Postericndy, it is capped off with a flat piece of bone that
is flusli with the process externally but projects much beyond it
internally. Its flat surface looks directly backwards, and the
whole piece — nine millimeters long and three wide — is of an
elliptical outline with broadly rounded ends. Directh^ in front
of this the hypotarsus is longitudinally pierced by a single,
cylindrical, completely enclosed passage for the transmission of
tendons. On the outer aspect, two ridges- -an anterior short one
and a longer posterior one--clivide the surface into three longi-
tudinal grooves for tendons of muscles. In the middle line,
posteriorly, tlie l)ase of tlie hypotarsus is carrit'd down on the

126 Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiida;. [,^f'^"t.

shaft a little way, to merge into it near its middle. On either
side of this romided ridge above, immediately below the hypo-
tarsial prominence, there is to be observed one of the two usual
perforating foramina of this part of the bone. These openings
anteriorly were noted above in a former paragraph.

At the distal end of tarso-metatarsus occur the three big trochlear
projections ; the middle one is the largest, and at the same time
the lowermost on the shaft. Between it and the outer one,
which is the highest on the shaft, there is a shallow groove
leading from above to perforating foramen for the anterior tibial
artery.

The inner trochlea presents to the front a large, semi-globular
articular surface of the basal phalanx of the inner toe. A few
millimeters above this, on the edge of the shaft, there is the narrow,
elongate facet for the articulation of the free, first metatarsal
element. This latter is unusually twisted, and has a length of
1 6 mm.

Speaking of measurements, it may be as well to add that the
femur has a length of 66 mm., the tibio-tarsus of 97 mm., and
the tarso-metatarsus of 6g mm.

The four toes are large and long, and made up of strong
phalangeal joints, distributed in the usual sequence of 2, 3, 4,
and 5 phalanges to the first, second, third, and fourth toes
respectively. The claws are likewise large, long, curved, and
very sharp-pointed. Hallux has a length of 38 mm., second toe
of 47, middle of 53, and the outer one of 48 miUimeters. The
skeleton of this foot is well shown in fig. 20 of Plate XT, which,
being of natural size, gives the lengths of the several phalanges
or joints of any particular toe, rendering it unnecessary to record
such measurements here.

Explanation of Plates.

(All Ihe figures in the plates are reproductions of photographs made
by the author direct from the specimens. Tliey were all made
natural size ; and, should any particular figure not agree with
the measurements given in the text and elsewhere, that figure
has been reduced in reproduction.)

Plate VIII.

pi<T. 12. Egg of Megapodius pritchardi. No. 33,063, Coll. U.S. Nat.

Mus.

pjcT. 13. — Egg of Megapodius )iicobarie)isis. No. 2C),6o4, Coll. U.S.
Nat. Mus.

Pig i_,^. — Egg of Megapodius cumingi. No. 29,998, Coll. U.S. Nat.
]\Ius. (In these figures the eggs arc several shades darker
than tiic originals, due to their having been reproduced
from coloured photographs, the grey of the photograph
affecting the overlying tint and rendering it darker.;

^'°''>9^J^'J ^iii'i'i^i"''. Material for a Study of the Mcfiupucliida'. I27

I'l.ATK IX.

Fig. 15. — Egg of Cathelitrus f^itrpnyeico/lis Coll. E. J. Court,
Washington, D.C.

Fig. 16. — Egg of Megapodiiis diiperreyi. Coll. !•-. J. Court, \Va.shiug-
ton, D.C. (For colour, sec note undrr lig. 14, above.)

FLATt-: X.

Fig. 17. — Egg of Callu'lui'us lullidmi. A \-crv accurate representation.
Coll. E. J. Court, Washington. D.C.

Fig. 18. — Egg of Lipoa ocellata. Coll. E. J. Court, Washington, D.C.
(For colour, sec note under fig. 14, above.)

Fig. 19. — Egg of Lipoa ocellata. Coll. 1-:. J. Court, Washington,
D.C. (For colour, see note under fig. 14, above.;

Plate XL

(All the figures in this plate, as well as those in Plates XIL and
XIIL, were made from a skeleton of Megapodius nicobari-
ensis in the Collection of the U.S. Nat. Mus. (No. 19,700).

Fig. 20. — Left pelvic limb of Megapodius iiicohariensis ; adult. Inner
view.

Fig. 21. — Left pectoral limb of Megapodius nicobariensis. Anconal
aspect.

Fig. 22. — Eighth to the eleventh cervical vertcbne. inclusive, of

Megapodius nicobariensis. seen upon dorsal view. The

eighth vertebra is the lowermost one on the plate m the
figure.

Fig. 23. — Cervical vertebrae (1-7, inclusive) of Megapodius nicobari-
ensis. The eighth vertebra is the lowermost one in the
plate in the figure, and its proximal part is imperfect, having
been injured by a shot.

Fig. 24. — Right lateral view of the skull of Megapodius nicobariensis.
Mandible attached in situ. Its posterior angular processes
were broken off in the specimen when received. (See fig. 26,
Plate XII.)

Pl.\te XII.

Fig. 25. — Trunk skeleton of Megapodius nicobariensis, seen npon
dorsal asi:)ect. Pectoral arch or shoulder-girdle attached
in situ.

Fig. 26. — Skull of Megapodius nicobariensis, seen direcllv from above.
j\Iandible articulated, but not in sight on this view. (See
fig. 24 of Plate XL)

Fig. 27. — Right humerus of Megapodius nicobariensis, palmar aspect.

Plate XIIL

Fig. 28. — Trunk skeleton of Megapodius nicobariensis, seen upon
right lateral view. Pectoral arch articulated in situ.
Twelfth and Ihirlecnth cervical vertcbne somewhat dis-
lodged from their normal articulation, and bent ventrad.

128 Cole, No/es upon the Food of the Swift Parrot. \i^l'"

Ocl.

Notes upon the Food of the Swift Parrot (Lathamus
discolor).

By C. F. Cole, R.A.O.U., Wangaratta (Vic.)

Truly it has rightly been said that there is too much supposition
regarding the foocl of our native birds, this beautiful little
Parrot, so appropriately named vernacularly the Swift Parrot,
an annual visitor of my boyhood days to the Hawthorn district,
Melbourne, in quest of the nectar secreted by the flowers of the
eucalypt trees, being the cause of my falling into error, and
thinking that this bird was purely a honey-eater. But since those
early days I have, from observation and by dissection, proved
that this species, originally known as Nanodes discolor, is not
purely a honey-eater, but a seed and insect eater. The scale-
like insect attacking the leaves of the eucalypt trees, and known
as a lerp {LasiopsvUa rotundipennis), is much relished by this bird.

During the month of July, 1917, whilst skinning a few of this
species for scientific purposes, the specimens being secured in the
Wangandary district, near Wangaratta, in the north-east of
Victoria, my attention was drawn to the contents of their crops,
resembling moistened oatmeal or the kernels of small grass seeds.

One July evening, coming across a flock of fully 100 of this
species about to roost for the night in a dense clump of yellow box
eucalypt trees, I managed to secure a male bird by injuring the
tip of its right wing. Amputating the injured portion upon my
arrival home, I placed this bird in a cage vacated by a Canary.
Ne.xt morning, to my surprise, this bird was shelling and eating
the Canary seed left in the cage more swiftly and adeptly than
any seed-eating Parrot that I am acquainted with. Next day
this bird secured its liberty, and probably became food for the
house cat. A few weeks later, securing another bird, I placed
Canary seeds along with other seeds in the cage. The bird
immediately selected the Canary seed, and showed its expertness
by swiftly shelhng the same.

This species, like the small Lorikeets of the Glossopsittacus
genus, are, when placed in captivity, very cheeky, and not at all
timid as regards food- eating. This bird Hved solely upon Canary
seed for over twelve months, preferring it to honey diluted in
water. Owing to the want of flight exercise this bird became
very fat, and died ; upon dissection tlie organs were found to be
fat-lined.

This clearly shows, from the way that these two wild birds,
direct from the bush, so readily attacked Canary seed, that they
were in the habit of eating some seed having a strong resemblance
to Canary seed ; also, by their expertness in shelhng same, that
tliis species is a seed-eater.

The many varied noti's ol this biid arc, -iiuc its decease, oft
repeated during tlie day by a Yellow Parrot {rialycfrciis /Icnroliis)
that 1 have in captivity.' The two Inrds sliared the same cage,
and at night it was amusing to see the httle fellow cuddle up close
to its big cage friend, as if for protection.

^'"'n^/^'] Cole, No(es upon the Fond of the Yellmv Parrol. 12^

Notes upon the Food of the Yellow Parrot (Platy^
cercus flaveolus).

Bv C. F. Com:, R.A.O.T., \Van(;aratta (Vic.)

This rather rare specit's is to hi' found i^hal)itinJ.,^ duriiif,' the
whole year, tlic swampy areas along the Murray River, par-
ticularly from lu'huca to Albury, and along the valleys of its
tributaries on the Victorian side from i6 to 30 miles from the
mother stream. At times odd birds are to be met with higher
up, where the streams wend their course through valleys bordered
upon either side by mountains ; but they prefer the low-lying
country subject to inundations and timbered with box and
red gum eucalypt trees. Along the Ovens Valley, from Lower
Everton to the Murray River, this bird may be termed rather
common, a hollow spout in a tree growing in a swamp being a
chosen site for its nesting-place.

Like the Rosella [P. eximiiis) and the Crimson Parrot (P.
liegans), they arc very fond of fruit, particularly apples and pears.

This species is easilv approached, and lacks tlie timidness of
the Rosella.

During the early summer months these birds search beneath
the loose bark and in fissures upon the bole and main arms of the
eucalypt trees for the cocoon of the cup moth, probably the
painted species [Limacodes longerans). Breaking open the cocoon
with their biU, the birds extract the pupating larva ; generally
a portion of the cocoon remains attached to the tree or bark.

My first experience of this species eating the pupating larva
of this moth was during November, 1915, whilst fishing in the
Murray River at Barnawartha, Victoria. Noticing several of
the birds clinging to the bole and loose bark of a giant red gum
tree beneath which I sat, and making a noise similar to cracking
some hard seed, I shot a bird, and found upon examination that
the crop contained the larvae of the cup motli, much sought after
by anglers for bait, the larva at this stage being yt'How in colour,
soft, and about to turn into its pupa form.

In the autumn Yellow Parrots are very fond of the ripening
seeds of the water pepper plant {Polygonum hydropiper). It is
a common sight to see from ten to a dozen of the birds clinging
in a pendent position whilst securing the seed from the drooping
seed-branches of this plant, which grows profusely upon land
subject to floodings in the Wangaratta district.

Like the Crimson Parrot, this species is fond of ripening maize
and broom corn seed.

The fully matured male is a handsome bird, and takes three
years to get fully plumed and the rose-tinted feathers iipon the
fore-neck to become highly tinted.

The young, when secured from the nest, are easily taught to
whistle.

9

130 Campbell, The Rosella Parroi (Plaiycevcus eximiiis). [^

Emu

The Rosella Parrot (Platycercus eximius) : a Sketch.

By a. J. Campbell, C.M.B.O.U.

By the unvarying courtesy of the Curator (Mr. J. A. Kershaw,
F.E.S.) of the National Museum, I have had the privilege of
examining a large and valuable series of 84 Rosella skins {Platy-
cercus eximius) — 66 being in the " H. L. White Collection " and
18 in the National Collection.

No Parrot is more common or more beautiful than the so-called
Rosella. Were it a rare bird the extreme beauty of its plumage
would have no bounds in our imagination. Literally, it wears
all the colours of the spectrum, in addition to black feathers and
white. The trivial name " Joey," or " Pretty Joey," was possibly
suggested by the ancient story of Joseph, who wore " a coat of
many colours," while the name " Rosella" is a corruption of the
bird's first name — " Rosehill Parrakeet," from a hill at Parra-
matta, near Sydney, where these Parrots were numerous in the
days of the pioneer settlers. From the earliest days of coloniza-
tion it has been a cage favourite. Nearly all of us, at one time
or other, have kept our Rosella, and at wild-bird shows Rosellas
are numerously exhibited.

Common as the Rosella is, its life-history has not yet been
recorded. Better to work that out than endeavour to separate
impossible sub-species, as some of us are doing. However, in
the distribution of this fine species, and without " hair-splitting,"
three varieties may be fairly understood, but I think the plumage
phases from youth to maturity are not yet properly known.

First, there is the type locality bird {Platycercus eximius,
Shaw) of southern New South Wales, to which habitat may be
added Victoria and the adjoining portion of South Australia.
There is no appreciable difference in coloration of birds, say, from
the neighbourhoods of Lithgow and Melbourne, while a mature
male from Murrangur (N.S.W.) is absolutely indistinguishable
from a perfect male taken at Bungaree (Vic.) — the type locality
(Ballarat) of Mathews's sub-species colei* General distinguishing
colours : Mature male, head and breast scarlet-red, black feathers
of the back edged or scalloped with hght greenish-yellow, rump
yellowish or mineral green.

Second, the northern race {splendidus, Gould) f is found in the
northern part of New South Wales and in South Queensland.
Mature male : the head and breast are lighter or brighter red
(inclining to scarlet) than in type birds ; black feathers of the
back edged rich yellow (lemon chrome) ; while the rump is light
Paris green.

As before stated, all Rosellas are handsome, and the wonder
is that this, the finest race, was overlooked by the late Mr. A. J.

* " Birds of Australia," vi., p. 360.

t Not Psittacus splendidus (Shaw), an obsolete and synonymous name for
another species. On that account Mathews proposes the name cecihe for
Gould's splendidus {Nov. Zool., xvii., p. 14).

^"'■.o'^o'^'] <^AMPni:i.i., T/w Rosel/a Parrot (Platycercus eximius); 131

North and ()tlu>rs until it was practically rc-discovcrcd and
established by Mr. il. L. Whiti' (see The Emu, xv., p. 169).

(iould, who described splendid its over 70 years ago from a
specimen procured by Gilbert to the northward of the Darling
Downs, Queensland, records : — " In beauty it even exceeds the
common Kosehill Parrakeet, and is consequenth' one of tlie finest
specii'S of the genus yet discovered."

Third, the insular (Tasmanian) form, (iould first pointed out
that " it was rather larger in size, and has the markings of the
upper surface greener yellow and altogether less brilliant than
those from New South Wales," while A. J. North added — " May
be distinguished by the conspicuously larger white cheek patch,"
and proposed the name diemenensis for the race. Mature male :
liead and breast duller (spectrum) red than typical birds ; black
feathers of back edged with dull mineral green ; rump also dull
mineral green.

Concerning the phases of the immature plumage of Rosellas,
North correctly states : — " Young birds are much duller than
the adults ; the feathers on the crown of the head and nape are
dull green, the white on the cheeks smaller, and the scarlet
feathers of the chest less in extent, and there is a white spot on
the inner webs of the quills, forming a bar on the wing." A. H.
Wheelwright, an observant naturalist, quoted by Mathews
(" Birds of Australia," vi., p. 357), states : — " In flight the young
show two clear, though narrow, white bars on the under surface
of the wings. These wing-bars extend over both primaries and
secondaries, and are not reproduced at the moult. The first
feathers to lose the bars are the four outer primaries." That is
practically all tliat is stated referring to distinguishing the
immature Rosella. Mr. Wheelwright mentions that the white
wing-bars are not reproduced at the moult. In the combined
collections before mentioned there are 22 females (the majority
apparently mature birds) ; all more or less (although in some
instances reduced to spots) show the white bars. Does the
female lose entirely these markings at any time ? It would appear
not. Again, in 18 mature males nearly all (15) show no sign of
the white bars. The interesting questions are — (i) At what age
do the males entirely lose the white markings ? and (2) What
are the progressive stages of obliteration ? Possibly some
Rosellas breed before the white markings are obsolete ; the Pennant
Parrot (P. elegans) has been known to breed in immature
plumage.*

I had a female Rosella in a flight aviary for many years (it died
at the age of 21), and so far as I can recollect it always showed
the white wing-markings. I examined another female in a cage
lately, said to be about five years old ; the white markings were
present. It would appear that Rosellas enjoy fairly long hves —
at least, in captivity. In addition to the one mentioned above,

* t'aini)l)tll, " Nests and Egj^s," ii., p. 630.

132 Campbell, The Rosella Parrot (Platycercus eximius). [i<if'"oct.

I knew of another bird which Hved for 23 years, while I learn
from Mr. C. C. Brittlebank that a fine male he took as a nestling
at Myrniong seventeen years ago died recently.

What led to this paper was a suggestion of Mr. H. L. White to
look into a series of 13 skins (5 S and 8 ?) of splendidns from
Warialda, northern part of New South Wales, taken during the
months from May to August. All specimens show more or less
the white-barred wings (of immaturity). The singular part is
that Mr. White has been informed by our member, Mr. S. A.
Hanscombe, that the Rosellas in the neighbourhood of Warialda
always appear in this dull or immature plumage. Possibly the
birds move elsewhere to mature and breed, or else some remain
in the locality and breed in immature plumage.

Since the foregoing was written Mr. Hanscombe has kindly
sent the following field observations from Warialda : —

■" For the last two years I have interested myself in the local
Red-headed Rosellas. I did this chiefly at the request of Mr. H. L.
White, of Belltrees.

" During March, April, and May, and thence till November, great
flocks of Pale or White-headed (P. pallidiceps) and Red-headed
(P. splendidus) Rosellas can be located in the open forest and plain
country. During November the Red-headed, generally speaking,
disappears, presumably to New England, to breed, the White-headed
breeding locally. After much inquiry I cannot find one local
individual who has ever found locally a nest of the Red-headed birds.
Nevertheless, I am not prepared to state that all these birds do go
to New England to breed, but the great majority of them go some-
where else to breed.

" This year (1918) a few birds remained the whole year ; but as this
is by no means a normal year, through severe drought conditions,
deductions arrived at may prove misleading.

" My observations led me to believe that the local Red-headed
birds were of two distinct sub-species. In 191 7 I concluded this
from the very pronounced difference in the plumage. The great
majority, however, did have the full and brilliant plumage, the
duller-plumaged birds being in the great minority, and hence I
closely watched the following year.

" I did arrive at the conclusion, probably erroneously, that the
gaudy-plumaged birds were crossbred originally from the Red-headed
and White-headed birds, adhering to the instincts re breeding of the
former parent.

" At time of writing I am in close touch with bushmen constantly
on the watch for any young Red-headed bird, as I told you in the
beginning that a few did this season remain."

Note. — Although Mr. Hanscombe terms P. pallidiceps " White-
headed " birds, that is merely in contrast to the " Red-headed "
Rosellas, because the " White-headed " birds are really " Yellow-
headed," and, although some of the skins examined do show small
dashes of red here and there (signs of immaturity, no doubt),
they are evidently not " crossbreds " of the two species
mentioned. — A. J. C.

^"'lo^/^'J ^IL'AKT-SUTHKKLANI), Birds of Puysei^ur l>uiitt. N ./. . I33

Birds Observed About the Lighthouse, Puysegur

Point, Invercargill, N.Z.

With Mention of Tiiost; Kii.led ]5y Dashing Against the
Lighthouse Panes.

J-5y R. Stuart-Sutherland, R.A.O.U.

Pi'VSECUK Point is sitiuitt'd at thr soutli-wcstcni conuT of tlic
South Island of New Zealand, on the southern point oi Preser-
vation Inlet, and is probably, at the present time, the best place
in the South Island for observing what remain of the native birds.

Before coming to this bush-covered, outlandish spot, I had
received very glowing accounts from former lighthouse-keepers
regarding the bird-life of the place. The day of the Kiwi {Apteryx
anstralis), the Roaroa {A. haastii), the Kakapo {Stringops
habropliliis), and the Wattled Crow {Glaticopis cincrea) is, however,
long past, but much of interest yet remains, although the
" peculiars " have ceased to exist.

The first specimen of that remarkable bird, the White Gallinule
(Notornis niantelli)* was said to be obtained within a very short
distance of this place. It was suggested that this famous bird
was possibly an albino Bald-Coot.

The major portion of the birds, as is to be expected, comprises
those whose habitat is the sea or shore ; but no sea or shore species
is at all common, the most plentiful being the land-birds, such as
Pigeons, Hawks, and Fantails.

The native name, if any, follows the specific title.

Commencing with the sea-birds, I have observed the following : —

1 . Crested or Thick-billed Penguin, Catarrhactes chrysocome
{Eudyptes pachyrhynchus), Tawaki. — Occasional specimens are seen
swimming or leaping from the water, but they are not at all numerous.
The bird is said to breed in Dusky Sound at the present day, as it
was recorded to do thirty years ago by Reischek. The bird is easily
distinguished when in the sea l)y reason of its close-set, canary-yeUow
eldest.

2. Blue Penguin i^Iutdyf^lu/a minor). Korora. — Very frequently met
with in small Hocks ot ten or a dozen, standing upright on sand-banks
or flat rocks in lines like soldiers, as is usual with all Ihc Penguins.
This bii'd has one or two rookeries in caves, within a mile or so of the
entrance ot.thc Inlet.

3. The Little Blue or Fairy Penguin {E. iindina), Korora. — Slightly
more abundant than the previous species. This bird must be delicate
and easily killed, judging by the large numbers of dead ones seen.

4. Black Oyster-catcher or Redbill (Hcemaiopus fuliginosus), Torea.
— Only one pair has been observed, resting on Mackenzie Rock, but
large flocks of upwards ol a dozen are often seen flying or heard
calling. Rather strange tliat the Pied variety is not seen here.

* Figured by Gould in his Supplement (Plate 76). Matthews discusses this
bird in his " Birds of Australia," pp. 247-255. — Eds.

134 Stuakt-Sutheklaxd, i?i>c/6- of Puysegur Point, N .Z. [,st'"oct.

5. Blue Heron (Reef-Heron) {Demiegretta sacra), Alatuku. — A single
specimen, and a shy one at that. Easily distinguished by its mode
of flight.

6. Australian Snipe {Gallinago australis). — Three only were seen
on one occasion.

7. White-throated Cormorant (Shag; {Phalacrocorax hrevirostris). —
Generally admitted to be an endemic species. Very common here,
as many as 17 being counted perched on one tree just above the
water's edge. Said to breed in trees. Doubtful, but we'll see.

8. Little Black Cormorant (Shag) (P. sulcirostris). — Odd specimens
only. I have seen a Skua Gull molest this bird on two occasions.

9. White-faced Ternlet (Little Tern) {Sterna nereis), Tara-iti. — Five
small flocks only, usually of four or five birds, observed in three
months, always during heavy southerly or south-easterly gales. They
come and go with the wind.

10. Pacific Gull {Gabianus pacificus), Karoro. — This common Gull
is very uncommon here. Never more than two or three to be seen
on any one day. Conditions are apparently unsuitable.

11. Silver Gull {Larits novce-hollandice). — ^Moderately common and
very tame, flving within a few feet of one's head and resting on the
sandy beaches until approached within about 3 yards.

12. Southern Skua (Megalestris antarctica), Hakoakoa. — Even the
Maori branded this bird as a robber. Only an occasional specimen
is seen, preying principally on the Silver Gulls. I take it that this
bird breeds in this district, as I have seen two of its eggs in a rough
collection here.

This completes the list of the sea-birds. Taking now the land-
birds, we have, firstly : —

13. The Mountain Parrot (Nestor notahilis), Kea. — Said to be very
numerous on the high lands at the head of the Inlet, but only one
has been observed near the lighthouse. Was captured easily and
caged, btit did not live long.

14. Brown Parrot (A^. meridionalis), Kaka. — Only noted now on
rare occasions, and then only when the rata is in bloom, but it is heard
more than seen. When the mining and sawmilling industries were
in full swing, a few years back, the Kaka was very numerous, and was
shot for sport (?). As many as 40 dead ones have been counted left
on the beach after the sportsmen were satisfied. As Burns once
wrote —

" Inhuman wretch, curse on thy barb'rous art,
And blasted be thy murder-aiming eye."

15. The South Island Wood-Hen (Ocydromus australis), Weka. —
Only one, and but a fleeting glimpse, at Observation Point. Captain
Cook records having taken twenty pairs here. The introduction of
the weasel has doomed this peculiar species to early extinction.

16. Paradise Duck or Sheldrake {Casarca variegata), Putangitangi. —
Four specimens only, three of them drakes. Sometimes the duck
and one drake are apart from the other drakes, but are usually within
calling distance. Constant shooting with a pea-rifle in Ihe hands
of a poor marksman has rendered them exceedingly wary. Tmjjossible
to get nearer than five or six chains now.

17. Native Pigeon {Carpophaga novcB-zealandice), Kuku. — Our
commonest bird. One or two can usually be shot within ten minutes'

wlicn lifU- ci:

mid be shot in one

Ihc lii^;licsl

irrc's in the most

l\;ir('\v;ir('\va.

— Common enough

) \hv poultry

I".ic\cn observed

llic towl-niii

. Sixteen counted

^°'',ck'^] SlTAKT-SrTlll-KI.AM). />m/,s of I'llVSCi^UI' I'nill/. .V.Z. I35

walk ol the homestead, but the linu
day are past. They now treipien
inaccessible jilaces.

18. Bush- Hawk {Hicracidca ferox
to be a pest and a source oi danger
in one chw circling within j( 1 yards
on the I'oad on the sanu' dax' in one wide-flying flock.

H). Morepork Owl {Athene uov((--r:eal(iudict \ Uuru. — iMccpienlly
heard in the bush away from the lighthouse, but rarely seen flying.
and then only an odd one on clear, moonlit nights.

20. Parson-Bird {Prosthemadera nova'-sealandice), Tui. — Not very
common — about twelve observed in three months. Its harsh,
scjuawking cry, followed by a series of clear, pealing notes, is frecjuently
heard, but it is a hard bird to locate in the gloomy parts of the bush
which it frequents. I once watched a Tui from a distance of about
8 yards as it mimicked the thin, low song of the Rifleman, a bird with
which I am very familiar. But tor seeing the Tui. I would have
vouched it was a Rifleman. Said to be numerous on hong Island.

ji. Bell or Mocking-Bird (Anthornis melmiura). Makomako. — ^The
ringing notes of this species are heard on cill sides during a walk
through the bush, but, as both sexes sing, and constantly at that,
the amount of song gives one an inaccurate idea of the number of
these birds. Standing tiuictlv and watching one as it sings, one
realizes that it is not a common bird. Three or four are usually .seen
in a day's march.

22. Black Fantail i Rhipidura fuliginosa), Tiwakawaka. — Some-
times called the South Island Fantail, this and the following species
are very welcome additions to this place, as they live mainly on the
sand-flies which swarm here in thousands of thousands. Although
there is a superabundance of their food, they arc not at all common,
just a few pairs feeing seen on occasions.

23. Pied Fantail {R. flahellifera), Piwakawaka. — Generally seen in
company with the preceding, one Pied and one Black Fantail being
seen together more often than two of the same variety. Strange
that the different species should so mingle.

24. Yellow-breasted Tit {Petroica macrocephala), Miromiro. — Very
rare ; sometimes seen in company with a Fantail or Rifleman.

25. Rifleman {Acanthisitta chloris), Titipounamu. — Smallest of New
Zealand birds. The Maori name, meaning "small greenstone,"
admirably describes this pretty wee green-backed songster. Only
occasionally seen, more often than not quite solitary.

Killed by dasliing against the liglithotise panes at night during
thick weather : —

One Dove-Petrel [Pvioii titrtitv:, Whiroia.

One White-winged Petrel {(Estrelala Icucoptera).

Four Sombre Shearwaters or Mutton-Birds {Puffinns iris/is). Oii.

Two White-fronted Terns S/enni striata), Tara.

All are comparatively common, with the exception of the White-
winged Petrel, which is very rare. It struck the panes at about
10 p.m. on 27th April, 1919. The weather had been thick and
mistv for jcj hours, with moderate wind from the S.W., changing
to W.

136 Stuart-Sutherland, jSnv/i of Pitysegitr Point, N.Z. [,^^"^(.1.

White Variety of the Black Moor^Hen (Gallinula

tenebrosa).

By W. B. Alexander, M.A., Keeper of Biology, Museum,
Perth (W.A.)

The specimen illustrated herewith was shot at Wanneroo, near
Perth (W.A.), in March, 1916, as recorded in The Emu, vol. xvi.,
p. 42. The photograph was taken after the bird had been
mounted at the Western Australian Museum. The specimen is
not an albino, since, a number of the feathers scattered over the

R

fmm^^

Wlute Varietv oi the Black .Moor-Hen (Gatlniiila teiabi

body are almost normally dark in colour. The eye was black,
the beak scarlet with yellow tip, and the legs parti-coloured green
and scarlet. The colours were, however, lighter than in normal
birds.

Two Australian birds have a white phase existing naturally
alongside the coloured one — viz., the Reef-Heron {Demiegretta
sacra) and the Grey Goshawk {Astiir cinereits). The latter is
specially interesting, because the white form, generally known as
A shir novce-hollandice, lias a wider range than the grey bird, being
found in Tasmania and North-West Australia, where the grey
form is unknown. More than one observer has noted that the

^"'■.cu'^] Stuakt-Sutheklanu, Uirds of Piiyseguy Point. N Z . 137

White Goshawk is hable to l)e mistaken for a White Cockatoo,
and it seems not improbable tliat this fact has given it an ad-
vantage l)y (MiabUng it to approach small birds, which do not
take it for a Hawk. It is noteworthy that the White Goshawk
and White Cockatoo have almost identical geographical ranges,
both being found in Tasmania, Eastern and Northern Australia,
and New Guinea, and both being absent from Western Australia
south of the Fitzroy River.

To return to the white varit-ty of the J^lack Moor-Hen. The
occurrence of such an individual in the Rail family may be
regarded as of special interest in view of the former occurrence of
a Wliite (iallinule on Lord Howe Island. This bird was at one
time supposed to be a species of the New Zealand genus Notornis
(or Mantellornis), but Mathews showed in his " Birds of Australia "
that it was really a white species of Porphyrio, and Iredale, who
subsequently examined the only known specimen, at Vienna,
confirmed this view.

Another White Gallinulc, from New Zealand, is in the Liverpool
Museum, and was made the type of a supposed species {Porphyrio
stcDileyi) ; but it is almost certain that this bird, which was sub-
sequently also referred to Notornis, is only an albino specimen
of Porphyrio melanotus. Probably the White Galhnule [Por-
phyrio albiis) of Lord Howe Island furnishes us with an example
of a white form which had entirely replaced the original-coloured
species from which it sprang. If the Grey Goshawk should
become extinct in Australia, the White Goshawk would provide
a similar instance, and this may be what has actually happened
in Tasmania.

The White^winged Wrens.

By W. B. Alexander, M.A., R.A.O.U., Keeper oe Biology,
Museum, Perth (W.A.)

I H.WE been much interested in Mr. Campbell's various notes on
Maliiriis leucopterns and its alhes published in recent numbers of
The Emu (xvii., p. 177 ; xviii., p. 260 ; xix., p. i). Of the three
forms figured in the coloured plate (Plate I., vol. xix.), this
museum possesses three adult males of Maliiriis leucopterns from
Dirk Hartog Island, three adult males (including the type) of M.
tdouardi from Barrow Island, and 21 adult males of M. cyanotus
from a number of localities in Western Australia and one each
from South AustraUa and the Riverina (N.S.W.) (For the insular
forms, except the type, we are indebted to ^Messrs. H. L. White
and T. Carter.)

The names given on the plate make it appear that tlu' three
forms are considered as distinct species. Mr. Campbell, in his

1^8 Alhxandkr, TJie Whiie-winged Wrens. [ist^'oct

articles, however, states clearly that he only regards the differences
between the two black-and-white island forms as entitling them
to sub-specific rank. He refers to the Blue-and-White Wren as
"the mainland representative" of the Black-and-White species,
and apparently quotes with approval Mr. Whitlock's view that
the two insular forms have evolved independently from the main-
land form. Now, it appears to me that if we accept this view
we must either regard the three forms as distinct species or as
geographical races (sub-species) of a single species. Mr. Mathews
considers the Black-and-White Wrens as entitled to generic
distinction, constituting the genus Nesomahirus, with one species
and two sub-species, whilst for the Blue-and-White Wren he also
creates a genus, Hallornis, again containing one species and two
sub-species (eastern and western). This implies that the two
island races are more nearly allied to each other than they are to
the mainland form ; but if the two island forms ha\'e been derived
independently from the mainland form, then they must each
be more nearly related to that form than they are to one
another.

Now, on examination of the 23 adult males of Malunis cyaiiolns
referred to above, I find that they vary very considerably, some
Ix'ing quite bright blue and others dark ; moreover, most of the
darkest birds are from the most south-westerly part of the range
of the species — viz., the Wongan Hills and Yandanooka. Mr.
Milligan pointed this out in The Emu, vol. iii., p. 223. This seems
to me to lend strong support to Mr. Whitlock's theory, as a liird
from the Wongan Hills is almost exactly intermediate in colour
])etween the lightest form of M. cyanotus and M. leiicoptcrus.
I have no specimens from the coastal district between Geraldton
and Dirk Hartog Island, but it seems just possible that specimens
approaching M. Icucopteriis even more closely may be found in
this little-known region in the future, though Mr. Carter found
the Blue-and-White Wren on the Edel-land Peninsula.

In view of these facts, I think that both Blue-and-White and
Black-and-White forms should be regarded as geographical races
of a single species, and should be named —

Maliirus h'licoplcriis leucoptcriis, Dirk Hartog Island.
cyanotus, Australia.
edoiiardi, Barrow Island.

If they are entitled to generic rank the genus name would be
Hallornis instead of Malunis.

I do not know of any quite similar instance among Inrds, tnit
the common kangaroo furnishes a close parallel, as we have
Macropus giganleus giganteus on the mainland and Macropus
giganteus fnliginosus in Tasmania and Kangaroo Island. I
believe that careful comparison would indicate sub-specific
differences between the two island races of kangaroo, in which
case the parallel would be exact ; but this is nut tlie lace to
discuss the question.

.„n, ] FuKi), Xulcs nil Ileyons. I3Q

Notes on Herons.

Rv \V. II. I'oKi), K.A.O.r., l-n/Kov (Vir.)

In in\- boyliood days tluif used to be a i)air of W'liitc-frontod
llcioiis (Notuphuyx novcc -hull audi u) iicst vwvy yi'ar in the cliff
near tlu' Cape Otway liglithouse. I robhid tlum twice — once
for two and again for four eggs. They came every year to the
same cUff, but after the second robbing they went to a hollow
under a steep, overhanging rock, where they were safe from me.
Two or three times in nesting season I saw a pair of Wliite Recf-
Ilcrons {Dcinicgrdta sacra) about tlie same part of the coast, but
did not find the nesting-place. These are the only White J^eef-
Ilerons 1 have seen.

In i()o7 we were working 15 miks wt'st of Bendigo, and near
our work was a y^'llow box tree in which a \Miite-fronted Heron,
a Magpie-Lark, and three pairs of Spotted-sided Finches had
their nests. One of tiie Finches was right under and against the
Heron's nest, and was marked by Herons' excreta. When we
started work the Herons had evidently just begun to sit. As we
were only 20 yards from the nest they were very shy, but soon
got used to us, and started to sit in turns, in ()-hour spells. At
() a.m. the Inrd that was off duty would come (piietly to the tree
next to the nest and give a low croak. The bird on the nest would
gi't up, walk quietly down the tree-limb, and fly away, to return
at J p.m., when the same routine was gone through. They did
this every day for a fortnight, when we left. I only know the
time from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. — our working hours — and do not know
how the birds shared the night duty. I .saw^ these same Herons
later near the tree with five young ones which were just able to
fly a Uttle.

In igii, when camped on the Murray River bank near Gun-
bower Weir, I heard a great commotion, with angry Heron
screams, on the New South Wales side of the Murray River,
where a pair of White-fronted Herons had a nest. On coming
out of my tent I saw the Herons attacking a Whistling-Eagle,
the Eagle evidently trying to get away, with a Heron on each side
of him. I then lost sight of them behind the fringe of the river-
bank gums, but heard a terrible, agonizing scream from the Eagle
and jubilant cries from tlie Herons. The Herons then came back
to the nest tree, evidently pleased, by their notes. Five days
afterwards I was over the river, and picked up a dead Whistling-
Eagle with a hole under the left wing, very like a Heron's beak
wound. It looks like a case of the Herons killing the Eagle, but
as I did not artuall>- sc' it done I do not state positively it was
so.

The White-frcjiitcd Herons in nesting-time are very loving t,o
each other, and do a lot of " smoodging," as humans' say.

lAO Camera Craft Notes. [ist*''o'ci.

Camera Craft Notes.

Leipoa ocellata (rosinae) (Mallee-Fowl).— It was on a trip to
the IMallec during September, 1914, that a party of ornithologists
was fortunate enough to see nearly a dozen pairs of these most
interesting birds. All the birds seemed very tame, or, at least,
they did not clear out until disturbed by our approach. Many
mounds were located, and in nearly every instance they contained
eggs. It was also noted that the earth and leaves on top of the
egg-chamber were very fresh, which showed that the birds had
been there during the preceding hours. The accompanying
photographs show a mound in perfect condition, being well
constructed, with sure signs of containing eggs, so it was
decided to open up the mound and secure a photograph
showing the eggs in their natural position. At first sight it would
appear that one or two of the eggs are broken, but this is not the
case, for the eggs are partly surrounded by the decaying debris,
which, everyone knows, assists in the work of incubation. It will
also be seen that all the eggs are placed with the larger end upper-
most, so that the air-cell is always on top, thereby giving the bird
a certain amount of breathing space when on the point of
hatching out. The mound was found in a fine belt of mallee
just to the north of Boinka, on the Ouyen to Murrayville line. —
Herbert A. Purxell, R.A.O.U.

Chestnut-quilled Rock-Pigeon [Petrophassa riifipcnnis). — The
Chestnut-quilled Rock-Pigeon is found in North-West Australia,
and I obtained tlie specimen illustrated from Arnhem Land, and
not far from the banks of the South Alligator River. (I always
think the name of this river most inappropriate, as alhgators are
not found in Austraha, except in zoos — only crocodiles.) These
birds are usually found on the rocky sandstone ranges, and are
most difficult to detect when they crouch down on the ground
among the stones, and it is quite possible that they are far more
plentiful than we imagine, as they are so easily passed by unseen,
should they not rise. They seem to be nowhere very plentiful. —
W. H. D. Le SouiiF. Melbourne.

Photographing Young Birds.— The pliotography of young wild
birds is one of the most difficult l:)ranches of bird photography.
It is also a most important one. and the student who can spare
the time to obtain a daily series of photographs illustrating the
growth of the nestling from birth until the wing feathers are well
advanced has the opportunity to develop a valuable and almost
untouched field for study. The featherless chick presents the
greatest difficulties, for the detail must be brilHantly reproduced
to be of value as a record. In dense scrul), where a snapshot is
impossible under ordinary circumstances, the judicious use of a

The Emu, Vol. XIX,

Eggs (in situ) aud Nest of Mallee-Fowl.

•noTos. ny n. a. tdrnfll, k.a.o.t

The Emu, Vol: XIX.

PLATE

1

.*:-*4P^ ^

^

^^^^'■- i|||i^ .^i.^ii^^l

^^^P|

-^ j^ /^l

Youug Coachwhip-Bird {I'sophodes crepiians).

I'UOXO. UY L. O. UHA.NULr.R, R.A.O.U.

The Emu, Vol. XIX,

PLATE

Young White-bearded Honey-eater {Meiiornis novce-hollandits).

Young Ground-Tlirushes (Oreocincla liiniilata).

I'UOTOS. DV L. O. LUANl)Li;il, U.A.O.U.

^""'iQu/^J Cameya Craft Notes. I4I

mirror to reflect the lij^'ht upon the subject is often a solution to
overcome the difiiculty. In many cases a snapshot is necessary,
for the least breeze will vibrate the down on a nestling, and if a
time exposure is attempted a blurred picture is the result. At
a later stage in the growth of the young bird it is possible to
obtain very pretty and interesting photographs, but it is advisable
to enlist the aid of a friend, for very few young birds will remain
perched in one position while the photographer is engaged in
focussing and adjusting his camera. The best method with a
nervous subject is to focus on a matchbox, set the shutter and
draw the dark slide, then place the 3'oung bird or birds in position,
and at a favourable moment release the shutter. Care should be
taken not to allow the direct rays of the sun to fall upon a tender
nestUng. Subdued sunlight is productive of the best photographic
results. On a bright, sunny day a fine piece of cloth may be used
to advantage, as a medium between sun and subject, to diffuse
and soften the light. — L. G. Chandler, R.A.O.U. Malvern.

Stray Feathers.

Fish-eating Duck. — On 17th May I shot a pair of White-eyed
Ducks {Nyroca aiistralis). One had an unusually large neck.
Closer investigation disclosed six fish (carp), averaging 2 inches in
length, which the bird had evidently just caught. — F. C. Morse.
" Coocalla," Cxarah (N.S.W.)

Drought and Birds. — A dry season in various parts of Australia
makes a considerable difference in the ordinary movements of
our birds, the want of both water and food causing this. For
instance, last season was very dry in the inland districts of
Queensland and New South Wales, consequently in this district
many birds put in an appearance fully a month earlier than
usual. Even take the Channelbill Cuckoo {Scythrops novce-
hollandice). It was first noted on 28th August, 1918, whereas we
generally first see it towards the end of September. Another
interesting thing is that it almost invariably seems to arrive at
night. We have had several strange visitors on account of the
dry season further inland. — John Hopson, jux. " Dalkeith,"
Eccleston (N.S.W.)

* * *

Pacific Gulls. — It is interesting to notice that on the canal that
runs through Koo-wee-rup, in Victoria, and goes inland for a
considerable distance from the sea. Pacific Gulls frequently fly
up along its course. Only last week I noticed a company of six
of these birds flying to the canal headquarters. VVe have to
remember that it is all fresh water, and is a good many miles
from the sea. In the evening they returned ; two were carrying

142 Slyay Feathers. [,.f'o'ct.

something in their beaks, but I could not detect what it was.
The Silver Gull, we know, is frequently found inland, by fresh
water and also uncultivated land adjacent, looking for grubs,
&c. I have not noticed Pacific Gulls doing this before, but
possibly members may have done so. — J. Cecil Le Souef. Mel-
bourne.

* * *

Notes from Mackay (Q.) — The birds in tliis district seem to be
slowly recovering from the effects of the cyclone last year, but
some species are very rare, and often extinct, as far as we can
judge. The little Brown Honey-eater {G. ocularis), which used
to be so plentiful, is now rarely seen or heard, and the Sun-Bird
(C. frenata) is quite wiped out as far as we can judge. I have
inquired from people all over the district, and cannot hear of one
having been seen since the blow. We have formed a local Bird
Protection Association here, and hope to do good work in the
direction of having the close season properly observed, and also
in the guarding of our local sanctuaries. — E. M. Cornwall,
R.A.O.U. Mackay (Old.)

* * *

Birds in Winter. — A charming little scene was witnessed on one
of the fine, mild afternoons of this week. A paddock near Mersey
Bluff was being turned over by the plough, and 30 or 40 Silver
Gulls {Lams novce-hollandicB) had congregated for the sake of
picking up grubs and worms from the furrows. They were very
bold, following close to the ploughman's heels and squabbhng with
each other for tit-bits in true Gull style. This is the first time
that I have seen so large a number at the game in Tasmania,
although the English Gulls are well known for their proclivities
in this direction. Doubtless our graceful little "Silvers" learnt
it from their habit of coming into the flooded paddocks in the
winter and spring months to feed on the worms which have been
washed out of their burrows. On the occasion cited above, there
were noticed, besides Gulls, Robins, White-fronted Chats [Ephthi-
anura albifrons), a Pipit or two {Anthiis australis), and, in an
adjoining wet paddock, a pair of Herons {Ardcn novcc-hollandicv). —
H. Stuart Dove. West Devonport (Tas.), Ti/y/iq.

Bega (N.S.W.) Bird Notes. — After a large surface pool left by
the flood of February last had been drained, I counted over 40
Black-fronted Dottrels feeding on the mud fiats thus exposed.
This bird is fairly common about south coastal (N.S.W.) rivers,
but usually in couples or small companies. A few Pigeon-Gulls,
White-breasted Cormorants, and Magpie-Larks shared the spoils
with the Dottrels, while in a shallow lagoon close by a splendid
White-necked Heron stalked solemnly to and fro. Some few weeks
ago I marked a company of 12 or 14 of these fine birds wheeling
over the town of Bega in slow, majestic flight, and in two tiers.

1019

1 Stray FeatJiers. 143

each bird about j feet abovi' its fellow. Almost without any
perceptible motion of the wings, and sweeping upwards at
intervals with wonderful unanimity, the Herons progressed slowly
towards their destination. They gave one the impression of
mourners slowly following an invisible hearse.

Just lately I have noticed two examples of the Delicate Owl
lying dead near a main road, and two or three Black-throated
(irebes about the lagoons — wantonly shot, evidently. As regards
the little (irebe's powers of flight, although these birds are slow
to use their short wings, they are, in fact, capable of considerable
aerial journeys. I have observed a company of about 30 Grebes
leave a lake where Duck-shooting was in progress and head for
a river about two miles distant. They rose gradually to an
altitude which would about clear the highest tree-tops, and then
went full speed ahead. — H. V. Edwards. Bega (N.S.W.)

The Black-cheeked Falcon as a Duck-Slayer. — Two of us

camped for the night of 8th September, 1918, at the edge of one
of the big Gwydir sag-beds. We were up before daylight next
morning disturbing many sleeping Ducks from the edge of the
water close to our camp. We then started off for a walk through
the sags in quest of White Ibis. Ducks by this time were flying
round in great numbers. Then we noticed a Black-cheeked
Falcon (Falco melanogenys) swoop in among the flying birds, and
a Black Duck came falling to the water ; then another Duck came
tumbling down. We stood still and watched, and in about a
quarter of an hour he accounted for twelve birds. Apparently all
were killed. Those that fell within reach of us were quite dead,
but several fell in the sags, and we did not investigate. Although
he killed several birds within 100 yards of us, we could not see
clearly how it was accomplished. He used to skim just over the
top of his victim, and it would crumple up and tumble over and
over to the water. Apparently this was just a little morning's
exercise, as he did not attempt to pick up any of the " kills."
Once he got three Ducks in succession without stopping his flight.
Every now and then he would rest on a tree for a few seconds
and then off again to the chase. The Black-cheeked Falcon is a
rare bird here, and, judging by the exploits of this one, it is
fortunate for our wild game that he is so rare. — V. C. Morse.
" Coocalla." C.arali (X.S.W.)

Black Cockatoos as Storm Prophets.— It is several years since
I saw any of the Black Cockatoos {Calyptorhynchns xanihonotiis)
in the neighbourhood of Devonport, but on the 28th April their
once-familiar wailing notes reached my ears, and soon afterwards
a flock of about sixteen individuals was noted, flying fairly high,
in two almost parallel lines — a long and a short. Thov were
leaving the coiist and making soiitli, or inland, to the hill countrw

144 ^"""y ^'^f'"''- [:sfa:..

The weather was clear and warm, as it had been for some time.
Two days afterwards, on the afternoon of 30th April, a thunder-
storm came up from north (the quarter from which the birds
had been flying), and lasted until evening, with very vivid
lightning and heavy rain. When I lived in the Table Cape
district (Tas.) these birds were very plentiful in the forest
country, and it was a maxim among the settlers that when
they made their appearance in the clearings rain was not
far away. Their mournful notes, well represented by the
native name, " Wa-ee-lah," were frequently heard, and the
peculiar noise, much like crosscut saws working in a log, which
they kept up all the time their powerful beaks were tearing off
the bark from the ringed trees in order to get at the large wood-
grubs underneath. The ability of the Black Cockatoo to foretell
an approaching change appears to have been noted by early
settlers on the Australian continent, as William Howitt, in a
little book published in the fifties of last century, says that they
were regarded there as proclaimers of rain. — H. Stuart Dove,
F.Z.S. West Devonport (Tas.)

Correspondence.

(Read at R.A.O.U. Conversazione, 6th August, 1919.)
Dear " Birds of a Feather," — ^The Ornithologists' new year —
August — has again come round, and, happily, in the " year of
Peace." What are you going to do for the science ?

Mr. Mattingley, Mr. Barrett, and myself have been appointed
a sub-committee to encourage speciahzation. I would commence
by asking you who are "collecting-observers" not to take any
Cuckoos' eggs this season, but, instead, let the eggs hatch out,
and make observations for the proper identification of the parents.
I think none of us has yet proved things, but has much " taken it
for granted " which species has laid the strange eggs in the foster-
bird's nest. For instance, which Bronze-Cuckoo lays the
speckled egg and which the olive egg ? I think this has not been
proved since the days of the Ramsay Brothers, of Sydney, and
we should have our own confirmatory evidence. Then let us
make a start this season. — Yours, &c.,

A. J. CAMPBELL.
Surrey Hills (Vic), i/8/iq.

THE IXIDEXTIFIED PETROICA.

To the Editors of " The Emu."
Sirs, — In The Emu for July Mr. Frank E. Howe credits me,
in my description of this bird, with the statement that the
Petroicas " do not nest in immature plumage." However, in
stating that they (the Petroicas) " do not nest in this peculiar

Vol. XI \

1919

J Cuyres/?oii(/cine. 145

manner," I ri'fenvd only to my Rol)ins' peculiar habit of building
their nest either on a piU' of cattle or horse manure or on a clod
of earth. Inu'ther, as several pairs of this Robin were seen at
different tiuu's and in dilYerent localities a])out Mittagong (X.S.W.),
and as l)oth new and old nests (situated as l)efore-mentioned)
were found, I think the suggestion that they arc merely Flame
or Scarlet-breasts nesting in immature plumage is, ipso facia,
negatived. .\nd, again, a writer in the Sydney Mail, years after
I discovered tlu'se birds, also refers to a Robin " one of the
Petroica species " which nested on piles of " horse or cow
manure." Therefore, I think there is still good reason to believe
that the birds which nest in this strange manner are a species of
Petroica as \'et unidentiht'd. -Yours, (Src,

H. V. EDWARDS.
Bega (X.S.W.), 14/7/ 1 '^

To Ihc Editors of " The Emu."
Sirs, — (i) The Government has decided to compile a " War
Record of the People of Australia," to include all those who have
served or volunteered for service in the recent war.

(2) The list will be published by States, each State's portion
being subdivided into two sections — the first section containing
in lexicographical order the names of all those who have served
abroad : the Australian Navy, the Australian Imperial Force,
and the Naval and Military Expeditionary F^orce (Tropical Unit) ;
the second section will contain all those who —

{a) Volunteered for active service, but were medically
rejected or retained by instructions from the Common-
wealth Government.
{l>) luilisted men discharged or died in Australia ]:)efore

embarkation.
(f) Troops and nurses engaged by the Government for

service with the Imperial Forces.
{d) Persons resident in Australia who have served with the

Forces of Great Britain, India, or the Dominions.
[c) Persons resident in Australia who have engaged in the
Australian Transport Service or as merchant seamen
in vessi-ls operating in European waters.

(j) Those who have deserted without any actual fighting
service to their credit are t(^ be excluded from the lists. Periods
of detention as prisoners of war will lie included. Any honours
or decorations conferred will be sliown.

(4) Records of na\'al f-'crsotnicl will be shown separati'h' in each
\dlnnie.

(5) As regards the sec-ond portion of the lists, wliieli will com-
prise those mentioned in paragraph 2 [a] to (<•) abo\n', it has \)co\\
arranged for a small Standing Connnittee (to include a naval

10

IAG Correspondence: [ist'^"o'ci.

officer, to assist in adjudging the claims of naval and seafaring
applicants), who will receive all applications for inclusion in the
lists, and decide as to their eligibiUty. — Yours faithfully,

G. BEITH, Captain,
Vox A.A.G., 3rd Military District.
District Headquarters, Melbourne, 3/7/ig.

To the Editors of " The Emu."

Sirs, — I have read Captain S. A. White's article of 26/5/19
in The Emu of July, 1919, re Cormorants, but I am afraid I cannot
agree with him, and his arguments, to my way of thinking, are not
sound. He starts off by saying — "You know I have done a great
deal of research \\'ork in respect to these birds, and I can prove
without doubt that the Cormorants are necessary birds to preserve
the balance of nature." Now, in the first place I am wondering
whom he refers to when he starts off this statement with the
word " you." For a long time — in fact, from vol. i. — he has
been a very constant subscriber of notes to Mathews's " Birds of
Australia," and has written him some very valuable articles :
but, strange to say, in spite of the great deal of research work he
claims to have done in respect to the Cormorants, there is not one
note from him in Mathews's work referring to any one species of
this tribe of birds. Then follows on, in his article — " and it is
the greatest folly to destroy these birds because they destroy the
imported fish." He admits that these birds destroy the imported
fish, which it has cost Australia many thousands of pounds to
stock our rivers with. Then follows the extraordinary statement : —
" The birds are of much more consequence to Australia than the
imported fish, and anglers should be satisfied with the indigenous
fish of Austraha, or otherwise not grumble because the Cor-
morants take toll of the fish wliich are imported." It is very
evident from this that Captain White is not much concerned with
that glorious art, fly fishing, and I have not the slightest doubt
in saying that the author of this surprising statement will not
find one "sport" in Australia who will agree with him. He has
evidently allowed his bird-loving nature to overlook all crimes
of feathered creatures. It is odd that Captain White has not
stated any instances to substantiate his theory. At the begin-
ning of his article he states : — " I can prove that the Cor-
morant is a most necessary bird." Well, it is rather strange
that lie has not done so, because all that he has written, to my
way of thinking, points quite to the contrary. He practically
admits that the Cormorants destroy all the imported fish— or, in
other words, will do so very soon — but apparently he does not
see any harm in that : but if tliese obscene, worthless birds
destroy all the imported fisli, surely Captain White does not
think 'that thev are going to leave alone our indigenous fish ?
We would not" have to look through many newspapers printed

, XIX

lyiy

j Coi'fcspoiK/i'inr. ^47

during the last tweh-c montlis to tind many articles dealing with
this subject, all ol which are complaints about the Cormorants
having devoured all or nearly all the fish in our rivers — not only
in one State, but many — probably all. North, in " Nests and
Eggs of Birds l-'ound Breeding in Australia and Tasmania," gives
some wonderfully interesting evidence from the official rt-ports
of the Fisheries Boards, showing tin- enormous destruction of
edible fish by these birds, and the rewards offered for their heads
by most of the States. But Captain White only deals with the
Coorong, and at the end of his article, under " Result," which,
I presume, is his " proof beyond doubt," he wTites : — " Fish of all
kinds have been very scarce for years past in the Coorong, and
not only that, but the fishermen arc suffering the loss of hundreds
of pounds sterling each year by the ravages of the crabs, for these
crustaceans not only attack and destroy all fish caught in the
set nets, but entangle themselves in the nets by the hundreds,
rendering the nets useless. Man is paying dearly for his folly,
yet he learns little or nothing by it." Well, I cannot see anything
to support his argument in that : in fact, I consider, if it is gone
into thoroughly, it is more likely to prove (piite the contrary, as
follows : the large numbers of Cormorants which usi'd to be there
have eaten all the hsh, consequently there was no further food
supply for tlicin there, so with accelerated speed the birds dis-
appeared, luMice the increase of the crabs, which are the natural
food of the fish. Yes, man is often paying dearly for his folly
in not locking his stable door soon enough. The Cormorants
should have been exterminated before they destroyed the fish.
My own local experiences are, that up till about eighteen months
ago I could always get fair fishing here amongst the native species
in suitable weather ; and in drought times, when the shallow-
holes in the river were drj/ing up, I could always get sufficient
small fish, from 3 to 5 inches long, to stock the larger dams and
lagoons. But during the last tw'o years the Cormorants have
appeared in greater numbers than I have hitherto know^n — in
fact, I have seen more of these destructive birds here during th(>
last two years tlian all the previous sixteen put together, the
result being that during the late 1918-19 protracted drought 1
could not find one single fish of any species, and the river was
lower during the last summer than I have ever seen it before.
Holes in it were quite dry, of which I have not seen within 3 or 4
feet of the bottom of before : and I have always found that vvheri-
the Cormorants can get fish they do not trouble themselves about
amphibians. Personally, I have been unable to find any sound
basis against this argument. I have letters from friends in other
districts stating ver\' similar experiences to m\' own, and during
the last two \-ears tlie Cornioranls a])pear to l)e iibitiuitous.
Pi-rhaps Captain White, in a later issue of 77/c /•.;;///. will itubli>h
another articl(\ stating some of his proof in support ol tluse liiicU.
I will admit that there are vt'ry few birds that ha\-e no j^ood
points ; even the nnuh-liati'd Raven has many, but so far 1 have

jaS Correspondence. [ist^"oci

not been able to find much — practically nothing — in support of
the Cormorants in any of my peregrinations, and the few articles
I have read, by authors making an attempt to support them,
have been quite inadequate ; consequently, I am very sceptical
with regard to their theory — in fact, I consider it all a fallacy. —
Yours, &c., THOS. P. AUSTIN.

Cobbora (N.S.W.), i3/7/i9-

Reviews.

[" The Birds of Australia " By Gregory M. Mathews, F.R.S.E.]

Ix spite of the many difficulties of pubhcation during war time,
and the great increase of costs of all kinds, the parts of this great
work continued to appear with commendable frequency. With
the end of the war, and the removal of the risk of further loss,
the recently-published parts have come to hand. Vol. vi. has
been completed, the lost part (No. 3) being generously supphed
by publisher and author. Four parts of vol. vii. are also to hand.

The work maintains well its high standard. The death of the
famous bird artist, Keulemans, has proved a heavy blow. Some
of the later plates, including that of the Great Brown or Laughing
Kingfisher, so well known to Australians, arc not up to the
excellent standard usually achieved. Printers and publishers
continue to do their share ^\■eH. The author develops his par-
ticular section — the research into literature and the tracing of
specimens and early descriptions — with admirable thoroughness.
Masses of material and reference otherwise not available to
Australian workers are here heaped up lavishly for the benefit
of scientists of the future. Mr. Mathews's fine work in this con-
nection is generally appreciated here, though one or two in-
dividuals may say, " Give us more of the bird and less of the
controversial literature." But knowledge of the bird can,
fortunately, be readily added in Austraha, while knowledge of the
literature is not hkely to be so added. It is hoped, therefore,
that Mr. Mathews will continue to pursue his painstaking and
candid investigations and criticisms of all disputed points, and
record them, so that those less fortunately situated can have the
benefit of his mature experience and full knowledge in this realm,
where Mr. Mathews is admitted to be one of tlie leading authorities
of the day.

The fine generic divisions previously alluded to continue the
rule. Of the 37 genera treated in these four parts of vol. vii.,
31 (over 80 per cent.) have one species each, and 5 have two
species ; the remaining genus {Lamprococcyx) contains four of the
Bronze-Cuckoos. A genus with four species is a imique feature
in the classification ol' liirds ,'/ hi .Mathews. The fine splitting has
l)een extended u])\v;ii(l^. Tlie birds of the hrogmouth, Roller,
Kingfisher, Bee-eater, Nightjar, and Swift famihes were all
included in the " 1913 List " by Mr. Mathews in the order

Vol. XIX.

1919

Reviews. Ij^g

CoKaciifonitcs : now, without cNplanatioii or (Icfmition, carh of
those famihos is phuH'd as a >ri)aratr order.

Sub-species are still being created in a wholesale la^hlon, " strict
recognition of geographical range " being counselled. Does this
mean that the scientist may not at times be able to name the
sub-species in a hand S]iecinu'n without tln' help of the locality
label ?

Australians are pleased to hear that then' are now good prospects
that Mr. Mathews will com])lete his great work. We wish him
continued success.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE OOLOGY.
The late Prof. Alfred Newton once, writing to an Australian,
stated that " it cannot be denied that in certain respects oology
has disappointed some of its votaries, but the same may be said
of many other branches of study which were at one time thought
to promise remarkable results, and I consider that this is no valid
reason for the abandonment of oological investigation."

However, a Museum of Comparative Oology has been founded
at Santa Barbara, California, and has set itself the task of
accumulating the phylogenetic evidence offered by the eggs of
the birds of the world. Its ambitions in this direction are
boundless. The promoters are very confident. They claim
" that there are great truths to learn, laws to be pointed out, in
the humble realm of oology," and the museum " was founded in
the belief that laws so discovered would throw a flood of light
upon the trend of Life itself, and that the egg from which all life
comes, if properly interrogated, will tell us something of Life's
whence and, mayhap, of Life's whither. At any rate, there is not
in the entire realm of the bird- world a structure more significant,
nor a record more eloquent, than that furnished by the painted
oval which forms at once the fragile cradle and the enduring
monument of the race."

A charter was issued on the 27th January, igi(), by the State
of California to a board of trustees, fifteen in number, as a self-
governing body pledged to the maintenance of the Santa Barbara
institution, whose every resource is dedicated to the cause of
ornithological science, and in particular " to the exploitation of
that knowledge which may be acquired through a study of birds'

Although the institution has been in existence for over four
years, and has made good progress. The Journal of the Museiini of
Comparative Oology (a double number) has only recently (26/3/i())
been published ; thereafter it is intended to be a quarterly issue.
From the original number may be gathered the history and scope
of the M.C.O., with photographic evidence of " the Museum "
itself (temporary quarters), " Main Building, Showing 3-Unit
Cases," " The Annex Giant Cases, 7-Unit (Cubic Yards), c\:c.,"
" Tricoloured Redwing Series of Eggs," " Drawer Showing Eggs

150 Reviews. [..f"^".!.

of 30 Living Orders," " Ont' of the Duck Drawers," showing 24
clutches in their down. Then tlierc are groups of " Well-collected
Nests," and wliat not to do - " An Overcrowded Arrangement,"
&c.

As at present constituted, the institution has a " Board of
Visitors," among which are two hon. meml:)ers of the R.A.O.U. —
namely. Prof. Robt. Ridgway and Dr. Robt. \V. Shufeldt. There
are also " Fellows," " Patrons," " Members " (a subscription of
five dollars a year), " Patron Collectors," " Field Members,"
" Exchange Collectors," " Corresponding Members," and
" Authorized Collectors." The president is Mr. Joel R. Filhian,
and the secretary ]\Ir. Wm. Leon Dawson, at present engaged on
" The Birds of California," and who has been " an incorrigible
collector of birds' eggs " for 35 years and has never missed a
season ! A good recommendation for field work, not to mention
health. For the rest of the contents of a breezy journal on
nature study one must refer to its pages for " Our Present Equip-
ment," " Museum Functions," " How to Collect and Preserve
Birds' Nests," " To the Scientific Collector of Birds' Eggs," &c.
L^pon request a free copy of the first issue will be mailed to any
person interested in the M.C.O. who has not received one.
Additional copies are 25 cents each.

As an encouragement for others " to do likewise," it may be
noted that our enthusiastic member, Mr. Rowland H. Archer,
in 1917 presented the M.C.O. with 42 sets of Austrahan eggs.
Again last year, he sent 43 sets — fourteen with nests. This lot
contained " a prized egg of the Lyre-Bird (Menjira)."

["In Australian Wilds: the Gleanings of a Naturalist." By Charles
Barrett, C.M.Z.S., author of "From Range to Sea," "The Wide Horizon,"
and "The Isle of Palms." With illustrations from photographs by the
author. Melbourne Publishing Co. 19 19. 6s.]

" It is a book to read and keep for company's sake, in the same
sense that a picture is so often aptlv described as ' good to live
with.' " Thus Mr. Donald Macdonald concludes his introduction
to this volume, and the estimate is sound. There is little need
to introduce ^Ir. Barrett to that growing body of the Australian
public which cares for natural things in their proper settings.
least of all to ornithologists, for his work as a patient observer,
a keen photographer, and a telling writer is already well known.
" In Australian Wilds " reflects the author at his best. The
chapter headings will indicate its width of range : " The Bush
Hut," " Cjippsland Wilds," " Sea-Birds' Haunts," " The Mallee
Country," " Through the Big Swamps," " Eyre Peninsula,','
" Where tlie Pi-lican Builds," " Across the Plains," " Among tlie
Palms," " Coral Isles." More than 100 photographs have been
reproduced to illustrate the attractively written narrative. It
would be safe to predict a ready sale for tliis excellently-
produced addition to tlie list of works on nature in Australia.

• ^'^-n From MiijiazUies,

151

From Magazines, &c.

riic " Kcport (.r thr l>!(i\;il (■(.miiu^ioii on \'icl(iriaii l'Klirri(>"
makes good and iiistnu-tiw reading. Tlu- following K.A.O.l'.
members gave evidenee before tlie Commission, narncK- : Messrs.
A. W. Alexander, M.A., Dudley Le Souef, C.M.Z.S., A. H. E.
Mattingley, C.^I.Z.S., and Lient.-Col. Semmens, while Mr. R. H.
Croll, Assistant Editor of The Emu, was thanked by the Com-
missioners for " his earnest and skilful attention to tlie duties of
the Commission " as secretary.

Naturally, the subject of " Cormorants " was dealt with, and
opinions of such observers as Mr. Donald Macdonald (the Argus)
and Mr. H. L. White, of Belltrces, were quoted ; but Mr. F. Esling
puts the case in the proverbial " nut-shell." He says (page 16) : —
" The natural increase of fish in the rivers is absolutely inadequate
to keep up the supply, even for food purposes — that is to say,
as settlement advances the rivers automaticall}^ become depleted.
That has been found in America from time to time, and it has
been the experience generally throughout the world. We have
found it here also."

Appendix W., on " The Cormorant and its Diet," for interest,
is worth reprinting : —

" 'Six. P. A. Taverner, one of tlie best known Canadian ornitliologists
and biologists (says Fishing Gazette^ has been investigating the habits
of tlie Cormorants of the estuary of tlie Gaspe River. At Perce ]\Ir.
Taverner found that the Cormorants nested only on the top of Perce
Rock, and he places the number breeding there at about 1,300. At
Gaspe Basin he foimd two colonies of 180 and 540 respectively.
Throughout the day all the Cormorants which are not incubating or
brooding young are found on the estuaries of the rivers, and their
feeding-grounds are the wide tidal areas which are just awash at low
tide, and covered by 2 or 3 feet of water at high tide. The food of
the Cormorant consists practically entirely of fish, and Mr. Taverner
found that one of these birds requires about 3 lbs. of fish per day.
He says : — ' Assuming two full meals per day per individual would
give for the Gaspe Basin 600 lbs. of fish per day consumed by Cor-
morants, or 45 tons per season. Should the Cormorants of Gaspe
turn their attention to fish of economic importance their possibilitv
of damage would be considerable.'

" Mr. Taverner does not suggest that the Cormorants should be
exterminated. As our contemporary, the Canadian Fisherman, says : —
' The fact of the matter is that the inter-relations of the various forms
of wild life are so complicated, so inextricably interwoven, that the
general public has no idea of them, and it often taxes the knowledge
and trained powers of observation of the biological expert to unravel
them. A species may seem to be useless or even harmful to man,
but if it is exterminated, or much reduced in numbers, we find, some-
times too late, that it had a definite function in the economy of
Nature, and that it kept in check some other species more injurious
than itself. Thus, the birds of prey, and some mammals, such as
foxes and weasels, are usually regarded as " vermin " — as forms of
life to be eliminated as far as possible. Yet, when this was done.

I<2 From Magazines, S^c. [isf'olt

as it was done in parts of Scotland and in parts of Austria, a " vole
plague " — that is, a tremendous increase in the numbers of meadow
mice — occurred. To such an extent did these little rodents increase
that the crops of whole districts were entirely destroyed. Further,
the effect upon the game birds, in whose interests the killing of vermin
was undertaken, was not what was expected. Instead of increasing
in numbers, the game birds became a prey to disease, for the reason
that the diseased and weakly individuals were no longer eliminated
bv predaceous birds and mammals, and thus spread disease far and
wide. The balance of Nature is in reality a very tine one, and when
man interferes with it the results usually recoil upon his own head.' "

Welcome Home Dinner to A.I.F. Members of
R.A.O.U.

The Peace Dinner of the R.A.O.U., with its welcome to twelve
members returned from service abroad with the A.T.F., was an
unqualified success.

Apologies for non-attendance were received from Sir Baldwin
Spencer, Col. H. W. Bryant, and Messrs. T. Dunbabin, W. Laid-
law, H. B. Hall, A. W. Milligan, H. Angwin, F. Keep, W. J. O'Neill,
and H. G. Liscombe.

Each of the soldiers spoke in response to a toast, and an inter-
esting evening, marking a memorable occasion in the history of
the R.A.O.U., was spent. The Vice-President (Dr. J. A. Leach)
occupied the chair. Reports of the soldiers' replies are rather
incomplete.

The toasts honoured were : —

1. " The King."

2. " Our Fallen Comrades," proposed by Mr. A. J. Campbell,
associated with the names of the nine members who liad made
the supreme sacrifice.

3. " The Navy," proposed by Mr. A. H. E. MattinglcN' and
responded to by Commodore Cochrane.

4. " The x\rmy (Permanent Forces)," proposed by Mr. J. A.
Ross and responded to by Surgeon-General Sir Chas. Ryan, Col.
(Dr.) G. Hornc, and Major (Dr.) W. Macgillivray : 5. " The Army
Medical (Voluntary)," responded to by Capt. G. Finlay, Sergeant
Chas. Barrett, and Private L. G. Chandler ; 6. " The Army
(Scientific)," proposed by Mr. J. A. Kershaw and responded to by
Major H. \V. Wilson : 7. " The Army (Field Forces)," proposed by
Mr. A. C. Stone and responded to by Capt. G. Anderson, Warrant-
Oiificer M. A. Sullivan, Privates H. B. Slaney and W. M'Lennan ;
8. " Women and the War," proposed l)y Dr. Brooke Nicholls,
associated with the name of Nurse Bowie, and responded to by
her uncle (Col. G. Home) : and (q) " Our Host," proposed by
Mr. Z. Gray and responded to by Mr. C. E. Wilson.

To Mr. A. J. Campbell was entrusted the solemn and subUme
toast — "In memory of the 'deathless' dead." Tlie Great War
to tliem liad been mrrcl\- an " intrrruption." Tliey arc yonder :

Vol. XIX. -I W't/rnnir llnmc Diinur In A.I.h'. Mcnihn's. JcJQ

1919 J ^^

wc arc lui-c. Or. as om- sinipK' and -^NiiipatlK'ticallx- said of luT
latluT hen.

■■ I caiiiiol say, 1 will not say,

("hat he is dead — he is just away ;
Think of him still as the same, and say,
lie is not (lead — lie is just away."

'V\\v company stood in rcvrriMici' wiiilc the lollowini; names of
departed members were announct'd alphabetically : - R. H.
Eltis, 1). 11 l''r\-, R. Hutchinson, A. M'Ken/ie Kirkwood, G. P.
M'Kay, Maurice C. Thompson, H. Thonemann, General Sir \\.
Williams, and (r. A. \'oun^^

Sir Charles R\an, who feelinf^ly returned thanks, lias had a unique
and remarkable career. He was the oldest Surgeon-Cieneral in
the field of the A.I.F. — probably in the whole of the Imperial
Army. Sir Charles first saw service in the Russo-Turkish \\'ar
(1877), in which he was a surgeon with the rank of major, and
was through the strenuous times of the siege of Plevna. He told
many truths which are " stranger than any fiction." He was at
the awful but famous first landing, at dawn on the 25th April,
1915, at GalHpoli, with the AustraUans, and went through many
bloody days and nights of experience there, succouring the
wounded. During an armistice, at which 5,000 Turks were
l>uried (he took many gruesome photographs of the field), Sir
Charles strolled into " No Man's Land." Here an enemy offi.cer
detected the Australian surgeon wearing a Turkish decoration,
and asked " Why ? " When it was ascertained that the wearer
was " Plevna Ryan " the Turkish officer (who was personally not
very clean at the time) warmly embraced Sir Charles, and ordered
the company of Turks to file past and salute Sir Charles. Sir
Charles related several other interesting incidents which would
lose poignancy if seen merely in cold type, but to be appreciated
must be heard in breezy fashion from the Surgeon-General's own
lips, as he only can tell the stories. Some of " the boys " became
very homesick, and invented any excuse in order to return. Sir
Charles had to examine 47 such. Seven were rejected as " unfit,"
and rejoiced accordingly, in marked contrast to the high-heaped
abuse upon the good surgeon's pate of the 40 wlio had to return
to duty.

Mr. (Sergeant) Charles Barrett said that lie had served witli
the Australian Camel Field Ambulance in Egypt and Palestine.
He was put out of action by malaria, and subsequently was
appointed editor of the official journal and news bulletin of the
A.I.F. and New Z(\aland I'orces in Egypt, Palestine, and Meso-
potamia. He had seen much of the country. Bird-Ufe was
abundant in many localities. Wagtails — the white and the
yellow species — Blue-throated \\'arblers, and other small birds
w(>re visitors to his '' bivvy " in Palestine. Crested Larks, Wheat-
ears, Hawks, Egyptian Vultures, &c., were noted further afield.
In spring the Larks were singing everywhere. Before embarking
for Australia he was granted leave for several weeks, and made
a trip through the Nile Valley to the borders of Nubia. Later on

I<f Welcome Home Dinner to A.I.F. Members. [,.''"0-

lie hoped to contribute to The Emu some notes on the birds
observed while on active service.

Mr. Harrj- B. Slaney said : — " Having listened to the anecdotes
and remarks of the previous distinguished speakers, the necessity
for a speech on my part makes me plead conscientious objections."

Major H. W. Wilson, O.B.E., M.C., who responded on behalf of
scientists at the war, said, like many other scientific men with no
previous military experience, he enhsted as a private in March,
1915, and sailed in July as a corporal. While crossing the Indian
Ocean he was made a sergeant ; but on joining up with his unit,
the 6th Battahon, at Lemnos, became a full private. A few days
later he became a lance-corporal. At Anzac he was a corporal.
After the evacuation his unit went into the desert on the Suez
Canal defence line. A few weeks later he was transferred to the
58th Battahon in the newly-formed 5th Australian Division as
platoon sergeant. The training and endurance of the men were
severely tested in the march from Tel-el-Kebir to Ferry Post, but
Sergeant Wilson and his men came through the ordeal well. His
unit again went into the desert to man the canal defences. Bird-
life was very scarce, but what plant-life endured was exceedingh-
interesting. Spiders, lizards, and insects (especially beetles)
were numerous, and wonderfullv adapted to their desert life.
In June, 1916, his unit was ordered to France. A few days after
arriving in France he was chosen, on account of his technical
knowledge, for the Second Arm}^ Gas School, to learn the prin-
ciples and practice of gas warfare. A few weeks later he received
his commission, and was made Gas Officer of the 5th Australian
Division. In 1916, when the onh" protection from gas was the
P.H. helmet, the work of a gas officer was light : but when the con-
centrations of gas sent over began to be too strong for the helmet
to give protection, and the small box-respirator was introduced,
the work of gas officers became much more arduous and important.
When Corps Chemical Advisers were established, at the beginning
of 1917, Lieut. Wilson was appointed Chemical Adviser of the
ist Anzac Corps (Australian Corps), and later in the year was
promoted Captain. In June, 1918, when General Sir W. R.
Birdwood took charge of the Fifth Army, Capt. \\'ilson was
appointed Chemical Adviser on Fifth Army Headquarters Staff,
and promoted to the rank of INIajor. After the armistice Major
^^'ilson organized an agricultural chemistry school in the Institute
of Chemistry, Lille, and assisted in organizing another at Roubaix.
He acted as Commandant of the A.I.F. party at a teachers' con-
ference for oversea soldier teachers, held in London under the
auspices of the League of Empire in February, and shortly after
i-mbarked for Australia. He was mentioned in despatches for
work with the Fifth Division on the Somme in 1916-17 ; was
awarded the Military Cross, 3rd June, 1918, for work with the
Australian Corps on the Somme and at Passchendaele ; awarded
the O.B.E. (mihtary division), 3rd June, 1919, for work on the
Somme with Australian Corps and the Fifth Army.

^"'n^)'^ ] Monthly ConveYsaziones. 155

Monthly Conversaziones of R.A.O.U.

Tin; April .onvris.i/ioiir ..I the K.A.O.f. \v;is lidd on \\■r(llu•^(la\•.
/,r(l, and a .l;(iii(1 attendance of nn'nii)ri-s was ])resid('(l over l)y
Dr. (\ Sntton. Ai)olo,L;irs \wvv wcvWvd from Messrs. I'"inlay,
Anderson, and Ti'ei^ellas. Idie subject set down for the evening's
discussion was " W'ater-I-^irds," and was introduced by Mr.
W. H. I). I.e Souc'f, witli a series of most interesting lantern slides.
Mr. I.c Souef spoke about the various pictures screened, and gave
many interesting facts cuHed from numerous ornithological
expeditions. lie indicatt'd the.\-arious methods employed by
Ducks in getting their \-oimg from tri'i'-si)outs to the water, and
from one pond to another. Mr. A. M. Sullivan stated that he
once witntssed the method employed by an old Black Duck to
get her young down from a tree-spout to the creek. The spout
was immediately over the water, and the Duck alighted beneath
it and proceeded to quack very loudly. In a short time the young
ones appeared at the spout entrance and launched forth into
space. All succeeded in reaching the water without serious
mishaj).

Mr. J. A. Ross communicated a splendid paper by Mr. C. Cole
upon the feeding habits of Cormorants that was particularly
acceptable in view of the recent prominence given to the subject
in the daily papers. Mr. Cole gave the results of the examination
of 25 specimens of three species of Cormorants collected over a
wide area in the Wangaratta district. These Cormorants were
procured at different hours of the day and in varying seasons.
The results of his work to date convinced him that the Cormorant
had his special niche to fill in the scale of nature.

Mr. Mattingley outhned the arguments for and against Cor-
morants which had cropped up in the recent public discussion,
and deplored the fact that the Department of Game and Fisheries
was distributing cartridges for the destruction of Cormorants.
He stated that in times of war or stress a nation calls upon its
leading experts in the various l)ranches of activity to advise and
guide it to peace and prosperity. In the same way the Govern-
ment of the day should get the advice of the Empire's experts
before launching on a campaign of slaughter. He quoted the
opinions of the leading naturalists, ichthyologists, and other
scientific men, testifying that the Cormorant had its place to fill,
and far more harm than good would accrue from its destruction.

Capt. Cochrane, of the Navy Department, was heartily con-
gratulated upon his promotion to the rank of Commander.

A fine series of eggs of aquatic birds was tabled from the
Union's collection.

The May conversazione of the R.A.O.U. was held in the Bird
Room at the National Museum on the 7th of the month, and there
was a good attendance of luembers. The evcMiing was spent in
examining and discussing the \-er\- line series of Mahiri contained

1^6 Monthly Conversaziones. [,.f"oct

in the H. T.. W'liite Collection. Tlic Mnseum Curator, Mr. J. A.
Kershaw, was congratulated ui)on liaving arranged the speci-
mens in such an interesting manner, enabling one to see at a
glance the dominant species and the various sub-species
associated with them. It was, without doubt, the finest display
of Mciliiri that has ever been seen in this State.

Mr. ]\Iathews's division of the Tasmanian Blue Wren into
northern and southern sub-specific races was much criticised by
members, and all agreed that from an examination of the large
series of skins, from both ends of the island, such a splitting-up
was certainly not warranted. It was hoped that the Check-list
Committee would only recognize one bird as inhabiting the island.

Another matter that aroused a good deal of discussion was the
splitting up of the genus Malurits into several separate genera.
Most members condemned this, and considered that, perhaps
with the exception of the beautiful M. coronatiis, there was
sufificient similarit}- between all the Maluri to enable them to be
most conveniently grouped under the one genus.

There was also exhibited a number of recent additions to the
H. L. White Collection, upon which Mr. A. J. Campbell made
some interesting observations. It may not be generally known
that ever since Mr. White presented his wonderful collection of
Australian birds to the National ^luseum he has been adding to
it, and Mr. Kershaw informed members that it had been necessary
to provide a large new cabinet to house the recent additions.
The expense connected with providing the cabinet was being
generously borne by the donor of the collection.

A couple of designs for the R.A.O.U. honour board were exhibited
and some discussion took place as to what was the most desirable
form such a board should take.

The meeting then terminated, one and all going home feeling
that their examination of the beautiful Wren-Warblers had greatly
improved their knowledge of these most fascinating birds.

On 2nd July the usual monthly conversazione of the Union
was held at their room in Temple Court. The subject of the
evening was " Plovers." Mr. A. J. Ross read a most interesting
paper on these birds. Mr. A. J. Campbell stated that foxes were
largely helping to destroy these interesting and most useful birds.
Mr. M'Lennan mentioned that on one occasion in the Northern
Territory he saw a pair of Southern Stone-Plovers spreading their
wings and dancing one round the other. He found the Masked
Plover nesting in the King River district, and that its habits
were similar to those of the Spur- wing. It was quieter and less
vicious in defence of its young. It usually laid its eggs within
a few feet of the edge of a swamp. Mr. Campbell noticed that
in the eggs of this class of birds one was usually sharper and longer
than the other. It was stated by poultry dealers that the longer
eggs usually produced cockerels. Dr. Macgillivray stated that
he often noticed that the Spur-wing Plover was more shy than

Muuthlv Cotiversuziunes.

157

the Maskftl. Mr. M'Lninan stated that when the flocks of Grey
Plovers reached Australia in tlieir migration they were not mixed
with other birds, but tliat when flocking up on the northern coast,
on their return journey, they wi-ri' mixt'd uj) witli many other
migratory species. Wv often notictd tliat hundreds of these
birds would with one accord rise up into tlie air, and, after
circling round for a time, settle again. Mr. F. E. Wilson stated
that he liad found the nest of tlie Spur- wing Plover close to that
of a \\'hite-heade(l Stilt, apparently in perfect agreement. Mr.
Stone mentioned tiiat the aboriginals in the Malice district, near
Boort, stated that the reason why their native name of " Whee-la "
was given them was because a long time ago an Eagle took an
infant away from its mother, and her cries of distress — " Whee-la "
— were imitated by the Plovers, and they have uttered that note
ever since. Mr. Mattingley stated liow he had seen a parent
Spur-wing Plover with its young chicks. A dingo had scented
them, and slowly came towards them ; but the parent l)ird kept
just out of reach of the dingo. He tried again and again to catch
it by springing at it, but without success. When the Plover had
led the dingo far away from her treasures she flew away. Mr.
J. L. Menzies had also noticed the same thing with these birds.

Mr. D. Le Souef showed some lantern views of Southern Stone
and Spur-wing Plovers, both of adult and young, as well as nests,
showing how they keep their heads flat on the ground when
sitting on the nest or seeking to escape observation, and also how
wonderfully the young resemble the ground on which they croucli.
He also stated that he had seen the Spur-wing Plover prevent a
sheep and also a cow from walking over its eggs by persistently
flapping its wings in the animal's face and so making it alter its
course.

The chairman. Dr. MacGillivray, just returned from active ser-
vice abroad, made some interesting observations regarding the
habits of these birds, especially in North Queensland.

A hearty vote of thanks was passed to Surgeon-General Sir
Charles S. Ryan for his gift to the Union of some well-mounted
specimens of the Little Eagle, White Goshawk, Sacred Kingfisher
(with nest and eggs), and the Reed- Warbler (with nest and eggs).

A conversazione of the Union was held on the first Wednesday
in August, as usual, at 2 Temple Court, Melbourne. The subject
was " Herons." An interesting paper on the subject, by Mr.
H. W. Ford, was read, and a discussion followed. Mr. Le Souef
showed about 30 interesting lantern slides of these birds, including
the Jabiru, Native Companion, Herons, Ibis, &c., and also illus-
trated their nesting and young. Mr. Stone read some interesting
notes on the hal)its of these liirds from his catalogue of birds' eggs.
A note was read from Mr. A. J. Campl)ell, asking tliat, should
any member find any Cuckoos' eggs this season, to leave them,
and by so doing identify the parents.

I<8 Additions fo the Library. [^

Emu

Oct.

Additions to the Library.

By Chas. Bakkett, C.M.Z.S., Hon. Librarian'.
Books, &c.
" A Book-Lover's Holidays in the Open," l)y Tlicodore Roosevelt.
John Murray, London.
Tlie late Theodore Roosevelt was not only a big game hunter
— he was a lover of wild nature ; and no man in public life has
done more for its preservation in the United States. On the
initiative of the Audubon Society, the National Government,
when ^Ir. Roosevelt was President, began the great work of
creating and policing bird refuges. Many sanctuaries were
established, and to-day North America leads the world in bird-
protection. This book reveals the author as an observer rather
than a hunter. The most interesting chapter to an ornithologist
is that describing bird reserves at the mouth of the Mississippi.
The reservation was set apart by presidential proclamation in
1905, when, of the five chief species (Royal Terns, Caspian Terns,
Cabot's Terns, Laughing Gulls, and Skimmers) there were about
1,000 nests. In 1915, when ]\Ir. Roosevelt visited the sanctuary,
the number of nests was about 35,000. Brown Pelicans and
Louisiana Herons also showed a marked increase ; while the Least
Tern, which had been exterminated or driven away, had rt'turned,
and was breeding in fair numbers.

" Wild Animals of Glacier National Park " : The Mammals, by
Vernon Bailey : The Birds, by Florence Merriam Bailey.
U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service,
Washington.
A guide-book de Ijixe to one of the great reserves in the United
States. It is pleasantly written and well illustrated and printed.
The introductory chapter deals with physiography and life-zones,
and there is a large map. The Glacier National Park " lies in
North-Western Montana, along the main range of the Rocky
Mountains, from the Canadian boundary south to the Great
Northern Railway." The bird and mammal life of the Park are
so rich and varied, it is stated, that each is worthy of a ^•olume
by itself. The bird population includes Grebes, Ducks, Bitterns,
Rails, Coots, Plover, Grouse, Hawks, Owls, Crows, Ravens, Wood-
peckers, Warblers, and so forth. Many species, of course, are
only summer visitants, but there is a number of permanent
residents.

" Birds of the Pliilippine Islands, .Maska, &c.," bv Ricliard (".
M'Gregor.
.\ number of i)aniplilcts (rci)nnls from jdurnals, (S;r.) : ])n'scnted
l)y the aullinr.

"A Practical Handl)ook of British lUrds." edited l)y H. F.
Witherby. Parts 2 and j. Witlierl)\- and Co., London.

Vol- xi>^J Additions to the Lihyary. I5g

" Report on tlic Progress and Condition of thi' United States
National Museum for the Year Ending .jotli June, igi8."
Washington : Government Printing Oiftce.
This report states tliat, by an exchange with tlie Pul)lic Library,

Museum, and Art Gallery of Western Australia, ten s{)ecies and

six genera hitherto unrepresented in the nuiseuni wen- added

to the bird ct)llections.

Reprints of contributions by Harry C. Obi'rholsia- to the Pro-
ccedings of the United States Muscimi : " I'he Races of
the Nicobar Mcgapode," " The l>irds of the Tambelon
Islands," &c., &c.

II. — Periodicals Received ix Exchange.

Australian Xatiinilisl, vol. i\-., part 7.

Auk, vol. xxxvi., part 3.

Avicultural Magazine, vol. x., parts 7 and 8.

British Birds, vol. xii., part 12 : vol. xiu.. i)art i.

Bird Lore, vol. xxi., part 3.

Condor, vol. xxi., part 3.

Proceedings of the Royal Socicly of I'idoria, vol. xxxi., part 2.

Proceedings of the Liiniean Society of Next' South ]Vales, vol. xliv.,

part I.
Revue Francaise d'Ornithologie, Nos. 117, 118, and 120.
Science and Industry, vol. i., parts i and 2.
South Australian Ornithologist, vol. iv., part 3.
Victorian Naturalist, vol. xxxv., parts 10, 11, and 12.

Articles ox Australasiax Birds ix the Periodicals Ixcluded
IX the Above List.

"The History of Birds' Nests," by A. G. Butler, Ph.D. Avi-
cultural Journal, vol. x., part 7, p. 119.
The nest of Grallina picata is mentioned by Dr. Butler, and his
article is illustrated with a fine photograph (by Messrs. R. T.
Littlejohns and S. A. Lawrence, both members of the R.A.O.U.)
of a White-browed \\'(;od-Swallow at its nest.

"Notes from the l.ake l-rome District (S.A.)," bv ]. Neil M'(;ilp,
J. P., R..\.().r. South Australian Ornithologist, vol. iv.,
part 3, p. 70.
An interesting list of the liirds observed on Moolawatana Station

from March, 1918, to March, i()ic). Of the 136 native species

noted, 70 are known to breed in the district.

" Regent Honey-eaters : Visit to tlu' Adi'laide Plains," by

J. W. Mellor, R.. V.O.I'. South Australian Ornithologist,

vol. iv., part 3, p. 74.

Dm-ing the latter part of .\pril and early in May, kjK), Regent

Honey-eaters appeared in numbers on Mr. Mellor's estate in the

Lockleys district, South Australia. They appeared suddenly and

l6o Additions to the Library. [,.t^"oci.

quickty disappeared, and were evidently " migrating rapidly, most
likely forced on their journey by the exceptionally dry season
experienced in the State."

" On the Destruction of Mutton-Birds and Penguins at Phillip

Island," by Joseph Gabriel. \'ictorian Naturalist, vol.

XXXV., part 12.

Foxes, Mr. Gabriel states, are rapidly increasing in numbers on

Phillip Island (Vic), and are a great menace to tlie sea-birds

breeding there. In October, 1918, for instance, hundreds of

Mutton-Birds were seen lying dead outside their burrows. The

foxes catch the birds as they go out in the morning. Local

residents fear that the time will come when Petrels and Penguins

will cease to exist so far as the island is concerned.

R.A.O.U. Annual Session.

As this issue was going to press, the Annual Session of tlie Union
was being held in Brisbane. It extended from 24th September to
27th September, and was to be followed by an excursion to the
Bunya Mountains lasting ten days. A report of the proceedings
will appear in the January number of The Emu.

WANTED, FLEAS FROM BIRDS' NESTS. For particulars
apply Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, Arundel House,
Kensington Palace Gardens, W. 8, London, England.

The Emu, Vol. XIX

PLATE XXXI

V^^i. /

m^^^-

BOWER OR STRIPED-BREASTED SHRIKE-THRUSH

{Colluricinda bower i).

Official Organ of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union.

Birds of a featt)er/

Vol. XIX.] isx JANUARY, 1920; [Part 3.

Bower or Striped'breasted Shrike^Thrush (CoIIuri'
cincia boweri, Ramsay).
By a. J. Campbell, C.M.B.O.U.
Two species of Shrike-Thrushes on the Offixial " Check-Hst " do
not yet appear to have been figured — the Bower and the smaller
Rufous-breasted (C. riifigaster, Gould). Both are dark-coloured
and brownish, but the larger has the breast more striped. The
larger also has the more restricted range in Norch Queensland,
being confined chiefly to the scrub-clad coastal mountains from
the Herberton River district up to the Cairns district, where the
original specimens were procured by the late Mr. Bowyer-Bower,
December, 1884.*

Interesting field and nesting notes on this fine and distinctive
Shrike-Thrush are given in the Appendix, " Special Catalogue,
No. I," Australian Museum (North's " Nests and Eggs," iv.,
p. 416), and more recently a field note by Messrs. Campbell and
Barnard appears in The Emu, xvii., p. 29.

The sexes of the Bower Shrike-Thrush are alike in coloration.
Total length, about 8 inches, with a wing 4 inches.

The specimen figured is an exhibit in the National Museum,
Melbourne.

The Small-billed Tit-Warbler (Acanthiza morgani).

By a. J. Campbell, C.M.B.O.U., Melbourne.
TiiKorGH the generosity of subscribers to the " Coloured h'igure
Inmd," headi'd by Mr. H. L. White, the Council continues to
furnish plates of hitherto unfigured birds.

The plate in the last part {ante, p. 81, pi. xix.) portrays the
Short-billed Tit-Warl:)ler {Acanthiza niorgani) {tenuirostris) (No.
506, " Official Check-list.") Capt. S. A. White, in naming the
plate and writing the note connected therewith, considers the
species to be the Geobasileus hedleyi rosince of Mathews.

Acanthiza morgani on recent lists has confusingly appeared
under different names (both generic and specific) — from Western
Australia as ,1. iredalei (Mathews, "List of the Birds of Aus-
tralia," 1913, p. 217) ; from South Australia a.?,' Geobasileus hedleyi
(but without ornithological description — practically a " nude
name "), with its supposed sub-species rosina — also without tech-

* Proc. Linu. Soc. N.S.W., vol x., p. 244 (1885).

11

l62 Campbell, The Small-billed Til-Warbler. [„f'jan.

nical description : * and from the Mallee district, Victoria, as A.
winiamida, F. E. Wilson {Emu, xvi., p. 169).

The birds (o and $), viewed left and right, in the plate referred
to, were thoughtfully sent to the Union by its member, Mr. F. E.
Parsons, of Adelaide, and were mounted by Mr. J. E. Chubb,
of the National Museum, where the specimens will remain. In
addition to Capt. White's valuable field observations on the
species, Mr. Parsons' own observations appear in the South
Australian Ornithologist, iv., p. 51. The type of A. winiamida
is also in the National Museum, while the " H. L. White Col-
lection " contains good material of the species from W'estern
Australia, which, seemingly, is there the lighter-coloured race.f

Should the genus Geobasileus be retained for the species, the
original specific name, tenuirostris, Zietz {Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A.,
xxiv., p. 112), would remain, as there is no " pre-occupation " as
under Acanthiza, which Mr. Mathews has pointed out {Bull.
B.O.C., xxvii., p. 97). Capt. White could possibly cHnch this
subject by examining the types (two) in the South Australian
Museum, which, according to Mr. A. Zietz, were collected by
R. M. Hawker at Leigh's Creek, August, 1895. However, if the
types be not available, the late Mr. A. J. North has re-described
them in the " Special Catalogue No. i (Nests and Eggs, vol. i.,
p. 281) " of the Australian Museum, Sydney.

W^hile on the subject of coloured plates, I may refer to another
Acanthiza figured for the first time {Emu, vol. xvi., pi. ^^), which
Capt. White has described (p. 158) and named ^4. mariancc.

Mr. F. E. Howe, in the same volume (p. 175, footnote) draws
attention to the species as possibly being A. robustirostris,
Milligan, Emu, iii., p. 71. Reference to the material in the
" H. L. W^hite Collection " proves that there are good grounds for
Mr. Howe's suspicions, because specimens respectively of mariance
from Everard Ranges, S.A., and robustirostris from the Mur-
chison, W.A., appear to be identical, and therefore the former
is not " most closely allied," as Capt. Wliite suggests, to a variety
of A. uropygialis (Gould), but is distinctly another species, and,
according to MatheM'S, another genus — Milligania.

Notes on Sea^Birds.

By M.\jor (Dr.) W. Macgillivkay, late President R.A.O.U.
These notes arc the result of observations made daily on my
way to England on a troopship in 1917, and on my return to Aus-
tralia in 1919. Those of most interest to Australians deal with
the Petrels and Albatrosses seen on the return voyage, between

* Same " List," p. 219.

f Under the name A. tenuirostris, Mr. S. W. Jackson has described from
the Belltrees collection the nest and eggs from Western Australia. One
significant fact in connection with the former is that it "was found suspended
from the topmost twigs of a low samphire bush." ( Vide Emu, ix., p. 136.) By
the way, Samphire or Swamp Tit-Warbler would be a distinctive vernacular
name for the species.

VoK XI X.J Macgillivkav, Noles on Seu-DinU. 1 63

Cape Colony and Mell)ournc', our course following as nearly as
possible the 4otli parallel of south latitude. Any descriptions given
were taken down on the spot from actual observation, and, as
many of the birds were seen daily, close to the stern of the vessel,
almost every detail was observable with the naked eye or with
binoculars.

The Prions I have not attempted to differentiate, as, though
they were constantly with us and in great numbers, but rarely
did they come very near, and the rapidity of their flight was such
that it was a matter of impossibility to make out details of
plumage or structure. I was never able to distinguish the Blue
Prion {Halobcena ccerulea) from the others. The Black Petrels
also could only be guessed at, as they rarely came near enough
to make out more than their sizes by comparison with known
species in the air at the same time, such as the Brown Petrel
{Priofinus cinereus) or the Cape Petrel {Petrella capensis).

Very different, however, is the case with regard to the Flat-
billed Albatross {Thalassogeron chrysostoma culminata). It seems
to me that the Australian specimens of this bird have their
breeding-place somewhere in the vicinity of St. Paul's or Amster-
dam Islands.

Again, with respect to the Sooty Albatrosses, I think that my
observations tend to show that the light-mantled birds {Pha'betria
palpebrata) found near the Western Australian coast and in the
Great Australian Bight are ranging from a breeding-place on
Kerguelen, St. Paul's, or Amsterdam Islands. Phccbetria fuscci
(the dark bird), it will be seen, was equally common on the way
across, but more so still in the Bight, and may have a more
southern breeding-place.

The Shy Albatross {Diomcdeu caiita) is included with tlie
MoUymawks on account of the structural characters of the bill.
I would like to point out that its under wing colour pattern is
that of the Wandering Albatross {D. exidans), and is quite unlike
that of the three MoUymawks. It has also a self-coloured I)ill ;
in this, however, it resembles the Black-browed Albatross
{Thalassarche melanophrys).

I would also like to indicate a source of confusion in vernacular
naming. The only really yellow-billed bird of the MoUymawks
is the Black-browed Mollymawk [T. melanophrys), the pre-
dominant colour of the bill in the Yellow-nosed Albatross
[Nealbatriis chlororhynchus) being black or dark brow^n.

It has been asserted that Albatrosses range only to a certain
distance from their breeding-grounds. This, possibly, is so, but
their range of flight is very great, and their only and sufficient
resting-place the surface of the sea. These birds I also think have
come to frequent steamship routes, experience having taught them
that food is more easily procurable along the ocean pathways
(especially where these converge to a port) than over the wide
expanse of the ocean.

It will be seen from these notes that the Black-browed Molly-
mawk {Thalassarche melanoplirys), so common round the coast

164 Macgillivrav, Noles on Sea-Bivds. [,s!^"ian

of South Afiica, must have a different breeding-place from that
of the bird which is equally common in the Australian Bight.
The Yellow-billed Mollymawk {Nealbatrus chlororhynchus) breeding
in immense colonies on Tristan d'Acunha, and represented by a
few specimens in Cape waters, is widely separated from the same
species found near Adelaide, as this species was not met with
at any distance from either country. The Australian species
must have an Australasian nesting-place, probably south of
Tasmania or New Zealand.

The Wandering Albatross {Diomedea exulans) was noted in many
stages of plumage ; but my observations, I think, tend to confirm
Mr. Mathews's opinions as to the distribution of this species. I
would like, however, to direct attention to those specimens,
presumably of the Snowy Albatross {D. chionoptera) observed with
the rusty or buff wash on the head and neck, such as is supposed
to characterize Steller's Albatross, an inhabitant of the North
Pacific.

With regard to the frequent assertion that these birds follow
a ship day after day, I could not satisfy myself that this was the
case ; it seemed to me that we picked them up as we went along
from the surrounding waters. Early in the morning very few
only were usually in attendance ; these were added to as the day
wore on, until towards evening a larger number was always
following, and individual birds could often be seen to go off over
the ocean till lost to sight, and others to come in and follow with
the numerous company. There were always more birds at
meal times when scraps of food were being thrown out from the
galleys.

Leaving Melbourne on the transport Benalla, we cleared Port
Phillip Heads on the evening of 12th May, 1917. Very heavy
weather was experienced till the vicinity of Cape Leeuwin was
reached, and bird-observing did not interest me very much. The
Wandering Albatross [D. exulans) was noted, also the Sooty
Albatross {Phcebetria fusca), one of the latter being noted with a
white neck, but more common than any was the Black-
browed Mollymawk (Thalassarche melanophrys). A Storm-Petrel,
probably Oceanites oceanicus exasperatits, was occasionally seen,
and a Prion (sp. ?) Towards the western end of the Bight several
dark Petrels, possibly the long-winged Fulmar or a Shearwater,
were seen, and one specimen of the Yellow-nosed Mollymawk
{Thalassogeron chlororhynchos bassi).

Leaving Fremantle on the 24th May, we steamed in a W.N.W.
direction ; no birds were seen all day. On the following day the
Wilson or Yellow-webbed Storm-Petrel {Oceanites oceanicus
exasperatus) was again noted, and late in the evening a dark
Petrel, which, from the manner of its flight, was possibly a
Shearwater. No birds were seen till 30th May, in lat. 27° S., long.
95° E., when several Petrels about as large as a Shearwater
appeared ; the upper surface of body and wings was dark brown,
under wings lighter brown, and the under surface of body pure
white. Possibly it was the Soft-pkmiaged Petrel {Pterodroma

^"'i'..^o'^"J M.\(-r.TT.r.rvRAV, Nafes an Sea-Birch. 165

mollis). A Prion was also noticed skimming and dipping over
the sea. Tlu' nrarest land to this point was the islands of St.
Paul's and Amsterdam, 1,200 miles away. Two days later, when
1,000 miles from Mauritius, in lat. 24° S., long 75° 'E., another of
the Brown-and-White Petrels was seen.

Mauritius was sighted on the 5th June. Large flocks of a Tern
very like our Brown-winged Tern were fishing over the sea.
No more birds were met with until we were well past Madagascar,
on our way down the coast, when a dark brown or black Petrel
made its appearance ; probably this was the Mascarene variety
of the long-winged Fulmar. Prions began to appear, to be soon
followed by the Wandering and Sooty Albatrosses.

Nearing Durban, on the 13th June, birds were much more
numerous, especially the Black-browed Mollymawk and the
White-chinned Petrel [Procellaria cequinoctialis) , and, in the harbour
itself, were many Gulls of two species — the Southern Black-backed
Gull {Lams dominicns) and the Grey-headed Gull {L. cirr/io-
cephalus).

Leaving Durban five days later, we had a rough trip to the
Cape. Numbers of Prions flew with lightning-like rapidity over
the waves. A Gannet {Siila capensis) was fairly common soon
after leaving, and also many specimens of Sooty and Wandering
Albatrosses, Black-browed Mollymawks, and Cape Hens.

We arrived at Cape Town on 20th June. Near the bay were
Gannets, Cormorants, and Southern Black-backed Gulls, and,
swimming closely together, were many flocks of the Jackass
Penguin [Spheniscus demersiis).

We left Cape Town on the following day, passing the same
birds on our way out over the fishing grounds. Later in the day,
when further out. Cape Hens and Prions began to appear, then a
number of Yellow-webbed Storm-Petrels {(). oceaiiiciis), Black-
browed Albatrosses, and Cape Hens.

On the 22nd only a few birds were about, of two species — Black-
browed Mollymawks and Cape Hens.

By the 23rd the weather was warming. Big, darkly-coloured
specimens of the Wandering Albatross, with light heads, giving
them a bald appearance, and Gannets, were fairly common. \\'e
were now about 150 miles from the coast, and just below the
Tropic of Capriccjrn.

We. arrived at Freetown on the 5th July, not having seen any
birds since the 25th June. In Freetown harbour 'a. species of
Tern was common, and a black (or rather brown) backed Gull,
smaller than the South African bird, and with a much paler
upper surface.

We left Freetown on tlu' 7th July. Many Storm-Petrels
{Oceanites oceanicus) were seen later on the same day. After this
no more birds were seen till Plymouth harbour was reached on
the 19th of the same month.

On my return voyage, probably because we sailed singly and not
in convoy, and because a more southerly course was taken from

1 66 Macgillivrav, Notes on Sea-Birds. [i^fTm

Cape Town to Australia, many more birds were noted. The
weather throughout was also favourable to observation, and I
had made myself better acquainted with the birds likely to be
met with.

I went on board the transport Borda, in the Royal Albert
Docks, on the evening of the gth May, 1919, with the advance
party, and left the Thames early next morning, arriving at
Plymouth about mid-day. A Spotted Flycatcher {Muscicapa
grisola) made itself at home on board, and had a free ride to
Plymouth, and found many flies on board to its liking ; it is much
like our " Jacky Winter " or Brown Flycatcher [Micrceca
fascinans). Two House vSwallows also perched for a time on the
rigging. In the harbour itself were numbers of Gulls, keenly on
the look-out, as usual, for any food thrown overboard, the Herring
Gull and Common Gull being the commonest species.

Having taken all our troops on board, the ship left the harbour
on the I2th May. During the earlier part of the day no birds
w'ere visible ; then a large Petrel {Fubnarus glacialis) appeared, and
later quite a number followed in the wake of the vessel. Bill
w'hitish, head, neck, breast and all under surface white except
wing tip, which was black above and below ; tail and rump white,
back and upper surface of wings silverj^'-grey. A Common
Swallow came to the ship late in the afternoon, and remained
with it till dark.

No more birds were noted till the 15th, when some Petrels,
medium-sized birds, dark grey on upper surface and lighter below,
were noticed at a distance accompanying a school of dolphins ;
they were too far off to identify. A Martin came on board, how-
ever, and remained for some time, also a yehowish land-bird which
looked like a Motacilla. At night on the same date I could see
some bird-forms crossing the lighted path made by the moon
on the sea ; probably these were Petrels, for many of them are
nocturnal in their wanderings.

Early on the morning of the 17th May we passed the Canary
Islands. A few Terns, with reddish-brown upper surface and
white below, except the edges of the wings, which were dark, were
noted here. I also noted a Swift flying leisurely past the ship.

On the 19th May, when on a level with Cape Verde, several
Storm-Petrels {Oceanites oceanicus) were noted. A Gannet, a
dark-plumaged bird, was also seen, probably an immature bird.
Three large Petrels, dark brown all over, with white markings
about the face, also passed us when the nearest land was the
Cape Verde Islands. On the following day one bird was noted —
a Petrel about the size of a Shearwater, of leisurely flight, dark
brown above and light underneath.

No birds were seen during our passage through the tropics till
we reached lat. 14° 50' S., long. 8° 22' E., on the 29th May, when
one Prion was noted. On the 30th May, in lat. 26° i' S., long.
11° 41' E., numbers of Prions were about over the waves, and a
few Black-browed Mollymawks, one Gannet {Siila capensis), one

Vol. xix.-| Maccilt.tvr.w, Notes on Sea-Birds. 167

Brown Petrel {Prio/iniis cincrciis), and one Cape Hen (P. cvqiii-

noctiaiis). ,,••,,

On the 31st May we were ncamng the coast, and birds became
more- numerous. Prions flew over tlie surface of the sea singly
or in small companies, Cape Hens and Gannets increased, many
Black-browed Albatrosses (7'. mclanophrys) following in the wake
of tlic vessel and settling whenever food was thrown out. The
few Wandering Albatrosses were all dark birds, the head bemg
dirty white, all rest of upper surface brownish-grey, under surface
lighter grey except the primaries, which were dark brown or
black; the bill was whitish.

Early on the morning of the 6th June, with Table Mountain
in sight 60 miles away, many Mollymawks {T. vtelanophrys), a
few Wandering Albatrosses {D. exnlans), several Cape Hens, and
numbers of Prions and Gannets were to be seen about the ship,
and one Yellow-webbed Storm-Petrel {Oceanites oceamcus).
Many Cormorants frequented the fishing-grounds at the mouth
of the bay, with numbers of Southern Black-backed Gulls— a
beautiful bird, as large as our Pacific Gull, with head, tail, rump,
and all under surface white, upper surface of wings and back
black bordered with white. There were also two smaller Gulls—
the (irey-headed and Hartlaub's.

During our stay at Cape Town I paid a visit to the local museum,
met Dr. Peringuey, the Curator, and had a look at the bird
collection. A case that interested me greatly was filled with sea-
birds from Tristan d'Acunha, collected by a Mr. P. C. Keytel, who,
just before the war, spent 12 months on the island making notes,
taking photographs, and collecting skins and eggs of birds nesting
or occurring on Tristan and adjacent islands. Apart from a few
land-birds, he found the following birds breeding :— The Yellow-
nosed Mollymawk.— The mounted specimen has head and neck
white, washed with pale grey; black bill, with broad stripe of
yellow on the culmen going up to the base and continuous with
that on the unguis, and a yellow basal stripe only to the mandible.
Mr. Keytel found several immense nesting colonies of this species
on Tristan. The Sooty Albatross [Phocbetria fusca), the Broad-
billed Prion (Prion vittatiis), the Great-winged Petrel {Pterodroma
macroptera), Piifiniis gravis (this is the first authentic record of
the nesting of this bird, so long known in North Atlantic and
Arctic waters), the Southern Skua {Sfercorarius antarchcus), the
Noddy {AnoHS stolidus), Tern {Sterna virgata), and Crested Penguin
{Catarrhades chrysocome). The following species were also
obtained not breeding :— /). exulans, T. melanophrys, M. giganteus,
Petrclla capensis, Fregctta grallaria, Garrodia nereis, Fregctta
mclanogaster, Procellaria pelagica, Oceanites oceanicus, P. mollis,
Pii/Jiniis assimilis, P. mjuinoctialis, and three species of Grebes.
Specimens of Wandering Albatrosses [D. exulans) were obtained
exhibiting three stages of plumage— (a) very dark slaty-brown
all over, with whitish face ; {h) mottled brownish all over, with
lighter head ; (c) mature plumage, generally white, witli dark

l68 Macgtli-IVRAV, Xotes on Sea-Birds. [isfTan

pinions, vcrmiculations across the back, bill either wholly whitish
or pale slate. The Black-browed Albatross [T. melanophrys) was
exhibited showing a male with the usual yellowish bill, but the
female with a black bill ; legs and feet pale slate ; black eyebrow ;
head, neck, upper tail coverts, breast, and abdomen white ; upper
surface of wings, back, and tail blackish-brown. The Great-
winged Petrel {Pterodroma macroptera), all dark slate ; bill and
legs black ; no grey face. The Cape Hen (P. cBqiiinodialis), all
dark slate except white chin spot ; bill pale slate.

Dr. Peringuey also informed me that the Sacred Ibis was fairly
common in Cape Colony, and bred on the guano islands off the
south and west coasts. The Jackass Penguin {Sphemsciis
demersHs) breeds on Dassen Island, 50 miles up the west coast.
On Dyer's Island, near Cape Agullhas, the following birds breed : — ■
Sterna hergii, Sterna dongalli, Snla capensis, Lams dominiciis,
L. hartlatthi, L. cirrhocephalus, Ibis ccthiopica, Spheniscus demersus,
three species of Cormorants, and the Rosy Pelican. Most of these
guano islands are owned and worked by the Government, and the
birds are protected.

On the morning of the 4th June we made our way out of the
harbour. Numbers of Southern Black-backed Gulls made a
pretty sight in mature and immature dress. Several Cormorants
were in the water or perched on the breakwater. Gannets were
numerous over the fishing grounds, flying in the air, plunging into
the water, or swimming on the surface. Several Penguins were
passed, but they kept mostly under water. The true oceanic
birds soon put in an appearance, and increased in numbers as we
moved out from the land.

Several Southern Skuas (C. lonnhergi) followed the ship for a
time — the first that we had seen on the return journey. The
Cape Hen, all dark slate or black with bluish bill when seen
flying ; another Petrel slightly smaller than the Cape Hen, all
dark above and below, with light grey under surface of wings ;
Black-browed MoUymawk — the bill in this bird is dull yellow
ail over, the brow is very conspicuous, legs and feet are light
yellowish, upper surface of wings and back dark brown, under
surface of wings M'hite, bordered with dark brown. Only a few
Prions were to be seen darting and glancing over the waves.
After lunch a Wandering Albatross put in an appearance. At
the stern one could get a good view of the concourse of birds
following for food thrown overboard. Black-browed Molly-
mawks were numerous, but only occasional specimens of the
Yellow-nosed species {T. chlororhynchus). One Brown Petrel
(Priofinus) was seen at a distance, and a few Skuas {Catharacta
lonnhergi). Gannets and Prions never followed the ship.

On 5/6/19 we had a bright day, with moderate following sea
and wind. Many birds were about. Black-browed MoUy-
mawks were in numbers, a few Wandering Albatrosses, a few
Yellow-nosed Mollymawks {T. chlororhynchus), many Cape Hens
and Prions, and an occasional Brown Petrel {P. cineretis). By

Vol. XIX. "1 >r Acc.ii.i.iVRAV, Notes nil Sea-Birds, i6q

mid-day the proportion of Wandering Albatrosses had markedly
increased. Most ot tluni were in adult plumage — pale whitish
bill and legs, back vermiculated, head, neck, tail coverts, all under
surface white, except the tips of primaries ; upper surface of
wings white, except for some mottling of the secondaries ;
primaries and tail dark. The Flat-billed Albatross {T. chrysostoma)
was seen ; upper surface and neck were grey ; head lighter ; under
surface white ; under surface of wings white, central bordered
with broader black border than in the Black-browed Mollymawk
{T. melanophrys). This bird was also larger than the Black-
browed Mollymawk. Late in the afternoon there were many
Wandering Albatrosses, several being in immature dress. At
noon we were in lat. 36° 30' S., long. 23° 40' E., and 333 miles
from Capetown.

On the bth June many Wandering Albatrosses were following
the ship all day, more than on any day yet, mostly in mature
plumage, Init also a few in immature dress at various stages.
Black-browed Mollymawk {T. melanophrys). — Only a few of these
birds — fewer than on the previous day. Late in the afternoon a
Sooty Albatross {Phoebetria fusca) put in an appearance, and
before dark there were several ; all were sooty-brown all over.
These were the first " Sooties " to be seen on this trip. Prion
(sp. ?). — These birds were seen at intervals all day, flying rapidly
over the surface of the waves. A dark Petrel, with dark bill and
legs, was seen occasionally ; possibly it was the Great-winged
Petrel {Pterodroma macroptera). Several Brown Petrels {Priofiniis
cinereus) were flying over the surface of the sea or following the
ship ; upper surface all grey — neck being lighter than the head
and body ; face, cheeks, and chin dark grey, under surface of wings
grey ; throat, neck, breast, abdomen, and under tail coverts
white. These birds became more numerous as the day wore on.
The Cape Petrel [Petrella capensis) made its first appearance for
the voyage. It is, seen on the wing, a conspicuously black and
white bird, quite different from any other sea-bird. A Ternlet
followed the ship for about an hour before darkness set in ; dark
grey upper surface, with a darker grey head and white under
surface. The weather was quite warm, and the Agullhas current
was crossed in the forenoon. At noon we were in lat. iS"-' 5' S.,
long. 29° 49' E., 637 miles from Cape Town.

7th June. — Sea much calmer, moderate following breeze, some
swell ; sunny day. Many Wandering Albatrosses {D. exulans)
were seen ; most of them had the upper surface of the wings dark,
with the white olecranal patch. To-day, however, there are a
few very white Snowy Albatrosses {D. exulans chionoptera) about
with nearly the whole of the upper surface of the wings white,
except the primaries. Some of the immature birds are wholly
dark brown, except the bill, which is whitish, and the under
surface of the wings, which is a dirty white, except the ti])s, which
are dark brown. Others, again, arc a mottled brown all over,
except the head, which is much lighter in-own. N't'ry Irw Sooty

170 Macgillivray, Notes on Sea-Birds. [isf'Tan

Albatrosses (Phcebetria fiisca) were seen to-day, and only of this
colour. Prions were numerous. Many Brown Petrels {Priofinus
cinereus) were about all day. The bill in these birds is dark and
the feet yellowish, and all the under surface below the eye white.
An all-black Petrel {Pterodroma macroptera ?) was seen occasion-
ally. At noon the ship was in lat. 39° 5' S., long. 35° 10' E., and
the nearest land was Prince Edward and Marion Islands.

8th June. — Calm sea, with some swell ; cloudy and showery,
but not cold. Prion (sp. ?). — Several were still skimming the surface
of the ocean. Many Wandering Albatrosses showed all stages of
colouring. Some were all brown except the bill, with under wing
surface pale except the tips ; others more mottled ; others, again,
dirty white, with dark brown or black upper surface to wings
except for the white olecranal patch ; others, again, with ver-
miculated back and dark wings, and still others with pure white
backs and no vermiculations. Only a few Sooties were about ;
all were P.fitsca. Many Brown Petrels {P. cinereus) were to be seen.
A few Great-winged Petrels (P. macroptera) were still about.

All these birds were to be seen scouting over the surface of the
sea, and numbers followed in the wake of the vessel. Any food
thrown overboard was immediately seen, and many of the birds
settled on the water to get it. As many as 20 birds were often
on the water scrambling for the same lot. The smaller Petrels
were soon ousted by the Albatrosses, and either stayed on the
outskirts to pick up any stray particle or gave it up and resumed
their chase of the ship. At times, when much food had been
thrown out, all the birds would be down together in successive
groups, and none left following ; but they soon caught up again,
one or two at a time, till all were following at greater or lesser
distances. In early morning there were very few birds in the
wake of the vessel, but the number increased as the day wore on.
It would seem that they leave the vessel at night, and are picked
up gradually from the surrounding sea during the day, as the
following mob was always much larger late in the afternoon. The
Prions never followed the vessel. At noon we were in lat.
39° 50' S., long. 40° 29' E. ; from the Cape, 1,135 miles ; equi-
distant from Marion Island and the Crozets.

9th June. — Cold change, with fresher and more southerly wind.
Wandering Albatrosses {D. exnlans) were more numerous than
any other species. A few more Black-browed MoUymawks (T.
melanophrys) were about. One Elat-billed Albatross {T. chrys-
ostoma) followed at a distance ; all grey head and dark bill ; not
near enough to note particulars. Sooty Albatrosses (P. fiisca)
were about, and all were of this colour. At noon, lat. 40° 15' S.,
long. 48° 52' E. Crozet Islands the nearest land.

loth June. — Wind dropped, sea calmer ; dull, but slightly
warmer weather. Many Wandering Albatrosses {D. exnlans) were
in all stages of plumage. Some of the whiter ones had a rufous
wash on the head and neck. Several Black-browed MoUymawks
{T. melanophrys) were about. Sooties (P. fusca) were more

Vo). Xix.n Macgii.i.U'ka^', Nn/es nit Sea-Diyds. 171

numerous : ouc liad a li.i^lit !-;rc\- ucck (/'. f^al f^chntla). Tliis is tlic
first Soot}- noted with an)- grey in the i)lumagc ; all others noted
so far have been a uniform sooty-brown, with the sides of the
head darker than the rest of the body ; dark bill, with yellow
groove along the mandible. A Black Petrel {P. parkinsoni ?) noted,
slightly larger than P. cineretis. One Skua, all black ; no white on
wings. Two or three Cape Petrels {Pctrella capensis) were about
the ship. At noon, lat. 40° 27' S., long. 55° 25' E. 1,051 miles
from Cape Town. Crozet Islands the nearest land.

nth June. — ^Weather dull, warm, and fairly calm sea. Not so
many birds to-day. P. cinereus more numerous than on any day
yet ; D. exulans — not so many Wandering Albatrosses ; only a
few Sooty birds {P. fiisca) ; Black Petrel (?), a few. At noon, lat.
40° 20' S., long. 61° 25' E.

12th June. — Calm sea, cloudy ; a few showers and cold wind.
Many birds were about all day. Brown Petrels (Priofniiis
cinereus) very numerous, flying close behind and up over the
stern of the boat. The Soft-plumaged Petrel (P. mollis ?) a brown
Petrel with white under surface and dark markings on the face
coming under the throat. Cape Petrels {Petrella capensis) were
usually seen in small companies of three or four together ; they
came closer to the boat than any other Petrel. They fiy close to
the surface when following the vessel, and give one the impression
that they are not such strong fiiers as the Brown Petrel (P.
cinereits) and the Black Petrel {Procellaria parkinsoni ?). More
Cape Petrels to-day than on any previous day ; the throats of all
seen were black. One Southern Skua (C. lonnbergi) followed for
a time to-day ; unlike other Gulls, this species evidently wanders
far from land. For the first time we were followed by several
Giant Petrels [Macronectes giganteus). There were only a few
Wandering Albatrosses, ancl no other Albatrosses. At noon,
lat. 40° 31' S., long. 68° 28' E. Nearest land, Kerguelen Island.

13th June. — Fairly calm sea, dull, cloudy, with occasional
showers. Many Prions (sp. ?) were flitting over the surface of
the sea. Upper surface pale grey, with dark mark across wings ;
all under surface pure silvery white. This bird is very quick ;
is often seen in company, and never follows the ship. Brown
Petrels (P. cinereus) still quite numerous over the sea and following
the ship ; black Petrel (sp. ?), about the size of a Cape Petrel ;
a fair number of Wandering Albatrosses was about. One Black-
browed Albatross {T. melanophrys) was seen. Two or three
Yellow-billed Mollymawks {T. chrysostoma) ; grey head and neck,
dark bill, wings much darker underneath than in T. melanophrys.
Not near enough to note any other colour on dark bill. P. fusca. — ■
Many of these Sooty Albatrosses. At noon, lat, 40° 31' S., long.
74° 33' E. Kerguelen Island to S.W., St. Paul's and Amsterdam
Islands nearer, to N.E.

14th June. — Still dull and moderately cold. This morning a
number of Sooties (P. palpebrala) were about, mostly with light
grey bodies, but heads always dark blackish-brown ; some were
grey all over the back and abdomen, others with grey necks only.

172 Macgillivrav, Notes on Sea-Bircls. [isf "j"n

back and under surface l:)eing pale brown ; in some tlie tail even
was light grey. Only one or two of the uniform sooty-black
birds {P. fusca) were seen. The white round the back of the eye
is a conspicuous feature in both kinds, and the light grey plumage
of P. palpebrata intensifies the blackish head. In the afternoon
the dark Sooties (P. fusca) predominated. Several Yellow-billed
Albatrosses {T. chrysostoma) have been about. They also vary
in colouring. All have the upper surface of the wings and back
dark brown and black, the under surface of the wings either all
dark or dark with a median white space, as in the Black-browed
MoUymawk {T. melanophrys). The head and neck are grey down
to black of back and round to the front ; rump white. In some
the grey is lighter on the head and on the upper surface of the
neck only, or continued as a ring round the sides of the neck.
The bill is black, with culmen yellow to the tip. One also had a
good deal of yellow along the lower border of the mandible. A few
Black-browed Albatrosses [T. melanophrys) were about again.
Wandering Albatrosses {D. exttlans) were again in numbers, from
all-dark wings to very light ones. A few Giant Petrels {Macro-
nectes giganteus) were noted this evening. Brown Petrels (P.
cinereus) were still in fair numbers, following the ship or scouting
over the sea. A black Petrel (sp. ?), about the same size as P.
cinereus), was fairly frequent. Numbers of Prions (sp. ?) still
searching th'e surface of the sea. The nearest point to St. Paul's
was passed during the night. At noon, lat. 40° 42' S., long. 80°
53' E.

15th June. — A fresh S.W. wind, moderate sea. Several Sooty
Albatrosses (P. fusca and P. palpebrata) w^ere following the ship
from early morning ; there were more grey ones than all sooty
birds, but they vary a lot in colour. No Giant Petrels were seen
to-day. No Black-browed Mollymawks {T. melanophrys) were
seen. Two Flat-billed Mollymawks {T. chrysostoma), with grey
head and neck, were noted. Brown Petrels (P. cinereus) were
fewer in numbers ; noted diving for food. Prions (sp. ?) were
very numerous ; they seemed to be a smaller species than the one
nearer Cape Town. Black Petrels (sp. ?) were fairly numerous ;
smaller than P. cinereus, but with narrow^er wings. At noon, lat.
42° 49' S., long. 87° 20' E.

i6th June. — Not many birds early in the day, but later in the
day a fair number came about the ship or passed by. Only a
few Wandering Albatrosses {D. exulans) were seen at intervals.
Sooties (P. fusca and P. palpebrata) were more numerous than
any other species of Albatross, both sooty-black and greyish birds
in equal numbers. Several Black-browed Mollymawks {T.
melanophrys) were about the ship again. Two or three grey-
necked birds (P. chrysostoma) were seen. One or two Giant
Petrels {Macronectes gigantetis) were seen following for a short
while. A fair number of Cape Petrels {PetreUa capensis) were
noted throughout the day. Always a few Brown Petrels {Priofinus
cinereus) were about, but they were getting fewer in numbers.
Another Petrel, the ^^'hite-headed Petrel {(Esirclata lessoni) was

Vol. XIX 1 •Sl\cc.ii.iA\'R.\y. Notes on Sea-Biyds. I73

noted for tlu' first, time : it was sliglitly smaller than P. ctneyeus;
narrower wings; head, tail, and rump much lighter than upper
surface of wings and back, and this part a darker grey than in
P. cinereus ; a dark streak ran through the eye from the bill.
Black Petrel (sp. ?), all black bill and feet. Prion (sp. ?) very
common still, often in small companies : grey on upper surface,
with darker marking down the wing and about the face : under
surface of body and wings silvery-whit(> : very (juick in flight,
flitting in and out over the waves. At noon, lat. 41 00' vS., long.
93° 43' E. 3,570 miles from Cape Town.

17th June. — Dull day, cold, and moderately calm sea. ; a few
birds still about. Only odd Wandering Albatrosses followed
during the day. Several Sooties (P. fiisca) were following ; only
one or two Flat-billed Albatrosses [T. chrysostoma) were seen.
A few Cape Petrels (P. capcnsis) were about ; the Brown Petrel
(P. cinereus) was still in fair numbers. More White-headed Petrels
{(E. lessoni) were seen. Prions (sp. ?) were still common. Black
Petrels (sp. ?) occasional. At noon, lat. 40° 43' S., long. 100° 05'
E. Midway between St. Paul's Island and Cape Leeuwin.

i8th June.— ^More sunshine ; sea moderate. Still a fair
number of Sooties (P. fitscci and P. palpehrata) about ; as many as
4 or 5 were following in the forenoon. Most of these were all
sooty-black, and one was very light grey all over the body. One
Flat-billed Albatross [T. chrysostoma) had a grey head and neck,
another a paler grey. This is a bigger bird than the Black-
browed Mollymawk w'hen seen on the wing, and shyer ; it never
comes so near the boat. It has never been numerous. Only two
or three Brown Petrels (P. cinereus) were seen this morning.
White-headed Petrels ((E. lessoni) — -grey birds, with white under
surface and pale grey head, rump, and tail ; has sharper and more
Swallow-like wings than the Brown Petrel (P. cinereus), and
quicker in flight — seen again this morning. A pair of Cape Petrels
[P. capensis) was following this morning. Still several Prions
(sp. ?) about. Black Petrel (sp. ?), several about. Only one
Wandering Albatross was seen to-day. One or two Black-browed
Mollymawks were following. At noon, lat. 40° 48' S., long. 106°
17' E.

19th June. — Dull day, misty showers alternating with mild
bursts of sunshine ; calm sea. A few^ Sooty Albatrosses about,
mostly grey birds. Still a few P. cinereus. Several White-headed
Petrels ((E. lessoni) were seen. Several black or blackish Petrels
(P. macroptcra albani), with grey face and bill blackish-grey,
were about. Prion (sp. ?) common. In the evening seven Sooty
Albatrosses were following the ship ; all were of a uniform sooty
colour except one, which had the neck and body grey. No
Albatross other than the Sooty was seen to-day. At noon, lat.
40° 34' S., long. 112° 50' It. South-west of Cape Leeuwin.

20th June. — More birds about all day ; much finer w^eather.
About 300 miles S.E. from Cape Leeuwin, and directly south of
King George's Sound. Several Sooties (P. fusca and P. palpe-
hrata) were following early this morning, many more in afternoon

1^4 Macgillivkav, Koies on Sea-Birds. [ist^'jan.

and evening, mostly uniform sooty colouring. Nine birds in all
with the evening mob at the stern. Six Wandering Albatrosses
{D. exiilans) in the evening mob at the stern ; most of them had
white tails, with dark wings and white olecranal spots {D. epomo-
phora epomophora). T. chrysostoma. — Six of these Flat-billed
Albatrosses were also in the crowd of birds at the stern ; all grey
head and face ; face usually darker than the top of the head, tail
dark, rump white, feet fleshy or dark yellow ; broad yellow stripe
on culmen ; no yellow on mandible except at the base ; under wing
median white stripe. Only one Mollymawk {T. melanophrys) was
with the following crowd. More White-headed Petrels {(E. lessoni)
than on any other day ; pale grey or- whitish head, dark eye stripe,
darker or mottled grey back, light grey rump, and white tail ; very
dark wings above and below, under surface of body white. Brown
Petrels {P. cinereus) were absent on this day for the first time since
leaving the Cape. Black Petrel (sp. ?), a few about. Prions
(sp. ?) were in fair numbers. At noon, lat. 39° 52' S., long.
119° 05' E.

2ist June. — Very calm sea, with slight swell this morning.
Several Sooty Albatrosses were in attendance early, one Molly-
mawk (T. melanophrys) and one Grey-headed or Flat-billed
Albatross {T. chrysostoma culminata). The same black Petrel
and the Prions were also present. One specimen of the Brown
Petrel (P. cinereus) was seen. Not many Petrels were about all
day, but in the afternoon, at about 5 p.m., the ship was followed
by 26 Albatrosses, made up of the following species : — ^Wandering
{D. exulans), one a dark bird, the back being darkly mottled ;
Black-browed {T. melanophrys), six ; Flat-billed {T. chrysostoma),
one ; Sooty (P. fusca), seventeen ; and Light-mantled Sooty
Albatross (P. palpehrata), one. They came closely over the
stern of the boat, and every detail of their plumage could be made
out. The Sooties were of the all-dark kind, only one greyish one
being present. The Flat-billed Albatross {T. chrysostoma) has
fleshy-coloured feet. When going down to the water to settle,
both this kind and the Black-browed (P. melanophrys) act
similarly. They first extend the legs and feet, spreading the
webs, and also the tail and wings, and circle down, alighting with
a fluttering motion of the extended and elevated wings. At noon,
lat. 38" 39' S., long. 124^ 56' E.

22nd June. — Another calm day, cloudy, with slight swell.
Many Albatrosses were following in the morning — two Wandering
Albatrosses [D. exulans), one all brown, the other in ordinary
mature plumage ; one Flat-billed Albatross (P. chrysostoma)
followed ; P. melanophrys, six. One of these birds, when feeding
on the sea, was seen to dive after some sinking food ; it remained
completely under water for several seconds. One Brown Petrel
(P. cinereus) was noted and one Black Petrel. In the evening,
when scraps from the galleys were being thrown overboard, 30
Albatrosses were following, made up of Wandering {D. exulans),
two ; Sooty (P. fusca), four ; and all the rest Black-browed (P.
melanophrys). One small silvery-grey Petrel, no larger than a

^"'■,.^o^■] Macgillivray, Notes on Sea-Dinls. ly^

Storm-Pctrt'l, followed for a time, but could not be identified ;
several more were seen over the sea. A few Sooty-black Petrels,
and two White-headed Petrels {(E. lessoni) — pale grey head, white
face, and dark eye streak, mottled grey back, white tail, and
light grey rump, dark wings above and below, and pure white
under body. One or two Black-l)rowed Albatrosses {T. melanophrys)
had blackish bills tinged with yellow ; they were either females or
immature birds. If females they should be more common.
Sooty Albatrosses (P. fusca) could not compete with any of the
other species when it came to a scramble for food in the water.
Lat., 37° 20' S., long. 130° 43' E. Just past the centre of the Bight.

23rd June. — Dull day, weather mild. Kangaroo Island in sight
about 10 a.m. Sea very calm. A few Albatrosses following
early. At one time five Black-browed Mollymawks and five
Wandering Albatrosses, two of the latter being dark brown birds,
one much darker than the other on the upper surface. One Grey-
headed or Flat-billed Albatross {T. chrysostoma), and, for the
first time, one Yellow-billed (T. chlororhynchus). This latter bird
is about the size of T. melanophrys, both being smaller birds than
T. chrysostoma. T. chlororhynchus has a pure white head and
neck and rump, upper surface of wings and back dark brown ;
bill black, with bright yellow culmen, no yellow on mandible. It
also has much more white on under surface of wings than either
of the other Mollymawks ; the posterior black border is very
narrow. Another bird of the same size — possibly the same in
immature plumage — had an all-black bill, grey across the shoulders
and down each side of the neck, head, face, and the greater part
of the neck white, and under wing darker than usual in the Molly-
mawks. Three Sooties (P. fusca) were noted early in the
morning. Black Petrels (sp. ?) — two noted. Several Prions
(sp. ?) seen over the sea. Several Gannets {Sula aitstralis) were
seen plunging for fish amongst a shoal of porpoises. A Flat-
billed Albatross {T. chrysostoma) was seen to settle amidst a shoal
of large fish, many of which were jumping out of the water. The
bird was making ineffectual efforts to catch the fish. It made
short rushes with half-outspread wings hither and thither amongst
the shoal.

Cape Borda came into view at 12 noon. When opposite the
Althorpes several small White-faced Storm-Petrels {Pelagodroma
marina) were noted swimming on the water ; these birds nest on
this group. Two Yellow-billed Albatrosses {T. chlororhynchus)
were behind the boat at dark, and many Silver Gulls {Larus novce-
hollandice). We reached the outer harbour at 11 at night and
anchored. Next morning there were a great number of Silver
Gulls about the boat feeding on the refuse meat thrown overboard.
Like the Albatrosses and Petrels, they do not seem to care much
for l)rea(l.

2()th June. — ^Resumed our voyage to Melbourne early in the
morning. As we went out past Kangaroo Island a few White-
faced Storm-Petrels (P. marina) were disturbed from the sea,
the first Albatross to pick us up being the Flat-billed {T. chrysos-

1^6 Macgillivray, Notes on Sea-Binls. [,sf "jan.

toma) ; then, later, the Black-browed Mollymawk (T. melanophrys)
appeared. When off Port MacDonnell a few Silver Gulls were in
the wake ; two Southern Skuas (C. lonnhergi), two Black-browed
Moll37mawks [T. melanophrys), and, for the first time, two Shy
Albatrosses {Diomedella caiitus). This latter bird has the beak
and under surface of the wings coloured similarly to those of the
Wandering Albatross {D. exulans), but its upper surface is more
after the pattern of the Mollymawks, but not so dark, being more
grey than brown, with a few white spots over the base of the
pinions.

About I p.m. Cape Bridgewater came into view, and later the
Lawrence Rocks, off Portland, Julia Percy Island looming up
ahead soon after. Several Skuas followed the boat for the greater
part of the day, four being in attendance towards sunset, together
with twelve Black-browed Mollymawks {T. melanophrys) and two
Yellow-billed Mollymawks {T. chlororhynchns). No Shy Albatrosses
[D. cautus) were seen in the afternoon. A few White-faced
Storm-Petrels {Pelagodroma marina) were seen skimming over the
sea. One Gannet was seen when near the Lawrence Rocks, where
they breed.

27th June. — We entered Port Phillip Heads early in the
morning. Two Shy Albatrosses {D. cautus) and two Black-
browed Mollymawks [T. melanophrys) followed for a few miles
down the Bay, and then left us to the Silver {L. novce-hollandice)
and Pacific Gulls {Gabianus pacificiis).

Nesting of White'rumped Swift (Cypselus pacificus).

By (Commodore) Henry L. Cochr.ane, R.X., M.B.O.L.
Off the north-east coast of China, and within easy reach of a
well-frequented neighbourhood, lie two islands. Both are so
designated on the chart. Certainly the nearer of the two is worthy
of the name, but the outer one is nothing more nor less than a rock,
and not a large one at that. True, it possesses a beacon on its
highest point ; but, even with this added distinction, it is some-
what of a stretch of dignity to confer the importance of an island
upon such an unpretentious lump of broken limestone.

From its very insignificance probably arises the fact of its
immunity from observation, and only the necessity of an annual
whitewashing of the beacon aforesaid ever occasions the rock to
human visitation. That anything living should for an instant
dream of making a home on this small, inhospitable boulder
seemed the remotest of contingencies ; and, when it was reported
after one of these annual whitewashings that "Martins" had
been encountered in the crevices there, the statement was
received with considerable incredulity.

No time was lost in making further investigation, th(^ weatlier
being propitious, and the time of year — early June — equally so.
For any form of rock-visiting or beach-landing — ^given reasonably
moderate weather — there is no boat more suitable than the

^'"'\^o'^ ] CuciiRANii:, Nes/i)iij; of Wlnle-ninif^ed Swifl. lyy

Chinese sampan, ol the northern pattern. Handy, roomy, and
wonderfully dry in a choppy sea, they are almost invariably
handled by their owners with a degree of skill altogether admir-
able. Such a craft was ideal for a trip to the beacon rock. After
a journey of three-quarters of an hour a landing was easily effected
where a tumbled mass of stone made a convenient footing for
stepping off.

Hey()n<l the hurried (Irj)arture of a ("onnorant {Pludacrocorax
pcla^iiis), which had been drowsily sunning itself on the far side
of the rock, no sign of life was visible, and the bare inhospitabihty
of the situation became more apparent than ever. A careful
search was evidently necessary. From end to end the rock was
seamed with cracks and fissures, some horizontal, but chiefly in
a vertical direction. For the most part they were deep and
narrow — awkwardly so when it was a case of inserting one's arm,
the surface being rough and uneven and frequently encrusted with
a multitude of minute baj:nacles. Although the area was so
restricted, it was a little time before anything was discovered,
until in a deep rift near the highest portion of the rock the secret
was revealed.

At a distance of 6 feet down the chff was placed a small, round,
straw-built nest, on which was sitting a White-rumped Swift
{Cvpseliis pacificus, Latham), while underneath the nest, and
chnging to it with its claws, was the second parent, presumably the
male. These beautiful Swifts, unharmoniously named " White-
rum.ped " from the position of the white patch, are to be met with
all along the httoral of this part of China. On summer evenings
they may be seen over the summits of the mountains hawking
their prey, with a subdued amount of screaming. Though
searched for in the rocky ravines which abound everywhere, their
breeding haunts had never been brought to light ; and here, of
all places, on a small outlying sea-girt rock, they had suddenly
and unexpectedly been discovered in the actual domestic process !

Neither bird made any immediate attempt to escape until an
arm was inserted into the cleft from the side, which it was possible
to do for a little way with difficulty. Then the female scrambled
off the nest, and, by using feet and wings, struggled herself into
freedom and flew away. The male bird made a more or less
ineffectual effort to escape, but was easily caught and examined.
A splendid specimen — brownish-grey on the back, shading to a
lighter tint on the breast, broad white band across the rump;
large, dark liquid eyes slightly sunk in the head, and claws as
sharp as needles. Holding the bird with its claws tightly
clutching a gloved finger, the wings were expanded and fluttering
in the desire for liberation, and gave an excellent idea of the powers
of flight i)ossessed by this restless inhabitant of the upper air.
Then, throwing the hand up, and at the same moment releasing
the claw-hold, away into the blue, with swinging wing-beats, the
" Pacific " Swift passed out of sight.

The nest, which contained two eggs, was completely circular,
slightly concave in the centre. It was compactly constructed of

12

178 Cochrane, Nesting of White-rumped Swift. [ist^'jan.

straw, with a -stray feather or two knit together and stiffened with
some glutinous matter, the product of the bird. In total
diameter it measured 3 inches across, and was firmly and horizon-
tally wedged between the two faces of the cleft. The eggs were
pure white, of the regular Swift-like pattern and shape.

A little distance away, in a horizontal crack, a second nest was
found containing three eggs. No birds were in attendance,
however, and during the remainder of the visit no more Swifts
were seen. It was obviously early in the season, and breeding
was only beginning. Two other visits were paid to the rock, live
days later, and ten days after that. On the second occasion two
or three pairs of Swifts were flying over the rock. Three more
nests were found, each containing two eggs, and one further nest
with two eggs at the final visit. All these nests and eggs were similar
to those already described, likewise the situations. In one case
the crack in the rock was so narrow that it must have been a
matter of impossibihty for the sitting bird to turn herself in the
nest, and not one of the sites was such that free iiight was obtain-
able before a preliminary scramble either up or along had been
undertaken.

When one considers this wind-swept, spray-splashed rock, of
small size and isolated position, its adoption as a breeding station,
even for so small a colony of Swifts, is not easily understood.
Immunity from disturbance, human or anirnal, must be 'the ex-
planation, though compensated for by risks of danger from storm
and sea. Certainly, most of the nests were wonderfully placed
with regard to shelter and seclusion, as far as those desirabilities
were available, but the frequency of gales all through the summer,
so well known to those famihar with that stretch of coast, must
have given many an unpleasant experience to the temporary
inhabitants forming this interesting little settlement.

In the Bay of Kiaochau, whilst lying off an uninhabited island
of considerable size, myriads of these Swifts were observed on one
of the last days of August. It was evidently a resort and breeding-
place of much importance. The evening air was alive with them,
and over and round the island they flew in every direction, twisting
and wheeling like a gigantic swarm of bees. Their screams, how-
ever, were inconsiderable, and this appears to be a marked dis-
tinction between Cypselus paciflcus and the familiar European bird.

Time, and, above all, the very pressing circumstances of the
occasion (the exigencies of the Great War), prevented any closer
acquaintance than could be gained from this wonderful and
enjoyable sight.

[In view of Mr. Gregory Mathews's recent statement (" Birds of
Austraha," vii., p. 277) that the nest and eggs of the White-rumped
Swift have not yet been " authenticated," and following on Mr.
Robert Hall's note {Emu, ante, p. 90), Commodore Cochrane's
interesting observations are especially welcome. The fact that
there may be sub-species or races of a bird does not affect the
species in reality, otherwise there would be questions of authen-
ticity of the eggs of many species that have been described. — Eds.]

^"''ivao''"^'] ShuI'ELdt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidcc. lyq

Material for a Study of the Meg:apodiid3e.
By Major R. W. Shufeldt, M.D., C.M.Z.S., Hon. Memb.
R.A.O.U., Washington, D.C, U.S.A.
Part III.
ADDENDA.
(November, 1917.)
The present memoir, when completed up to the above point,
was sent to Herr Professor Dr. J. W. Spengel, at Giessen, Germany,
as a contribution to the Zoologischen Jahrbucher. It was accepted
for pubhcation in that journal, and the material sent to Herr
Gustav Fischer, at Jena, who had charge of the printing of it.
The great European conflict was then raging, but the United
States had remained among the neutral nations. Later, Herr
Fischer wrote me in regard to the matter, begging that I be
patient, and that undoubtedly the work would appear sooner or
later. Months afterwards, the Zoologischen Jahrbucher ceased to
come to our libraries ; the United States was very unwillingly
drawn into the world war, and all communication with German
pubhshers ceased for the time being. At the present writing,
no one living can tell when the world will cool down again, and a
universal peace be established. A few months ago I practically
gave up my work on the Megapodiidt^ as lost, with all its plates.
Fortunately, however, a fine carbon copy of the typewritten
MS. had been retained, as well as my own original lead-pencil
copy ; and Mrs. Shufeldt carefully compared for me the carbon
with the original, making it agree, in all respects, with the MS.
sent to Germany. While this was in preparation, and by the
•aid of my retained negatives, I made a new set of plates and
figures, like those accompanying the original work ; in some
respects they were even better, the only difference being that
the figures of the eggs were not coloured. These plates and
figures, together with various ones added since, illustrate the
present memoir.

Since the first work was accepted in Germany, several new forms
of Megapodcs have been described, and among them are those
referred to by Oberholser in his recent paper entitled " Birds
CoUected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on Various Islands in the Java
Sea."* Doubtless various other papers on the Megapodiidce
have appeared elsewhere — those in Europe not yet having reached
this country. Recently the United States National Museum has
acquired for the Division of Birds several eggs of Megacephalon
video, as well as a skin or two of that elegant species. A skeleton
of this species has also been added to the material in the osteo-
logical section. Through the kindness of that institution, and
the recommendation of Dr. Charles W. Richmond, Assistant

* Oberholser, Harry C, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. liv., pp. 177-200
2nd Nov., 1917 (No. 2,232). Washington: Government Printing Office.
(See page 189.)

l8o Suvi-EhDj, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidce. [,.t^'j"„

Curator of Birds, I ha\'e been allowed to borrow a skin and two
eggs of that species, as well as the aforesaid skeleton. The data
upon these will be found under the figures on the plates (Plates
XIV.-XX., figs. 29-44). It will not be necessary to reproduce
this in the present place.

The eggs are perfect, and unusually fine specimens (see Plate
XV., figs. 30, 31), and they both bear the same museum number
(33,522), One is considerably lighter than the other, being a pure
buffy tan, and measures 10.8 x 6.5 cms. (Plate XV., fig. 30). In
form it is quite ellipsoidal, and presents a peculiar, low, colourless
elevation encircling its middle, with a mean width of a centimeter.
As stated, this egg is lighter than the other, shown in fig. 31 on
the same plate, though, photographically, it reproduced darker
for some reason. The specimen shown in fig. 31 is several shades
darker buff or tan than the specimen shown in fig. 30 ; and it is
not quite so truly ellipsoidal in contour, being inclined to be very
slightly smaller at one end. It measures 10.7 x 6.2 cms.*

As in the case of various other eggs of Mound-Birds, the shells
of these are finely granulated, though not to the extent of
rendering them very rough. Under the lens, this granulation is
seen to be due to a very fine pitting all over the shell. There are
a few adventitious markings on the egg shqwn in fig. 30 ; but,
beyond these, the specimens are quite devoid of anything of the
kind. Apart from the matter of size, there is a great similarity
of form and colour in the eggs of nearly all Megapodes, the ovoid
shape being exceptional.

Personally, I have never seen Megacephalon inaleo either alive
or "in the flesh " as a recently-killed specimen. The skin at
hand appears to be that of a very perfect male bird, in full
plumage (Plate XIV., fig. 29). Total length, about 50 cms. ;
length of head, 9.50 cms. ; tarsus, 8.8 cms. Top of head, the
cranial casque, and as far forward as the nostrils is bare, and of a
blackish-blue colour in the dried skin ; middle culmen scarlet ;
rest of the mandibles greenish-horn. External narial aperture
circular ; and between it and the eye, upon either side, a curious
tubercle is to be seen. Remainder of the skin of the head a
rather darkish-brown. Chest and upper parts and wings
blackish-brown. Tail and wings almost black, with deep greenish
reflections. Under parts, as far forwards as the wing butts, a
beautiful salmon-pink colour, rather darker on the sides. Tarsi
bluish-black. Claws pale brown, sharp and strong. Tegs
feathered black. Throat brown, naked, sparsely feathered with
very fine pin-feathers.

llnder the title of " Rare Birds in Continental Zoos," Dr.
(iraham Renshaw, F.R.S.E., has given us some interesting notes
on this bird in TJic Aviciillural Mai^aziiie.f On ])agc i()3 in that

* Koproduction of these plates and ligures may alter any one or more of
the diameters above recorded.

t Being the journal of the Avicultural Society, 3rd series, vol. vi.. No. 5,
March, 1915, p. lOo.

TiiK Kmt, ]'ol. XIX.

PLATE XXXIII.

^ o

Vol. xix.n SiuTFLOT. Material fov a Study of the Megapndiidrr:

i8i

well-known journal he says :— " 17. Megatephalon maleo (Celebcan
Malco).— The writer has only seen one of these very rare birds,
whicli was living at Amsterdam in T()io. The crown of the head
is ,i,>l ' covered with a large l)lack casque,' as stated ni books,
lor in the living l)ird this helmet is l)right ])lue. Al)out the si7a>
of a small Turkey, the Maleo is dark brown above and a ])eautiful
salmon-pink behnv ; it is handsome and striking in appearance,
and its absence from our aviaries is much to be regretted."

In another issue of this journal Dr. Renshaw further informs
lis*:—" . . . • Yet so httle are they known in captivity that
the arrival of one of them, even in the largest, collections, is hailed
almost as a return of the Phoenix ; the curious Maleo birds which
swarm on the coast of Northern Celebes are cases in point.

" The Celebean Maleo is quaint, yet very handsome. About
the size of a large (iuinea-Fowl, it has the head bare and the neck
nearly so. The wings are ample ; the tail is carried raised, and
slightly folded, like a Silver Pheasant's ; the broad, powerful feet
are partly webbed.

" The bare head is decorated with a curious rounded casque
composed of spongy honeycombed bone, like the helmet of a
Hornbill, and there is a smaller projection in front of the eye.
The coloration of the Maleo is pleasing— the head and throat is
dark brown, the wings are brownish-black, and the tail is black
glossed with green. The under parts are lovely pinkish-salmon
colour during life, but in museum skins this gradually fades till
the specimen is quite bleached. The bill is pea green, with a
red culmen ; the legs and feet are grey, and the claws yellow.
The Maleo has well been called a noble bird, but only those who
have seen it alive can appreciate its true beauty-

" The writer w^ould call attention to an error which has hitherto
disfigured every description of the Celebean Maleo. The casque
on the occiput is bright blue during life, not black, as always stated.
The black colour seen in museum skins is due to drying, and is
not found during hfe ; it is unfortunate that ornithologists have
not noted this in drawing up their descriptions, which should
always be done from life, or, at most, recently-shot birds. . .
Some years ago, by the kind permission of Dr. Kerbert, the writer
photographed a Maleo which was living in the Zoological Gardens
at Amsterdam. . . (Page 170.) . . A Maleo egg now before
me is much elongated in shape, and of a pale reddish-buff colour."
From other writers I learn that the colour of the irides is brown.
So much for the Celebean Maleo and its eggs ; T will now pass
to a consideration of its skeleton.

Osteology of Megacephalon maleo.
At the present time there is but a single skeleton at my
command which is available for the purpose of noting the
characters of the osseous system of Megacephalon maleo ; it is

♦"The Celebean Maleo." Avicitlturat Magazine, 3rd scries, vol. viii.,
No. 6, April, 191 7, pp. 168-170.

l82 Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidcs. [„f")"n.

that of a male bird, kindly loaned me for this purpose by the
United States National Museum (No. 225,130, Celebes, Lembeh,
collected by H. C. Raven, 6th June, 1916 ; No. 2,720). I have
pleasure in thanking Dr. C. W. Richmond, Assistant Curator of
the Division of Birds of that institution, as well as his assistant,
Mr. J. H. Riley, for their kindness in so promptly placing this
material at my disposition. At the time the specimen was
collected it appears to have received a very severe body wound.
This carried away all the vertebral ribs on the right side ; broke
up the sternal end of the right coracoid ; cut the right scapula in
two (the distal half is missing), and badly fractured the last free
cervical vertebra. Otherwise this skeleton appears to be in a
very fair condition. It is interesting to note, however, that this
bird some time previous to its death — perhaps months before —
received a blow in the middle of the superior surface of the
peculiar casque engrafted upon the dorsal surface of its cranium.
A depressed fracture resulted, the free edges of which sub-
sequently healed and united, there being but a very small opening
left anteriorly. This may have happened by the bird flying
forcibly against some hard object, as a tree, or mass of rock, in its
efforts to escape some enemy. This casque is firmly and
inseparably joined with the true cranium, and as a flat surface
is carried "as far forwards as the fronto-nasal hinge, where it is
notched in the median line to receive a small backward projection
of the united premaxillaries.

The entire surface of this casque presents a system of ramifying
markings, which appear to be intended to harbour the small
vessels of the superficies of the region, and these are well shown
in fig. 36 of Plate XVII.

The naso-premaxillary region, just beyond the cranio-facial
\i\xige — or line, in the present instance — is broad, centrally
flattened, with all sutural traces eliminated. The culmen is
moderately convex for its entire length, while the tomial margins
are cultrate. Either external narial aperture is large and sub-
eUiptical in outline ; they are separated from each other by a
median osseous septum of no great , thickness. At the external
middle point of either nasal bone an osseous tubercle is present,
which is a distinctive feature of this skull.

The rather large orbits are separated from each other by an
unperforated osseous interorhital septum ; anterior to this, upon
either side, there is to be seen a rather large, thoroughly ossified,
quadrilateral pars plana. They form a common plate which,
anteriorly, in the vertical median line, is marked by a sharp,
raised crest of bone formed by the mesethmoid. Beyond this,
and the above described nasal septum, we find no further ossifica-
tion in the rhinal chamber, except on its floor, where the long
vomer, the palatines, and maxillo-palatines are in sight.

Speaking of the vomer, it is seen to be sixteen millimeters in
length — a very narrow, transversely flattened rod, freely articu-
lating with the palatines posteriorly, and having a slightly
enlarged distal end squeezed in between the maxillo-palatines.

TiiK Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE XXXIV,

Vol. ^'^1 SutTFEr.DT, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidcv. 183

The " infraorbital bar," or zygoma, is also a very delicate little
rod, greatly compressed transversely, and distally co-ossified with
the nasal and maxillo-palatine.

Either palatine bone is very narrow, slightly curk'd for its
posterior half, and flattened from above, downwards, anteriorly.
Posteriorly, each offers a rather large facet for articulation with
the pterygoid of its own side — these latter bones not meeting in
the middle line by quite a considerable interval.

A pterygoid is a short bone, much expanded for its anterior half,
and compressed from above, downwards. Proximally it is not
so large, and is, moreover, transversely compressed, thus giving
the bone the appearance of being half twisted upon itself.
Mesially, either pterygoid presents a large, subelliptical, articular
facet for articulation with a corresponding basipterygoidal facet
on the sphenoidal rostrum.

A quadrate has much the form of that bone among certain
C alii nee \ its "orbital process" is well developed, while the
articular facet for tlie mandible is elongate transversely, and
very narrow antero-posteriorly. The inner facet is small and
rounded, and to a degree projecting, while the outer one is trans-
versely elongate and fiat.

Both post-frontal and sphenotic processes are developed, the
lowermost one being the longer, ■ and greatly compressed trans-
versely.

An " aural aperture " is large and very open, while its margin
is moderately raised all round. This leaves the cranial articula-
tion in plain view, as well as the anterior of the middle ear.

A lacrymal hone is about five millimeters in length, but of
extremely minute calibre ; its superior end articulates with the
frontal, but the entire length of its mesial aspect is in close contact
with the supero-external margin of the nasal of the same side.

The basi-temporal area is convex and rather extensive, and the
" occipital condyle " is small, sessile, and presents a notch on its
upper side in the median line.

Roundly cordate in outline, the foramen magnum is seen to be
of good size, occupying fully the middle third of its occipital area.

Beddard, in his excellent volume on " The Structure and
Classification of Birds" (1898, pp. 298, 299), says: — ".As to the
Megapodes, there are som§ differences in the skulls of the two
genera Talegalla * and Megacephalon. The latter has the well-
known hammer-shaped projection of the back part of the skull.
In both genera the palatines are slender, and there is some
ossification of the nasal septum. The interorbital septum is not
much fenestrate, but it is deficient in front. In Talegalla the
maxillo-palatines are thin plates, ending in a curved point, very
much like those of some Passerines {e.g., Pteroptochui). Each is

* The skeleton of this bird is described by Parker, " On the Osteology of
Gallinaceous Birds and Tinamous," Tr. Z. S., v., p. 160. See also W. K.
Parker, " On the Structure and Development of the Skull of the Common
Fowl," Phil. Trans., 1870, p. 159.

184 Shvfelgt, Material for a Study of (he Megapodiidcr. [,sf'"ian

vacuolate posteriorly in Talegalla. They do not nearly come into
contact in the middle line. In Megacephalon these bones are
spongy plates, which do nearly come into contact ; the palatines,
slender in both lairds, are more bowed in Talegalla, and thus
enclose a wider inter-palatine vacuity. The lacrymals of Talegalla
are small and anchylosed to the skull wall ; the ectethmoids are
thin plates. A curious difference in the skulls of these two birds
concerns the nasals and premaxillarics. In Megacephalon there
is nothing worthy of special remark, except the tumid outer part
of the nasals ; in Talegalla the premaxillary process of the nasals
approach each other in the middle line, and cut the nasal process
of the premaxillary into two — an anterior and a posterior portion."

The V-shaped mandible of Megacephalon has very much the
shape of that bone in Galliis and other tetraonine species (figs. 34,
36, and 38). The ample symphysis is concave superiorly, and
correspondingly convex below. The edges of all the free borders
are rounded off, and the " splenial vacuity " is entirely closed in
by the surrounding bones.

The " articular facets " are very shallow, while both the internal
and posterior angular apophyses are well developed.

Both the skull and the jaw are largely pneumatic.

Neither the sclerotal plates of the eyes, nor the bones of the
tongue (hyoid arches) were preserved by the collector of this
specimen ; consequently I can say nothing with respect to such
characters as they may present.

Beddard says {loc. cit., pp. 296, 297) that " Garrod has also
described and figured the syrinx of the Megapode Megacephalon
inaleo* It is rather peculiar in form, but has a pair of intrinsic
muscles, which reach the first bronchial semi-ring ; in this point
the syrinx is more primitive than that of other Galli."

Beddard also gives us a few notes on the vertebral column and
certain " soft parts " {loc. cit., pp. 300-302) of the maleo.

The Vertebral Column (Plate XVIII., fig. 40, and Plates XIX.,
XX., figs. 42-44). — Maleo has 15 cervical vertebrce in the skeleton
of its neck ; and, as avian vertebrae go, they are of a simple
character. In the atlas, its " cup " is rather deeply notched above
for the odontoid process of the axis, and it has a rudimentary
haemal spine. This is practically absent in the axis, while it has a
low, tuberous, haemal one, with short, thick postzygapophyses.
Both these spines are rudimentary in the third cervical, and
practically absent in the fourth. Then both these vertebrae have
a quadrilateral form when viewed from above, due to the osseous
connection between their pre- and post-zygapophyses. In them,
too, the vertebral artery, upon either side, passes through lateral
canals, which are entire and have rudimentary, backward-
projecting pleurapophyses upon them. Ventrally, between these,
^n the sixth to the tenth vertebrae inclusive, is to be seen the open

* Dr. Beddard reproduces these figures in the work quoted (fig. 150).
Front and back view of the syrinx of Megacephalon maleo.

I'l.ATK X\l.

Fig. 33.— Skeleton of the rii^ht pectoral linil. of

nat. size. Palmar aspect.
JPi©' 33- — Dorsal aspect of the cranium of the Maleo.
Fig. 34. — Ventral view of the manilible of Mcgaccpltaloii ttiaUo
FiL^ 35- — Anconal aspect of the skeleton of the left pectoral li

he Celebean Araleo(.U. nudro)

lb of the .Maleo

Vol. xix.-i SHUFFi.nT, Material for a Study of the Me^apodiidce. 185

1920 .1 ■ -

canal for the carotid arteries. On the eleventh, twelfth, and
thirteenth there is present a stronj^, plate-like haemal spine, which
is more tuberous and notat)lv smaller on the last two cervicals.
Neural spines are entirely absent from the tiflh to the eleventh,
after which they become more and more conspicuous until tlie
dorsal series is arrived at, they being consolidated into one big
plate in the first, second, third', and fourth dorsals, and large on
the free fifth one.

Throughout the middle of the cervical chain of vertebra;, the
postzygapophyses are elongate and conspicuous, the prezyga-
pophyses being stumpy and short, with their facets facing mesiad.

A small pair of nidinientary free ribs occur on the fifteenth
cervical.

In the co-ossified bone formed of the first four dorsal vertebra,
the diapophyses become progressively longer and longer, passing
from before, backwards, and their outer ends are united by
co-ossified metapophyses. The two leading dorsals possess plate-
like haemal spines, these processes being absent from all the
remaining vertebr;e of the spine, even to include the last caudal
one.

There are five pairs of dorsal vertebral ribs and one pair of pelvic
ribs. From before, backwards, the dorsal series becomes progress-
ively longer and longer, while the pelvic pair, being narrower and
weaker than their predecessors, is the longest of all. No epipleiiral
appendages appear on the last two pairs of this series, while they
are short and flat on the leading four pairs, the last but one pair
being abruptly angulated upwards. The first pair of dorsal
vertebral ribs are free — that is, they do not articulate with the
sternum through the intervention of costal ribs ; each has a
length of about four cms. (Plate XIX., fig. 42).

From first to last, the costal ribs become longer and longer. The
first pair are feebly developed, and make a weak articulation with
the sternum. Broad and thin, the upper end of the pelvic one
is much compressed transversely, while its shaft or body is con-
spicuously slender. The mid-dorsal costal ribs are broad, much
flattened from side to side, each twisted upon itself, so that its
sternal end exhibits compression from before, backwards.

There are six free caudal vertebrae, plus a long, peg-like pygostyle
composed of about five more. The distal end of the spinal cord,
after passing through the neural canal of all the caudals, passes
into the proximal one of this pygostyle, there to terminate. The
neural spines are feebly bifid, while the lateral processes arc fairly
well developed — the longest pair being on the third caudal
vertebra and the shortest on the last (figs. 42, 43).

Maleo has a large and capacious pelvis, as will be appreciated
by comparing its several views in figs. 42, 43, and 44 of the present
monograph. In the preacetabular region, the broad, anterior
portions of the ilia are much concaved, as either one sweeps
backwards to the acetabulum of its own side. Anteriorly, they
do not come in contact with each other, while they seize between

l86 Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidce. [j^f"}",,.

them the anterior third of the vertically compressed lamina that
caps the co-ossified " crista sterni." Posterior to this, the ilio-
neural canals are widely open, so that ^the double row of inter-
diapophysial foramina may be seen among the anterior sacral
vertebrae. Back of this again the sternum is broad and all in
one smooth plane, with only a few minute foramina to be seen
in it at its widest part. These foramina appear again, in three
pairs and of considerable size, among the last four sacrals, next
to the inner margin of the ilium upon either side.

The postacetabular portion of an ilium is extensive, very
smooth, and bvit very slightly convexed ; the posterior endings
extend beyond the sacrum, so that, in the articulated skeleton,
an entire free caudal vertebra is within the recess thus created

(fig- 44)-

There appear to be i6 vertebrae in the pelvic sacrum, which
would make 41 for the whole spinal column, plus the pygostyle.

On lateral view of the pelvis there are a few points to be noted.
There is a large " ischiadic foramen," which is acute ovate in
outline, the point being posterior. Below, and back of this, there
is a large, smooth, almost flat area, with vertical, sharp linear
border behind, all of which is furnished by the ischium. Interiorly,
the border is also sharp and concave ; it bounds the very consider-
able obturator space. This latter is formed by the long, slender
post-piihic style below, the latter projecting beyond the ischium
posteriorly. The small " obturator foramen " is of an elliptical
outline, and posteriorly communicates with the obturator space.
Viewed upon its ventral aspect, it will be seen that the leading
sacral vertebra closely resembles the last dorsal ; its transverse
processes are long and strong. Each reaches out to almost the
lateral border of the ilium upon either side, and there comes
extensively in contact with the inferior surface of the bone. The
transverse processes of the second sacral are much shorter and
smaller, being directed outwards, upwards, and forwards, to
likewise support the ilium on either hand from below. These
processes on the third sacral are nearly entirely aborted, though
they do reach the ihum upon either side. In the fourth and fifth
sacral vertebrae the diapophyses are of equal length, short, and
subcyhndrical in form ; they are thrown out at right angles to the
median plane, to abut against the under surface of the iha at
its narrowest point, just anterior to the capacious pelvic basin
possessed by this bird.

The next three vertebrae have their transverse processes directed
upwards, backwards, and slightly outwards, to merge with the
sacral roof above. Following these, there are two vertebrae
which are usually reckoned as the true sacrals. The leading one
possesses very slender transverse processes directed backwards,
outwards, and sUghtly upwards, to terminate in bulbous outer
ends abutting against the ilium, The transverse processes of
the next following vertebra are shorter, with more expanded outer
ends for the iliac contact upon either side. These two bones are
in the transverse line between the acetabula.

Tiiii Emu, Vul. XIX.

PLATE XXXVI.

Plate XVII.

^'^'- ^^'^'1 Shufeldt, Material for a Study oj the Megapodtider. 187

Finally, the last six vertebra; all extend their diapophyses to
the inner iUac margins ; they become shorter and shorter from
before backwards, and gradually more and more at right angles
to their centre — the length of the transverse processes pro-
gressively shortening as the skeleton of the tail is approached.

Sternum and Shoulder-Girdle (figs. 42, 43, and 44). — There is a
very evident Gallinaceous modelhng in all of tliese bones in the
Mateo, and especially in the elements of the pectoral arch. Vox
example, the big os furcula is a typical U-shaped bone, with large
subqviadrilateral hypocleidium directed backwards. Its superior
ends are but very shghtly expanded, and each articulates with the
coracoid and scapula of its own side.

A coracoid is a long, straight bone, which gradually expands
and flattens towards its sternal end. Its outer lower angle is
truncate, with a somewhat conspicuous tuberosity at its upper
outer angle. From the posterior lower half of the flat shaft the
surface is marked with muscular ridges. In articulation, the
coracoids appear to meet in the coracoidal grooves, in a foramen
piercing the base of the manubrium of the sternum. Superiorly,
the coracoidal head is not especially tuberous, while mesiad it
hooks over in order to articulate with the free end of the clavicle
of the same side.

A scapula is a large bone of imusual lengtli, for in the articulated
skeleton it reaches back to a point posterior to the anterior part
of the pelvis. Its blade is fiat and smooth, being truncate at its
distal extremity, and dilated for its middle third. As usual, it
contributes about one-third of the articular surface for the
glenoid cavity — the coracoid furnishing the balance.

The sternum is a short bone of no unusual width ; its carina or
keel is very deep anteriorly, but vanishes graduaHy to a point in
the mid-posterior plane behind. Its lower border is thickened ;
the " carinal aijgle " very prominent, and the anterior border
greatly concaved backwards (fig. 42). This border is double
above, from the manubrium to the middle point below, after
which, to the carinal angle, it is very sharp.

The manubrium does not project far to the front, its lower part
being a thin, median plate, to dilate above to a thickened portion,
the upper surface of which is co-extensive with the upper surface
of the sternal body. Between the " costal grooves " the plate-like
portion of the manubrium is pierced by a foramen. Dorsad, the
body of the sternum is concaved, with a large median pneumatic
foramen at the juncture of anterior and middle thirds.

Either " costal process " is rather conspicuous, being much
roughened upon its outer aspect, but smooth internally.

There is a pair of enormous elliptical " notches " on either side
of the keel in the xiphoidal end of the bone, and these give rise to
five conspicuous processes. The median one is co-extensive witli
the keel, and is formed like an isosceles triangle, with the apex
and the distal end of the carina in the same point.

The inner pair of xiphoidal processes are of moderate width

1 88 Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidce. [,,f ")"„.

and dilated ends, while each one of the outer pair is very large,
broad, and thin, the upper free end of either one being produced
to a point anteriorly as well aS posteriorly (fig. 42).

The costal borders are deeply excavated between the articular
facets, and honeycombed in various directions by pneumatic
foramina.

As a matter of fact, most all of the trunk skeleton is pneumatic,
the coccygeal vertebra; and pygostyle being the principal ex-
ceptions.

The Pectoral Limb (Plate XVI., figs. 32 and 35). — ^This mound-
bird has a powerful skeleton with respect to its limbs, the long
bones being lengthy and very strong ; in other words, it is a big-
boned bird, in so far as its pectoral and pelvic limbs are concerned.

The humerus has a length of about 8.7 cms., and is possessed
of a stout shaft, somewhat compressed in the plane of its expanded
proximal end, and to some degree exhibiting the usual sigmoid
curve. The radial crest is very low, thick, and rather short.
Both the head and distal tubercles are largely developed, and the
valley between the head and the ulnar tuberosity unusually deep.
On the other hand, the pneumatic fossa is shallow, though within
the deeper elliptical one at the centre of the fossa are many
pneumatic openings.

In the antibrachium the ulna has a length of 9.7 cms., and is an
unusually stout and much' curved bone. There are seven fairly
well marked papilla; down its shaft for the quill-butts of the
secondary feathers of the wing. The radius is shorter than the
ulna, being but 8.9 cms. in length ; moreover, it is quite straight,
and its shaft has not more than one-third the calibre of the shaft
of its companion bone.

The " interosseous space " between these bones of the fore arm
is great, but it is entirely due to the unusual amount of curvature
of the ulna (figs. 32 and 35).

Radiale and ulnare of the carpus present their unusual ornithic
characters ,as found in representatives of this group of birds.
Rather bulky in proportions, they make the ordinary articulations
with the bones of the antibrachium and the main bone of manus.
This latter possesses an extreme length of 4.9 cms. Its main
shaft is stout, and inclined to be curved along its anterior face,
the slenderer companion metacarpal (III.) being still more curved.
Both are considerably broadened and flattened below or at their
distal extremities. Pollex digit is long and pointed (1.9 cms.),
the distal phalanx of the index digit being shorter, while that of
medius is a short, peg-like bone, only 7 milhmeters in length.

The Pelvic Limb (figs. 37 and 41). — Distally, the femur is much
expanded antero-posteriorly, the great trochanterian ridge rising
above the smooth, broad summit of the bone. Caput femoris is
rather small and quite globular, the pit for the ligamentum teres
being somewhat diffuse. There are no evidences whatever of a
trochanter minor, and the smooth, subcylindrical shaft of the
bone is quite straight.. Linea aspera is fairly well marked, as are

The Emu, Vol. XIX:

PLATE XXXVII.

Plate XXIII.

^"^'i ^'^1 SiiUFELDT, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidce. i8q

a few other muscular lines. At the distal extremity the condyles
are very bulk}-, and widely separated anteriorly by a wide and
deep intercondylar valley. Posteriorly, the rather shallow
" popliteal fossa " is unequally divided by a low, submcdian
ridge, which terminates above the external condyle. On the
external surface of either condyle occurs, near the centre of each,
the usual pit for insertion of the lateral ligaments of the knee.

When the collector roughed out this specimen of malco lie
removed, through an oversight, the patellce, with the tendons in
which th(>y occur ; the consequence is that I cannot describe them
here. That this mound-bird possesses these sesamoids there
can hardly be any doubt ; for all bird forms, having both near
and remote relations to it, have them — a fact well-known to
ornithotomists. All true GalUnaceous fowls possess patella*.

Passing to the bones of the leg, next to be described is the tihio-
taysus, which is, as in the femur, a bone fashioned along rather
massive lines, as well as being one of good length. From the
highest point on the cnemial crest to the lowest point on the
distal condyles — -either one of them — it measures 13. i cms. The
summit is extensive and quadrilateral in outline, exhibiting the
usual concavities for articulation with the femoral condyles.
Anterior to these, the cnemial crest rises but very slightly above
the general surface, its superior border being in the transverse
line. The inner or " entocnemial crest " extends down the shaft
a little over two centimeters, in a direct line with the longitudinal
axis of the same,knd there merges with it. Above, it gradually
slopes towards the superior cnemial border, to merge eventually
into it (fig. 41). The outer or " ectocnemial crest " stands out
directly at right angles with the shaft of the bone, which it very
soon runs into. Its superior border is thickened, especially its
external angle. On the posterior aspect of this proximal end of
the tibio-tarsus, the summit of the bone projects over the shaft
as a prominent, outstanding ledge. As to the shaft of this bone,
it is perfectly straight, smooth, and unmarked. It is somewhat
flattened in the antero-posterior direction, and a sharp line is
continued down it from the lowermost point of the entocnemial
crest to a short distance above the condyles. Anteriorly, at the
distal end, there is a heavy, osseous " tendinal bridge " spanning
the longitudinal groove for the tendons of certain muscles in that
region — a feature present in this part of tlie skeleton in a great
many birds.

The condyles are large and otherwise well developed. Pos-
teriorly, the intercondylar valley is transversely very broad and
notabh- shallow, while in front it is narrow and much deeper.
On tlif outer aspect of tliis tibio-tarsus the fibular ridge is low
and long : it occupies a large* part of the line in the upper third of
the shaft. To its cntirr Irngth the fibula is attached 1)\- a firm,
fibrous ligament.

Turning to the fibula itself, we find it to have a length of about
6.7 cms., it being very slender below its articular ridge on the

iqO Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidcs. [j^f")",,

tibio-tarsus, and big above, the head being the most expanded
part.

There is a big, peg-Hke sesamoid at the inner side of the articula-
tion of the tibio-tarsus and the tarso-metatarsus, which is well
shown in fig. 37. Judging from the dried skeleton alone, it seems
to be attached to the bones only through the means of ligaments.

Tarso-metatarsus has an extreme length of 9 cms. ; its shaft is
smooth and much flattened in the antero-posterior direction,
which sharpens up its lateral aspects. Longitudinal muscular
lines mark its shaft in front as well as posteriorly ; its short,
cubical hypotarsus is but once pierced for tendinal passage, while
two longitudinal grooves for the same purpose are present on its
posterior aspect.

Distally, the trochlea are large, and arranged and formed as
we generally find them in the normal foot, the middle one being
the lowermost ; the inner one well turned backwards, while the
outer one is less so.

Between the middle and outer one there is to be seen the usual
perforating foramen for the passage of the anterior tibial artery.
Two small foramina also pierce the upper end of the shaft from
before, backwards.

A rather large accessory tarsal articulates witli the side of the
shaft a short distance above the inner trochlea ; there is nothing
unusual in its form.

All the podal digits and their joints are large, and otherwise in
keeping with the powerful skeleton of the pelvic limb of this
mound-builder (figs, ^y and 41). They are arranged upon the
usual plan of 2, 3, 4, and 5 phalanges to the first to the fourth toe
respectively. The ungital joints or claws are rather long, sharp-
pointed, and to some degree curved, especially the hallucial one.

Possibly there may have been some small sesamoids in the
plantar tendons of the foot of this maleo ; but, if so, they were
removed and liot preserved at the time the skeleton was roughed
out.

Concluding Remarks.

Dr. J. A. Leach, R.A.O.U., editor of The Emu, writing me from
Melbourne, Austraha, on the 5th October, 1917, says that "our
three mound-builders have been rather a trouble to ornithologists,
so that we should welcome some fresh light from you as to their
position in classification."

In his excellent little work, " An Australian Bird Book," Dr.
Leach places the Megapodiida in the Order Galliformes (Order IL,
Sub-Class IL, NeognathcB — Carinatce, minus Tinamidce), the only
mound-bird arrayed in the group being the " Mallee-Fowl "
[Leipoa ocellata). Bowdler Sharpe hsts the other forms, among
which we find the remaining Austrahan species — namely,
Megapodius duperreyi, Cathetimis lathami, and C. purpitreicollis
(Cape York). Sharpe also arrayed the mound-birds in the Order
Galliformes.

The Emu, Vol. XIX-.

PLATE XXXVIII.

^'°'',^o^'] SnUFKLDT, Material for a Study of the Mcgapodiidcc. igl

There can now be no question as to their being a separate
family from the Cracida, and most assuredly from other famiUes
of GaUinaceous birds, as the Guinea-Fowls and Turkeys.

I am satisfied that what is set forth in the present memoir,
presenting as it does many new facts in the morphology of the
MegapodiidcB and other matters relating to them, does not tend
in any way to disturb the above views upon their taxonomy.
Indeed, it confirms, as before mentioned, what I pointed out as
long ago as 1904,* and that is that the mound-birds {Mega-
podiidcs) belong in the Sub-Order Gallincc (Family I.), next above
the Cracida; in a linear arrangement. And should the present
monograph settle that point, or even assist in settling it, for all
time, I shall certainly feel that my labour upon it has not been
entirely devoid of useful results.

EXPLAXATIO.M OF PlATES.

(.\11 the figures in the plates are reproductions of photographs made
by the author direct from the specimens. They were all made
natural size ; and, should any particular figure not agree with
the measurements given in the text and elsewhere, that figure
has been reduced in reproduction.)

Pl.\te XIV.

Fig. 29. — Left lateral view of the-head and anterior half of the body
of the Celebean Maleo {Megacephalon maleo). Celebes :
Koeala Prang, 29th May, 1916, J. H. C. Raven, collector.
(No. 2,705.) Skin in Division of Birds, U.S. Nat. Mus.-
Photographed and coloured by the author. Nat. size.

Plate XV.

Fig. 30. — Egg of Megacephalon maleo ; nat. size. H. C. Raven, coll.
Celebes. (No. 33,522.) Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. Photograph
by the author.

Fig. 31. — Egg of Megacephalon maleo ; nat. size. H. C. Raven, coll.
Celebes. (No. 33,522.) Collection U.S. Nat. Mus. Photo-
graph by the author. These two specimens of the Maleo's
eggs bear the same number, which seems to indicate that
they belong to the same set.

Pl.\te XVI.
Fig. 32. — Skeleton of the right pectoral limb of the Celebean Maleo
(M. maleo) ; nat. size. Palmar aspect. Coll. U.S. Nat.
Mus. (No. 225,130.) H. C. Raven, collector (2,720).
Lembeh, Celebes, 26th June, 1916. Photograph by the
author.

Fig. 33- — Dorsal aspect of the cranium of the Maleo. Same speci-
men as fig. 32 ; nat. size.

Fig. 34. — Ventral view of the mandible of Megacephalon maleo.
Same skeleton as in figs. 32 and 33.

* Shufeldt, R. W., " An .\rrangemerit of the Families and Higher Groups
of Birds," American Naturalist, Boston, 1904, p. 852.

I02 Shufeldt, Material for a Study of the Megapodiidcr. [,^t^"]"|,

Fig- 35- — Anconal aspect of the skeleton of the left pectoral limb of

the Maleo ; nat. size. Same specimen as in figs. 32-34 of

this plate.

Plate XVTI.
Fig. 36.^Left lateral view of the skull of the Maleo (Megacephalon

maleo), mandible detached ; nat. size. Photograph by

author. .
Fig. 2i7- — Skeleton of the right pelvie limb of the ]\Ialeo ; mesial

aspect ; nat. size. Figs. 36 and 37 from same specimen as

shown on Plate XVI.

Pl.^te XVIII.

Fig. 38. — Ventral view of the mandible of the Maleo ; nat. size. The
posterior angular process has been restored on the right side.

Fig. 39. — Basal view of the cranium of the Maleo ; nat. size. Same as
fig. 36, Plate XVII.

Fig. 40. — Left lateral view of the cervical vertebrae of the Maleo ;
nat. size. There are 14 of them ; the 15th is broken up by
a shot, and only the anterior half of it is shown.

Fig. 41. — Skeleton of the right pelvic limb of the Maleo. Same as
shown in Fig. ^y of Plate XVII. Outer aspect. Note the
" tarsal sesamoid " in these two views.

Plate XIX.
Fig. 42. — Left lateral aspect of the trunk skeleton of the Maleo

{Megacephalon maleo). From same specimen as shown in the

previous figures and plates ; nat. size. Ribs shot away on

right side, and other bones broken and lost. Photograph

by author.

Plate XX.
Fig. 43. — Dorsal view of same trunk skeleton of a Maleo as shown

in Plate XIX., fig. 42. Distal half of right scapula lost ;

right ribs gone.
Fig. 44. — Ventral view of the same trunk skeleton as shown in figs.

42 and 43 ; nat. size. Photograph by author.

The Black-and-White Fantail. — Mr. L. Kcllaway, of Wood-
stock, Huon, (Icscribcd to me last week an entirely (to him)
unknown bird which he saw near his house. Mr. Kellaway's
description of the bird, which he had observed very closely, left
no doubt whatever tliat it was a Black-and-White Fantail. I
have made inquiries from several other persons who have seen
this bird, and I am (piite sure of its identity, and pretty certain
also that no one liereabouts has lost such a bird from a cage ; yet
it seems strange that if " Willie " has l^own or hvvn blown across
the Strait he should have got so far south. Can any of your
readers say if the Victorian Black-and-White Fantail {Rhipidura
motacilloides) has been seen in Tasmania before ? — G. Murray
Anderson. Franklin (Tas.), 15/11/19.

tiiE Emu. Vol. XIX.

PLATE XXXIX.

I'LATE XX.

Fig. 43.— Dorsal view of same trunk skeleton of a Malco as shown in Plate XIX., lig. 42.
Fig. 44.— Ventral view of the same trunk skeleton as shown in figs. 42 and 43 ; nat. size.

^"'l.^'^'l Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. I()3

Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union.

The annual meeting of tlie Royal Australasian Ornithologists'
Union for igig was held in Brisbane, Queensland, commencing
on 23rd September.

The following members proceeded from South Australia,
namely : — Capt. S. A. and Mrs. White, the Misses Vohr, Miss
Matthews, Mr. and Mrs. Andrews. From Victoria :— Dr. J. A.,
and Miss Leach, Colonel (i. Home, Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Israel,
Mrs. E. Stubbs, Mr. H. J. L. Watson, Mr. O'Meara, and the hon.
secretary, Mr. W. H. D. Le Souef. From New South Wales : —
Mr. and Mrs. C. Coles, Messrs. A. S. Le Souef, F. C. Morse, K. G.
Hays, H. J. Carter, N. Cayley, and Drs. CI eland and D'Ombrain.
From Tasmania : — Mr. C. E. Lord. Many Queensland members
attended, including Professor T. Harvey Johnston, Messrs. Tryon,
A. H. Chisholm, C. D. Gillies, G. H. Barker, and H. A. Long-
man.

This was the first annual congress of the R.A.O.U. that had
been held since 1914. So many members being absent at the
war, the meetings had been postponed until the war was
over.

In the unavoidable absence of the president, Mr. A. F. Basset
Hull, of New South Wales, the senior vice-president, Dr. J. A.
Leach, of Victoria, occupied the chair. There was a good attend-
ance of delegates, five States being represented.

The chairman, in opening the proceedings, stated that the
Union was happy in meeting again in this year of peace. He
briefly referred to the great part played by Australia in the war,
and expressed the hope that national sentiment would mark also
their work in ornithology. Queensland was to be congratulated
on its fine work in the matter of bird protection, especially in
regard to the work among the children.

Dr. Leach pleaded for the establishment of more sanctuaries — •
cities of refuge for our harassed birds and animals and for the
safeguarding of these, which, he contended, was our duty to the
country and to posterity. He also dwelt on the supreme economic
value of the birds, and suggested that the R.A.O.U. might
co-operate with the Federal Bureau of Science and Industry. He
emphasized the federal character of the Union, and said that,
although the headquarters must of necessity be in Melbourne or
some one place, it was desired that the voice of all the States
should be equally heard.

At the conclusion of the chairman's address the delegates stood
in silence as a tribute to the nine members of the l^nion who had
given their lives in the war.

The chairman, with the representatives of the hve States and
the hon. secretary, left at this stage to pay official calls on
His E.xcellency the Governor (Sir Hamilton Goold Adams), the
Premier, the Ministers for Agriculture and Education, and the
Maj^or of Brisbane. Colonel Home (Vic.) took the chair.

13

194

Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union:

ANNUAL

For Year ended

RECEIPTS.

£ s. d.

£ s.

d.

To Balance

106 I

4

,, Subscriptions ...

184 50

„ „ Arrears ...

41 8 0

„ „ Advance

25 10 6

251 3

6

„ Sales, ^6 14s. 6d. ; " Check-lists," 155.

7 9

6

„ Donation, H. L. White (blocks) ...

9 12

8

„ Interest, 13s. iid. ; Exchange, £2 lis. gd.

3 5

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Savings Bank— Credit Balance ...
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Trust Account— Commonwealth Bond

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Melbourne, \st July, 1919

Vol. XIX.
19J0

Royal Australasian Ornithologisls' Unimi.

195

STATEMENT
30Lh June, 1919.

EXPENDITURE,

By The Emu, vol. xviii. — Printing, &c.

„ „ Blocks

„ „ „ Coloured Plates

„ „ „ Reprints

£ s. d.

233 3 7

42 II II

35 16 3

16 10 10

Postage, ^12 2s. 9d. ; Stationery, ^^8 is. 6d. ; Insurance,
£1 14s. 3d. ; Commission, 4s. 6d. ; Covers, 13s. iid. ;
Exchange, ^2 19s. 5d. ; Bank, 10s. ; Cheques, 2S. 6d.

Room — Gas, 14s. 6d. ; Fires, 6s. 9d. ; Lantern, ^i 5s
"Check-lists," £1 los. ; Picture Rail, &c., £2 i6s,
Keys, 3s. ; Binders, &c., £2 6s. 2d. ; Freight, 7s. 5d
Library, £l 2s. 3d.

Trust Fund— Rent, ^32 los. ; Library, £\2 los.

Royal Bank — Credit Balance

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By Balance

£ s. d.

1,810 6 2

^1,810 6 2

Audited and found correct.

IAS. BARR, A.C.P.A.
JAS. HEDDING,

Melbourne, \\th July, 1919.

Hon. Auditors.

ig6 Roval Australasian Ornithologists' Union. [,sf'"jan.

Annual Report, 1918-ig.

Ladies and Gentlemen, — The Council has much pleasure in
presenting to the members of the Royal Australasian Orni-
thologists' Union its nineteenth annual report.

Thirty-two of our members, we are glad to say, have returned
from the front. Several of the returned members were cordially
welcomed at a dinner given to them at Scott's Hotel, Melbourne,
last July. An honour board is now being prepared, and will be
hung in the Union's room in Melbourne.

During the year 59 new members have been elected — 21 in
Victoria, 15 in New South Wales, 2 in South Australia, i in
Western Australia, 13 in Queensland, 3 in Tasmania, i in New
Zealand, and 3 in England. Twelve members have resigned or
ceased.

Additional sanctuaries have been proclaimed for the protec-
tion of our native flora and fauna in Queensland, Tasmania,
South Australia, and Victoria, and it is hoped that Macquarie
Island, with its wonderful sub-Antarctic bird-life, will also shortly
be proclaimed.

All the various States except Western Australia have re-
modelled or added amendments to their Game Laws, with the
object of securing further protection for valuable insectivorous
birds or prohibiting the wearing of their plumes, &c. This has
been largely done through the efforts of the Union.

The Council acknowledges with pleasure the assistance given
by the National Museum of Victoria in loaning and mounting
birds' skins and also assisting with the reproduction of the
coloured plates which are such an interesting feature of The Emu.

The Union's room at 2 Temple-court, Collins-street, Melbourne,
is proving of much use, and both the collections of bird skins and
eggs are being added to through the kind generosity of our various
members.

The conversaziones that are held on the first Wednesday in
each month at the room are well attended, and much interesting
ornithological information is brought forward.

The library is steadily increasing, and is of much use to members.

The Union's journal, The Emu, has been kept up to its usual
standard, and papers of much interest have been published, as
well as notes of general interest, and also coloured plates and
photographs.

The Council has again to thank the Royal Zoological and
Acclimatization Society of Victoria for so kindly continuing to
house the spare stocks of Emus, &c.

Tw^ quarterly meetings were held at the National Museum,
through the courtesy of the Director, and certain families of birds
discussed, and also additions to the " H. L. White Collection "
inspected.

W. H. D. Le SouiiF,

General Hon. Secretary.

Vol. XIX.
1920

] Royal Australasian Oynilhologists' Union-. zqy

It was decided to rt'conmu'iid to the editors of The Emu that
a special State section l)e introduced into tliat journal, and that
the State secretaries be asked to forward matters relatinj^ to binl
protection and ornithology generally in their various States.

It was also resolved that an economic section be inaugurated
in The Emu, and that the information gained be circulated as
widely as possible, particularly through the agency of the Agri-
cultural Departments of the various States, so that the fullest
publicity be given to the economic value of birds.

It was decided to support the effort now being made in New-
castle, New South Wales, to have an island off the coast reserved
as a sanctuary.

Amendment of Rule 6 — " Members. — (b) Honorary members,
not exceeding at any one time seven in number, who shall be
persons resident in Australia and have rendered distinguished
services to the study or science of ornithology."

Mr. A. J. Campbell had given notice of motion that the number
seven be amended to ten. This amendment was carried unan-
imously.

The motion that all past presidents not holding another office
be ex-officio members of the Council was also carried unanimously.

It was decided that a member of the Union be appointed in
each State to tabulate the contents of the stomachs of birds that
may be sent to them. Names suggested were : — South Australia,
Mr. Lea ; Western Australia, Mr. Alexander ; Queensland, Dr.
T. H. Johnston ; Victoria, Mr. L. G. Chandler ; New South
Wales, Dr. Cleland ; Tasmania, Mr. C. E. Lord. Members were
requested to assist in this important work whenever possible.

The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows :
—President, Mr. A. F. Basset Hull -(N.S.W.) ; vice-presidents.
Dr. J. A. Leach (Vic.) and Mr. C. A. Barnard (Q.) ; hon. treasurer,
Mr. Z. Gray (Vic.) ; hon. general secretary, Mr. W. H. D. Le Souef
(Vic.) ; hon. assistant secretary, Mr. ¥. E. Wilson ; hon. editor
of The Emu, Dr. Leach ; hon. assistant editor, Mr. R. H. Croll ;
hon. librarian, Mr. F. E. Wilson ; press correspondent, Mr. L. G.
Chandler ; hon. auditors, Messrs. J. A. Barr and J. Hedding.
State secretaries — Mr. A. S. Le Souef (N.S.W.), Mr. A. H.
Chisholm (Q.), Capt. S. A. White (S.A.), Mr. W. B. Alexander
(W.A.), Mr. C. Lord (Tas.), Mr. G. F. Hill (Northern Territory),
Mr. W. B. Oliver (N.Z.), and Mr. C. Zimmer (Papua). Members
of Council : — Dr. E. B. Nicholls, Messrs. C. L. Barrett, J. A. Ross,
and A. C. Stone, Victoria; Dr. J. Cleland and Dr. E. D'Ombrain,
New South Wales ; Dr. T. Harvey Johnston and Mr. E. M.
Cornwall, Queensland ; Messrs. E. Ashby and J. W. Mellor,
South Australia ; Major E. A. Le Souef and Mr. P. T. Sandland',
Western Australia ; Messrs. Robert Hall and H. S. Dove,
Tasmania. Past presidents, ex-oficio members of the Council —
Surgeon-General Ryan, Messrs. A. J. Campbell and A. H. E.
Mattingley.

In the afternoon the Minister of Agricultuic (Mr. W. N. (billies)

iq8 Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. [,J

Emu
Jan.

and Mrs. Gillies entertained the visiting and Queensland members
on a trip down the river on board the Lucinla. The Minister of
Education, Mr. Huxham, was also present.

Mr. Gillies welcomed the visitors to Queensland, and spoke
strongly of the importance of the work in which they were
engaged, and also of the economic value of the avifauna. He
said he would welcome suggestions regarding the new Game Bill
which had been before the Legislative Assembly during the last
session.

Dr. Leach, in moving a vote of thanks to the Minister, stated
that Queensland was worthily maintaining its reputation for
hospitality. Capt. White (S.A.), Dr. J. Burton Cleland (N.S.W.),
and Mr. Give Lord (Tas.), as representatives of the other States,
supported the motion, which was carried with applause.

In the evening Dr. Leach gave an interesting lantern lecture
on " The Birds of Australia." He took his audience through the
various orders of Australia's numerous birds, selecting typical
species for illustration, and having something important to say
about each.

A cordial vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Leach, and also
to His Excellency the Governor, Sir Hamilton Goold Adams, who
presided. An appreciative reference was made to the assistance
rendered by His Excellency to the Queensland Gould League of
Bird-Lovers.

On Wednesday the members visited the Enoggera Reservoir
as guests of the Brisbane Field Naturalists' Club. Bird-observing
was done in the adjacent bush and about the picturesquely-situated
reservoir itself. Seventeen different birds were identified on the
way out, and, walking on the leaves of the water-lilies that grew
in the reservoir, several of those interesting birds, the Jacanas
or Lotus-Birds, were noticed. Two nests were also found of
Lambert's Blue Wren, and a photograph taken of the mother
feeding her young. Refreshments were served in a building on
the premises. Before leaving, the hearty thanks of the members
were given to the Field Naturalists' Club for the exceedingly
interesting day the visiting ornithologists had spent. The vote
was responded to by the president of the Field Naturalists' Club,
Mr. C. D. Gillies, M.Sc.

In the evening the hon. secretary, Mr. W. H. D. Le Souef,
C.M.Z.S., gave an illustrated lecture in the Royal Geographical
Society's rooms on " The Barrier Reef and the Coastal Districts
of North Queensland." About 70 illustrations were shown of
photographs he had taken himself, giving a slight description of
the bird and animal life as well as marine forms found in this most
fascinating part of Queensland. His Excellency the Governor
presided. The lecturer was presented with the certificate of
fellowship of the Royal Geographical Society, and was accorded
a vote of thanks.

The congress was resumed on Thursday at the Royal Geographical
Society's rooms.

Vol. XIX. 1 Royal Australasian Orniihologisis' Union. IQC)

After a general discussion, it \v;is unanimously decided that
this congress recommends the Council to proceed as expeditiously
as possible with the preparation and publication of the second
edition of the " Check-list," such edition to be based on the prin-
ciples of the International Code, and to be on the lines of the
B.O.U. list.

It was further resolved that 25 copies of the proposed " Check-
list " should be printed and forwarded to all members interested
and to the leading ornithologists of the world for criticism and
suggestions.

Dr. Cleland moved that such a generic standard be adopted
as would indicate relationships. This was carried unanimously.

The following were unanimously elected as the Second Edition
" Check-list " committee : — Drs. W. MacgilUvray, J. A. Leach,
Capt. S. A. White, Messrs. W. B. Alexander, C. L. Barrett, A. J.
Campbell, R. Hall, A. F. Basset Hull, W. H. D. Le Souef, G. M.
Mathews, A. H. E. Mattingley, and H. L. White.

It was decided that Dr. Harvey Johnston should be associated
with the " Check-list " committee as representative of Queensland,
and that he should fill the first vacancy on the committee.

The hon. secretary read some correspondence, greetings, and
also an apology from Mr. C. A. Barnard for his absence.

It was decided that, in the opinion of the congress, it was desir-
able that Macquarie Island should be set apart as a sanctuary
for the flora and fauna of the surrounding regions.

It was further decided that the above motion should be for-
warded to the Tasmanian Government.

It was also resolved that the Council be empowered to take
such action as is desirable to secure that end, even to the ex-
penditure of funds.

It was unanimously recommended to the Council that the
membership fee be increased from 15s. to £1 is. per annum.

It was resolved that Mr. Mathews be congratulated on the
success he has achieved with his great work on " The Birds of
Australia," and also on the fact that he is now in the position to
continue the preparation and publication of that work.

Regret was expressed that Australia had not secured Mr.
Mathews's collection of Australian birds, and the hope was
expressed that the Australian Government would be able to
secure this collection, of incalculable value to Australian orni-
thologists.

The best thanks of the Union were conveyed to the anonymous
donor of £100 a year for three years towards the completion of
Mr. Mathews's work, also to the Commonwealth Government for
providing £200 a year for three years.

A letter of condolence was ordered to be forwarded to Mrs.
Gellatly, the widow of the late Director of the Bureau of Science
and Industry.

The congress hoped that a close relationship would be established
between the Union and that Bureau,

200 Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. [,^,

Emu
t Jan.

Capt. White was congratulated and thanked for his successful
work in securing the passage of two bills in the South Australian
Parliament to secure the reservation of the western end of
Kangaroo Island as a sanctuary, and the further protection of
native birds and other animals.

A letter was ordered to be sent to Mr. N. Agnew, of Peel Island,
who, though unable to attend the congress, forwarded a list of
birds of Stradbroke Island, where the party was to have the first
camp-out.

It was decided to request the Tasmanian Government to
proceed with the new Game and Bird Protection Act.

It was resolved to request the various State Governments that
had not already done so to take steps to restrict the use of the
pea-rifle by boys under the age of i8 years.

It was decided to draw the attention of the State Governments
to the damage likely to result to bird-life through the indiscriminate
use of the fire-stick.

It was resolved that the congress congratulate the Queensland
Minister of Agriculture and Stock on his determination to bring
in legislation for the better protection of birds, and to offer the
advice and co-operation of the Union.

It was decided that relevant questions should be invited and
answered at the termination of the public lectures given annually
under the auspices of the Union.

Mr. A. H. Chisholm was heartily congratulated on the efftcient
manner in which he had organized the congress and camp-outs.

It was decided to recommend the Council to consider the
matter of drawing up a scheme of membership distinctions to be
awarded for original ornithological work.

The first volume of John Gould's " Birds of Australia," con-
taining a copy of the review of that work by the Times, and
an autograph letter by John Gould, was kindly exhibited to
members by the Chief Librarian (Mr. J. Brown).

A fine series of views of the National Park was exhibited by
Mr. H. Tryon, Government Entomologist, through the courtesy
of Mr. P. J. M'Dermot, I.S.O., Under Chief Secretary.

Votes of thanks were passed to the retiring office-bearers, also
to the Queensland Government, the Premier, to the Minister and
Secretary for Agriculture, to the Minister, Secretary, and Chief
Clerk of the Home Department and to the Education Depart-
ment, for courtesies shown and facilities afforded ; also to Mr.
Otto Sandel for an interesting visit to his aviaries and entertain-
ment of members.

It was resolved to inform museums and working ornithologists
of the gaps in the Union's collections, so that these can be filled
when possible.

The thanks of the Union were also given to tlie Royal Geo-
graphical Society for the use of its rooms for the meetings of the
congress.

The press of Queensland were thanked for tlie fnic reports of

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in Western Anstralia about the first week in October.

During the afternoon many of the members visited the Botanical
Gardens, the Museum, and also Mr. Otto Sandel's fine aviaries
at Ascot. Several members also delivered addresses in the
Brisbane Technical School and various State schools. The
children and teachers were much interested in what the visitors
had to say regarding the value and interest of native birds.

In the evening Capt. S. A. White lectured at the School of Arts
on the subject of " The Economic Value of Our Native Birds."
The Director of Technical Education (Mr. L. C. Morris) presided.
The lecturer spoke first of the value of the Swallow family as
typical of the great army of fly-catching birds ; he then referred
to the cases of the Crow and Cormorant, giving interesting details
regarding their food and habits. He also referred to the enemy
of bird-life, wild domestic cats. He concluded with a series of
interesting pictures of Central Australian life. A hearty vote
of thanks was pass6d to Capt. White for his lecture, which was
given under the auspices of the Queensland Popular Science and
Art Society.

From Friday to Monday the first camp-out was held at Strad-
broke Island, where the members were the guests of the Home
Secretary (Mr. M'Cormack). A most interesting time was spent,
and many sea and land birds were noted.

On Tuesday the members left for a ten-days' camp-out on the
Bunya Mountains — a most interesting place. The following
further business was transacted round the camp-fire or its equi-
valent after strenuous days in the open : —

A fine paper by Dr. Cleland on "A Bird Census " provoked
much discussion. The methods outlined were generally approved,
and the hope was expressed that birds seen on trips would be
tabulated, and that monthly lists of birds of any one locality
would be drawn up.

An interesting paper on " Cuckoos," by Mr. A. J. Campbi^ll,
was well received and discussed.

It was decided that 20 reprints of local lists of birds of important
localities be printed and kept for sale.

On Monday evening, Capt. White delivered a lecture before the
Royal Society of Queensland, in the University, on "Central
Australia," to a very large audience. The lecture was fully
illustrated by an excellent series of lantern slides, k hearty vote
of thanks was accorded the lecturer.

The general hon. secretary, Mr. W. H. 1). Le Souef, instead of

202 Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. [isf'jan

going to Stradbroke Island and the Bunya Mountains, went to
Townsville, and from there to Prairie, near Hughenden, visiting
isolated members. He took his lantern with him, lecturing at
the various centres, including Townsville, and also before the
Brisbane Field Naturalists' Club on his return.

Other business was transacted at the mountain camp, the
chief subject of discussion being a motion which Mr. H. Tryon
(Queensland) had advanced earlier. This was to the effect that
it be a recommendation to the Council that branches of the
Union be formed in each State. Mr. Tryon spoke at some length-
in claiming that the passage of his motion would act as a stimulus
to ornithological study, and he was supported strongly by Mr.
C. Coles (N.S.W.), who seconded the motion.

Dr. Cleland and Dr. D'Ombrain (N.S.W.), Capt. White (S.A.),
Messrs. A. H. Chisholm and G. H. Barker (Qld.), Dr. Leach and
Dr. Home (Vic.) joined in a discussion on the subject. Ultimately
the large meeting carried an amendment, sponsored by Capt.
White and Dr. Home — " That it be a recommendation to the
Council that arrangements be made to ensure regular meetings
of members of the Union in the respective States, these meetings
to consider ornithological matters, and, if necessary, make
recommendations to the Council."

Votes of thanks for courtesies extended were accorded the
Premier, the Minister for Railways, the Home Secretary, the
Minister for Agriculture, the Dalby Chamber of Commerce,
Dr. Booth-Clarkson (who entertained the party at Stradbroke
Island), Mr. H. W. Mobsby (hon. lanternist of the Geographical
Society), the Brisbane Field Naturalists' Club, and the Brisbane
press, which fully reported the proceedings of the Congress.
Appreciative references were made to the work of Queensland
members generally, and a special vote of thanks was accorded
the hon. secretary (Mr. Chisholm) for his conduct of arrange-
ments for the congress and camps, which rank among the most
successful in the history of the Union.

Apologies were received from Messrs. E. M. Cornwall, W. G.
and R. C. Harvey (Mackay), F. L. Berney (Rockhampton), Chas.
Barnard (vice-president), Noel V. J. Agnew (Peel Island), E. R.
Caldwell (Charleville), A. J. Campbell, A. C. Stone, and A. H.
Mattingley.

Greetings were received from the Central Queensland Native
Birds Protection Association (Mr. P. V. Maloney, hon. sec.)

THE BUNYA RANGE EXCURSION.

By a. H. Chisholm, R.A.O.U., State Secretary, Queensland.

Several months prior to the holding of the congress, arrange-
ments were well advanced in Brisbane for a camp-out to be held
in the neighbourhood of the picturesque Whitsunday Passage,
between Mackay and Townsville, North Queensland. All chance

Vol. XIX
1920

] Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. 203

of canxinj; these arrangements into effect, Iiowex-er, was dissipated
by the prolonged maritime strike, and Queensland members had
then to cast about for a new rendezvous. It was not a par-
ticularly difficult problem in this State of much beauty. \n
expedition to Stradbroke Island, Moreton Bay, was decided upon
as offering a panacea to potential campers for the loss of the
pleasures of tropic Whitsunday, and a tentative agreement was
reached for the establishment (jf a second camp on the mystical
Bunya Mountains, south-western Queensland.

" Mystical " is written because the Bunya Range has ever been
to most Queenslanders little more than a name — a name full of
romantic reminiscence of the days when the black man was a
power in the land and held high revel at the periodical Feast of
the Bunyas. It was not this factor, however, that constituted
the ornithological attraction of the range so much as the
possibility that, by reason of its western dip, this portion of the
Great Divide would provide an interesting merging-place for
eastern and western forms. Moreover, it was known that these
south-western highlands had not been at all thoroughly examined
from any scientific standpoint. Mr. Hermann Lau, a correspondent
of Mr. A. J. Campbell, made notes there so far back as 1856,*
but since that time no record was obtainable of any ornithologist
having visited the locality. When there is added to these con-
siderations the fact that the Bunya Range was reputed to be of
considerable beauty, and to carry abundance of pine, it will be
agreed that the " possibilities " certainly were rosy.

Obviously, in the case of a locality so little visited, the out-
standing difficulty was the question of access. It was here that
the fraternal citizens of the town of Dalby, the nearest point of
importance to the range, came to the rescue. The local Chamber
of Commerce responded readily to a request for advice and
co-operation, and their assistance subsequently was a very
appreciable factor in the success of the excursion. Practical
co-operation was given also at the Brisbane end, particularly by
the then Premier (Hon. T. J. Ryan), who generously granted the
visitors free railway passes on the 150 miles trip from the capital
to Dalby.

Intending campers who left Brisbane and other centres for
the Bunya Range on 30th September constituted the largest party
of the kind yet gathered under the banner of the R.A.O.U. The
representation from the various States was as follows : — New
South Wales. — Mr. A. S. Le Souef (State secretary), Dr. J. Burton
Cleland, Dr. E. A. D'Ombrain, Messrs. Neville W. Cayley, C. Coles,
R. E. Morse, R. Hayes, H. J. Carter, and Mrs. Coles; Victoria^
Dr. J. A. Leach (vice-president). Colonel (Dr.) Geo. Home, Messrs.
H. J. Watson and W\ O'Meara, Mrs. J. W. Israel, and Mrs. Stubbs ;
South Australia — Caj)tain S. A. White (State secretary) and Mrs.
White, Mr. H. W. Andrews and Mrs. Andrews, Misses Vo'hr, A. Vohr,

* " Nests and Eggs," p. 1S8,

204 Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. [i^f'"jan.

and Matthews ; Queensland — Mr. A. H. Chisholm (State secretarj^),
Professor H. C. Richards (Professor of Geology, Queensland
University), Messrs. C. T. White (Government Botanist), Henry
Tryon (Government Entomologist), G. H. Barker, R. lUidge,
H. G. W. Keid, A. Dingwall, Dr. Jefferis Turner, Dr. F. Hamilton
Kenny and Master Kenny, Dr. T. A. Price, Mrs. Price, Master
Harvey and Miss Nancy Price, Mrs. Mayo, and Mrs. Hobler.
Mr. Charles Walker, of Bell, erected the tents loaned through the
courtesy of the Home Secretary (in addition to a large marquee
of his own), and Mr. E. Varney was taken from Brisbane as
official cook.

Reception at Dalby.

Preceding the main party by a few hours, Dr. Leach, Dr.
D'Ombrain, and Mr. Chisholm reached Dalby at 6 p.m. for the
purpose of meeting the mayor and citizens. A civic welcome
was extended the visitors by the mayor (Aid. J. D. Morris), who
was accompanied on the platform of the School of Arts by the
chairman of the Chamber of Commerce (Mr. Victor Drury),
Aldermen P. Garrow, W. R. Hunter, and W. Fortescue.

The following notes on the subsequent proceedings are ex-
tracted from an extended report in the Dalby Herald : —

" After the mayor had introduced the visiting members of the
Ornithologists' Union, he said he felt sure the people of Dalby
appreciated with him the honour the scientists conveyed in
coming into their midst. He extended, on behalf of the aldermen
and citizens, a cordial welcome, and hoped the visitors' short
stay in Dalby would be enjoyable, and that they would obtain
greater knowledge of their specific subjects while they were on the
Bunya Mountains. He regretted that they were seeing the
district at its worst. There were just plains around Dalby —
indeed, it was the city of the plains — but they were fortunate in
having mountains near by that were bracing and life-giving. As
the mountains were not close to a railway, a few public-spirited
gentlemen, feeling that the visit of the scientists would be an
advertisement for the district, had arranged to motor the visitors
to the foot of the mountains and back. He felt it was a compli-
ment to the district that the visitors had come, and he hoped they
would gain knowledge of bird-life during their visit.

" Mr. Victor Drury, in extending a welcome on behalf of the
Chamber of Commerce, said it was a distinct compliment that so
many scientists were visiting the beautiful Bunyas. They would
not only be interested in bird-life, but would be astonished at
the timber. During the time of Sir Joshua Peter Bell portion of the
mountains had been reserved as a national park, and he thought
that when the mountain road was opened there would be an influx
of tourists, as there was to the Blue Mountains. He had been
over both, and he could conscientiously say that the Bunyas held
their own.

" Dr. Leach, in returning thanks for the wt'lcome, said the orni-
thologists had alwavs been treated so splrndidly in Queensland

Vol- ^J^] Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. 205

lliat it ^pnilt tlicm lor the other States. When tlie\- knew ol their
destination tliey made various inquiries as to where i\\v P^unya
Mountains were. They could not ftnd them on the map. They
liad since, however, heard much, and they expected mucli. He
was sorry to hear of the dryness in the country. At Bairnsdah',
on the Mitchell River, where he came from, they had just had
record floods. Referring to the birds of the Bunyas, Dr. l.each
said that only a few would be taken as specimens. On this point
they had recently been criticised by some people, who said they
took more birds than they protected, but this was not so. The
Union existed firstly to protect and preserve bird-life, and secondly
to study the birds. They would not take more birds than were
necessary. There were scrub birds which were extremely rare
that they lioped to find in the Bunyas. They hoped to give other
ornithologists knowledge of the Bunya Mountains, and to let them
hear of the reception extended."

It had been arranged that a lecture would be given by Captain
White, but he was unal)le to get away by the early train, and his
place was taken by Mr. Chisholm. The lecture, which was fully
illustrated with lantern slides, dealt chiefly with the birds of
Queensland, and particularly those which it was expected to
meet in the Bunya Range. Emphasis was laid on the necessity
which existed for protecting the rare and beautiful forms in the
highlands. Incidentally, Mr. Chisholm came into good-humoured
conflict with a farmer in the audience regarding the utility or
otherwise of the Crow, and, as neither was inclined to give way,
the " debate " had to be adjourned. A vote of thanks was
accorded the lecturer, on th(> initiative of the Rev. R. Millar, after
which the party went to tlie railway station to meet the main
body of the visitors.

Climbing the Range.

On the following morning the whole of the prospective campers
left on a drive of 30 miles to the Bunya Range. The railway
covering only portion of the route, the trip was made in motor-
cars, which were supplied by Rev. B. P. Walker, Messrs. P. Garrow,
J. D. i\Iorris, T. Jack, C. G. Turbaync, and H. W. Button. Hired
cars were also used, and the luggage was conveyed in two large
cars belonging to the Dalby Ambulance Brigade. It was an
interesting trip. The countryside, stricken with drought, lay
gasping under the warming sun of October, and bare of any
vegetation but tlu' pestiferous imported prickly pear [Opiintia
inermis) ; Init, lor all that, a fair numl:)er of birds clung to the
plains and forest approaches to the range. The sum totals
shown undi-r ])r. Cleland's interesting censifs scheme were, indeed,
surprising, both in regard to variety and numbers observed.

Of particular interest was the presence of Arlanius wclanops,
the Black-faced Wood-Swallow. Specimens of tliis quiet,
babyish-looking bird were hunched up on almost every fence-post
by the roadside. What the birds find to eat under such con-
ditions is not at all obvious, but certainly the species appears

2o6 Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. [isf^jaii.

content to risk starvation so long as it may live on its beloved
plains. The Black-faced Wood-Swallow, in Queensland at all
events, is just as devoted to the dry spaces as its White-rumped
relative (.4. Icucogastcr) is fond of the neighbourhood of the sea.
Occasional Crow-Shrikes (Magpies, Bell-Magpies, and Butcher-
Birds), Finches, Whistlers, Tit-Warblers, Caterpillar-eaters {Campe-
phaga humcralis), Fantails, Cuckoos, Cuckoo-Shrikes, and Straw-
necked Ibis were among other birds noted. In the forest country
Blue-bellied and Scaly-breasted Lorikeets {Trichoglossus swainsoni
and T. chlorolepidotus) were remarked to be feeding on the tall
spires of the grass-tree {Xanthorrha:a) ; evidently the drought
had curtailed the supply of nectar in the eucalypts. With these
and other observations the time passed quickly enough ere trippers
were dropped at the base camp, in dry forest country-, at the foot
of the range.

It was well then that the climbers had visions of a good time
coming to spur them on, for the negotiating of the mountain-side
proved to be more of a struggle than was antiApated, even from
the guide's exhortations to leave at the base everything in the
slightest degree superfluous. The trail, scant and rocky, wound
in tired fashion up and up through uninviting forest country that
was parched and lifeless. Pinches were abominably steep in
places, and, as the sun burned down with increasing ardour and
no sign of the promised jungle appeared, it was excusable for
perspiring southerners to cherish a suspicion that their Queensland
comrades had sold them a gold brick. This feeling had not
developed very definitely, however, when, after a climb of three
miles, an advanced member of the party hurried back \\\i\\ the
news that the camp was within coo-ee, and that Bower-Birds
were playing about its grassy approaches. Past regrets and
future fears fled from the minds of tired climbers on the instant
— even Mrs. Israel ceased to fret after the setting of prize fowls'
eggs (acquired somewhere along the way) which had to be left
unguarded at the base camp — and in a few minutes all were
stepping gratefully under the shade of luxuriant " scrub " that
had, as it were, sprung up about them all on a sudden. The turn
of a corner then brought to view seven tents and a large marquee
nestling in an elbow of a park-like stretch of country, and backed
by a densely green wall of vegetation, with, over all, the
statuesque forms of the Bunya pines standing like a race apart.

The Feast of the Bunyas.

Here it may be said that in this scene was typified two of the
remarkable features of the Bunj'a Mountains; The tree from
%vhich the range takes its name is very distinctive of the area.
Look where you will on these highlands, the gaze must ever be
arrested by the towering form and shapely crest of the Arancaria
bidwelli. " This tree," writes Dr. John Dunmore Lang (" Cooks-
land," p. 135), in quotation of his friend, Andrew Petrie, " grows

The Emu, IW. XIX:

PLATE XL.

Vol. XIX. 1 Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Unions 207

1(1 an iinnu'iise height and girtli. I have nicasurcd sonic
()idinary-si/A"d trees, 150 feet high and al)()ut 4 feet in (hanieter.
'Hiey are as straiglit and round as a gun-barrel. . . 'Uw.
fruit of this pine is a large cone or core, about 9 by 6 inches, and
covered with small cones, similar in appearance to a pineapple.
It is these small nuts that the blacks eat ; they travel two or
three hundred miles to feed on the fruit. It is plentiful every
three years." According to Mr. A. Meston (a former Protector
of Queensland Aborigines), the first cones of this pine sold in
London Covent (iardcn market at ten guineas each. Meston
gives the word biinya as the native name of the tree ; " the nut is
called yenggec, and the complete hahnyayenggee is the bunya nut."
Miss Constance Petrie, however, on the authority of her father,
makes the blacks' word hon-yi (bon-ye). Incidentally, she points
out that her grandfather, Andrew Petrie, discovered this tree ;
" but he gave some specimens to a Mr. Bidwell, who forwarded
them to the old country, and hence the tree was named after
him, not after the true discoverer."

How fond the natives were of the bon-yi nut has been told by
several early Oueenslandcrs, notably Tom Petrie, than whom no
one knew better the blacks of the Brisbane district. In the fine
book of recollections given to the world by his daughter, he notes
that the gatherings of the blacks in the bon-yi season were really
huge picnics. The aborigines belonging to the district would
send messengers out to invite members from other tribes to come
and have a feast. Perhaps fifteen would be asked here, and
thirty there, and they were mostly young people, who were fit and
able to travel. These tribes, in turn, would ask others, and so
the invitations went on from tribe to tribe. Then would begin
the great " trek." It is notable that the travellers kept as close
to the coast as possible on these journeys, thereby fortifying them-
selves with a fish diet preparatory to several weeks' adherence to
a menu that was largely vegetarian. At the Bunya Mountains
each tribe seems to have had its particular area, and, again,
individual ownership of particular trees was recognized from
generation to generation. It is interesting to note also that Miss
Petrie states that her father's experience at the Blackall Range
(north of the Bunya Mountains) showed that the blacks would
never by any chance cut a bon-yi, affirming that to do so would
be to injure the tree, and that they climbed with the vine alone,
the rough surface of the tree helping them. Apparently it was not
so on the range now known as " The Bunyas." Here every one
of the thousands of big Bunya pines is more or less distinctly
marked to the first branch with what appear to be cuts made by
the natives to give them purchase in climbing. Nor can it fairly
be said that these marks are of recent origin^ — belonging to the
sixties or seventies, after which the native * pilgrims dwindled
away — for timber-getters tell us they find these cuts right in the
hearts of some trees !

Gazing at those mute relics of a day that is dead, one felt

208 Royal Australasian Oniilhologisls' Union. [isf^jan

something of the reverence that possesses the thoughts when
standing bare-headed before the magnificent age-old beech-trees
of -the Macpherson Range. Were there tongues in these sentinel
pines of the Bunya Range, what stories they could tell ! What
animation there must have been when thousands of Nature's
dusky children gathered to the roasting of the beloved bon-yi
cones, and to the varied feasts which followed ! What weird
scenes when special corroborees filled the night, when the morn
was saluted with the startling Cry for the Dead, and, finally, when
the memorable time of feasting ended with a huge fight !

" Alas ! " writes Meston, " no artist ever beheld those strange
scenes at the assemblings of the tribes at the Bunya Mountains.
They have gone for ever — vague and shadowy now in the misty
moonlight of memory — dim phantoms only in the imagination.
In fancy alone can we recall those multitudinous dark forms,
stalking stealthily through the pine scrubs ; in fancy alone can
we hear the soft footfalls of a thousand naked feet upon the
fallen leaves." A remnant of the once powerful tribes continued
to assemble at the historic range until the coming of a sawmill,
which effectually put an end to the gathering of the clans. But
it did not put an end to the trees themselves. Probably thousands
have succumbed to the claims of commerce — for the bunya pine
has many superior qualities — but still thousands remain on the
highlands, dark, stately, and picturesque, and seeming, indeed,
to have acquired a new solemnity in mourning over their vanished
kin-spirits, the original Queenslanders who held high revel at
the Feast of the Bunyas.

Remarkable Air-Wells.

The second feature alluded to as a remarkable characteristic
of the Bunya Range is not vegetation, but the lack of it at certain
points — the presence of considerable stretches of perfectly open
" paddocks," which occur, strangely, right in the middle of great
stretches of jungle. Setting aside a palpably absurd suggestion
that these clearings were effected by blacks, it was not easy for
either geologist or botanist to offer a suggestion as to how they
came to be. Appropriately enough, an interesting ornithological
suggestion on the subject was advanced. Dr. Cleland, noting
that fig-trees were encroaching on the open spaces in many instances,
suggested that the cleared areas were formerly much larger, and
that the jungle had gradually been creeping over them through
the centuries, birds spreading the seeds and fig-trees fertilizing
the soil. Be that as it may, these " plains" are a decided asset
to the mountains. riicrc is a limit to the fascination of pushing
through tlic (linily-lit jungles of sul)-tr()pical mountains, and
when this limit is rt';u lied it is good to be able to step out into
spaces " wheri' tlu' smi strikes [rw and the fresh wind cleanly
blows."

It was in one of these free spaces that our half-dozen tents and
marquee were pitched. Walled in by jungle on three sides, there

tHR Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE XLI.

^°''io^o'^ ] Fioyal Australasian Ornilhologisls' Union. 200

was a glinipsr of the open downs to be obtained through the mass
of stately bunya pines skirting the gorge of the Httle creek hard
by, and, looking away along the open, park-like tongue of land
on the fourth side, the bald head of renowned Mowbullan could
be seen swathed in a turban of sunlight. This mountain is the
highest and most important peak on the range. " Mobolon "
is the spelling of Cornelius Moynihan, a writer of twenty years
ago. who held that the name signifies " bald-headed," and that
the peak was called after a venerable warrior who won the esteem
of the assembled tribes. " The accepted spelling of the name of
this notable mountain at present is " Mowbullan," but Mr. W. E.
Parry-Okeden has recently emphasized that it should be

IMahooballan " — " ma'oo," head, and " i)allan," a plain — so
named because the aborigine saw that it was the headpiece of
the range and had no trees on the top.

We visited historic • Mowbullan a good deal. It is the greatest
air-well of them all. Scanty groves of wattle {Acacia decurrens,
var. paiichiglandulosa) shoot out in odd places on its sides, but,
for the most part, this strange mountain, that ever will have a
})rominent place in the history of the aboriginals of Queensland,
is covered only with grass and rocks. The natural corollary of
this fact, and of its height of 3,700 feet, is that it provides a fine
outlook around the country on both sides of the range. For mile
upon mile the open areas of the rich Darling Downs and South
Burnett can be seen stretching away to blue infinity, and in the
soft light of morning and evening the scene is very beautiful
indeed — a landscape for a painter. The grass on the sides of
Mowbullan and its smaller confreres was unusually dry at the
time of our visit, but it is easy to believe that in a good season,
when the everlasting flowers are in bloom, all these unfcnced
parks constitute pretty pictures.

A Plea for Sanctuary.
What struck the naturalists as an astonishing thing in this
connection was the knowledge that, while there is a National
Park of 13,540 acres on the Bunya Range, the chief vantage-point,
Mowbullan itself, has been alienated. The land was first taken up,
it appears, back in the days of the MTlwraith Government, since
when it has changed hands more than once. Now the mountain
is held on one side by a district settler and on the other by a
southern syndicate known as the Bunya Park Estate Company.
Fortunately, there has been no attempt at " improvement," and
it should not be difficult for the Government to resume the area
and add it to the National Park. The desirability of such a course
became so strongly impressed upon all visitors that an evening
was given over to a discussion on the subject. This developed
into a consideration of the value of the mountains generally, and
Dr. Price, of Toowoomba, who has frequently camped in these
mountains, came out as a strong advocate for the reservation
of the whole range. Eventually a motion on the subject was

14

Emu

210 Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. [i^t "j

submitted by Captain White (South Austraha) and Colonel Home
(Victoria). This resolution stated that the congress of the Royal
Australasian Ornithologists' Union begged to draw the attention
of the Queensland Government to the national importance of the
Bunya Range, and suggested that the whole of the mountains
be set aside as a reserve. The following reasons were set out : —
(i) Their effect on the rainfall in increasing rainfall, diminishing
floods, and checking droughts.

(2) Their great effect as an important, feeder of the artesian

basins of the interior, and the sub-artesian water supply
of Ualby and the plains.

(3) Their value as a forest asset of soft timber, now rapidly

disappearing.

(4) Their scientific interest as one of the few places where bunya

pine grows in abundance and where unique and valuable
Queensland birds are still numerous.

(5) Their supreme value as a health resort for south-western

Queensland.
It was also suggested in the resolution that, pending considera-
tion on the question of general reservation — on M'hich point the
Government was urged to consult scientific bodies m Queensland
— Mount Mowbullan and contiguous areas be immediately linked
up with the National Park, thereby saving to the people one of
the most valuable health resorts and vantage-points in the whole
State. Dr. J. Burton Cleland (N.S.W.), Dr. E. A. D'Ombrain
(N.S.W.), Dr. G. Home (Vic), and Dr. T. A. Price (Qld.), all spoke
most emphatically, as leading medical men, of the potentialities
of the Bunya Range as a health resort ; Dr. Leach, Capt. White,
and Mr. Chisholm referred to the value of the bird-life ; Professor
Richards emphasized the importance of the mountains as
regulators of the rainfall and of the flow of artesian and sub-
artesian water ; and Mr. C. T. White (Government Botanist) made
brief reference to the value of the mountain timber.

A Stimulating Life.
It is certainly a fact, as hinted at in the resolution, that the
Bunya Range holds health in fee for generations to come. What
a stimulus there is in this atmosphere of the south-western high-
lands early became apparent to the inter-State campers. Most
of them, indeed, were quite unprepared for the coolness which
found them out at night. The camp, pitched at the base of
Mo^Ybullan, was over 3,000 feet above sea-level, but the genial
nature of the daylight hours proved deceptive. With the
coming of darkness the whispering zephyr swelled to a sturdy
breeze ; and while Brisbane folk were sweltering in the heat of a
dry October, campers on the Bunyas were searching for additional
clothes to resist the biting wind from the western plains. It was
all very pure, however, and in remarkably quick time every one
of the party developed a new energy. Those who went there in

The Emu, Vol. XIX:

PLATE XLII.

Vol. XIX. j Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. 211

a jaded condition found tlicmsclvcs possessing an almost lamb-
like f riskiness on the second day of their stay, and ever afterwards
there were no complaints of " that tired feeling," even after the
longest walk. If the movement to establish the Peruvian
astronomical observatory in Queensland comes to anything.
Mount MowbuUan must surely loom large in the consideration of
a site. It is very little lower than the highest peak of the Mac-
pherson Range, and, what is more, the clear air of the west frees
it from the cloud effects that preponderate about the mountains
nearer the seaboard.

And so the days went by quickly and pleasantly, ornithologists,
botanists, entomologists, and geologists all finding plenty to
occupy their attention. In one respect, by the way, every
member of the party was an amateur entomologist ; for ticks
were so plentiful that campers had constantly to be battling
against their pestiferous attentions. " Heigho ! " sighed a southern
doctor, " there is too much work on ' tick ' here." Trials do but
add zest to camp life, however, and it was worth while braving
pests if only to see the profusion of orchids that bedeck the trees
and radiate on the sides of cliffs on the Bunyas. The beautiful
golden-yellow blooms of the rock lily [Dendrobium speciosum, var.
Hillii) challenged the eye from every vantage-point — glorious
masses of colour-^and the white purity of a smaller orchid known
as Sarcochiliis falcata was a winner of almost equal admiration.
Those who know sub-tropical orchids only in the artificial sur-
roundings of hot-houses have no idea how beautiful they really
are under natural conditions.

A Glimpse of the Birds.

The birds themselves, the chief incentive of the visit, were a
never-ending source of interest and pleasure. It is probable
that the nature of the season had the effect of limiting the variety
at the time, but something over fifty different species were noted,
and, of these, Rifle-Birds (Piiloris paradisea), Regent-Birds (Seri-
culus chrysocephalus), and Bower-Birds [Ptilonorhynchus holo-
sericeus) were pleasantly numerous. Personally, I have never
before seen so many Satin Bower-Birds as were playing and
feeding on the grassy slopes within a stone's throw of the camp
at the foot of Mowbullan. A member of the party reported
having counted fifty-three birds there at one time, nine in full
plumage. In addition, a fine male bird was often watched whilst
at play at his bower, close by the camp. The presence of the
beautiful Rifle-Bird was not surprising, for it has frequently been
remarked among Queensland naturalists that this species is very
fond of pine-trees — and there are plenty of hoop, as well as bunya,
pines on these highlands. It is to be hoped that every effort is
made to preserve the paradisical bird on the Bunyas, for it is
getting sadly rare elsewhere. Very few full-coloured male
Regent-Birds were seen, but examples in immature plumage
were often noted.

212 Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. [ist^'jan.

The lovely Noisy Pitta [P. strepitans), too, with his clear call
of " Walk-to- work," was frequently heard about the range, and
Whip-Birds {Psophodes crepitans), Cat-Birds {Ailuradus smithi),
Crimson Parrots {Platycercus elegans), Whistlers [Pachycephala
gntturalis), Scrub-Wrens (Sericornis), Mistletoe-Birds {Dicceum
hirundinaceum), Yellow^rumped Shrike-Robins {Eopsaltria
chrysorrhoa), and Flycatchers (three species), were all in evidence.
An unexpected find was a pretty vSilvery-blue Wren, which is
probably referable to Malitrus cyanochlamys, and it was inter-
esting to meet also the Russet-tailed Ground-Thrush [Oreocincla
' heinii), which Mr. Lau reported from the Bunyas over 60 years
ago. (These birds are common in the damp jungle on the heights
of the Macpherson Range, overlooking New South Wales.) In
company with Mr. Barker, I rejoiced one morning at seeing and
hearing an old friend of southern days in the person of the
Crested Shrike-Tit {Falciinculns frontatus) ; a pair of these pretty
birds was working in the top of a scrub-hemmed eucalypt not
far from Mount Mowbullan. More interesting still was the
presence of Erythrodryas rosea, the dear little Robin of the rose
breast, concerning whose seasonal movements there has always
been much ornithological uncertainty. In the absence of the
discovery of a nest in Queensland, we had been inclined to
attribute to this small bird, which is plentiful in our tea-tree
gullies in winter, a spring migration to the south ; but, since
noting several members of the species on the Macpherson Range
at Christmas time, I have been reconstructing an opinion. The
presence of the species in considerable numbers on the Bunya
Range in October — its faint, frog-like call could be heard any
day — would appear to indicate that this smallest of Wood-Robins
goes to the mountains to breed. Close searching, however, failed
to reveal a nest, and this still remains a desideratum for Queens-
land. Very few birds at all, in fact, were found to be nesting
in this time of drought, the exceptions being Eopsaltria, Sericornis,
Malurus, Rhipidiira, and, possibly, one or two other common
species.

Of the birds which it was hoped, if not expected, would be seen
there were two notable absentees — namely, the Albert Lyre-Bird
{Menura'alberti) and the Rufous Scrub-Bird (Atrichornis riifescens).
Mr. A. Meston (known to ornithology in connection with the
discovery of Prionodura) informed me some time ago that he
was " almost certain " that he heard the characteristic whistle
of Meniira adjacent to Mowbullan years ago ; but all the searching
of the ornithologists failed to reveal the species. The Lyre-Bird
is plentiful in the National Park of the Macpherson Range, and,
not being a traveller, if it was ever in the remoter Bunya Range
it would assuredly be there to-day. The remarkable Atrichornis
I heard and saw for tlie first time — a new record for Queensland —
in the same National Reserve (Macpherson Range) at the end
of last year, and it was reasonable to hope that the species might
also be found in the quiet Bunyas. All in vain. Fired by a dis-

^''''iq'^o'^'] Royal Australasian OrnilJwlogists' Union. 213

cussioii on the subject, one or two visitors liiut an idea tliat they
heard the bird, but it was just oni' of the httk> tricks that
imagination pUiys under romantic surroundings. There is no
mistaking the imperious call of the full-throated Atrichornis — a
bird which, in my opinion, ranks with Mcnura as the most gifted
avine vocalist in the Commonwealth.

On the whole, the collective experience of the campers was
essentially interesting and agreeable. A spirit of good-fellowship
pervaded the camp, and a system under which " orderlies "
carried out domestic duties operated very well. Dr. Leach, as
camp commandant, was by no means a taskmaster, and the fact
that provisions were plentiful and the cooking satisfactory helped
materially to keep his " army " in order. Fraternal gatherings
were held in the marquee each night, and many interesting dis-
cussions took place, chieliy concerning Queensland birds. When
Dr. Leach left, Colonel Home took charge as camp leader, with
Mr. Barker replacing Mr. Chisholm as secretary.

Western Hospitality.

Appro-ximately half the campers bade good-bye to the Bunyas
on Monday, 6th October, the remainder of the party following
two days later. Dalby citizens were in waiting with cars at the
foot of the range on each occasion, and both detachments of
visitors were again cordially received on return to that hospitable
town.

On the Monday night the mayor and aldermen and several
members of the Chamber of Commerce met the initial party at
the Windsor Hotel, where there was an informal interchange of
addresses. Following a few words of welcome by the mayor
(Alderman Morris), the President of the Chamber of Commerce
(Mr. Drury), and Alderman W. J. Vowles, M.L.A. (deputy leader
of the State Nationalist Party), brief reports on the mountains
w^ere given by the naturalists. The following summary is ex-
tracted from the Dalby press : —

Dr. Leach (Victoria) thanked the mayor and the people of Dalby,
who had done so much to make their visit enjoyable. Though a
large party, he was pleased to say there had been no hitch in the
arrrangements. He spoke of bird-life in general from an economic
point of view, and stated the mountains were among the finest
that he had ev'er seen.

Captain White (South Australia) referred to the birds met with
in the Bunyas, and was emphatic in his statement that he had
never seen better scenery or enjoyed such an exhilarating climate.
He said it was the duty of the townspeople and those in the
district to leave no stone unturned in their endeavours to have
these mountains reserved for the people as a health resort and
also as a sanctuary for birds. He had never seen such an
abundance of certain kinds of birds, particularly the Rifle and
Bower-Birds.

Dr. Burton Cleland (New South Wales) spoke from a health

214 Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. [j^.

Emu
Jan.

point of view, and said he looked forward to the time wlien there
would be pilgrimages from all parts of Queensland and the
southern States to the Bunyas, seeking rest and health.

Dr. D'Ombrain (New South Wales) said he came suffering
from the after effects of influenza and a " rickety heart," and now
was completely restored to health. He was afraid the people
did not value at its full value the magnificent asset right at their
doors. In the sweltering summer heat, just within two hours'
journey was a complete change of climate.

Professor Richards (Queensland University) gave an inter-
esting talk on the geological structure of the mountains. He
dwelt at length on the great value of the vegetation there and
its influence on the supply of artesian water on the plains. He
emphasized the need of having the National Park made much
larger, and said he would do all in his power to help the Chamber
of Commerce to have the reserve enlarged and keep the mountains
in their present state of national economic usefulness.

Mr. A. H. Chisholm (Brisbane) said the Dalby Chamber of
Commerce deserved the thanks of all the visitors for what they
had done in making arrangements of so satisfactory a nature.
He referred to the beauties of the mountains, and said that, while
the vegetation on the Macpherson Range was more luxurious,
yet there were no open spaces such as were on the Bunyas. He
made further interesting comparisons between the two National
Parks, and said that each was unique in itself, and there was no
occasion for any rivalry between the supporters of each. He
suggested the formation of a Bunya Range League, having for
its primary objects the popularizing of the mountains ancl the
safeguarding of their valuable birds and flora.

The gathering, which was most enthusiastic throughout,
terminated with mutual toasts and the donation by the visitors
of five guineas to the funds of the Dalby Ambulance Brigade.

When the second batch of visitors returned to Dalby on the
Wednesday afternoon they found that the mayor had arranged
for them a public reception. Unfortunately, however, not all
of the party were able to stay, but the difficulty was got over by
the mayor generously undertaking to drive three representatives
the 50 miles to Toowoomba in time to catch their trains on the
following day.' Accordingly, Colonel Home (Victoria), Mr. H. J.
Carter (New South Wales), and Mr. G. H. Barker (Queensland)
remained to partake of the mayoral hospitality. The School
of Arts had been nicely fitted out for the occasion, and the town
band played on the verandah prior to the opening of the pro-
ceedings. Some 200 invitations had been issued, but, owing to
counter attractions, the attendance was just over 100. In opening
the function the mayor said he had hoped to receive all of the
visitors at one time. He was glad, however, of the opportunity
of welcoming those who had been able to stay. A road to the
Bunya Range would soon be completed, and he hoped that many
more would then visit that locality. The chairman of the

Vol. XIX
1930

] Royal Australasian Oniithologists' Union. 215

School of Arts committee (Mr. W. R. Hunter) and the president
of the Chamber of Commerce (Mr. Drury) cordially supported the
mayoral welcome.

Each of the three visitors responded on behalf of his respective
State. Colonel Home said that Dal by had a " good sport " in
their mayor, who had undertaken to motor the visitors to
Toowoomba, as though a drive of roo miles were nothing ! He
spoke of the Bunya Range as a beautiful place, and said that,
although he had been in the Buffalos, Grampians, and Blue
Mountains, nowhere had he seen such birds, vegetation, and views
of plains. Mr. Carter, in expressing his obligations to the hosts,
said the welcome honoured the people of Dalby as it honoured
the visitors, because, in honouring scientists and science, they
showed a public spirit. Mr. Barker spoke enthusiastically of
the birds and scenery of the Bunyas, and trusted that this open-
hearted hospitality on the part of the Dalby people would mean
that tiie mountains got the advertisement they deserved.

Conclusion.
So ended the naturalists' experience of the beautiful highlands
and hospitable people of south-western Queensland. Several
contributions to scientific knowledge will be made as a result of
the trip, but undoubtedly the most important outcome is the
movement for the safeguarding of the natural features of the
historic Bunya Mountains. Already (loth November), as a result
of representations made on behalf of the R.A.O.U., steps are
being taken by the Queensland Department of x\griculture to have
the National Park on the range proclaimed a reserve for native
birds, with a ranger to care for them ; and, in addition, the
Department of Public Lands has called for a Commissioner's
report on the advisableness of resuming " parts of freehold
portions i and 441, parishes of Tureen and Maida Hill respect-
ively, adjacent to Mount Mowbullan."*

NOTES UPON THE BIRDS OBSERVED ON THE BUNYA

MOUNTAINS AND STRADBROKE ISLAND.
By Capt. S. a. White, C.M.B.O.U., Sometime President R.A.O.U.
The writing-up of the birds observed during the Union's official
visit to Queensland has fallen to my lot. and the writer would like
it understood that he is labouring under a great disadvantage, for
many reasons — firstly, because he is not in a position to handle
all the specimens collected, and, much more important, to com-
pare them with other skins ; secondly, the writer was unable to
collect any bird-skins on Stradbroke Island, and, his collecting
material having been left at the foot of the Bunya Mountains,

* Mr. C. H. Walker, our guide, has now been appointed hon. ranger of the liunya
Park, and negotiations are proceeding re enlarging the reserve, — Eds.

2l6 Royal Aushalasian Oynithologists' Union. [isf'Tp

a big delay occurred in bringing it up; thirdly, the time at our
disposal on the mountains or the island was not sufficiently long
to enable anything like a complete list to be compiled. The
writer would like to stress the fact right here that only the most
common species of birds can be identified with any certainty
without handling the specimens, so if mistakes creep in my
readers must make allowance. It must also be understood that
much of the work is compiled from hearsay and notes supplied.
It is very necessary to thank my kind friends and splendid field
workers, such as Dr. J. Burton Cleland, Dr. E. A. D'Ombrain,
Mr. A. S. Le Souef, Mr. F. Morse, and others for their generosity
in sending on the results of their work and observations.

The nomenclature is after the Official " Check-list," followed
by G. M. Mathews's " 1913 List " where needed— a procedure
not heretofore carried out by the writer ; but, seeing that the
following list and notes are the official work of the Union, and
the hope of a new list in the near future, induces the writer to
depart from his general procedure.

In conclusion, it may be said that, owing to the fearful drought
now raging in southern Queensland, the bird list and notes have
been much curtailed.

Birds Observed on the Bunya Mountains.

Catheturus lathami {Alectura laihami). Brush-Turkey.— Nesting-
mounds were very numerous all through the scrub, and in many
instances the surface was kept well scratched over — no doubt in hopes
of the drought breaking. Few birds were seen.

Megaloprepia magnifica. Purple-breasted Pigeon.— Mr. Neville W.
Cayley informed me that he saw one of these birds in a feeding tree
in the early morning. I heard that which I took to be the bird's note
upon more than one occasion in the dense scrub.

Lopholaimus antarcticus. Topknot-Pigeon. — Several small parties
were observed flying fairly high over the scrub. Mr. A. S. Le Souef
informs me that these birds were feeding upon the fruits of Eleocarpus.

Macropygia phasianella. Pheasant-tailed Pigeon. — Observed by
some of the party, but not seen by the writer.

Chalcophaps chrysochlora. Little Green-Pigeon.— These beautiful
little birds came in numbers to the water close to our camp every
evening. Several immature birds were seen amongst them.

Leucosarcia picata (L. melanoleuca). Wonga-Wonga Pigeon. — These
birds were not plentiful. An odd bird was seen here and there
through the scrub. A nest with two eggs was discovered.

Astur novae-hollandiae {Leucospiza noucBhollandia;). White Goshawk.
— A pair of these birds was found nesting very high up in a dense
bunya pine ; the nest was not examined closely.

Cerchneis cenchroides. Nankeen Kestrel. — One bird was seen in
the open country at one side of Mount MowbuUan.

Ninox boobook {Spiloglaux boobook). Boobook Owl.— This bird
was often heard calling from the timber at night.

^'"'•j ^''^■] Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Thtion. 2I7

Ninox strenua (Hieracoglaux strenua). Powerful Owl.— Altliou^'h
lliis bird was not seen. I feel sure it was in the thick scrubs, for 1 htu
sure I heard it call. .\ i)arllv-calcn jiossuni brouj^lil in si rcnii!;! liens
my contention.

Trichoglossus swainsoni /'. nova:liollan(iicr ;. Hluc-bellied I'arrot. — ■
Not nunnMous ; seen in the open timbered country.

Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus (Enielipsitta chlorolepidota). Scaly-
breasted Lorikeet. — One or two small flocks passed over the camp
at sundown.

Cacatua galerita {Cacaioes galerita). White Cockatoo. — These birds
were not numerous.

Ptistes erythropterus (Aprosmichis erythropterus:. Red-winged
Parrot. — Only obser\cd upon one occasion.

Aprosmictus scapulatus (Alisterus cyanopygius). King Parrot. —
These birds were not plentiful. They were generally met with in
twos and threes amidst the dense scrub and forest. Most of the birds
were in very fme plumage. An occasional immature bird was met
with. The following notes are upon skins made by the writer : —
(a) (?. — Iris deep gamboge-yellow ; feet blackish, 'inclined to a green
tinge ; upper mandible deep coral-red, almost black at tip, lower very
dark, almost black, pink at base. (&) $ No. i. — ^Total length, 410 mm. ;
wing from body to tip, 290 mm. ; spread, 634 mm. (c) $ No. 2.—
Iris deep yellow ; bill dark brown or horn colour, streaked with
yellow ; feet mealy black. The call was a low, plaintive one, and they
seem remarkably silent for Parrots. They seemed to move with
the greatest ease amongst the thickest of the dense tangle of vines
and other scrub. These birds were feeding largely upon the seeds
of the blood-wood tree {Baloghia lucida).

Platycercus pennanti (P. elegans). Crimson Parrot. — These beautiful
birds were very numerous in the mornings and evenings. They
visited the open glades. Alighting upon the ground, 8 or 10 would
be seen feeding upon the grass-seeds. They would take hold of a
seed-stem, pull it down, then grasp it with the foot near the head
and hold it down while the bill was passed over the seed -head to
extract the seed. The crops of the birds were much distended with
these seeds. Skin made, (^. — Total length, 380 mm. ; wing from
body to tip, 230 mm. ; spread, 520 mm. ; iris very dark brown ; bill
bluish-white ; feet ashen-grey. During the heat of the day these
Parrots kept to the big shady trees in the scrub, and were very quiet,
but when feeding morning and evening they were very noisy.

Podargus strigoides. Tawny Frogmouth. — Both seen and heard
during our visit in the mountains.

Dacelo gigas. Great Brown Kingfisher. — Were fairly plentiful in
the open timbered country. No specimen was taken, but there
seems little doubt of the species, for they allowed us to approach
quite close to them.

Halcyon sanctus (Sauropatis sancta). Sacred Kingfisher. — This
widely-distributed bird was not numerous, an odd one or iwo being
found in the open forest near the creek.

Cacomantis flabelliformis (C. rubricatus). Fan-tailed Cuckoo. — An
occasional bird was seen, often mobbed by a number of small birds.

2l8 RoycU Australasian Ornithologists' Union. [,st Jan.

Pitta strepitans (Coloburis versicolor). Noisy Pitta. — A few of these
beautiful birds remained in the scrub in spite of the dn'ness. Xo
doubt they are plentiful in a normal season.

Erythrodryas rosea Belchera rosea]. Rose-breasted Robin. — These
little gems in bird-life were fairly plentiful, showing a preference for
the shadv femtree-clad slopes of ravines near water. I doubt if they
like the dense, dark scrubs, favouring more the edges of the jungle.
The note is a verv distinctive one, and, once heard, can be easily
picked out years afterwards. Mr. A. S. Le Souef describes it as like
"We, we. widi. -v^-re-etle," with a rising inflection on the last. The
colour of the male bird's breast is quite an unusual one amongst
birds. His little, drooping Avings and sweet coloration as he sits on
a twig watching for insects, which he often catches upon the wing,
make him the most dainty little bird of the scrub-land. The fol-
lowing are notes of skins made : — 3, iris dark brown ; bill black ; feet
brown ; length, 122 mm. ; wing from body to tip, 85 mm. ; spread,
235 mm. 2. iris brown ; bill black ; base of lower mandible white ;
feet brown ; total length, 125 mm. ; wing from body to tip, 85 mm. ;
spread, 185 mm.

Eopsaltria ehrysorrhoa E. aiistralis chrysorrhos\. Yellow-rumped
Shrike-Robin. — These birds were met with in the scrub and also on
the edge of the open timbered countr\-. 2, total length, 160 mm. ;
■wing from body to tip, 108 mm. ; spread, 248 mm. ; iris bro\\-n ; bill
black ; feet greyish-brown.

Falcunculus frontatus -F. f. lumholtzi-. Yellow-bellied Shrike-Tit. —
This bird was reported as having been seen, but it did not come
under the writer's observation.

Paehycephala gutturalis (P. pectoralis ashbyi). Yellow-breasted
Whistler. — A number of male birds in beautiful plumage were met
with, and at times the scrub resounded with their loud music.
^— Iris reddish-brown ; bill and feet black ; total length, 170 mm. ;
wing from body to tip, 115 mm.; spread, 265 mm.

Rhipidura albiscapa [R. flahellifera alisteri.. White-shafted Fantail.
— A fairly common bird all through the scrubs and open timbered
countr\^ alike.

Monarcha carinata M. melanopsis. Black-faced Flycatcher. — This
bird was reported as having been met with.

Graucalus melanops ^Coracina novcehollandice connecius, Queens-
land Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike}. Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike.— Seen
in the open forest country.

Campephaga sp. ?], — The writer saw a Campephaga, but was
unable to get a specimen. The momentary glance obtained of it
gave one the opinion that it was leucomela.

Orthonyx spinicaudus (O. maculatus chandleri,. Spine-tailed Log-
runner.— These birds were not plentiful— a fact due, no doubt, to the
dryness of the season. One specimen was taken, I believe.

Psophodes crepitans {Psophodes olivaceus sublateralis). Coachwhip-
Bird. — These familiar scrub-birds were plentiful, as one would
expect in all the sub-tropical scrubs of the coastal belt. Their fine
ringing calls and other strange notes greeted us morning and evening.
Upon comparison the Bunya Mountains bird seems identical with
the Victorian and New South Wales form, while the Mount Tambourine

^'"'"i '^o'^ J Royal Australasian OrnWwlogists' Union. 2IQ

specimens show much more yellow in the green of the back, and the
primaries are much browner, those of the former bird being black.

Oreocincia heinii (?) (0. heinei ?) Russet-tailed Ground-Thrush.
— The material for comparison at my disposal is very limited, but
it is certain that this form is not the southern one. The specimens
collected show a strong russet coloration throughout the plumage.

Acanthiza nana. Little Tit-Warbler. — Dr. Cleland, who worked
the open timbered country as well as the dense scrubs, was successful
in securing four species of Acanthiza, and has kindly supplied me with
the following notes under this species : — o — Iris coffee-brown, with
a pale ring ; bill blackish, paler below ; feet black ; phar\'nx black.

Acanthiza reguloides {Geohasiletis reguloides). Buff-tailed Tit-
Warbler. — Iris pale vellowish-white ; bill and legs smoky-brown ;
pharynx black.

Acanthiza lineata (A . I. modesia). Striated Tit-Warbler. — Iris pale
smoky-white ; legs smoky-brown ; bill dark brown above, paler
below ; inside bill blackish ; pharynx whitish.

Acanthiza pusilla. Brown Tit-Warbler. — Iris reddish-brown ; bill
black ; legs dark brown ; pharynx black.

Sericornis citreigularis (Xeosericornis lathami intermedins, Allied
Yellow-throated Scrub-Wren\ Yellow-throated Scrub-Wren. — These
birds were numerous and breeding at the time of our visit. One
beautifully constructed nest, containing eggs, was suspended over
the creeiv from vegetation growing in the rocks. 2 — Iris dark
brown ; bill black ; legs dark flesh colour.

Sericornis magnirostris. Large-billed Scrub-Wren. — This bird was
often met with amidst the undergrowth, where it moved about very
rapidly, and at the least sound of alarm disappeared. A male specimen
taken by the waiter showed : — Total length. 130 mm. ; wing from
body to tip, 82 mm. ; iris white, bill dark bro\\'n ; base of lower
mandible white ; feet pale flesh colour.

Malurus cyanochlamys. Silver\--blue Wren-Warbler. — These birds
were fairly numerous, and breeding at the time, o — Total length,
130 mm. ; wing from bodv to tip, 65 mm. ; spread, 155 mm. Dr.
Cleland supplies me with the following : — S — Iris very dark brown ;
bill black ; legs \ery dark brown ; pharynx black.

Artamus personatus {Campbellornis personatus munna . ^lasked
Wood-Swallow. — A large flock of these birds flew over the camp,
going west.

Colluricincla harmonica ^C. h. ohlita, Pallid Grey Shrike-Thrush\
Grey Shrike-Thrush. — These line birds were met with in most
localities.

Grallina picata {G. cyauoleuca^ . Pied Grallina. — Several were seen
round the camp.

Climacteris leucophaea. White-throated Tree-creeper. — This seems
a smaller bird than our southern form. Dr. Cleland took a specimen,
and fa\oured me with the following : — 5 — Iris very dark brown ; bill
black above, pale below ; legs umber brown ; phar^-nx white ; total
length. 152 mm. ; wing expansion, 22$ mm.

Zosterops dorsalis (?) (Z. lateralis ?) White-eye. — The writer saw
one specimen of this bird, and it certainly had a great deal more

220 Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. [rn^'"ian

yellow and was a much brighter bird than the southern form. Dr.
Cleland informs me that, upon comparing the skin he procured with
those taken around Sydney, he could not detect any difference.
2 — Iris light brown ; bill dark greyish-brown ; legs yellowish-brown ;
pharj-nx flesh-coloured.

Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris. Spinebill. — These birds were very
numerous about the camp, making quite a fuss and noise all day long.

Ptilotis chrysotis (Meliphaga lewinii). Yellow-eared Honey-eater. —
This bird was very numerous, and met with in nearly every situation.
Its great range of notes are all very pleasing, but are so varied that
one often has to pause and listen to make sure of the bird.

.ffigintha temporalis. Red-browed Finch. — These Finches did not
appear to be plentiful.

Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus (P. violaceus). Satin Bower-Bird. —
These birds were most numerous, and never have I seen so many
birds together before. In the mornings and evenings I have counted
more than thirty of both sexes feeding in the open glades, especially
round a spring of water where watercress was plentiful. They retired
to the shady tropical scrub during the hot hours of the day. A
beautiful bower was built close to the camp, and afforded the members
much pleasure, for the birds were often to be seen renovating and
decorating their play -ground. From specimens examined it is
doubtful if they were nesting, owing possibly to the dry season.
cJ — Iris beautiful deep blue, shading to purple, then red in the centre ;
feet yellowish-brown ; bill light blue, tip yellow ; total length,
319 mm. ; wing from body to tip, 235 mm. ; spread, 493 mm.

Ailuroedus smithi {A. cr as sir 0 sir is). Cat-Bird. — The harsh call of
this bird was often heard in the scrub, mostly in the mornings and
evenings. There is a fair variation in specimens collected from the
same locality, both in the density of colour and markings. The fol-
lowing is supplied by Dr. J. B. Cleland : — Bill pallid yellowish, tip
grey ; under bill pallid yellowish ; pharynx black.

Sericulus chrysocephalus (S. c. rothschildi). Regent-Bird. — Strange
to say, although many of these birds were seen — in fact, they were
fairly numerous — yet only one or two full-plumaged males were met
with. It is quite possible, through the dryness of the season, they
had not nested, therefore the males had not put on their nuptial
dress. ■ Dr. Cleland gives the following : — Iris greenish-yellow, with
brown specks ; bill rich brown, culmen paler brown ; legs dark
greyish-brown ; gape and pharynx orange-yellow. (These notes
evidently pertain to a bird out of plumage, for the writer did not see
a lull-})lumaged bird taken.)

Ptiloris paradisea. Rifle-Bird. — This is without doubt the most
beautiful of the southern Queensland birds. Not only is it adorned
with the most wonderful and beautiful plumage, but its habits, flight,
and call resemble so much members of the most wonderful and
beautiful birds of the world — " the Birds-of-Paradise." They were
plentiful in these scrubs upon the Bunya Mountains, and it was a
common sight to sit in camp (a collection of eight to nine tents) and
watch birds of both sexes come to the several small pools in a creek
which was fast drying up. One afternoon Dr. Leach and the writer
were observing the birds coming to drink when a female of this
species came quite close. She stayed about quite a long while,

1. XIX.-|

1920 J

Royal Aiislralasiau Oynilltologisls' Union. 221

hopping and creeping round and up a large tree, after the manner of
a Climacteris (Ti^ec-crCeper), pulling off bark and peering into crevices,
from which insect -life was captured ; with a long and powerful bill
she pulled off great masses of moss from the branches in search of
insects. The male birds are not quite so confident, for they are self-
conscious of their wonderful coloration ; still, morning and evening
they were seen coming close to the camp to drink, but did not tarry
long, soon flying back to the dense scrub. To see this bird to
advantage one wants to mark down a bird's whereabouts the day
before (this can be done by the call, and they are very local birds,
repairing to the same trees each morning and evening). Next
morning, before sunrise, make quietly over the fallen leaves to the
tree (it is generally a large one) and keep perfectly (piiet. After a
while the harsh note is heard, then a beautiful rustling sound, as if
the finest of silks were being moved about ; this is caused by tlic
wing feathers as the bird commences to dance. In such a position
the writer found himself spellbound, for there, right overhead, was
a magnificent male in full plumage. He had commenced to show off
to the female. His feathers were puft'ed out, throat of metallic green
dilated, wings half extended, with the light reflecting on the golden
purple sheen as he danced along a horizontal branch for quite a time ;
then he let himself drop, but clutched the branch with his claws and
hung head downwards. Opening his mouth, he showed a wonderful
expanse of bright yellow lining to the mouth and gape. Giving forth
his strange, harsh call, he let go to take flight, with the indescribable
wonderful rustling sound of the wings, then to resume his dance on
the same limb. It was a sight which will never be forgotten.

The bird's call is rather a harsh one, but unlike any other bird's
call in the scrub, so cannot be mistaken. It is a kind of creaking
sound, shrill and repeated once over. As a rule the female has a
much softer and lower note, but she is usually very silent. ^ — Iris
dark ruddy brown ; bill dull black ; gape rich saffron-yellow ; feet
scaly-black; total length, 292 mm. ; wing from body to tip, 204 mm. ;
spread, 480 mm. Mr. A. S. Le Souef gives the following notes :—
Rifle-Bird call is generally two notes — " Kre-e-e-e-e, kre-e-e-e," and
sometimes two shorter notes of inquiry — " Ka. ka." Birds seen
searching under moss and lichen for insects, and sometimes running
round a tree somewhat like a Tree-creeper, and searching amongst
the mosses and small orchids for food. When in flight the rustling
sound of the wings is heard, but is not heard when birds are planing
from a height to a lower level.

Corvus (sp. ?) — A Crow was seen, and to me seemed a small species.
Not liaving handled a skin, it is useless to comment upon it.

Strepera graculina. Pied Bell-Magpie. — ^ This bird was fairly
common, but showed preference to the open timber country. Their
beautiful ringing call is much appreciated amidst the mountain forests.
They seemed to be mostly in pairs. Upon comparison with birds
taken further north by the writer, not the slightest variation is seen.
Sex ? — Iris bright yellow ; bill black ; feet black ; total length,
485 mm. ; wing from body to tip, 315 mm. ; spread, 760 mm.

Gymnorhina tibicen. Hlack-backed Magpie. — These birds were
seen in the open country.

The following notes arc from Dr. J. Burton Cleland, who has
compared his specimens with those in the Australian Museum : —

222 Royal Austyalasian Orfiitholo gists' Union. [,sf'jan.

" Acanthiza nana and A. lineata differ sub-specifically from the
southern birds ; A . ptisilla and A . reguloides also differ, but not
quite so much. M alums cyanochlamys does not seem to differ
from some New South Wales specimens." The writer agrees with
his friend — that without a long series to compare it is hard to
state to what degree these slight differences are constant.

The Birds of Stradbroke Island.

The compiler of this list was unfortunately unable to collect
any skins on the island, owing to not having collecting outfit with
him. A small collection of birds was made, and the writer had
the opportunity of seeing most of these ; but here again, not being
in a position to compare them with the mainland forms, it put one
to a great disadvantage. The list is compiled from names given
me by members of the party and from my own observations. The
island is a fairly large one and covered in bush and forest vegeta-
tion, having small lakes and much swampy ground. The time at
our disposal was not nearly long enough to work the whole of
the island thoroughly.

Catheturus lathami {Alectura lathami). Brush-Turkey. — The old
mounds of these birds were seen on the island, but there seems to be
no certainty as to whether the bird still exists there. Should there
be no foxes, then it would be a splendid place to introduce them.

Excalfactoria australis {E. chinensis cairnsce). Chestnut-bellied
Quail. — This bird did not come under the writer's observation, but
was reported by several members.

Synoicus australis (S. ypsilophorus ausiralis). Brown Quail. —
Flushed in many places on the island.

Turnix varia (Ortygodes varius). Painted Quail. — Flushed in the
scrub and open timbered country.

Ptilinopus swainsoni (P. regina). Red-crowned Fruit-Pigeon.—
Heard several times in the dense scrub.

Geopelia humeralis {Chrysauchcena humeralis). Barred-shouldered
Dove. — Faii-ly plentiful in some localities.

Geopelia tranquilla (G. placida tranquilla). Ground-Dove. — Dis-
tributed all over the island.

Chalcophaps chrysochlora. Little Green-Pigeon. — Flushed several
times at the edge of the scrub.

Porzana (sp. ?) — A Crake was reported, but which species is a query.

Podiceps (sp. ?) — A Grebe was reported, which was probably the
Black-throated.

Sylochelidon caspia (Hydroprogne (scliegraja sirenua). Caspian Tern.
— Seen along the coast -line.

Sterna cristata {T/ialasseus bergii pelecanoides). Crested Tern. —
Numerous along the coast-line.

Sternula placens (S. albifrons). White-shafted Ternlet. — Seen in
small parties flying over the waters of the bay.

^"'i(^i'^"] Jioyal Aiistvalasian Oryiithologists' Union: 223

Larus novae-hollandlae liruchigavia tiovcehollandice goiddi). Silver
Gull.— Plcntitiil.

Pisobia acuminata {Limnocincius acuminatus). Sharp-tailed Stint.
— Numerous along the shores.

Numenius cyanopus. Australian Curlew. — -Quite a number of these
birds were seen on the flats at low tide.

Lobivanellus lobatus (Lobibyx novishollandicc). Spur-winged Plover.
— Fairly plonlitul both on the sea coast and inland.

^gialltis nigrifrons (Elseya melanops). Black-fronted Dottrel. —
Reported by two members of the party.

Esacus magnirostris {Orthovhamphus magnirosiris). Long-billed
Stone-Plover. — Reported as having been seen.

Ibis molucca (Threskiornis molucca). Australian White Ibis.

Herodias syrmatophorus fH. alba syrmatophoyus). Australian
Egret. — Reported as being seen.

Notophoyx novae-hollandise. White-fronted Heron. — Plentiful.

Garzetta immaculata [^Egret/a garzetta immaculata) . Lesser Egret. —
Se\-cral birds seen in the swamps.

Demiegretta sacra. Reef-Heron. — The writer is not sure if it was
the dark or light form seen, for he holds that there are two species.
The dark bird is found on our coast-line down south, but never has
a white bird l^^een recorded.

Ardetta pusilla (Ixobrychus minutus dubius). Minute Bittern. — A
bird was seen in the swamp at Cleveland ; another was seen on the
island.

Anas superciliosa. Australian Black Duck. — Observed in the
swamps.

Phalacrocorax gouldi {Hypoleucus fnscescens). White-breasted
Cormorant. — This bird was reported, but it is quite probable it may
have been P. hypoleucus.

Phalacrocorax melanoleucus {Microcavbo melanoieticusj. Little I'ied
Cormorant. — Numbers of these birds were seen along the coast-line,
and in the hills.

Tacliypetes ariel (Fregafa ariel). Lesser Frigate-Bird. — Mr. A. S.
Lc Souef records this bird, and gives the following notes : — " The Lesser
Frigate-Bird was seen wheeling about on easy wing watching the
fishing of the smaller Terns. Every now and again it would swoop
on some luckless bird and make it deliver up its catch."-

Pelecanus conspicillatus. Australian Pelican. — A few birds were
seen.

Hieraetus morphnoides. Little Eagle. — Reported as having been
seen.

Haliseetus leucogaster (Cuncuma leucogastev). White-bellied Sea-
Eagle. — A very fine pair of these birds was seen near the centre of
the island, where, no doubt, they were nesting.

Haliastur ieucosternus {H. indus leucosternus). White-headed Sea-
Eagle. — Reported as having been seen.

Haliastur sphenurus. Whistling-Eagle. — Not numerous.

224 Royal Aitstralusiau Oniil/iologisfs' Union. liJ''"un

Circus gouldi (C. approximayis goiildi). Harrier. — A lew birds seen
over the swampy ground.

Astur approximans (Uvospiza fasciata). Goshawk. — Reported as
being seen.

Pandion leucocephalus {P. haliaelus). White-headed Osprey. — A
pair of these birds was seen.

Trichoglossus swainsoni (T. novcehollandice). Blue-beUicd I.orikeet.
— A flock of these birds was seen feeding in the trees near our quarters.

Alcyone azurea. Blue Kingfisher. — Not plentiful.

Dacelo gigas. Great Brown Kingfisher. — Quite a number of these
l)irds were seen on the island. No specimens were taken, but, as far
as obscr\a lions went, they seemed to belong to this species.

Halcyon macleayi. Forest Kingfisher. — These beautiful birds seem
very numerous all through the forest country. Dr. Cleland sends
me the following : — J — Iris dark brown ; bill whitish-horn ; legs black,
with greyish bloom.

Halcyon sanctus {Sauropatis sancta. Eastern Sacred Kingfisher).
Sacred Kingfisher. — These birds seem to frequent the coast-line, and
are to be found amidst mangroves and scrub along the coast.

Cuculus pallidas (Heteroscenes pallidits']. Pallid Cuckoo. — The
familiar call of these birds was often heard during our stay on the
island.

Caco mantis variolosus (C. pyrrophamis). Square-tailed Cuckoo. —
Reported as having been seen.

Chalcococcyx lucidus (Lamprococcyx lucidiis). Broad-billed Bronze-
Cuckoo. — Reported by Mr. A. S. Le Souef as having been observed.

Centropus phasianus {Polophilus phasianinus). Pheasant-Coucal. —
[Members reported having heard these birds calling many times.

Hirundo neoxena. Welcome Swallow. — A common bird.

Petrochelidon nigricans (Hylochelidon n. calcyi). Tree-Martin. —
Several parties of these birds were seen.

Gerygone (sp. ?) — A Fly-eater was met with, and, as far as can be
judged, it most resembled fusca.

Eopsaltria chrysorrhoa (E. australis chrysorrhos). Yellow-rumped
Shrike-Robin. ^A very common bird, and found in all situations.

Pachycephala (sp. ?) — Three skins were taken, and, as far as my
observations went, they appeared to be immature birds. Dr.
D'Ombrain writes me as follows : — " Pachycephala (three specimens) :
not a doubt, after long comparison and descriptive reading, that this
is melanura." This may be the case, but I have never heard of P.
melanura being so far south ; still, not having compared the birds,
I have no grounds on which to dispute it, although the species seen
may be young birds of the Black-tailed Thickhead.

Pachycephala rufiventris (Lewinornis rufxventris, Rufous-breasted
Thickhead). Rufous-breasted Whistler. — These birds were not
numerous on the island.

Rhipidura motacilloides {Lencocirca tricolor). Black-and-White
Fantail. — Found in most localities.

^"''lo'^o'^'J l^oyal Aiis/niliisidii Onii/lio/u^isls' Unioti. ' 225

Myiagra plumbea (M. rubecitla). Leaden Flycatcher. — This is a
widely-distributed bird.

Graucalus melanops {Coracina novcBhollandice melanops). Black-
faced Cuckoo-Shrike. -Frequently met with on the island.

G. mentalis (Coracina robusta). Little Cuckoo-Shrike. — Reported
as having been seen.

Campephaga leucomela (Karua leiicomeld). Pied Caterpillar-cater. — ^^
One specimen taken. Dr. Cleland supplied the following notes : —
$— Iris dark brown ; bill and legs black, inside bill black ; pharynx
fiesh-colour.

Cistlcola exilis. Grass -Warbler. — A number of these little birds
were met with in the swampy country. Mr. A. S. Le Souef sends me
the following notes : — " Cisticola was common in all the swamps
and bracken-fern areas ; the bird would sit on a dead bush and utter
its loud note. If suddenly disturbed it would mount high in the
air, then fall suddenly to the grass. The birds were building, collecting
material for their nests from quite a distance."

Artamus leucogaster (A. leucorhynchus leuropygtalis). White-
rumpcd Wood-Swallow. — These birds were fairly numerous in some
localities. ,j — Iris very dark brown ; bill bluish, black at tip ; legs
grey ; throat black.

Colluricincla rufigaster (Caleya megarhyncha rufosaster). Rufous
Shrike-Thrush. — Fairly plentiful on the island, for we met with it
in all localities visited. Dr. Cleland's notes read : — cJ — Iris reddish-
brown ; bill horny-brown ; lower mandible lilac-grey ; legs fleshy-
brown ; pharynx flesh-colour.

Grallina picata (G. cyanoleuca). Pied Grallina. — A widely-
distributed bird, found in many localities.

Zosterops (sp. ?) — -Dr. D'Ombrain writes : — " Zosterops is ca'vulescois."
The bird I saw seemed far too bright for that species.

Pardalotus melanocephalus. Black-headed Pardalote.— These little
birds were fairly plentiful, and their call would be heard all day long.
Dr. D'Ombrain writes :^'^ Lores rather different from type — i.e.,
smaller, and not so marked in hue. One of my skins was an adult
female."

Melithreptus brevirostris {M. atricapillas). Brown-headed Honey-
eater. — Rather plentiful.

Myzomela obscura. Dusky Honey-eater. — A very common bird
with a \cry jileasing note. We met with them all over the island.
Mr. A. S. Le Souef handed me the following : — " These Honey-eaters
were the most numerous birds on the island. In one mile north of
Amity Point ^2 were noted, and in eight miles (including all classes
of country) 51 were heard. Their note at times might easily be
mistaken for that of the Reed-Warbler. They were chiefly seen in
the acacia scrul).'-

Myzomela sanguineolenta. Sanguineous Honey-eater. — These little
jewels in bird-life were fairly numerous, their bright red plumage
drawing much attention. They generally keep to the foliage growing
on the tops of the trees, where they move about very rapidly. They
have a remarkably loud and shrill call for so small a bird.

226 Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. [i.sf'jan.

Meliornis sericea {M. niger). White-cheeked Honey-eater. — This
was a common bird on the island, and its habits are the same as all
the 'genus. Dr. Cleland writes: — " ,^ — Iris dark brown; bill black;
legs dark grey ; gape yellow ; pharynx black. ''

Entomyza cyanotis {Entomyzon cyanotis). Blue-faced Honey-
eater. — Reported as having been seen.

Tropidorhynchus corniculatus. Friar-Bird. — This was a very
common and noisy bird, a great mimic and bully. Mr. A. S. Le
Souei's notes read : — " Friar-Birds were very numerous. In eight
miles 2/ were heard calling ; but, as they were in small parties, this
would indicate probably at least three times that number."

Anthus australis. Australian Pipit. — A few birds came under the
writer's notice on the open country near the coast.

.Sgintha temporalis. Red-browed Finch. — Were moving about in
small parties.

Munia castaneothorax (Lonchura castaneothorax). Chestnut-breasted
Finch. — These birds were seen amongst the houses in the settlement.

Corvus coronoides {Corvus hennetti queenslandicus ?) Queensland
Crow. — Only having seen this bird flying by, I put it down to be
closely allied to the Short-billed Crow (C. bennetti). Specimens were
taken, but I had not the opportunity of examining them. Dr.
D'Ombrain writes : — " Corvus not bennetti by any means, but most
likely cecilce. It is quite unlike bennetti as to build, size, and bill."
Dr. Cleland kindly sends the following : — Iris white, with marked
blue tinge round pupil ; bill, legs, and throat flesh-colour ; length,
20 inches ; base of feathers white. This is probably ^Mathews's C.
cecilcB (.?)

Strepera graculina.. Pied Bell-Magpie. — A common a^d noisy bird.

Cracticus nigrogularis (C. n. inkermani). Black-tliroated Butcher-
Bird. — Reported as having been ob.served.

Cracticus destructor {Bulestes torquatiis). Collared Butcher-Bird. — •
Reported as having been seen.

NOTES CONXERNING THE BIRDS MET WITH ON STRAD-
BROKE ISLAND, AT DALBY, AND ON THE BUNYA
MOUNTAINS.

By J. Burton Cleland, M.D.

From time to time it is necessary, for purposes of accurate
identification or for the advance of scientific knowledge, to collect
specimens of our native birds. The shooting of any of these is
a matter not to be lightly entered on. Justification must be
established to the satisfaction of the collector and of brother
ornithologists, and permits must be obtained from the State
authorities, advised by responsible officers. The matter does
not, however, end here. It is a bounden duty that every possible
use should be made of any birds so obtained. This, one may
say, is a moral obligation placed on the person enjoying the
privilege of a permit ; is a check on the destruction of more birds

^"'i,^o'^'] lioyal AiistnilasiaH Ornithologisls' Uniun. 227

than can hv adcqnatcly dealt with : ;iiul is a small return ti) the
species of birds concerned, the members sacrihced being utilized
as far as possible for the advance of knowledge, the knowledge
thus gained perchance benefiting in some way the species as a
whole. There is no greater check on collecting birds than the
self-imposed necessity of skinning each specimen obtained — a
task rarely taking less than half an hour, and frequently neces-
sitating work late at night, or even into the early hours of tlie
morning, after a hard day in the field.

I have frequently given the following as an indication of the
various ways in which valuable information may be collected
and nearly every possible use made of the dead bird. The speci-
men was a Wonga Pigeon, killed under a permit. When the
bird was picked up, blood slides were at once made from a small
wound, and were afterwards searched for parasites. The colours
of the iris and other soft parts were then noted. Before skinning,
the feathers were searched for Mallophaga and mites. The skin
was then removed and prepared as a specimen. The crop was
retained for identification of its food contents, and the intestines
and body were searched for parasitic worms. Finally, my wife
ate the carcass. I do not remember whether the cat was given
the bones ! In the above enunciation, one item is omitted — one
of some moment that Captain White has been employing for
some while. This consists in noting the total length, spread of
wings, and other measurements, to which, perhaps, weight might
be added. If, as far as possible, these various observations are
made on every bird collected, in the course of a few years a large
amount of valuable data will have accumulated, and our know-
ledge of» Australian birds and their ecology greatly extended.
During the visits to Stradbroke Island and the Bunya Mountains
it was the endeavour of those amongst us, who had permits to
collect, to strive after this ideal as far as possible. I think we
all feel satisfied that not one of the few birds collected was
sacrificed needlessly or without making full use of its poor
mortal remains.

The Food of the Birds. — The stomachs or crops of all specimens
obtained were saved, labelled, and handed over to Mr. Henry
Tryon, Government Entomologist, Brisbane, for full investigation
and submission (where necessary) to various authorities for the
identification of seeds, &c., present. As Mr. Tryon is preparing
a report on these results, they need not be further considered
here as a whole. Attention may, however, be drawn to two matters
of interest in connection with this subject.

In examining several specimens of Pennant's Parrot {Platycercus
■pennanti), the crops were found to contain a number of grubs.
It was also noted that the birds frequented the tops of the bunya
pines {Arancaria hidwelli). Anyone standing quietly under one
of these trees would often hear something falling — now on this
side, now on that — around him. W^atching w^hat these were, he
would find they were the cylindrical male flower "cones"

228 Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. \_i^"^Un.

(amenta) from the bunyas. Looking up, after some difficulty
he would discover several Parrots busily engaged in attacking
these on the branches of the pine. Breaking some of the flower
cones open, he would find here and there amongst the male
flowers the same larvae seen in the crops of the Parrots. The
Parrots were, in fact, breaking these " cones " in pieces in search
of the larvae. Dr. Jefferis Turner was able to state that the
larvae were not lepidopterous, whilst Mr. Carter believed them to
be almost certainly coleopterous. Though the Parrots were
breaking off numbers of these flower " cones," they were probably
protecting many more of next season's ones from the depredations
of these insects. They were, in fact, almost certainly playing
a useful part in enabling, indirectly, the bunya pines to set their
seed and so rejuvenate the forest. This, surely, is rather an
unusual part for one of our Parrots to play.

A feature of the flora of the Bunya Mountains was the juxta-
position of belts of dense timber and jungle with areas of grass-
land and occasionally scattered eucalypts (of the Eucalyptus
tereticornis group). The line of demarcation between the two
was absolutely sharp. The areas covered by one or the other
did not appear to be influenced by site or other physical causes,
nor was Professor Richards able to explain their respective
situations on geological grounds. Also, the suggestion that the
open spaces represented areas of forest that had been fire-swept
and had then been grassed over did not seem feasible. Another
explanation advanced was that the forest type was a recent
invasion, still in progress, and that the grassy areas, with their
scattered gum-trees, represented the type of vegetation of many
years ago, as yet not all replaced, but remaining as islands and
belts. On these remaining grass-lands the forest might be
considered as encroaching on all sides by slow degrees and direct
extension. Tall trees on the edge of the forest would give shade
for the under-shrubs {Solanum, &c.) to grow and replace the
grass beneath them. Through these under-shrubs would grow up
the seedlings of forest trees, to repeat, when mature, the slow
process of extension to which they themselves owed their exist-
ence. An interesting means by which such extension might be
considerably hastened may be attributed to birds. The various
Bower-Birds and Fruit-Pigeons feed on the native figs (Ficus
macrophylla, Desf., F. eugenioides, F. v. M., and F. watkinsiana,
Bail.) The frequency with which these fig seeds germinate high
up in forest trees shows that some of the fruit-eating birds can
pass the seeds through the intestine without injuring their
germinating power. In the case of the two Bower-Birds present
(the Satin and the Regent), and the Cat-Bird, their short and
very voluminous intestines frequently showed almost perfect figs
even near the rectum. It is highly probable that these birds
are one of the chief sources by whicli the figs are distributed.
The fig seeds, being deposited in some lodging-place on a tree,
germinate, and send roots downwards round the trunk of their

^'o'- ^'^1 Royal Aus/raldS'ia)! Or)ii//io/o^isis' Union. 229

host to the ground and a, leafy stem upwards. Gradually the
roots gain a strong foothold in tlie ground and form an intricate
interlacing network round the trunk, whilst the branches above
soar over their host and throw out a dense canopy of leaves.
Meanwhile, the twining roots, naturally grafted into each other,
starve, by constriction, their unfortunate victim, thus cutting
off the ascent of the sap. Towards the base the roots form
buttresses for additional support. The host now gradually decays,
the fig occupying eventually with its own tissues, more or less,
the whole of the empty space. Underneath its umbrageous
foliage forest seedlings find the conditions of shade and moisture
necessary for their development. Though this series of changes
occurs probably most frequently in the forest itself, several young
fig-trees were seen growing in the eucalypts in the grass-land, but
only 20 or 30 yards from the edge of the forest. Already their roots
had reached the ground, and a small canopy was developing.
Eventually a tall and shady fig-tree would replace the small
eucalypts. Under its shade shrubs and forest trees would grow ;
and thus we would have extension of the forest by saltation or
jumping — a more rapid process than the usual one by reption
or creeping, and such a more rapid extension, if it actually
occurs, must be dependent on birds, and birds alone.

The Intestines of Birds. — ^The intestines of birds vary consider-
ably as regards their total length and calibre and the size of the
caeca. Changes of a marked nature must take ages of evolution
to accomplish. A comparative study of the intestines might
therefore be expected to throw some light on family, if not on
generic, relationships. Some of our peculiar Australian genera
may well repay examination from this point of view\ During
the visit to the Bunya Mountains, dissection of Regent-Birds,
Satin Bower-Birds, and Cat-Birds showed that these members
of the Ptilonorhynchidce possessed intestines which were rather
short and of very large calibre. Those of two Regent-Birds were
II inches and 12 inches long respectively ; of a Cat-Bird, 12 inches
long, with caeca \ inch in length about i inch from the vent ; and
of a Satin Bower-Bird, 14 inches long, with c?eca f inch in length
about I inch from the vent. The calibre was very large, and
the terminal part often contained almost complete fig fruits. In
descending from the stomach to the vent the intestine merely
made two or three simple loops, and seemed only to fill partly the
abdominal cavity. It would be interesting to compare the
intestines of the Bower-Birds with those of the Paradiseidce and
CorvidcB.

Parasites.

All the birds obtained were searched for the presence of
helminth parasites. From a number, blood slides were examined
for haematozoa, and others were searched for external parasites
(Mallophaga and ticks). The results obtained were the following : —

No entozoa detected : — Stradbroke Island. — Geopelia hittneralis,

230 Royal Australasicm Ornithologists' Union. [,st Jan.

Packvcephala nifiventris, Campephaga lencomela, Colliiricincla
nifigaster (4 specimens), Pardalotus melanocephalus, Melithreptus
lunulatus (?). Bunya Mountains. — Leucosarcia picala, Apros-
miciiis scapulafiis (3), Platycerciis pennanti, Eopsaltria chrysorrhoa,
Pachxcephahi gittturalis {2), Rkipidura rufifrons, Monarcha carinata,
Acanthiza nana, Acanthiza reguloides, Acanthiza lineata, Acanthiza
pusilla (2), Sericornis citreigularis (2), Sericornis frontalis, Sericornis
magnirostris , M alums cyanochlamys, Climacteris leucophcea, Zosterops
dorsalis (2), Ptilotis ckrysotis, Ptiloris paradisea.

Cestodes present : — Stradbroke Island. ^ — Chalcophaps chryso-
chlora, Halcyon macleayi, Pitta strepitans (cestodes in 2, nil in i),
Petrochelidon nigricans, Eopsaltria chrysorrhoa, Pachyccphala
melanura (cestodes in i, nil in 2), Artamus leucogaster (cestodes in
I, nil in i), Stigmatops ocularis (cestodes in 2, nil in i), Meliornis
sericea (cestodes in i, nil in i), Corvus cecilics (cestodes in i,
nil in 2). Bunya Mountains. — Ninox hoohook, Ptilonorhynchus
holosericeus (cestodes in i), Ailurcedus smithi (cestodes in 2, nil
in 2), Sericulus chrysocephalus (cestodes in 2), Strepera graculina.

Nematodes present : — Stradbroke Island. — Halcyon sanctus
(? nematodes in intestine, small coiled nematode in peritoneal
cavity, (?) from a wound in the intestine), Myiagra plumhea.

Echinorhynchs present : — Bunya Mountains. ■ — Psophodes
crepitans (in intestines), Oreocincla lunulata (in intestines).

Mallophaga present : — Stradbroke Island. — Halcyon macleayi.
Bunya Mountains. — Oreocincla lunulata (round head), Acanthiza
nana, Ptiloris paradisea, Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus.

Ticks {Ixodes holocyclus) present : — Bunya Mountains. — Oreo-
cincla lunulata, Sericornis citreigularis.

No hsematozoa detected: — Stradbroke Island. — Geopelia
humeralis, Cacomantis flabelliformis, Petrochelidon nigricans,
Artamus leucogaster, Colluricincla nifigaster, Stigmatops octilaris,
Corvus cecilicB. Bunya Mountains. — Platycercus pennanti, Oreo-
cincla lunulata, Acanthiza lineata, Acanthiza pusilla, Malurus
cyanochlamys, Climacteris leucophcea, Zosterops dorsulis.

Hsematozoa present : — Stradbroke Island. — Pachycephala
melanura (a single narrow trypanosome seen). Bunya Mountains.—
Ailurcedus smithi (a few large spherical leucocytozoa).

A Bird Census Between Dalhy and the Bunya Mountains. — ^The
distance between Dalby and the foot of the Bunya Mountains is
about 30 miles. More than half of this distance is over almost
bare black-soil plains. Undulating foothills are then reached,
clothed more or less with timber, interspersed between which are
farms. The country becomes more rugged near the foot of the
mountains. The party proceeded by motor-cars, the rate varying
from about 15 to about 25 miles an hour. It was decided that
several of us should try independently the method of taking a
bird census described to members by the writer. The results are
given in the accompanying table, but for comparative purposes
are vitiated by several factors that could not be controlled. The
writer, being in a good position and in the foremost car on each

Rnval Australasian Ornithologists' TTnioyi.

231

journey, had a reasonably clear view of tlie undisturbed birds.
In otlicr cases, one car closely following on anotlier, or a more
cramped position, necessarily handicapped the observer. The
grand totals of birds seen also vary considerably through some
observers seeing a large flock of birds {e.g., A. Le S. 300 Wood-
Swallows) when another observer only saw two of these birds.
Comparing the outward journey with the return one, it is also to
be noted that the former was made between 8 and 10 a.m., and
tlie latter in the early part of a hot afternoon — differences in time
of day and in temperature that should affect the numbers of birds
seen. Taking the results altogether, however, they are, I think,
reasonably concordant, give one a fair idea of the numbers of each
species over the route travelled, and warrant further applications
of this method of census-taking.

Census of the Birds Seen Between
Mountains.

Dalby and the Bunya

Dalby to the Bunya Moun-
BuNYA Mountains, tains to Dalby,

J.B.C. and
E.A.D.

F.C.M

A.E.
• LeS.

I.B.C.and
• A.H.C.

F.C.M

A.E.
• Lc S.

Geopelia tranquilla

I

—

—

3

Carphibis spinicollis

•• 55

60

17

16

18

9

Lophoictinia isura

I

. —

—

Cerchneis cenchroides

7

5

5

5

I

2

Owl

I

Trichoglossus swainsoni . .

—

—

2

2

chlorolepidotus

, . —

—

—

II

—

Glossopsitta concinna

—

—

2

—

Lorikeets . .

I flock

—

—

5

Cacatua galerita

. — .

—

—

I

Calopsitta novce-hollandice

—

I

—

—

—

Platycercus pennanti

2

—

—

—

pallidiceps

7

—

3

—

—

3

(unidentified)..

—

5

—

-1

Dacelo gigas

2

—

2

6

—

4

Halcyon sanctus . .

—

—

—

I

Cuculus pallidus . .

—

—

—

2

Hirundo neoxena . .

4

—

1 1

16

_

Petrochelidon nigricans \ _ _
ariel j ' '

• 27

50

20

26

50

—

Swallows . .

—

—

5

Micrceca fascinans

2

3

3

8

5

X

Melanodryas hicolor

I

Smicrornis brevirostris (heard) .

—

—

—

I

Gerygone . .

. —

3

__

Pachycephala nifiventris (heard)

8

4

—

II

—

Rhipidura motacilloides . .

2

6

-^

I

Graucahts melanops

2

2

4

2

I

Campephaga humeralis

I

2

Pomatorhimis temporalis

.

3

(unidentified)

. —

—

—

2

Acanthiza reguloides (?) . .

— •

—

— -

II

—

—

(unidentified) . .

. —

—

—

3(?)

—

—

232

Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union.

r Emu
List Jan.

Dalby to thk Bunya Moun-

BuNYA Mountains, tains to Dalby.

J.B.C. anJ
E.A.D.

J.B.C. and y p v, A.E
A.H.C. F.C.M. ,„,

LeS.

I

80

Tits

Malurus lamberti . .

(unidentified) . .
Arfamus superciliosus
melanops
sordidus
Grallina picaia
Siruthidea cinerea
Aphelocephala lencopsis (?)
Climacteris leucophcea

(unidentified)
Pardalotiis

Ptilotis (unidentified)
Myzantha garrula \
,, flavigtda)

Entomyza cyanotis
Tropidorhynchus corniciilatns
Anthus australis . .
Tcsniopysia castanotis
Corvus australis . .
Strepera graculina
Cracticus nigrogularis

destructor
Gymnorhina tibicen
Unidentified
Sparrows . .

Total species, about

Total individual birds

Total species seen by all observers on both trips, about 51.

A Census of the Birds Between Amity Point and Dimwich, on
Stradbroke Island.- — Mr. A. Le Souef has kindly given me the
following census of the birds seen or heard by him whilst walking
the 8 miles between these two points during the late afternoon : —
Pheasant-Coucals, Q ; Leaden Fly-catchers, 4 ; Yellow-breasted
Shrike-Robins, 4 ; Cisticolce (in two miles of swamp), 8 : Sanguineous
Honey-eaters, 23 ; Brown Honey-eaters, 50 ; Friar-Birds, 27 ;
and Butcher-Birds, 2. He adds that "it is fair to assume that
for every one Sanguineous Honey-eater or Friar-Bird heard there
were at least two birds present, for the female of the first species
does not call, and Friar-Birds generally go about in flocks."

The Sizes of the Red Corpuscles of Birds. — I have on previous
occasions, with Dr. Harvey Johnston {The Emu, xi., 1912, p. 188)
and alone {Trans, and Proc. Roy. Soc. of S.A., xxxix., 1915,
p. 38), given the results of the measurements of the sizes of the
red cells from various species of birds. The red cells were those
in dried films of blood made at the time the birds in question
were shot. Though by no means an ideal method for preserving
the red cells in their original shape, results have nevertheless

I
6

—

—

I

— ■

—

19

22

26

26

6

II

2

z

^z

—

I

4

2

6

5

3

—

—

— •

7

14

2

I

—

7

3

I

5

I

—

—

2

—

2

■ — •

—

4

3

4

I

5

4

—

—

—

I

— •

I

33

18

23

22

10

16

6

—

—

14

—

—

9

—

—

4

—

9

29

25

21

36

16

18

84

279

463

271

187

81

^"''i fo'^*] Royal Austral a si an Oyniihologis/s' Union. 2'53

been reasonably rt'liai)K' for comparative purposes. I-Jlood slides
from several further species were obtained during the trip, and
the sizes of the respective red cells are given below. The results
confirm in general those previously obtained. Amongst the
largest cells were those of the Cat-Bird, Parrot, Crow, and Dove.
The smallest cells were those of the Honey-eater [SdiJ^incilnps),
Zosterops, Malurus, and Acanthiza.

Geopelia humeralis, 12. i x b.q microns.
Platycercus pennanti, 12.2 to 12.6 x i)A) microns.
Cacoviantis fiahelliformis, 11. 4 to 12 x b.() microns.
Oreocincla luniilata, 12 x 7 microns.
Acanthiza pusilla, 10.8 to 11. 4 x 6.9 microns.
Malurus cyanochlamys, 10.5 to 11. 4 x ().() microns.
Artainiis leucogastcr, ir.4 to 12 x 6.9 microns.
Climactcris leiicophcea, 11. 4 to 12 x 6.9 microns.
Zosterops dorsalis, 10.5 to ir.4 x 6.6 microns.
Stigmatops ocularis, 10.4 to 11 x 6 microns.
Ailurcedus smithi, 12.2 to 13 x 7 to 7.2 microns.
Corvus cecilice, 12 x 6.9 microns.

NORTHERN NOTES.
By W. H. D. Le Souef, C.M.Z.S., Hon. General Sec. R.A.O.U.
Leaving Brisbane on 27th September, I arrived at Townsville
on 6th October, and left next morning for Prairie, 1,414 feet above
sea-level, 205 miles west from Townsville. There was a certain
amount of long, coarse grass, but near any settlement the ground
was bare. Many nests of White-browed Babblers were noticed
in the smaller trees. Mr. J. R. Chisholm drove me from Prairie
to " The Plains," about two and a half miles out. The only
water came from a bore near the house. Many birds came to
drink at the small reservoir ; practically all were seed-eaters, as
insect-eaters and birds of prey can do without water. It was a
beautiful sight to see thousands of Galahs [Cacatua roseicapilla)
in various-sized flocks circling in the sunlight. One flock
previously photographed contained fully 10,000 birds. Corellas
[Licmetis tenuirostris) also live largely in flocks ; they were nipping
off the ends of the green branches of eucalypt trees. Exactly
why they do it is difficult to say ; it could hardly be for food,
although it may possibly be for moisture. A few bream and cod
kept in the reservoir and large corrugated iron tank were thriving.
Warbling Grass-Parrots also were in thousands. Elying hurriedlv
and taking sips of water when fiying, they returned many times
to the reservoir before they were satisfied. Many Elock-Pigeons
{Histriophaps histrionica) assembled on the banks ; they came
only in small companies or pairs. Other birds noticed were the
Pied Grallina, Pipit, Leach's Kingfisher, Plain-Wanderer, White-
winged Chough, Black-and-White Fantail, Oriole, Cockatoo-
Parrot, a few Sulpliur-crested Cockatoos, Banksian Black

234 Royal Australasian Ornii hoi agists' Union. [ist Jan

Cockatoo, White-throated Tree-creeper, Silvery-crowned Friar-
Bird, Little Friar-Bird, Spotted Bower-Bird, Bee-eater, and Black-
throated Butcher-Bird. Finches (especially the Banded) came in
hundreds ; the latter were nesting in the roof of the verandah and
house. White-plumed and Blue-faced Honey-eaters, Masked Wood-
Swallows, and Pied Caterpillar-eaters were nesting. A nest of the
Red-browed Pardalote containing young almost ready to fly was
seen. Pale-headed and Red-winged Parrots were seen near the
water. Crows plentiful about the homesteads ; acted as scavengers.
They often jumped on the sheep that were lying down, much to
the annoyance of the sheep, which usually promptly stood up.
In time of drought the Black-tailed Native-Hen, looking for food
and water, suddenly appears in thousands at some water-hole.
A Marbled Podargus near the homestead was, as usual, difficult
to detect. The season being so dry, Ibises were apparently not
nesting, and we saw only small lots, mostly of the Straw-necked
species. A few Cuckoos were heard, especially the Pallid.
Occasionally we heard the raucous call of the Channelbill. Native
Companions were only in pairs or with their young. Emus also
were few. Bustards were more plentiful. Spur-winged and
Masked Plovers and Pratincoles were seen near the water, and
Southern Stone-Curlews were frequently heard calling, but were
not often seen. The Allied and Square-tailed Kites were nearly
always circling in the air ; the ordinary birds took no notice of
them, showing clearly that they are scavengers, for, should a
Falcon, Goshawk, or Sparrow-Hawk appear, there was at once
a scatter among the many birds near the water. \Miistling-
Eagles, common near water, were not much noticed.

Although it was November, the nights — however hot the days
■might be — were always cool, if not cold. In the winter months
a severe frost now and then kills much native vegetation. In
open patches of bare ground were found the burrows of the
ground spider {Sclenotypus). One of these killed a chicken and
tried to pull it down its hole, as mentioned in the April number
of The Emu. The photograph was taken by Miss B. Chisholm.
On a neighbouring station, Glendower, one of these spiders killed
a newly-hatched Guinea-Fowl chicken and pulled it some inches
down her burrow. Mr. Chisholm kindly drove me over to Glen-
dower. The Spotted Bower-Birds were plentiful near the
Flinders River, which was dry, but water could be obtained by
sinking a hole a few feet in the sandy bed. As we approached,
an Emu was crossing to the other side. Floods are very heavy
in this river at times, and we 'saw a 20,000-gallon tank that had
been taken from its place and partly twisted round a tree. It is
difficult to realize the immense force of the waters. In the river
cliffs fossil bones and shells are sometimes washed out, and I was
kindly given some that had apparently belonged to an ancient
form of life — namely, the long-necked fish-lizard {Cimoliosaunis),
which reached the length of about 23 feet, and a shell {Ancylocera,).
I left on the 13th for Charters Towers.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE XLIII.

Ma'rpie Geese (A nseranas semi^almata) in tree above pool containing
° lotus lilies, the sacred lily of Buddha.

PHOTO Ul D. LE SOUEF, C.M.Z.S.

^°\ !^'^'] h'oyal Ausirnlasidii Ornilliolngists' Umon. 235

I'^roin the train T noticed a nati\-c bear sittinj^ on a lrlc^ra])li
pole iuul partly on ii \\'n\\ liis thick fur probably prcvi'uting him
from getting a shock. Mistletoe was ])lfntiful, and the Mistletoe-
Bird was often seen.

I was informed that two Itagles attacked a tiger-cat, and,
although it put up a good fight, eventually killed and ate it. A
black snake, about 5 feet long, was found swallowing an eel,
which was about lialf-way do^-n. A little later another l)lack
snake was seen chasing an eel in a small pool, partly dried up in
the drought. I had not heard of snakes taking fish before. Ticks
are troulilesome in this district ; tiger-cats are sometimes found
infested with them, and one young wallaby's death was probably
caused by them. Mr. Chisholm informed me that young Fly-
catchers and I'inches are sometimes found dead or dying from
small ticks, and he thinks many young birds are destroyed by
them.

There is here an interesting plant named Acacia chisholmi, named
after our friend, J. R. Chisholm. It catches a great many insects
in the gum which exudes freely from it.

Domestic cats, gone wild are very destructive to bird-life, but
fortunately disease and dry seasons kill many of them.

Next morning our members, Mrs. Adam Black and Mr. Jos.
AUingham, motored me to Fletcher Vale. We also visited the
wonderful so-called Basalt Wall. On the way we saw a dead
Jabiru, evidently shot by some callous traveller, also some Native
Companions ancl Bustards. On the larger water-holes among the
basalt were thousands of water-fowl — Pelicans, Black, Pink-
eared, Shoveller, and Whistling Ducks, Pied Geese, &c. After
taking some photos, of this wonderfully interesting geological
formation and home of wild-fowl, I returned to Charters Towers
and Townsville.

Next morning, the 15th, in company with Mr. J. R. Chisholm,
we went by train to Pioneer, 44 miles from Townsville, and near
the coast. When passing Cromarty River we saw hundreds of
Native Companions, usually in small companies, from two to
about fifty birds, and only one Jabiru. Earlier in the season
the former birds were in thousands. I remained seven days mth
Mr. J. Drysdale, of the Pioneer Sugar Mills and saw thousands
of Pied Geese, Pelicans, Black, White-eyed, and Whistling Ducks,
a few Jabirus, Pigmy Geese, Egrets, Ibises, Pacific and White-
fronted Herons, Darters, Cormorants, and Hoary-headed Grebes.
The Pallid Cuckoo was often heard, also the ascending monotonous
notes of the Koel ; they varied from three to about seven. I
heard only the male bird utter them. One Channelbill Cuckoo
was seen. Peaceful Doves were plentiful, also the Black-faced
Cuckoo-Shrike, Pipits, Grallinas, Miners, Orioles, Magpies, &c.
These elongated lagoons are rigidly protected, and ' are much
resorted to by water-fowl, which become very tame. Jacanas
were usually to be seen on the water-lilies. Magpie Geese were
abundant, and usually settled in trees when not feeding. The

2^6 Royal Aitsiralasian Oyni/Jiologists' Union. [.^^'jan.

handsome lotus lily flourished here, and formed good shelter for
the smaller water-fowl, as well as turtles, which were always in
evidence. Cocoanut-palms and mangoes grew to a large size.
When the fruit of the latter trees is ripe they are usually frequented
by flying foxes.

I left here on the 22nd, and lectured in Townsville the same
evening, leaving next day for Brisbane, where I lectured before
the Field Naturalists' Club.

When passing through Sydney I noticed in an aviary in the
Taronga Zoological Park the Grey Jumper had built the usual
mud nest and laid in it, but no one bird seemed to sit long on the
eggs, and one often sat alongside the sitting bird. A White-
breasted Sea-Eagle was noticed soaring over the harbour, and
Cormorants were plentiful there also.

REPORT ON THE RINGING OF WILD BIRDS.

Since the last annual report the following wild birds have been
ringed by Union members : — 31 adult Pelagodroma marina (White-
faced Storm-Petrels), on 29th November, 1919, at Mud Island,
Port PhiUip Bay, Victoria, by Drs. G. Home and C. Sutton and
Messrs. L. G. Chandler, S. A. Lawrence, and A. Chas. Stone.
So far the Union has ringed 259 wild birds.

A. Chas. Stoxe, Recorder.

A Rare Cuckoo Combination — Rufous Bristle^Bird
and Fan-tailed Cuckoo.

By Herbert A. Purnell, R.A.O.U., Geelong (Vic.)

During the present season I have been giving some considerable
time to studying the habits of one of our rare ground-birds —
namely, the Rufous Bristle-Bird {Maccoyornis broadbenti broad-
benti). Having an enforced holiday through ih-health, I decided
to spend a month at Anglesea, and, as the haunts of this bird
were within a mile of my week-end cottage, I decided to visit
their haunts nearly every morning, and there listen to their
most peculiar call. When once the call is heard you are sure
to locate a nest within a hundred yards of the call. Sometimes
the search is strenuous, for it means a careful search amongst the
low bushes and herbage which grow on the landslips and head-
lands which run out into the sea. The landslip between Anglesea
and Point Roadknight is a favourite breeding-ground of this bird,
and a peculiar thing about it is that where you find the Bristle-
Bird no other birds are seen about, and I have often wondered
at this loneliness, and also noted that very little food is about.
This makes the find most interesting, 'for, although the Fan-tailed
Cuckoos were fairly numerous on the hills around Anglesea. I
only heard them calling on two^or three days prior to the finding

The Emu. Vol. XIX,

PLATE XLIV.

The Emu, VoL XIX.

PLATE XLV.

Younu Pelicans.

PHOTO. BY K. G. .lOHNSTON.

Pelicans on Pelican Island, Brisbane River.

I'UOTO. BY li. I'. B AECY.

^"^'io^o'^'] PuRNELL, A Rare Cuckoo Combination. 237

of the ni'st, wliicli tontuinrd two eggs of the Hristlc-Bird with
one egg of the han-tailed Cuckoo. The tlirec eggs were fresli, and
I am inclined to think that tlic Cuckoo's egg was kiid after the
first egg of tlie Bristle-Bird, for in most cases the Cuckoo removes
one egg of the foster-parent.

The birds around Point Ivoadknight are seldom disturbed, and
I am glad to observe that the old " Cartwheel-Bird," as it is often
known as on account of its peculiar call, is beginning to get fairly
plentiful again, for during the months of October and November
I observed many nests containing eggs and young.

Camera Craft Notes-

Pelicans on Brisbane River. — The accompanying photograph
])y K. h'. D'Arcy shows a number of Pelicans on a gravel bank on
the Brisbane River, about 20 miles above the city. This flock of
Pelicans is quite accustomed to come down to the Hamilton Reach,
which is almost in the city, and do a bit of hunting. These Peli-
cans also interested our party very greatly because about a dozen
of the big birds were observed perched or roosting on the more
powerful branches of a great gum-tree fully 80 feet above the
water. This is the first time I have noticed these birds utilizing
a tree for a camping-ground. — R. H. La B. Cummins. Brisbane

(0.), 15/10/19.

* * *

Pelicans. — The accompanying photograph by Mr. R. G.
Johnston is of birds l)red on Lake Cowal, Wyalong, N.S.W., and
was taken in March, 1918, when about half-grown. They have
got their full plumage and size in the spring of 1919. About
50 Pelicans were breeding in the lake last year. The young were
being fed chiefly on common carp. The lake is now nearly dry,
and unless rain falls will be gone in January. It is interesting to
find Pelicans breeding about water not strictly permanent. The
drought. Crows, Hawks, and foxes are preventing the increase of
bird-life in the district very considerably, and it is very noticeable
that insect pests are more numerous and a great nuisance. A
terrific moth plague is just ending, and pumpkin bugs are all over
the fields. — A. S. Le Souef. Taronga Park, Sydney, 4/11/19.

The Ground-Thrush. — In my early bird-observing days I made
acquaintance with the Australian Ground-Thrush {Oreocincla
lunulata), and found many of its beautiful nests in the tea-tree
scrub along Port Phillip Bay, from Sandringham to Mordialloc
and beyond. In the nineties there were still great areas of
uncultivated land, and, except on public holidays, one could
ramble day-long without meeting half a dozen persons. Birds

238 Camera Craft Notes. [i^f "lan

reared their broods in peace till the builders came to cover the
moorland with villas and cottages. In recent years species that
were formerly abundant in the tea-tree have become scarce,
notably the Ground-Thrush, which favours quietness and solitude.
At Black Rock, before the era of progress dawned there, when-
ever I rambled through the tea-tree I was sure to see many
Thrushes, and in July or August rarely searched in vain for their
nests. One of the first subjects of a Victorian pioneer in nature-
photography (Mr. C. P. Kinane) was the nest and eggs of O.
Innulata, and a lantern slide of it was screened at the Gould
League demonstration in Melbourne on 24th October, 1919. I
was present when the photograph was taken, and incidents con-
nected with it are still fresh in memory. Most of my own early
attempts at camera craft were made at Black Rock. After the
usual failures of the novice, I obtained photographs of the bird
on its nest, but years passed before I gained the picture most
desired : a Ground-Thrush in its characteristic attitude, standing
alert among twigs and dead leaves, in the chequered shade of a
tea-tree grove. And success was achieved only with the help of
two companions. Stepping softly over the mould, we approached
the bird each from a different quarter. My friends stopped when
within about 15 feet of the Thrush, and tried to attract its atten-
tion while I stole nearer. For fully three minutes my subject
remained still (save for a sharp twist of the head when the
camera shutter was set), and I was able to focus nicely and give
a time exposure. With three strange forms about it the bird was
unable to decide quickly upon a way of escape from what it may
have regarded as a position of peril. Had I been alone, doubtless
it would have run to cover while the camera was being placed in
position. If the Ground-Thrush were a lover of sunshine instead of
shadows, it would not be a difficult subject for the hand camera,
for I have frequently approached to within a few feet of one before
it became alarmed ; and at close range I have watched them
searching for food in the mould and scratching up the golden-
green moss which they use so freely in nest-building. All their
actions are quiet. They are " silent " birds, but not voiceless,
though only those who know their ways are likely to have heard
their "song at twilight." It is finely described by Mr. A. J.
Campbell, who writes with deep enthusiasm of this " lovable
bird."* In the shadowy tea-tree groves, where greys and browns
are dominant colours, the plumage of the Ground-Thrush
harmonizes well with its environment. One may be close at
hand and escape notice, unless it is betrayed by the large, bright
eye, so conspicuous in my photograph. These birds live " close
to the ground," and Nature has patterned and coloured their
plumage so that it offers no strong contrast to twigs and leaf-
mould and the misty greyness of tea-tree boles. — Chas. Barrett.
C.M.Z.S., Melbourne.

* " Nests and Eggs," p. 186.

The Emu. Vol. XIX:

PLATE XLVI

^'"'i.jiL'^'] ■^'"^^' ^ccrelaries lieporls. 239

State Secretaries' Reports.

New South \\'ali-:s.

Ax important factor in connection with the preservation of
our native birds is the interest that has been aroused by the
Gould League. There are now branches in all the important
country centres and in 21 of the larger city schools. Judging from
reports of teachers and inspectors, most of the leagues* are active,
and the spirit of the work is being kept up. Many centres have
urged that Quail and Pigeon slaughter of an indiscriminate nature
should be stopped, and a general interest in the value and beauty
of bird-life is manifest.

The new Act for protection of birds and animals is now in force,
and has been found to be effective where it can be administered ;
but it will require the whole-hearted co-operation of the farmers,
station-owners, and those interested' in the welfare of the birds
to make it of real use away from inhabited centres. The Grey,
the Black-cheeked, the Black, and the Little Falcons, the Grey-
backed, the White, and the Australian Goshawks have been
added to the schedule of birds that are permitted to be killed,
and this schedule also contains the names of the Pied Crow-
Shrike, Leatherhead, Garrulous Honey-eater, Gill-Bird, the
Sulphur-crested and the Rose-breasted Cockatoos, Pennant's
Parrot and the common Rosella, the Blue-bellied Lorikeet, the
Red-rumped Parrakeet, the Wedge-tailed Eagle, all species of
Cormorants, and the Crows. The only game bird mentioned is
the Snipe. Of the native birds, only Silver-eyes, Crows, and Cor-
morants are permitted to be killed on the many lands, lakes, and
parks that have been proclaimed sanctuaries throughout the
State. These sanctuaries embrace the whole of the county of
Cumberland (round Sydney), the catchment area for the water
supply, and numerous lakes, swamps, lagoons, and marshes in
various parts of the State. Part of the area known as the
Macquarie Marshes is being cut up and made available for selec-
tion as a returned soldiers' settlement. This area forms one of
the most important game reserves in the dry north-western part
of New South Wales.

Messrs. Angus and Robertson are endeavouring to fill a decided
want among ornithologists in bringing out a book on the Aus-
tralian birds that will contain a coloured illustration, a full
description, and a few notes on each species of bird recognized
by the R.A.O.U. " Check-list." This work will be issued in a
handy form, and will come out in parts. Mr. Neville W. Cayley
is doing the illustrations, and many bird photographers arc being
called upon for pictures of birds and nests, and Mr. A. S. Le Soucf
is arranging the letterpress.

A. S. Le Souef,
State Secretary for New South Wales.

/24O state Secretaries' Reports. [,sfTn.

South Australia.
I HAVE the honour to report that during the last twelve months
remarkable progress has been made in South Australia with bird-
protection. A new Act, called the Animals and Birds Protection
Act 1919 has been made law. The bill lapsed last session after
a stormy passage, which almost carried it through. Your repre-
sentative received the support of the Attorney-General (Mr.
Barwell) a,nd Mr. Geo. Laffer (Chairman of Committees) in
bringing the bill forward at an early date this session as a
" lapsed bill," and it received Royal assent early in the session.
We have much in this Act to congratulate ourselves upon, for it
is a great improvement upon the old Act. One new clause
provides that the taking of 'any animal or bird for the purpose
of being kept in confinement or in a domesticated state shall only
he done by permit. There are several clauses dealing with restric-
tion of the use of firearms and many other very useful protective
clauses. Each schedule (by the courtesy of the Minister) gives
both vernacular and scientific names of the bird, and the number
corresponding with that used in Dr. Leach's Australian Bird Book.
It is also arranged that each police station throughout the State
will be supplied with a copy of this book. A great many more
species of our useful native birds were placed on the wholly-
protected list. Another most important achievement is the
constituting of " Flinders Chase," Kangaroo Island, as a
sanctuary. For twelve years a great fight was put up by the
late Sir Edward Stirling and many others to obtain the reserve,
but with little success, but the final battle has been fought and
won. The board of governors is now being formed, and it is to
be hoped that a start will be made at an early date to save many
of the forms of bird and animal life on the mainland which are
threatened with extinction by the fox and other causes, by
placing them on an island which is so admirably adapted for this
purpose. The description of the " Chase " and the benefits that
will accrue from it in regard to bird-protection would need a
special article. Your representative has had a very strenuous
time in regard to the "Chase," and is still having one, for he is in
constant consultation with the Government and other governing
bodies to ensure that a strong board of governors should be
selected for the important work of developing the great reserve.
Your representative has had the honour this year to be elected
by the Government to the Advisory Board of Agriculture. This
has been the means of bringing him into close contact with the
producer and man on the land. The board has arranged numerous
addresses to take place in May to men throughout the State.
These addresses are given upon " The Economic Value of Our
Native Birds to the Man on the Land." It is most pleasing to
relate that more invitations are received by the Board than can
be immediately coped with. One of these tours arranged by the
Advisory Board has just been completed. The distance covered
was 700 miles, and I spoke at a different town every night for

Vol. XIX. J (^(^iig Secretaries' Reports. J4I

over a week. The most gratil'yiiif^ part was the audiences were
large and appreciative. Al)out thirty addresses have been given
this year on l)ird-pr()tection, and correspondence has doubled.
Many convictions have been made in respect to shooting pro-
tected birds. One officer was instrumental in two Swan -shooters
having to pay £y los. each to the revenue for shooting a Swan
each. Your representative has motored to country court-houses
to watch the trial of offenders against the bird-protection law^s.

By proclamation the close season has been extended for game
birds to the 31st of January, and it w^ould be well to close the
season for twelve months, owing to the drought, for game birds
are restricted to small areas, owing to want of water and food,
and they cannot get away from them.

S. A. White, Local Secretary, S.A.

Queensland.
The present year has been a notable one in the history of the
study and protection of Queensland birds. Not only have bird-
lovers generally been displaying activity, but the interests of
the birds are receiving much-needed recognition in Government
and other official circles.

The Home Secretary, Hon. John Huxham (now Minister for
Education), w^hose late department controls the Bird Pest
Destruction Boards, had something interesting to say on the
subject when addressing the Queensland Local Authorities Con-
ference on 14th August. In his address to the delegates in the
previous year he referred to a proposal to establish more boards
for the destruction of " bird pests," and more particularly
Sparrows, Starlings, Crows (Corvus), and " Scrub-Magpies "
[Strepera). " Since then," said Mr. Huxham, " I have read
articles in connection with bird-life which have made me pause
and wonder whether, after all, instead of authorizing the destruc-
tion of birds, something more should not be done to protect them."

At about the same time another friend of the birds appeared
in the person of the Minister for Lands, Hon. J. H. Coyne. The
State secretary of the R.A.O.U. had interviewed Mr. Coyne and
laid before him complaints regarding the destruction of valuable
native birds in the low-lying parts of Queensland's great National
Park in the Macpherson Range, at the same time suggesting the
appointment of a salaried ranger and game warden. Mr. Coyne
expressed in forcible terms his opinion of bird-murderers generally
and those who intrude on sanctuaries in particular ; and, when
speaking to a deputation from the Beaudesert National Park
League a few days later, he took occasion to issue a stern warning
to all poachers on reserves. Subsequently the Minister appointed
Mr. E. M. O'Reilly, of Roberts's Plateau, a capable bushman and
bird-lover, to the position of working overseer of the National
Park, at a salary of £208 per annum.

The cause of the birds in this State is not so much in the hands

16

242 . state Secretaries' Reports. [,s?^'jan

of the Home Secretary or the Minister for Lands, however, as in
those of the Minister for Agriculture (Hon. W. N. Gillies), who
has charge of the Native Birds Protection Acts. This legislation
is hopelessly inadequate and out-of-date, and it is to be superseded
by a composite Act, giving proper protection to fauna generally.
The new Game Bill passed its first reading in the Parliament of
1918, but pressure of other business prevented it being brought
forward in the latest session. Mr. Gillies is sympathetic, however,
this much being shown in his address to R.A.O.U. delegates when
entertaining them on a river trip ; and since then he has given
the assurance that the bill will be brought forward at the first
opportunity.

Another heartening sign of the times is the fact that " Bird Pest
Destruction Boards " (of which there are several in Queensland)
have begun to realize that they should take something more than
a hostile interest in birds. The Ipswich Board recently urged
its State executive to organize a deputation to the Minister on
the subject of bird protection, and the executive, in asking advice
from the Gould League of Bird-Lovers regarding the matter,
suggested that their president should have a seat on the Council
of the Gould League. As a matter of course, this proposal was
assented to with pleasure. A little later on (October) the State
secretary of the R.A.O.U. accepted an invitation from the South
Coast Crows and Flying Foxes Destruction Board, representing
nineteen municipalities, to address a meeting under the auspices of
its conference at Southport.

For members of the Gould League of Bird-Lovers the busiest
period of the year was September-October. Arrangements for
and meetings with visiting members of the R.A.O.U. occupied a
good deal of time and energy, and immediately the visitors had
departed the claims of school children had to be met. Through
the co-operation of the Education Department the School Papers
for October were almost wholly devoted to articles, stories, verse,
and pictures relating to native birds. Among members of the
R.A.O.U. who contributed were Miss J. A. Fletcher (Tasmania),
Messrs. R. T. Littlejohns, S. A. Lawrence, and L. G. Chandler
(Victoria), Harry Burrell and S. W. Jackson (New South Wales),
W. G. and R. C. Harvey, E. M. Cornwall, T. C. Marshall, and
A. H. Chisholm (Queensland), the last-named collecting the
material. Within a month of the issue of these papers approxi-
mately 3,000 additional children and many adults joined the
Gould League.

Bird Day was celebrated througliout Queensland and in portion
of Papua synchronically with the New S7)uth Wales and Victorian
observance on 24th October. In ]^>risbane schools were visited
by Messrs. C. T. White ((iovernment Botanist), (i. H. Barker,
R.A.O.U., 11. L. Pottenger, R.A.O.U., A. H. Chisholm (president
Gould League), and E. W. C. Holdaway, B.A. (lion, secretary
Gould League). Excellent reports were received from each
school, as was also the case at Ipswich on the previous day, when

^''';<^o'^■] stale Secretaries' Rcpurls. 243

Mr. .Chisholm addressed lantern lectures to i.ooo children, drawn
from eight schools, (iood reports are also to hand from the Central
and Northern districts. The head teacher of the Gracemere
(Rockhampton) school advises that Mr. F. L. Berney, R.A.O.U.,
visited his school on Bird Day, and that the children were " much
taken with both the subject and the lecturer." Further north,
at Mackay, Mr. F. M. Cornwall kept the bird-lovers' Hag flying
bravely. Following a series of lectures throughout the district,
he spoke to crowded audiences on 22nd October and on the night
of Bird Day itself, concluding by offering the children of the
district a prize for the best essay dealing with the value and
interest of native birds.

Mention should again be made of the line work l)i'ing done in
the interests of native birds by the Central Queensland Native
Birds Protection Association, of Rockhampton. This body (a
member of the R.A.O.U.) is composed of sportsmen rather than
ornithologists — sportsmen who champion the claims of game
birds to immunity in the breeding season, and recognize the right
Qi most other birds to be totally protected. When the dose
season for the Northern (No. 2) district commenced, on the first
day of November, an advertisement was inserted in the Rock-
hampton press above the name of the hon. secretary of the
association (Mr. P. V. Maloney) notifying the fact, and intimating
that " any person caught interfering with protected birds " would
be prosecuted. Nor is this an idle warning, for the Association
has on several occasions successfully prosecuted offenders under
the Bird Protection Acts. A leading article appeared in the
Rockhampton Morning Bulletin supporting the work of the
Association, and this was seconded by a letter written on behalf
of the R.A.O.U.

Membership of the R.A.O.U. in Queensland has been con-
siderably added to during the past few months ; this despite the
handicap of vast distances, the maritime strike, and the outbreak
of influenza. The shipping dislocation isolated Mr. E. J. Banfield
(" The Beachcomber") on his tropic isle for some time, and the
epidemic caught several members in its clutches. In addition,
Mr. F. L. Berney has been suffering somewhat severely from
illness recurrent from his trying experiences with the A.I.F. in
Palestine, and Mr. J. O'Neil Brenan, R.A.O.U., has also been an
inmate of a private hospital for several weeks. All are well at
time of writing. Mr. E. R. Caldwell, R.A.O.U., who made some
valuable notes during his summer residence on a station inland
from Cairns, is now among the birds of south-western Queensland.

A. H. Chisholm,

State Secretary.

The Swift Parrot {Lathamus discolor). ~'n\\<, bird was, owing to
its varied notes, commonly named the " Talking 'Keet " by boys
30 years ago. — C. F. Coles, R.A.O.U. Wangaratta.

244 Stray Feathers. ^^^f-

ist Jan.

Stray Feathers.

The Starling as Mimic. — A Starling frequently seen about the
house has acquired an exact imitation of the " Pee-wit " call of
the Magpie-Lark {Grallina), also the alarm notes of the intro-
duced British Blackbird.— A. E. Rodda. Middle Brighton (Vic.)
* * *

Bronze-Cuckoo and Shrike-Robin. — On Saturday, 8th Nov., icjiq,
at Ringwood {\'ic.), I found a nest of Eopsaltria australis (E. a.
viridior) (Yellow-breasted Robin) containing two eggs of this
species and also one egg of Chalcococcyx basalts {Neochalcites b.
mellori) (Narrow-billed Bronze-Cuckoo). This is, I believe, a new
record for this Cuckoo. — A. Chas. Stone. South Yarra (Vic),

8/ll/lQ.

Swiftlets on Land. — I noticed on the sand- banks near the mouth
of the Tullv River a number of Swiftlets were resting. It was
interesting to see them hurl themselves into the air in pursuit of
flies. I did not think that such feeble, spider-footed birds could
spring from such an almost fiat surface, as I have never before
seen them resting anywhere except in a nesting home cave. —
E. J. Banfield, R.A.O.U. Dunk Island (Qld.)

* * *

Bird-of-Paradise Nesting in Captivity. — In my aviary at
Roseville, N.S.W., a female Lesser Superb Bird-of-Paradise
{Lophorhina minor), mated to a male Coachwhip-Bird {Psophodes
crepitans), commenced carrjdng nesting material about the first
week in September of tliis year. By the second week she located
herself 3 feet from the ground amongst some honeysuckle with a
wire-netting background, built a round saucer nest of thin twigs,
decorated it with scraps of newspaper, and abandoned it for a time.
She resumed work on the nest on ist December, laid one egg on
6th December, which she attempted to eat next day. One-half
the shell alone remains, which I am preserving for future reference ;
it is cream-coloured, marked with reddish-chocolate and greyish
dashes at the base, becoming lighter, with finer markings, towards
the point, and is 1.03 mm. long. This is, I believe, the first record
of a Bird-of-Paradise laying in captivity — at least in Australia.
—Clifford Coles.

* * *

Wren-Warblers in Captivity. — In September, 1915, I secured
a pair oi Blue Wrens in Sydney and placed them in my aviary
at Roseville, in company with many other birds, but ^\ith no other
Wrens of any species. The male was in full colour at time of
capture ; he retained his plumage till February following, on
the 17th of which month the first signs of moulting were noted.
He made a rapid moult, finishing about 4I weeks later. He then
resembled his mate in colour except for his tail, which was still
blue ; this he retained till, on the 17th July following, I detected

Vol. XIX

1020

] Stray Feathers 24$

the first black fcatluT on tlie throat. Tliis moult took four
weeks to complete from the first apparent sign. I kept this pair
of Wrens and no others until early this year, and the male
regularly in February and July of each year moulted almost
exactly as described above, being singularly regular in dates of
coming in and going out. The pair escaped through a hole in
the wire, and are now adorning my garden. I would like to add
that while my bird was out of colour I frequently met male birds
in full colour in the open, thus showing there is no apparent
regularity of hal)it with the species. — Clifford Coles.

* * *

Magpies Hatch Bantams. — The following letter from Mr. A.
Smith, Avonmore-avenue, North Norwood, w^as published in^ the
Mail (Adelaide, S.A.) of 8th November, igig : — " I have two hen
Magpies. They started to build a nest about 18 feet high in an
almond tree, and I helped them by making the frame of it with
the wire, hay tie, string, &c., they carried up. They both laid
three eggs each in the same nest, and tossed them all out but two,
and sat on them for two or three days, when I placed two bantams'
eggs in the nest. They tossed their own eggs out of the nest and
sat on the bantams' eggs. Instinct must have told them that
their eggs were not fertile. On Sunday, 5th October, I heard
the chickens chirping in the nest, so I took them away. Both
Magpies were very vicious, and flew at me when taking the chicks.
They still kept on sitting, and on Monday, 6th October, I placed
two more bantams' eggs in the nest, and on Sunday, 26th
October, I heard the chirping again, and there were two more
chicks, which I took away. The chicks are crossed between a
White Leghorn and Grey Bantam. The Magpies sat most of the
time on the nest together. They took it in turns to get off for
food, and one would feed the other. These Magpies would kill
the chickens the least chance they had, but on this occasion, being
the foster-mothers, they protected them."

* * *

"Early Birds." — Now that the days are so long, and light
begins at such early hours, it is interesting to turn out at day-
break and listen to the first voices of awakening birds. During
the second week of October I was out at that time, and heard
the first faint chirpings from the Crescent Honey-eater {Meliornis
australasiana), located in scrub not far away, at 4.20 a.m. Its
full voice was gained at a quarter to five. When living in a
clearing surrounded by bush in the Table Cape district I generally
noticed that the notes of this fine honey-bird were the first to
break the morning silence. On the October day just alluded to,
the Pallid Cuckoo {Cucitlits pallidus) came in a good second, then
the hurried strain of the Blue Wren {Maliiriis longicaudiis) reached
the ear, and almost at the same time the trill of the Fan-tailed
Cuckoo {Cacomantis flabclliformis). Since then, on 30th October,
the Pallid Cuckoo was calling at 4 a.m. while I was still in hunk.

246 Stray Feathers. [.sf"}"!!.

and has done so just at daybreak on several subsequent occasions.
This species can fairly claim to be the most persistent caller of
any in the district, starting at daybreak and going on through
most of the day, with an occasional " interval for refreshment,"
until darkness is falling ; last night its final notes were at 8 p.m.
I have also heard it occasionally give a single call at 2 a.m., and
one or two more between then and daybreak. It is here in great
plenty this spring, more numerous than any other Cuckoo,
although the Fan-tailed is also present in good numbers.—
H. Stuart Dove., F.Z.S. West Devonport (Tas.), 22/ii/ig.

* * *

Wood-Swallows and Ants. — ^When rambling through a paddock
at Cheltenham (Vic.) on 15th November, 1919, I noticed a number
of Wood-Swallows congregated above a low mound of reddish
earth. Their actions showed that the birds were excited, but
whether by pleasure or anger I was too far away to decide. They
were gliding or hovering over the mound, and every minute two or
three would swoop so low as almost to brush it with their wings.
But none ever alighted. I thought, at first, that the birds were
mobbing a snake ; but a closer view revealed that they were
taking toll of the teeming population of a citadel of mound ants
{Iridomyrmex detectus). " Workers," fierce and resentful, were
swarming over the mound, and numbers of winged males and
females (the Wood-Swallows' chief victims, I fancy) were issuing
from its " doors." The birds dispersed when I drew near, but as
soon as I walked a few yards from the mound they gathered again
to the feast. Each time when one swooped it snapped up an
ant, perhaps more. The Masked Wood-Swallow (Artamiis per-
sonatiis) and the White-browed Wood-Swallow (.4. superciliosus)
were both abundant in the paddock, but in the flock at the ants'
mound the former predominated. It was pleasant to watch
their manoeuvres and to hear their sharp notes mingle with those
of other birds. The paddock — 20 acres of uncultivated land,
with tea-tree thickets, a swamp, and sandy ridges — was rich in
bird-life ; but the Wood-Swallows were like an army of occupation.
The sky was flecked by their gliding forms ; they were perched on
branches of every tree ; and the scrub was loud with their voices.
I discovered a nest of A. personatiis breast-high in a dead Hakea
bush ; it held two nestlings about a week old. Within coo-ee of
the spot Mr. L. Thorn, my companion, who was insect-hunting,
killed a large copperhead snake ; so, after all, there was a serpent
jU this little paradise. — Charles Barrett. Melbourne.

* * *

Cormorant and Eels. — While waiting for the steamer to come
along last week, a black Shag came to the top with an eel about
18 inches long, swallowed it, and in a little time afterwards came
up with a smaller one ; this also went down. I drew the attention
of most of the people on the jetty to this. — E. R. HosiE, fisherman.
Metung (Vic.)

^'°''.9^o'^'] ^^^^y Feathers. 247

Cormorant and Eels. — VVhik' standing on the bank of the Yarra,
ch)se to the Prince's Bridge, 1 noticed a Black Cormorant {P.
carbo) which had just captured an eel which appeared to be about
iSinches h)ng, and, although tlic hird was a large one, it seemed
to have difficulty in dealing with its wriggling prey. While the
bird was endeavouring to get an end of the eel into its bill,
preparatory to swallowing it, the eel twisted its body with snake-
like coils around the bird's beak and head. During this process,
which lasted for some minutes, the bird swam round in the water,
apparently not quite sure whether to deal with its prey in the
water or on land. However, it decided upon the former, and
proceeded to find the " end " of the eel. Several times the eel
nearly escaped, but was always recaptured and finally swallowed
whole. The eel was seemingly not content to die without a
struggle, for, to judge by the contortions of the Cormorant, the
eel must have had a very " rough passage " down its throat. The
bird, apparently in some distress, continued to swim around and
gulp and stretch its head and neck, at intervals drinking water
as if to aid the downward passage of the lively meal. Eventually,
however, the eel evidently subsided and resigned itself to its fate
(or the Cormorant's digestive system), for the Cormorant at last
moved off in search of fresh prey. Mr. A. Wilkie saw one of
these Cormorants trying to swallow one of these slippery
customers in the Botanical Gardens here not long ago, but the
Cormorant had a large eel, and had it on the bank. The trouble
was that, no sooner was the eel safely swallowed, than it popped
out again and had to be swallowed again. This game went on
for twenty minutes or more, until finally the eel had to remain
below exhausted. — Donald Thomson. Canterbury (Vic.)

FXONOMIC SFXTION.

The Spinebill as a Flower Fertilizer. — " There is a very free-
fiowering annual climber, the botanical name of which is not very
euphonious^ — Ipomaa qitamodit. A recent variety of it is better
known as the cardinal climber. This vine runs to a height of
8 to 10 feet, and is covered with beautiful cardinal-coloured
flowers, with long, tubular corollas. At a recent meeting of the
Agricultural Section of the Royal Society of New South Wales
Mr. Herbert J. Rumsey gave some interesting information in
reference to this plant. He said that when in America in i()i6
he visited a seed farm, where his attention was drawn to this
beautiful climber. The manager of the farm reported that,
though free flowering, and daily as each flower faded this was
followed by another one, yet the amount of seed produced was
very small. The manager asked Mr. Rumsey if he thought it
would be possible for it to set its seed better in Australia.
Arrangements were made at once for a trial, and in the summer
of 1916 and 1917 a nice length of it was planted, and no difficulty

248 Economic Section. [,^fTan

was found in getting seed. It was not until towards the close
of the season that the reason for this free-seeding propensity here
was realized. Early one morning it was noted that a little bird,
not as large as a Canary, with a very long honey-eating bill, spent
most of its time flitting back and forth among the flowers. As it
reached to send its bill down the tube of the flower after the
honey, its dainty breast was pressed against the stamens and pistils
of the flower, the pollen being carried in this way from one
flower to the next, thus ensuring complete pollination. Now, every
year, while the cardinal climber is in flower, dozens of these little
birds may be seen every day plying back and forth from blossom
to blossom, getting the honey which is their payment for fer-
tilizing the seed. The area planted with this dainty climber has
been* increased year by year, and quite a large amount of seed
is exported annually ; but, whatever number of flowers there are,
it appears as if there were birds sufficient to pollinate them."
Mr. Herbert J. Rumsey has been good enough to supply me, at
my request, with the above summary of his remarks at the meeting
referred to, for pubUcation in The Emu. From his description the
bird is, I believe, the Spinebill {Acanthorhynchus ieniiirostris). It
is of much interest to know that one of our purely Australian
birds is assisting in the success of a commercial venture, is enabling
an export trade (slight, it is true) to flourish, and is helping to
set the seed of plants not only to adorn our own gardens but also
those in America. — J. B. Cleland.

Ibis at Kerang (Vic.) — A rather interesting item re the value
of the Ibis was told me at Kerang last month by a farmer who
lives about 10 miles from the rookery, part of which is shown in
the accompanying photograph. He had noticed that a small
green caterpillar was eating his crop of green stuff. One morning
he went out and saw about a dozen Ibises (Straw-necks) at work
on the caterpillars ; the following morning about 1,000 birds
were there, having evidently been brought by the scouts of the
previous day, and in a week not a caterpillar was to be seen in
the crop. He said they lined up like a regiment of soldiers,
about a yard apart, and took it in a face, with the result that
he had a splendid crop. He is now a firm bird-protector. —
Wallace R. Pennycook. Bendigo.

Birds and Insects.

In the report of the Queensland Agricultural Department for the
year 1918-19 considerable space is devoted by tlie Government
Entomologist and Vegetable Pathologist (Mr. Henry Tryon) to
observations on the inquiries and work of his office in regard to
birds. It is pointed out that " the usefulness of birds, by reason
of their insectivorous habits, is not commonly impressed by

^°'i ^'^'] Economic Section. 249

corrcsponcUiits iipnn tin- ofificc, since its speciiil Inisiness is to
redress obvious grievances personally expt'rienced." Quotations
are given, however, of correspondents' testimony to the value
of the Magpie-Lark {Grallina picata) as a destroyer of green aphis
among turnips and of the Silver-eye {Zosterops dorsalis) as an
enemy to many kinds of small insects. Among other references
to birds are the following comments : —

Tlie Blue Bald-Coot or Red-bill {Porplivnu /y/r/</;uV//.s). — Tliis
bird has until recently been the object of the " close season "
provision ; but lately, in the Mackay district, where it has been
found to be harmful to young sugar-cane, not only has this
protection, in response to the application of local residents, been
removed, but the Mackay Districts Flying Fox Destruction
Board desired to constitute it a pest under the Local Authorities
Acts 1902-17, and, moreover, to offer a bonus of 6d. per head
for its destruction.'-> Your representative felt it incumbent upon
him to set forth the case for the defence of this bird in February
last.

The RainI)ow-Birtl or Bee-eater {iMerops ornatns). — In Decem-
ber, 1918, the Queensland Beekeepers' Association submitted a
proposal that the protection accorded this bird under the Native
Birds Protection Act be removed. In the interest of one of the
gayest-liveried of om- feathered friends, we have dissented from
this proposal. This beautiful bird is a Queensland summer
visitant, only coming here to breed ; and, as it is to be shot with
facility, any license to kill it would soon much reduce its numbers.
It is strictly insectivorous, but its taste for bees is not commonly
and persistently exercised, feeding generally as it does on beetles,
Neiiroptera, and winged ants. Where hives are few and swarms
weak, or where there is a decline in bee-strength owing to a bad
season, as was experienced in i8g8 by apiarists here, its habit of
capturing bees is noticed, and loss of bees is to an undue extent
attributed to the bird ; but, under other circumstances, its bee-
feeding habit has little or no influence on reducing the numbers
of bees. Its occasional weakness for these insects had always
been remarked here, notwithstanding no such proposal as that
in question had earlier reached us. And, unfortunately, it is now
accompanied by one of like nature, emanating from another
quarter, for slaughtering this gem amongst insectivorous birds
in the interests of the millinery trade seeking still another plume
— cost to bird-life what it will.

" Scrub-Magpie " or " Black Magpie " {Strepcra gyactili)ia). —
This bird of many useful propensities, including the exercise of
a notew^orthy insectivorous habit, is again condemned as a prickly
pear disseminator without question in its case. A special
memorandum, covering the feeding habits of this active bird,
was prepared for the information and guidance of the South Coast
Crows and Flying Fox Destruction Boards ; but, being evidently
impressed by the more obvious indirectly harmful habits of the
bird rather than by the more prc^lominant and dirc'ctlv useful

250 Economic Section. [isfXn.

ones, they have decided that the " Scrub-Magpie " is a bird that
should, if possible, be exterminated.

The Plain-Turkey {Eiipodotis aiistralis). — This bird, also known
as the Australian Bustard, has been reported to be again a
notorious propagator of the prickly pear by distributing its seeds ;
but no mention has been made of its eminent service in consuming
vast numbers of grasshoppers and even larger " vermin."

Exotic Animals — Proposed Introduction. — (i) Rats. — In order
to control the rat plague, so serious in our northern sugar-cane
plantations — those of the Mossman area especially — a proposal
has been made to take steps to cause Australian species of Owls
to congregate there, as well as to import rodent-capturing species
from the United States, in order to supplement the efforts of our
own birds in rat destruction. In a lengthy memorandum sub-
mitted in September, 1918, grounds were set forth that tended
to show that this proposal was in one respect impracticable, and
that, with regard to the other, it was not likely to be attended by
practical results in securing the end in view.

Birds and the Tick Pest. — A former resident of Brisbane- — a
technical chemist, the late Leon Hermann — several years since
suggested inquiry regarding the cattle-tick-eating habits of a
special Egret that he had observed when living in Madagascar,
and whose services therefore might, if thought fit, be possibly
utilized in controlling this " pest " in Queensland also. . .
Preliminary steps to secure living examples of these birds have
temporarily failed, owing to disturbance in oversea relations with
Madagascar consequent on the war ; but, recognizing that, the
tick-eating habit on the part of Egrets is not confined to
Madagascar, but is exhibited by Ardeidce in West and East Africa
alike, we have suggested that, failing Madagascar as a source for
them, Natal might be drawn upon, since it has furnished two
tick-consuming species — viz., the Little Egret {Herodias garzetta)
and the Buff-backed Egret {Herodias raUoides). We have also
instituted inquiries regarding the character and constitution of
the Garceros or Egret preserves of Venezuela that might be of
service in realizing the project of acclimatizing these tick-eating
birds in Queensland.

Reference is also made to the destructivcness of certain intro-
duced birds, to the results of inquiries into the charge that the
Scrub-Turkey {Cathetimis lathanii) spreads prickly pear {Opuntia,
sp.), and to a request made by bird-lovers for the total protection
of the Redwing {PHstes) and King (Aprosmidiis) Parrots. This
request was not supported by Mr. Tryon.

The report also contains the following note relative to birds
and bush-fires : — " The greatest enemy to our native birds — one
that seems to be lost sight of — is the bush-fire, that may extend
continuously for miles and miles through country that many of
the more useful ones frequent for nesting purposes. Not only
are thus the ground-loving species, with their young or eggs, burnt
or smothered in their nests, but with a ' good burn ' (how fateful

Vol. XIX. "I Econnmic Section. 2"^ I

1921) I ^'

for tlioin !) sinoki', lu-at. and liamc icadi tliosf wliosf rrsort may
l)c even tlu" tive-tops themselves. True, tlu' Inisli-fires account
for the reduction of ' vermin and rubbish ' (aUusion is not made
heri' to burning olf faUen serul)), and they create the opi)ortunity
for nuich succuk-nt heiba.i^c to slioot up ; but there is reason to
conchide that man\- of the liner grasses succumb to the repeated
action of the hre-stiek, whilst the bush-fires aid in destroying
mucli of tlie surface' humus so difficult in a semi-tropical country
to restore -on which the growth of pasturage generally of the
better kind is dependent. This general conclusion, however, may
be gainsaid : but the destruction of birds in this way is a fact that
any close observation will substantiate."

Correspondence.

To the Editors of " The Iiniii."
Sirs,— Referring to Mr. A. J. Campbell's paragraph in The
Emu for April, 1919, p. 256, respecting Chalcococcyx basalts
(Narrow-billed Bronze-Cuckoo), he says: — "For Dirk Hartog
Carter records plagosus " (referring to my paper in The Ibis, Octo-
ber, ic^y, on " The Birds of Dirk Hartog Island and Peron Penin-
sula.") Mr. Campbell is quite correct, but / made a mistake in
saying " plagosus " instead of " basalts," which I failed to notice
in correcting the proofs of my Ibis paper. With the exception
of a few of the Wrens that I sent to England in IQ16 by registered
letter post, the collections made on my 1916 trip were left in the
care of the Perth (W.A.) Museum on account of the marine war
risks then prevailing, and I received them here only last week,
and upon checking them over found (as T had suspected some
time ago) that the two skins of Chalcococcyx obtained by me on
Dirk Hartog are both labelled as Chalcococcyx basalis on their
original labels. I have already written to the editor of The Ibis
to have the correction made in the next issue of that journal, and
shall be much obliged if you will have this letter printed in the
next number of The Emu. — Thanking you in anticipation,
yours, &c., TOM CARTER.

" Wensleydale," Mulgrave-road, Sutton, Surrey (Eng.), 17/11/19.

COLLECTING AND COLLECTORS.

To the Editors of " The Emu."
Sirs, — It seems desirable that attention should be called,
through the journal of the R.A.O.U., to a matter directly affecting
the birds of Australia in general and those of Queensland in
particular.

Some three years ago I had a letter from an American collector
of eggs, soliciting assistance in adding to his cabinets. The
figures he gave to bear out his " bona fides " were startling,
indicating as they did that among the many thousands of eggs

252 Correspondence. [isfTan

in his collection were hundreds of duplicate sets, obviously kept
for trade purposes. jMoreover, in the list given of eggs par-
ticularly desired was evidenced an uncanny knowledge of the
rarer Australian birds, not to speak of the Gymnorhina, of whose
interesting eggs " line series " were desired. In reply I did the
only thing decently possible : I suggested to the American
applicant for Australian favours that private collections of either
birds or their eggs should, at the very least, be restricted to the
collector's own country, and that indications pointed to the bulk
of both public and ornithological opinion in this country being
in favour of studying the sentient bird and restricting collecting
to men working for national or semi-national ends.

I was not favoured with a reply, of course, and thought but
little more of the matter until quite recently, when letters came
to hand from three members of the Union residing in different
parts of Queensland. With each of these letters was enclosed
something not unfamiliar — to wit, a replica of the American
appeal of a few years before. Obviously, the membership list
of the R.A.O.U. was being worked. You have my assurance,
sirs, that the solicitation "drew a blank" in each case, and I
write this letter only in the hope that it may influence others
who, with a misguided idea of fraternity, may have been tempted
to maltreat their country's birds for the sake of someone whose
interest therein is merely sordid. Most of us have read John
Burroughs' s delightful sketches of (for instance) the Bluebird, but
we do not post over to America and say, " Send me a fine series
of the eggs of Sialia."

There has to be a limit on the gathering of useful birds and
their eggs, and that limit should be somewhere about the words
" private collections." At present we are trying hard to get a
new and efficient Game Bill through the Queensland Legislature.
How much force would the R.A.O.U. carry in the matter if a
critic were able to say that some of its members not only despoiled
bird homes for their own unauthorized collections, but sent eggs
to other countries — not for any scientific end, but simpl}^ as
schoolboys exchange coloured marbles ?

Very strongly, then, I protest against the Union being made,
however indirectly, a vehicle for such operations as those
indicated. And I would add that had this protest been left to
Mr. E. J. Banfield, R.A.O.U., of Dunk Island (who was a recipient
of one of the American letters), the opinions expressed would
probably have been a good deal more emphatic. — Yours, &c.,

A. H. CHISHOLM,
Brisbane, 15/11/19. Hon. Sec. for Queensland.

To the Editors of " T/ic Jiniii."
Sirs,— The following list contains, so far as I can find out, the
names of the Union members who enlisted and went overseas in
defence of freedom in the Great War. There may be others for

^"'"iQ^o'^'J Correspoyidence. 253

inclusion, and also additions and alterations in the \'arious ranks
and decorations. 1 shall hv therefore very glad if you will publish
this list in the next issue so as to ensure a correct roll of our soldier
members. The honour board has been received from the designer
and manufacturer, Mr. Rowcliffe, and is a fine piece of work, carried
out in figured blackwood.— Yours faithfully,

A. CHAS. STONE.
71 Tivoli-road, South Yarra (Vic), 23/11/19.

HONOUR ROLL.

Our Glorious Dead.
Eltis, Lieut. R. H., M.M. Thompson, Gnr. M. C.

Fry, Pte. D. B. Thoneman, Lieut. H.

Hutchinson, Pte. R. Williams, Surg. -Gen. Sir W.

Kay, G. p. D. C.

KiRKwooD, Pte. A. M'G. Young, Lieut. G. A.

Returned and Relnrning Members.

Anderson, Capt. J. K. Horne, Col. G.

Anderson, Lieut. -Col. T. Hurst, Pte. H. E.

Barrett, Sergt. C. L. Le Souef, Major E. A.

Barrett, Sir J. W. Moffatt, Sergt. D. M'L.

Berney, Tpr. F. L. ^ M'Lennan, Pte. W. R.

Bowie, V.A.D., Miss H. * Macgillivr.\y, Major W.

Brew, Capt. H. M'Crae, J. K.

Bryant, Major H. W. Oliver, L.-Cpl. W. R. B.

Carter, Pte. T. Pfordten, Tpr. C. H. van den

Chandler, Pte. L. G. I^odda, Sig. A. E.
Cochrane, H., Commodore R.N. Rohu, Bombdr. S. E.

Coleman, Pte. W. H. Ryan, Surg.-Gen. Sir C. S.

Dexter, Chap. -Capt. W. E., Semmens, Col. J. W.

M.C. Simson, Gnr. C. E.

DoBBYN, Capt. G. H. Slaney, Pte. H. B.

Ferguson, Major E. W. Smith, Sergt. H.

Finlay, Capt. G. Sullivan, W. O., A.M.

Finnigan, Pte. W. Swindells, Pte. A. W.

Francis, Pte. F. Walton, Cpl. R. L.

Hays, Pte. R. G. Wilson, Major H. W., O.B.E.,

Hook, Cpl. C. C. M.C.

To the Editors of " The Emu."
Sirs,— Li your last number Mr. T. P. Austin has taken up the
subject of the Cormorant rather hotly. There are one or two
sentences in his letter which seem to show that he allowed his
favourite hobby, " angling," to override his better judgment.
While quite prepared to argue the case for the Cormorant, I shall
not take notice of personalities.

First, Mr. Austin complains that I have not given Mr. G. M.
Mathews notes upon the Cormorant. May I ask. Am I bound
to give Mr. Mathews all my notes ? Again, it may be that Mr.

254 Coryespondence. [..fXn.

Mathews had written up tliis family of birds bi-forc my notes
reached him. Second, I repeat that the Cormorants are much
more valuable to Australia than the imported fish, which give
a limited number of people amusement. No, I do not follow the
' art of fly-fishing, nor would I follow any sport that needs the
extermination of a useful member of the animal kingdom to supply
that sport. Third, Mr. Austin says the Cormorant will treat
our indigenous fish in the same manner as it docs the imported
fish. AlhDW me to say that Cormorants were here thousands of
years before we came, and to ask. Why have they not exterm-
inated the fish long ago ? Then your correspondent quotes
reports of fishery boards. It is well known that the findings
of fishery boards and royal commissions on fisheries have been
most misleading and inconsistent, because they have taken most
of their evidence from men who know little or nothing of the
subject. Fourth, I am sorry your correspondent cannot see
anything in my Coorong argument. Most people can, and I
think it was rather uncalled for when Mr. Austin wrote — " I
cannot see anything to support his argument in that ; in fact, I
consider, if it is gone into thoroughly, it is more likely to prove
quite the contrary." Now, Mr. Austin lives many hundreds of
miles from the locality in question, and quite likely has never
visited it. He also must know that when I say that I am a
constant visitor to the Coorong that it is a fact, and that I would
not have written had I not gone into the subject. Mr. Austin
evidently disbelieves my statement, but in the same breath asks
you to take his version of the subject as correct when he says : —
" The large number of Cormorants which used to be there have
eaten all the fish, consequently there was no further food supply
for them there. . . So the birds disappeared ; hence the
increase of crabs, which are the natural food of the fish." This
statement is only worthy of an unobservant fisherman, for, first,
let me say that crabs are the enemies of the fish, which is only
too well known, and the birds were playing their part in nature
in keeping the crabs in check, but were destroyed by the fisher-
men. Then, when your correspondent has read that the birds
were in great numbers, and the fish likewise, when white men first
visited the Coorong, let him put the question to himself : Why did
not these birds exterminate the fish or diminish their numbers
considerably in the thousands of years during which they had
their chance undisturbed ?

I am afraid there is little good in any argument with your
correspondent, for I feel he will not be convinced by any proofs.
These concluding lines of his letter show this : — " Articles I have
read by authors making an attempt to support them (Cormorants)
have been quite inadequate ; consequently, I am very sceptical
with regard to their theory — in fad, I consider it all a fallacy ^
How much research work has Mr. Austin done to back up his
statements ? Has he ever opened a Cormorant and noted the
stomach contents ? He admits in his letter that when he

'''°'".9^o'^'l Correspondence. 255

scarclu'd lor lisli the river was lowx-r than he had ever seen it.
Is he not speaking of very abnormal times ? Now, 1 wish to
say that I have examined the stomach contents of a great many
Cormorants of three species on the Murray River and lakes, and
have found the bulk of the food to be yabbies and young turtles,
the balance being, as a rule, useless fish, such as golden carp
and bony bream. On the ("oorong 1 have examined many
stomach contents and found crabs and congolly (a small fish,
useless as food). As to my research work in reference to Cor-
morants and sea fishes, if your correspondent looks up the back
numbers of The Emu he will see part of that work published there.
An old friend and sound ornithologist, Dr. A. M. Morgan, of
Adelaide, has worked with me on this subject, and can not only
verify my statements but add more conclusive evidence. —
Yours. &c., S. A. WHITE.

" Wetunga," Fulham (S.A.), 5/12/19.

Obituary.

Many members of the R.A.O.U., especially those who joined in
its annual camp-outings, will regret the death of Mrs. John
Mellor, of " Holmfirth," Fulham, South Australia. Although
not an original member, the late Mrs. Mellor joined the Union
early in its career, and always took the keenest interest in its
affairs, which interest she shared with her late husband, Mr.
John Mellor, her son, Mr. J. W. Mellor, her son-in-law and
daughter. Dr. and Mrs. Brooke NichoUs, and her nephew, Capt.
S. A. White, to whom, and all the family, members of the Union
respectfully desire to tender their sincere condolence.

Notes.

Cuckoos. — In my note to " Birds of a Feather " {Emu, ante,
p. 144) drawing attention to the desirability of letting Cuckoos'
eggs hatch out under observation, and stating nothing had been
done in that direction since the days of the Ramsay brothers,
I had no intention of under-estimating the valuable and original
notes by Mr. Chas. Barrett, accompanied by the excellent photo. -
illustrations by Mr. C. P. Kinane, in The Emu, vol. v., pp. 20-23 ;
nor the " Observations on Cuckoos " by my son, Mr. A. G.
Campbell [The Emu, vol. vi., pp. 120-126), and various field notes
of value by others. But what I wanted more particularly to
emphasize was that there slionld be definite proof recorded that
the species hatched was true to the accredited egg. This has not
been done, I think, with all the six species of Cuckoos regularly
visiting Victoria ; indeed, the young or immature bird of the Black-
cared Cuckoo {Mesocalius osculans) has not yet been described.;

A Correction. — While on the subject of Cuckoos, Mr. Gregory
Mathews is under a misapprehension on page 316, vol. vii., " Birds

256 Notes. [,sf"jan.

of Australia," when he states my son, Mr. A. G. Campbell, had
seen a fledgeling of the Fan-tailed Cuckoo {Cacomantis rubricatus
[flabelliformis]) in the open nest of the Pink-breasted Robin
(Erythrodryas rhodinogaster), and that he had also seen eggs and
young of the same species of Cuckoo in nests of the Rose-breasted
Robin {E. rosea). Reference to my son's original notes in The
Emu, vi., p. 125, will show that the Cuckoo referred to and stated
is the Square-tailed (C. pyrrhophanus [variolostts]) so far as the
Rose-breasted Robin is there concerned, while the skin of the
fledgeling Cuckoo in question from the nest of the Pink-breasted
Robin is now in the " H. L. White Collection," National Museum,
Melbourne. It is the " first record " of that Robin being a foster-
parent to the Square-tailed Cuckoo ; date, Dec, 1904. — ^A. J.
Campbell. Surrey Hills (Vic), 11/11/19.

Novel Note. — This season a neighbour of my son, Mr. A. G.
Campbell, Kilsyth, invited his attention to a nest of the Yellow-
tailed Tit-Warbler (Acanthiza) situated about 10 feet high in an
apple-box (eucalypt). The nest contained a naked and very
young Bronze-Cuckoo, presumably plagosus, that had evidently
ejected the foster family, eggs or young. On inspecting the nest
my son found, besides the naked Cuckoo (which had one
eye opened), a newly-laid olive egg of a Bronze-Cuckoo, which,
from former observation of the nest, had been deposited that
afternoon between noon and 5 o'clock. Is it not strange that
any Cuckoo should deposit its egg in a nest already containing
young ? No doubt the egg would soon be ejected or otherwise
destroyed. — A. J. Campbell. Surrey Hills (Vic.)

Correction. — The mention on page 133, The Emu, vol. xix.,
part 2, October, 1919, of Notornis mantelli, referred to the
Takahe, a gigantic form of Moor-Hen, similar in colour of plumage
to the Pukeko (Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio), of which only four
specimens have been obtained. The latest name of the bird,
according to Hutton and Drummond, is Notornis hochstetteri, and
the Maori name, Takahea. The only albino bird that I find
recorded for this district on going through very extensive records
is an albino native Pigeon. — R. Stuart-Sutherland, R.A.O.U.
Lighthouse, Puysegur Point, Invercargill, N.Z., 24/11/19.

Wanted to dispose of, at cost price, Gregory M. Mathews's
" Birds of Australia," vols, i.-vii., uniformly bound, and the
jn-ivilege of subscribing to the completion of the work. Apply
Hon. Sec, R.A.O.U., Zoological Gardens, Melbourne.

About Members.

Capt. S. a. White and Dr. J. A. Leach have l)ecn informed
that at the thirty-seventh stated meeting of the American Orni-
thologists' Union, held in New York City loth November last, they
were elected Corresponding Fellows of the A.O.U.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE XLVII.

RUFOUS SCRUB BIRDS.

Official Organ of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union.

" Birds of Zi featber.'

Vol. XIX.] ist APRIL, 1920. [Part 4.

The Rufous Scrub-Bird (Atrichornis rufescens) in
Queensland. A new Sub-species.

By Henry L. White, R.A.O.U., 1^>elltrees, Scone, N.SAV.
When, during last year, Mr. A. H. Cliisholm, R.A.O.U., of
Tiie Daily Mail, Brisbane, reported the Scrub-Bird in Southern
Queensland, I felt anxious to investigate the matter. The locality
mentioned by Mr. Chisholm is on the .northern side of the Mac-
pherson l-Jange, which forms part of the boundary between New
South Wales and Queensland.

The Queensland Government, thanks to Mr. Chisholm's good
ofifices, issued a special permit to search for and secure a pair of
the birds for scientific purposes.

Mr. Sid. W. JacLson, who knows more alwut the habits of tlie
Atrichornis than anyone else, and who had already taken two
sets of eggs in New South Wales, was despatched to the locality
with instructions to secure the female bird at all costs. Mr.
Jackson's article in this issue narrates his successful hunt for
tlie female Atrichornis, while I shall endeavour to describe what
1 consider to be a good new sub-species, the female of whicli is
tlie first of that sex recorded for the species.

According to agreement, I obtained, upon loan, from the " H.
L. White Ornithological Collection," National Museum, Melbourne,
its series of skins ; these, added to a few I had retained, made
probably the finest series of skins of the species in existence,
embracing specimens from the Bellinger, Clarence, and Richmond
River districts. Upon the skins being arranged in the order of
their localities, little or no difference is observed in the New
South Wales skins, but the Macpherson Range male birds show
out at once ; scarcely any cinnamon rufous can be noticed on
the upper parts of the Queensland birds, this colour being re-
placed by a darker (chestnut) brown, uniform from head to tail,
while the wings are decidedly darker. On the under surface the
Queensland specimens again show less cinnamon-rufous, while the
lilack patches on either side of the breast are much more distinct.

The throat of the Queensland bird is distinctly barred, a close
examination proving that the feathers are blackish, edged with
white, giving the appearance of scales : the scaled area extending
well down towards the lireast.

17

258 White, Rufous Scrub-Bird — a New Sub-species. [i^f April

It is in the bill, however, that the greatest difference exists.
Though rather shorter and stouter, the New South Wales speci-
mens are all very slightly hooked at the tip, while the Northern
form possesses a well-defined bend.

The female, the first described, and therefore the type, is much
smaller than the male, as the measurements which follow will
show ; the coloration on the back is similar, but differs mate-
rially on under parts. The whitish-coloured throat and black
breast patches are absent, the whole under-surfacc being a uni-
form rufous-brown or cinnamon-rufous. Following are the meas-
urements in millimetres taken in the flesh : —

Male. — Total length, 183 ; wing, 67 ; bill, 20 ; tarsus, 19.
Female. — Total length, 160 ; wing, 55 ; bill, lyh ; tarsus, 18.

For this distinct sub-species I suggest the name Atrichornis
riifescens jacksoni.*

Mr. G. M. Mathews, F.R.S.E., on page 71, vol. iii., of the
Austral Avian Record, mentions Atrichornis r. tweedi as occurring
•on the Tweed River, but his description is so extremely vague —
viz., " darker below and lighter above than Atrichornis riifescens "
— that I am quite unable to identify it ; my Richmond River
birds by no stretch of imagination may be made to conform with
Mr. Mathews's description of Atrichornis r. tioeedi.

Haunts of the Rufous Scrub-Bird (Atrichornis rufe-
scens, Ramsay). — Discovery of the Female on the
Macpherson Range, S.-E. Queensland.

By Sidney William Jackson, R.A.O.l^

During last September I arrived at the elevated scrul)s of the
Macpherson Range (forming part of the boundary of Queensland
and New South Wales) in South-East Queensland, and there
pitched camp at an elevation of over 3,000 feet, and in a direct
line about 30 miles from the ocean.

This ornithological expedition was carried out by me on behalf
of Mr. Henry L. White, of Belltrees, Scone, New South Wales,
chiefly for the purpose of procuring the hitherto unknown
female of the interesting and unique Rufous Scrub-Bird above
mentioned. The Queensland Government kindly supplied me
with a permit under which I was allowed to collect a pair of
the birds in the interests of science.

* Unless under exceptional circumstances, I am strongly opposed to nam-
ing birds after persons ; the practice, in many instances, being reduced to
an absurdity. In the present case, however, I consider Mr. S. W. Jackson
deserves all the honour that can be shown him. For very many years he
studied the Atrichornis, and is our b?st authority upon tliis little-known
bird ; therefore, the name of Jackson should always be associated with
Alrichorui'i rufesceiis.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE XLVIII.

A o

, .o 1 J-^<-'''^sf'^- Discovery of the Female Rufous ScvuJi-Bird. 259

It was a loll!;', still, and hot walk up the raii,i;c. All provisions
and camping f^^rar were carried on i)a(k horses under the guidance
of my mate, Mr. II. L. O'Reilly. At the time of our visit the
whole district, and far I)eyond it, was in the grip of a very
severe drought, and even the tall, dense scrub or jungle on this
range was suffering from the ill effects of the prolonged dry spell,
many species of ferns climbing on the trunks of the moss-covered
trees, at certain parts of tlie range, were withered or dead ;
certainly a most unusual thing to happen in such rich scrub as
tliis under notice, but under the severe conditions it is nothing
to 1)0 surprised at.*

The range cuts off into abrupt and precipitous cliffs of from
2,000 to 5,000 feet deep along the southern or New South Wales
side, and commands a magnificent vi(>w of the Tweed River dis-
trict below. The northern or Queensland side of the range falls off
into long spurs, wliich run north for many miles, and are all more
or less well covered with the same rich, dense scrub which com-
prises much valuable milling timber. To stand on the edge of one
of these great perpendicular cliffs, and look down thousands of feet
into the scrub immediately below you in New South Wales, is a
sight never to be forgotten. What surprised me much wtis the
way in which sound travelled " up" from the notes' of the various
birds, including those of the Rufous Scrub-Bird {Atrichornis riife-
scens), in the scrub thousands of feet below. You look down upon
the backs of eagles and hawks, as they B.y and gracefully soar
over the scrub far below and almost under you. It is very rough
country to move about in, and everytliing must be " humped " on
one's back : yet, it is such inaccessible places that always interest
and appeal to me, for it is in that class of locality that treasures
of natural science are frequently hidden from the world, and only
discovered by the persevering naturalist.

The ridge of the Macpherson Range forms the boundary line
between Queensland and New South Wales, and our camp was
f)n the Queensland side, several miles from the border, with a
beautiful clear spring of water, cool and always running, close by.
Alderman John M'Master, the Mayor of Brisbane, who is a ven-
erable gentleman, lately informed me that Macpherson, whdm the
range is named after, came out to Queensland on the same ship
{William Isles) as he did, in 1855, Macpherson at the time being
only about 13 years of age. Later he wandered into this range
and began bushranging, and the range was later on known as
the "Macpherson." The mayor specially mentioned that altlnrngh
Macpherson .became a bushranger he never committed murder.
At this time (1855) Queensland and New South Wales were one
and the same, there then being no Queensland, all coming under
New South Wales jurisdiction.

During my visit, whicli extended over three months, the growth
of the Tree Ferns, Tree Orchids in flower, Stag Horn. VAk Horn,

* Since the 1st January. 1920, over Ji inches of rain luwe fallen there.

260 Jackson, Discovery of the Female Rufous Scrub-Bird. [,,f'T„.ii

and Bird-nest Ferns, also lichens and mosses, &c., were in great
profusion, forming a most wonderful and beautiful sight, notwith-
standing the drought. Here for the first time the magnificent
Flame Tree {Br achy chiton acerifolia), and Tree Waratah or Red
Silky Oak {Embothrium wickhami, var. pinnata) came under my
notice and in full mass of blossom. Both grow to a large size,
especially the former, which we met with up to four feet in diameter,
and over a hundred feet high. The Tree Waratah we found grow-
ing up to 18 inches in diameter and 70 feet or more high. It has
a large but much flatter and different flower from that of the New
South Wales shrub species, nevertheless it is very beautiful. The
Flame Tree is semi-deciduous, and when coming into blossom
usually loses all its leaves ; the flower is flame or coral-red and
bell-shaped, measuring nearly an inch long by over half an inch
across. The contrast of the great masses of flame-coloured blos-
soms of these trees standing out against the various tinges of
green in the scrub is wonderfully fine. The tree belongs to the
Bottle-tree {Sterculiacea) family.

Birds of various species were plentiful, but the scarcity of Scrub-
Turkeys (Catheturus lathami) was particularly noticeable, owing no
doubt to the dry state of the ground in the tall scrub, as their food
supply is chiefly obtained from under damp masses of leaves and
bark on the ground. One of their large nests, which consist of
a mound of leaves and debris, in which the large white eggs are
deposited for incubation, was found on the east side at the base
of a giant Scrub Box-Tree (Tristania conferta) near a small creek.
The birds had built the nest on the ground inside the hollow
portion of this tree, as my photograph (Plate XLIX.) will show —
certainly a most unusual position. Many of their old nests were
met with. The scrub was tall, and many trees towered up for
a hundred feet or more ; the vines and undergrowth beneath were
so dense in many places that it was quite impossible to penetrate
without chopping one's way with a brush-hook all the time. It
was in such a dense place that I wished to go and carry out my
special work, and nothing pleased me more than to meet with the
Rufous Scrub-Bird or Atrichornis there, for I heard the male bird
calling, hidden under the great masses of fallen trees and vines,
all dead and huddled together in a great heap representing many
tons, and under which this small non-flying bird lives like a
" feathered mouse." When a large tree in the scrub falls it brings
tons of other stuff with it, as well as masses of vines, &c. ; when
all this dies then the Atrichornis lives underneath it, and makes it
his or her home, and often many hours or days of great patience
have to be spent to get even a " glimpse" of the bird. I was excited,
as there were great hopes of securing the elusive female, which
was the chief object of the expedition, and which so far was not
represented in any collection in the world, although slie had been
searched for by various persons since 1865, when the first male
specimens were procured by Messrs. J. F. Wilcox and J. Mac-
gillivray in the Richmond River scrubs of New South Wales.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE XLIX.

^'"'iQ^i'^'] J-'^'^'i^^"^. Discovery oj /he [■ciiialc IkuJoks Scnth-liird. 261

During October, iqiu, I captured the rare female in a hurriedly-
made and unsuitable net in the Dorrigo scrubs of New South
Wales, but she unfortunately escaped. For my full notes and
photos, re same, vide Emu, 191 1, vol. x., pp. 327-336.

During my Macpherson Range hunt I first met with a male
Atrichornis on i8th September, 1919 ; he was calling loudly under
a great mass of debris of fallen trees and branches in a dense part
of the scrul) near a damp gully. On visiting the spot, after pa-
tiently wriggUng my way through a tantalizing tangle of vines, &c.,
towards the sound, I was rewarded by getting a glimpse, for a
second, of the bird ; but he disappeared in an instant under a big
log, and did so with mouse-like actions. He then became silent,
although I waited fully an hour. It was 12 o'clock (noon) when the
male first called, and as usual no mate answered. At this juncture
of my investigations I still held the opinion, as mentioned by me
in my article published in the Emu quoted, that the female never
calls. A good hunt was made, but no sign of any nest could be
found, though many tufts of flat scrub-grass {Gahuia, sp.) were
most carefully examined.

The three previous nests found by me in New South Wales
scrubs (the only ones known) were all in long grassy tufts in the
scrub close to large masses of debris of fallen trees, &c. The note
uttered by the male Atrichornis on this day (i8th September, 1919)
was rather like '' chit," short and shrill, varied from 5 to 12
"chits" uttered rapidly, getting louder towards the last calls.
Often a " chit " would be uttered, then a slight pause, and the
other 9 or 12 notes uttered in quick succession. But when only 5
(sometimes 4) notes were rendered, which is the ordinary call, there
was no pause after the first, and the notes were louder and more
drawn out, the last two notes being the loudest. When the male
utters his shrill "Chit-chit-chit-chit" notes of the ordinary call
described (4 to 5 calls), his tail shakes up and down most noticeably
as each note is rendered. I noted in 1898 and 1910 that the
ordinary call of this bird in the Dorrigo scrubs of New South Wales
is a prolonged and shrill note, resembling " Chirp-chirp-chirp-
chirp," usually repeated 4 times or more (generally 4) in succession,
with about half a second duration between each call, but some-
times the interval is a little longer, and the sound lowers in pitch
towards the last "chirps." Therefore the ordinary call of the Mac-
pherson Range bird differs from that of the birds of the Dorrigo
scrubs. \\'hen the 9 to 10 or 12 note " chit " call is rendered by
the Macpherson Range bird, the notes are often given so rapidly
that it is very difficult to count them, and it was some time before
I could satisfy myself of the number.

At 3 p.m. the same day (i8th September) the male started to
call again under a mass of fallen timber debris. I got to the
place, and was so close to him that his shrill notes fairly rang and
vibrated in my ears ; yet I could not see him— he was all the time
moving about hidden under the heap of rubl)ish, and no doubt he
could see me. As was my experience witli this bird in the Dorrigo

262 Jackson, Discovery of ihc Female Rufous Scruh-Bird. [i^t'^X'Irii

scrul)s of New South Wales in 1898, and 1910, and in the Rich-
mond River scrubs of N.S.W. in 1899 and 1904, it is a great"
mimic ; in fact, there is hardly a bird in the scrub that it cannot,
imitate the notes of. It also renders the peculiar " scolding note,"
as was noticed with these birds by me in New South Wales.

The male specimens in the Macpherson Range frequently mim-
icked to wonderful perfection the notes of the following scrub
birds: — Spine-tailed Log-Runner [Orthonyx teiiiviiiicki), Rufous
Fantail {Rhipidura rnfifrons), White-throated Thickhead {Pachy-
cephala pectoralis), Yellow-rumped Robin {Eopsaltria chrysorrhoa),
Lewin's Honey-eater {Ptilutis lewinii), White-throated Tree-
creeper {Climacteris leucophcBo), Satin Bower-Bird [Ptilonorhyn-
chus violaceus), Yellow-throated Scrub-Wren {Sericornis harbara),
Square-tailed Cuckoo {Cacomantis variolosus), King Parrot [Apros-
mictits cyanopygiiis), White Goshawk {Astur novcB-liullandicc), and
Coachwhip-Bird {Psophodes crepitans).

I saw and located over a dozen of the male Atrichornis during
my three months of observation work on the Range, and the area
they occupied extended over the range for a distance of 10 miles.
The birds are often miles apart, and much country may be tra\--
ersed day after day without hearing one, and the bird can never
l)e located until it calls, because it is small and always hidden
in the scrub. Very often the bird calls only after sunset. How-
ever, during September last it called chiefly before dusk or just
after sunset, and always at the same place. One bird, that I was
daily watching very closely, called often through the day as well
as after sunset, but he was an exception. During October they
called more often through the day, more so about 4 p.m. There is
no mistaking their call, so loud and penetrating for a small bird, and
different from anything else in the scrub. I hunted the locality
until I located every bird that called. During November and up
to the end of the first week in December they became silent. This
complete silence surprised us both very much, and had we not
arrived in the scrubs before these wonderful birds became silent,
and actually seen them, no person could ha\^e convinced me that
they existed in those parts at all. They are certainly the most
difftcult and tiresome birds imaginable to get a glimpse oi, much
less procure, and no persons can form any conception or appreciate
the complications of the task until they have actually had the
practical experience themselves.

The birds are very local in their habits, and do not go beyond a
certain area of the scrub. For instance the area occupied by one
bird, or one pair of birds, would not be more than, say, 150 yards
by 150 yards, yet for a person to examine that area properly in
such a labyrinthal undergrowth is a big undertaking. Tlie birds
at each place located appeared to have their boundaries, and they
do not go beyond them, and my frequent visits to their liaunts
have proved this over and over. They always travel over the same
places, and along underneath the sides of tlie same logs, and
underneath the same heaps of fallen trees and rubbish, when the\'

^"'u^o''^'] J-^'-K^"-"^'. DisLurcry oj //ic l-'ctiialc Riijoits Scnib-UiicL 263

move about tlic scrubs. Having located a numl)c'r of the Inrcls
before they became silent was a very fortunate I)it of work, for
we were thus enabled, by care and patience, t(j find some of them
again here and there moving about the scrub debris, where we
had originally located them. " They were always silent during the
period mentioned, and ran in and out of the heaps of rubbish just
as mice would do. A person had to be very alert and keen to get
a gUmpse of one under these circumstances. When a male bird
called, wc never once heard a reply given by its mate, all the time
wc were camped and working there ; a male did not even answer
the call of another male. We found the male birds alike in their
peculiar habits, as well as regards the remarkable powers of
mimicry and other various notes rendered especially during
September and Octol)er. Frequently w^hen we " whistled " to one
another in the scrub, the bird would mimic our note at once, and
this hai)pened many times. It is a most difftcult bird to detect
in the thick shaded scrub, owing to its protective colour so closely
resembling the brown, dead leaves on the ground, and the piles
of rubbish under wliich it loves to dwell. When feeding it often
creeps under the dead leaves on the ground, lifting them up with
its head as it proceeds. It does a lot of scratching for its food,
as its strong legs and claws indicate. Its food consists chiefly of
scrub snails' eggs, young tender-shelled scrub snails {Helix and
Panda), worms, insects, and the larvse and pupae of various beetles
living in the decaying masses of debris and under the fallen leaves.
The gizzards preserved from the birds we obtained contain chiefly
the broken remains of small beetles.

\Mien following this small bird it is often very difilicult to locate
the sound on account of his ventriloquial powers. Sometimes
he appears, to render the sounds cjuite close, whereas the bird
is perhaps many yards away ; again, the notes very often appear
to be overhead, thougli they are always issued on the ground.

As far as my years of observation with this species have proved,
the bird never goes up into a bush ; the ground is its home. Only
a few times cUd I notice it a couple of feet up from the ground,
and on each occasion it was not in a bush, but creeping througli
a dense and tangled mass of dead fallen vines and trees, huddled
and crushed closely together. If it wants to travel from one heap
of rubbish in the scrub to another, it does so by following along
underneath the side of a log, usually keeping crouched close to
the log and ground (mouselike) all the time. The bird will seldom
expose itself to view unless it is suddenly chased and something
very unusual happens. I have never seen one fly, in fact their
very small wings would not permit them to do so. They are won-
derfully alert and active birds, and their movements like magic.

The highest elevation that we met with them on the Macpherson
Range was 3,900 feet, in very dense scrub, and there everything
was laden with masses of mr)ss, but not looking at its best owing
to the drought. Mountain mists now and then from the east
greatly assist in keeping the scrul) moist on the higher peaks of

264 Jackson, Discovery of (he Female Rufous Scnih-Bird. [,sf ^pHi

this range. However, it was not until after four weeks of constant
and most diligent searching and watching that we discovered and
secured the elusive and long-hunted-for female — date 17th October,
1919. I decided at the beginning that the only hope of discover-
ing her was to stick to the place where one male was located
and sometimes seen, and work that spot most thoroughly. This
we did. It was a useless task to try and do the same with, say,
half a dozen males scattered over an area of miles through the
very tall, dense scrub.

Discovery of the Female.

This is how we found and secured the female. We visited our
favourite locality early on the morning of the 17th, and could
find no sign of the male bird — he M'as silent, and was possibly
feeding with the female ; but experience would lead to the assump-
tion that when he called he was not with or near the female, and
when he remained silent for hours or days then he was most of
his time with her, thus giving no clue as to where she was.
However, at 3.30 p.m. he started his shrill notes once again in a
little gully, where we had often seen him. We sat on the ground
and listened for a few moments ; he was under the rubbish only 40
feet west of us. Suddenly he became silent, and in a short time
started to call loudly again some 40 yards to the east. This
appeared to me very curious and unusual, and I concluded he
had met the female when he moved from where we first heard
him calling. As he shifted so suddenly, while we sat silent and
motionless, with nothing to disturb him, all tended to show that
he went away on a special message of some sort. In hopes that
the female was somewhere between the first and last place where
he issued his notes, I decided that we should work gradually to-
wards one another from both these points, and keep a sharp
watch for another bird.

As we advanced we kept a keen look-out, when all at once we
heard a faint sound and saw another Atrichornis. At this moment
the male was calling loudly nearly 100 feet away (measured) at
one of his favourite spots well known to us. After much care
and patience we succeeded in driving the bird through an entangle-
ment of vines and debris, where, after some 20 moments of careful
watching and intense anxiety, I fired from a distance of about 15
feet, and the bird fell, beautifully shot, not a mark on her, and not
a feather or drop of blood lost ! The charge contained about 30
grains of dust shot from a small 410 specimen gun, a few only
striking her. Four cartridges were specially prepared, and always
carried by me, loaded with dust-shot for distances varying from
40 to 10 feet, especially for this bird if ever met with. The bird
])rovcd to be the much-searched-for female. After I fired the male
bird (which was then calling nearly 100 feet away) made some great
and unusual noises, as if he knew something had happened, and
came towards us much agitated, but keeping well hidden.

I immediately copied down into \\\x bush note-book particulars

The Emu, Vol: XIX.

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\\,\. XIX. I j.uKsoN. Disiurcrv of llic roiialc h'lifoii^ Scnib-Hird.

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regarding the colour ot the bird's eyes, legs, ieet, iind bill, &c., as
well as taking all necessary measurements, before 1 skinned and pre-
pared the specimen. The note produced when we first met her was
a very faint one, repeated now and then, and may be described
as resembling the sound produced by pressing your tongue hard
up against the front roof of the mouth, and drawing it away
suddenly. This is probably the only note she makes. We then
tried to get the male, or mate belonging to this female, but he
was too wild and excited and impossible to get near, keeping
under immense heaps of fallen trees and debris (see accompany-
ing Plate L.) But after days of careful hunting he was secured.
The bird shot proved undoubtedly a female, and her body I
have carefullv preserved in a jar of formalin solution, showing
the ovaries and other organs intact, in order to avoid the possibi-
lity of any doubt. The ovaries covered a space measuring lo mm.
by 8 mm. when the bird was at first examined, and totalled
nearly 30 beads in all. Of course, they have shrunken somewhat
in the formalin solution, but quite sufficient proof remains to con-
firm the sex. Tlu' body of the male was also preserved.

There is a verv marked difference in the colouring of the male
and female. The female is a little lighter on the back than the
male, and has no white mark under the throat, and no black on
the chest, but instead is rufous all underneath ; pale on the throat
and gradually getting darker towards the tail. She is also nearly
an inch shorter than the male, and her wings, tail, bill, legs, and
toes are all smaller. The following measurements, in millimetres,
were carefully taken from the bird while in the flesh : — ^Total
length, 160 ; wing from body, y^ ; wing from first joint (usual
measurement), 55 ; tarsus, 18 ; bill to gape, 17^ ; tail to flesh, 63 ;
middle toe to end of claw, 19 ; bill, upper mandible dark horn
colour, lower mandible pale horn or brownish on sides, but more
so towards the top, and dull white underneath, chiefly towards
the base ; eyes coffee l)r(jwn ; legs, feet, and claws pale leaden
grey; skin at base of bill whitish. This l)ird 1 tilk-d out and
stuffed to natural size and length — 160 mm.

The male specimen secured on 28th November, 1919, gives the
following measurements (millimetres) taken from the bird while
in the flesh :— Total length, 183 ; wing (usual measurement from
first joint), 67 ; tarsus, 19 ; bill to gape, 20 ; tail to flesh, 76 ;
middle toe to end of claw, 24 ; bill, upper mandible dark horn
colour, lower mandible dark horn colour on sides and tip and
whitish all underneath ; eyes coffee brown ; legs darkish or
brownish horn colour, darker outside than inside ; tongue and
eyes also preserved ; feet and claws darkish or brownish horn
coloiir ; skin. at base of bill yellowish or creamy white. Bird has
comparatively large eyes and brain. This specimen I also tilled
out and stuffed to natural si7>e and length.

Owing to the exceptionally dry conditions prevailing during our
visit very few birds of any species were breeding, and I do not
think the Atrichvrnis bred there at all that season. If thev had.

266 Jackson, Discovery of the Female Rufuns Scritb-Biul. [j^f''^'",,,

then their fresh nests would have been found after the thorougli
and careful hunt that was made, together with my previous know-
ledge of their nidification. We found two of their domed-shaped
nests, one was very old and frail and falling to pieces, and the
other had the appearance of having been used in the previous
season ; they were identical in every detail with the three nests
found by me in New South Wales. This now brings the total
number of nests known to science up to five, and these I found.
Both the old nests were placed up six inches from the ground (as
before) in clumps or tufts of fiat scrub grass (Gahnia, sp.) drooping
slightly and facing down a gentle slope. The lining inside con-
sisted of the same hard, cardboard-like material or dried wood-
pulp as before, and devoid of any other material. On close ex-
amination of this hard and remarkable lining, one finds that it is
dried pulp of soft decayed wood and Gahnia grass that the bird
had probably worked up and put together while in a wet state,
and used it as a plaster all over the inside of the nest, eventually
forming a warm and waterproof lining for the domed-shaped
structure. One nest, in situ, in the tuft of scrub grass {Gahnia, sp.),
and just as we dug the lot up by the roots, was presented by me,
on behalf of Mr. H. L. White, to the Queensland Museum, and Mr.
H. A. Longman, R.A.O.U., the Director of that institution was
very pleased indeed to get it, and it is the only public institution
that has one, the others being in Mr. White's private collection at
Belltrees.

This is the first record of the rare ])ird and its nest having been
collected m Queensland ; the Tweed River in New South Wales
having always been previously recognized as its northern limit, and
the scrubs of the Bellenger River (also in New South Wales) as
its southern boundary. The bird does not live more than about
j" to 55 miles inland from the sea, so that the whole area which it
Inhabits is indeed \'ery small.

Other Birds Observed.

The Albert Lyre-Birds [Mcnura alberti) were fairly plentiful ,
but very shy, and they do not appear to be such good mimics as
the two more southern forms — viz., M. siiperba and M. victoria".
They did a vast amount of scratching for food, owing to the dry
state of the scrub, and often with their powerful feet they would
scratch and scoop out an old rotten log for lo or 20 feet when
hunting for grubs, &c., the log when left resembling a trough. We
found the remains, in the form of bundles of feathers, of some of
these remarkable birds in the scrub. Eagles and Dingoes were no
doubt the marauders — both are common there ; fortunately the
Fox has not found his way to that part yet. Wedge-.tailed Eagles
{Uroaetits audax) often settle on the ground in the scrub where
there is an opening, and these are often formed through very large
trees falling and clearing a space. Beech trees {Fagiis moorei)
grow to an immense size on some of the higher peaks on the range,
only a few miles from where we were camped, and the Lyre-Birds

^"""'kko' ^ '] J\''i^^<J^^ Discovery of /lie Female Rufous Scruh-liirJ. 267

soinctiiiR'S build 011 top of tlir old stumps cjr I)utts of these scrult
giants, that havi' \)vvu Mown down in a gale, or fallen with old age.
They love to live in the same class of country as that frequented
by the Airichoniis.

The beautiful Crimson Parrot {Platyccrcus clcgiuis) was plentiful,
and the clear and silvery bell-like notes were daily heard. One
nest was found 9 feet down in a hollow stump. It contained 5
young birds which kept up a great noise when disturbed. Adult
birds were secured and turned into specimens. These have since
been compared with others received from different parts of Aus-
tralia, and found to be a different shade of colour, the back being
of a peculiar brick-red. Possibly the altitude (over 3,000 feet) at
which they were collected on the range may account for it.

Of the three Thickheads that were met with at an elevation
of nearly 4,000 feet, only one was secured. They appear rare, ex-
tremely shy, and most difftcult to find ; they keep moving ahead
of you all the time as you slowly make your way through the en-
tanglement of scrub. The bird utters a very plaintive note, drawn
out slowly and in a most melancholy manner, and hard to describe
l)roperly. The specimen secured has been carefully compared
with those of the Olive Thickhead {Pachyccphala olivacea), col-
lected in Tasmania and southern New South Wales, and differs
from both in some respects. Mathews in his book records the
Olive Thickhead only from Tasmania and Victoria, and does not
mention New South ^Vales, although the R.A.O.U. "Check-list"
does. It was first recorded for Queensland by Mr. Noel Agnew
in The Emu, xv., p. 51. [For description of this l)ird by Mr.
H. L. White, see this issue of Emu, p. 273.]

The Harmonious Thrush {Colluricincla harmonica) was frequently
met with in the tall, dense scrub, and a specimen was secured
for comparison. It is rather unusual to find this species in tall,
dense scrub, and, as far as my observations go, they have chiefly
been met with in the more stunted growths, and open forest
lountry. Its sweet, clear notes were often heard.

A fine series of the handsome Regent Bower-Birds {Seyicuhis
chrysocephdlus) was secured, showing the intense golden-velvet
yellow and black markings in different stages of density. The
Regent-Bird was first discovered during the regency of George IV.,
and was so named as a compliment to him. One of the male
specimens gives the ft)llowing measurements, &c., in millimetres: —
Total length, 242 ; wing, 128 ; tarsus, 30 ; tail to flesh, 82 ; l)ill
to gape, 32 ; bill yellowish wax colour ; eyes golden-yellow ; legs
brownish horn; feet and claws dark liorn or blackish; soles of feet
yellowish-white.

A female specimen givts the following measurements, cS;c. : —
Total length, 286 ; wing, 141 ; tarsus, 2.8 ; bill to gape, 32 ; bill
blackish Ijrown ; eyes golden-yellow mottled with brown ; legs,
feet, and claws blackish horn ; skin at gape of mouth rich golden
yellow.

268 Jackson, Discoveyy of the Female Rufous Scrub-Bird. [,^t '\prii

We came across one bower or playground of this Bower-Bird ;
it was well hidden under a mass of green vines {Vitis, sp.) on the
side of a large heap of fallen trees. The bower was only half
the size of that built by the Satin Bower-Bird, and contained very
few ornaments of decoration when compared with the bowers of
the last-named birds. Their eyes are golden-yellow, and the
articles in the decorations included mostly yellow objects, consist-
ing of berries, seeds, a few yellow leaves, scrub snail shells, and
fresh yellow 5-petal flowers from a scrub creeper belonging to the
Hihbertia genus. The birds were observed playing at this bower
several times.

A series was also obtained of the Satin Bower-Bird {Piiloiw-
rhynchus violaceiis) showing the black feathers appearing on the
young greyish-green male, and probably only a year or two old.
The birds were plentiful, and two nests were found built in the
tops of tree ferns (see accompanying Plate LI.) at the base of
the stems of the long leaves. They were constructed of thin
dry twigs and sticks, and lined with dead leaves. One nest con-
tained two eggs, the other the birds abandoned for some unknown
reason. Several of their bowers or play-grounds were met with.
They were highly decorated with 5-petal blue flowers from a
shrub,* known as Kangaroo Apple [Solannm aviculare), which
was very common in damp gullies in the scrub, and these were
renewed every morning ; many dead scrub snail-shells of several
species were frequently used among the decorations. In one
bower near our camp the following scrub-snail shells, &c., were
found : — Helix confnsa, Helix strangei, Helix nchmondiana. Helix
porteri, Helix pudibiinda, Panda falconari (young), &c., also pieces
of cast snake-skin, blue flowers, empty locust or Cicada cases,
fungi, seeds, empty cartridge cases (from my gun), parrots' blue
feathers, &c. We cut up some pieces of blue cardboard, and
threw them about in the scrub, and placed' bits on logs some
distance from one of the play-grounds ; next day nearly all the
pieces had been picked up by the birds and placed in one bower.
Their eyes are of a rich blue or violet, and they have a great
love for blue objects; often "blue-bags" from the wash-houses
in the bush find their way to these play-grounds ; instances of this
came under my notice in the Dorrigo scrub of New South Wales.

Among the other birds secured, and made into specimens for
the collection, were : — Grey Goshawk {Astur clams). King Parrot
{Aprosmictus cyanopygins) ,B\diCk-ia.ccd Flycatcher [Monarcha incla-
nupsis), Thickhead {Pachyccphala pcctoralis), Coachwhip-Bird {Psu-
phodes crepitans), Pied Crow-Shrike {Strepera gracidina), Noisy
Pitta {Pitta strepitans), Variegated Wren {Mahirus lamberti), Cat-
Bird {Ailnroedus viridis), Lewin's Honey-eater {Ptilotis lewinii),
Yellow-rumped Shrike-Robin {Eopsaltria chrysorrhoa), &c. A
Fan-tailed Cuckoo {Cacomantis nihricatus) procured is of much
interest on account of the fact that Mr. OT^eilly and I found it

* Specimens collected lor identilicatioii.

The Emu. Vol. XIX.

PLATE LI.

Scnil) Scfiiu, sIiuwiu.l; Nest of Satin Bower- IJinl in head of a
Tree Fern.

PHOIO. BY S. W. JACKSON, U.A.O.U.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE Lll

, XIX

] Jackson. Discovery of the ['cinale h'ltfoiis Sti'iih-liiyd. 26Q

sittiiii; on tlio root of a tree in the scrub about 5 inches from
tlie ground, and it Iiad its mouth wide open with an egg in it.
Its feathers were all puffed out, and wings expanded, while
two White-fronted Scrub-W'rt-ns {{Scricoynis frontalh) were fighting
and flying at>it. We shot the cuckoo, and, on examining the ground
where the bird fell, found the egg that had dropped from its mouth.
The egg was then badly damaged, and, on examination, proved
to belong to the Scrub-Wrens mentioned, and it contained a
small chick. Probably the Cuckoo removed the egg from the
Scrub-Wren's nest in order to foist its own in its place. The
Qgg and chick are now safely preserved.

The Pigeons met with were — Topknot or IHock-Pigcon {Lo-
fholaimits antarcticiis), Magnificent Fruit-Pigeon {Mc^aloprepia
magnifica), Long-tailed Brown Pigeon {Macropygia phasianclla),
Wonga-Wonga Pigeon {Lencosarcia picata), Little (ireen Pigeon
{Chalcophaps ckrysochlora). Red-crowned Fruit-Pigeon {PHlino-
pits regina). The notes or call of the Long-tailed Brown Pigeon
are remarkable, and of a very low pitch, and somewhat re-
semble " Wo-ork " " To-wo-ork," and also "Stick-to-wo-ork";
the notes are drawn out very slowly. The Magnificent Fruit-
Pigeon usually renders a loud and most extraordinary note, resem-
bling " To-bol-it — To-boo," and sounds very much like the noise
produced by a powerful treacle-pump in a Queensland sugar mill
when pumping treacle to a Iiigher level. The Red-crowned
Fruit-Pigeon usually calls "Coo," slowly first, then gradually
getting faster and faster, the note being generally uttered about
12 to 16 times. Although the note is not loud, yet, strange to
say, it can be heard for a good distance in the scrub, but when
the bird calls it is generally well up in a tree.

Many Wedge-tailed Eagles {Uroactns aitdax) passed low down
over the scrub, and often 4 or 6 would be soaring about close
together. All those noted were very black specimens, and they
build in the giant forest trees outside the scrub ; often these trees
are on the edge of a great precipice.

The magnificent Rifie Birds-of-Paradise {Ptiloris paradisca) were
daily met with, and their harsh, unmusical notes often heard. One
nest was found, it was situated about 70 feet up in a mass of vines
which were creeping over the top of an old dead and decayed
scrub tree. We were unable to get to it owing to the unsafe place
where it was situated. The bird eventually left it, but did not
appear to build again. Several of the birds w^ere found carrying
twigs and leaves, and when carefully followed (which was a most
difhcult task through dense scrub) it was found that they simply
let these things drop, and were only playing and not building in
earnest. No doubt the dry state of the scrub at the time greatly
interfered with their breeding habits. It was interesting to watch
these birds climbing the trunks of the large Beech {Fagiis nioorci)
and other trees, and levering off the big scales of bark with their
long curved bills when hunting for beetles, &c., thereunder : tlu>y
also examine all grub holes, and when " probing " these holes in

270 Jackson, Discovery of the Female Rufous Scrub-Bird. [,.,^''^"I,.ii

old dead scrub trees tliey often place their head flat up against
the tree, no doubt " listening " to hear if any grub or beetle, &c.,
moved inside. We found that they usually did most of their hunt-
ing on the east side of the trunk of such trees, and on that side
they would have all the rotten bark removed. One day we got
a line view of one doing a dance on a horizontal branch of a
scrub tree about 45 feet from the ground. It danced and fed for
over an hour, and we watched it closely in case it was a female
and had a nest. With the field-glasses I could plainly see the colour
of the plumage to be that of a female, yet the bird could very
easily have been a yearling male, therefore in immature plumage,
resembling the female. It would dance for a while, then render
its unmusical screeching call a few times, and proceed " levering "
off loose, dead bark from the trees, and collecting beetles, &c.
It is wonderful how quickly its long curved bill can do this
work. Pieces of bark measuring 10 inches long by four inches
across fell beside us while the bird was at work overhead. Its
dance is remarkable ; the wings are opened wide and brought
over well in front of the head, and here they are hit one against
the other. The sound produced by the wings when this dance
is in progress can be heard fully 200 feet away, if no wind is
blowing in the direction at the time. When the wings w^ere
brought over in front of the head the bird kept rocking from
one side to the other, with its head rather well thrown back.
The rocking started slowly, and gradually got faster and faster.
When feeding it would suddenly stop and go on dancing. After
we had watched the liird carefully for an hour it flew away
through the scrub.

While Mr. O'Reilly and I were standing on a great mass of
fallen trees and debris in the scrub one day, listening to and
watching an Atrichorms, our attention was attracted every few
moments by a sound of water splashing beneath us to the left,
and we found that a handsome male Rifle-Bird was bathing on
the shady side of a big tree. On examination we found that the
water was in an oval portion or natural pocket of the tree, be-
tween two spurs or big roots. The cavity measured about 10
inches long by about 4J inches wide, and was oval in shape. The
water was 2-|- inches deep, and 2 inches down from the top of
the cavity. It is remarkable how long water will remain in these
solid cavities, or cups, in scrub trees. As we stood on the pile
of fallen trees, we counted 9 " dips" that the lovely bird had in
Ills little bath, and, although ^^•e were fully 30 feet away, we
could plainly hear him splashing, and each time he had a " dip "
he flew up on to a vine close by, about 4 feet from the ground. We
got a splendid view of him each time, cleaning and combing his
gorgeous feathers with his long curved bill. \\'hen he flew away
a handsome male Satin Bower-Bird visited the bathing hollow for
a drink, also several small birds. No doubt, during such a dry
time as then existed, very few trees would contain water in the
pockets or cavities near their roots, as thc^ one under notice did.

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE Llll.

The Emu. Vol. XIX.

PLATE LIV.

Nest of Spine-tailed Log-Runner {Oythonyx tcmmmcki) in
wide-leaved rushes. Nest about one foot across.

PHOTO. BY S. W. JACKSON, Il.A.O.U.

^'^'c^i!^ 1 J -'^'-"''^^ <■>>>'• Discovcvy of the Feyruile Riifoiis Scnth-Bii'd. 271

I fancy moisture, rimiiinj; down the Lniiik of tlic tree from the
mountain mists, must i^rcatly assist in keeping sucli ra\-ities re-
plenished witli water.

Rifte-Birds are x^ery h)cal in tlieir lial)itat, as each pair resorts
to only a coniparatively small portion of the scrub, and, strange to
say, more of tlu^ highly-coloured males are seen than the plainly-
marked females. Tlie male usually has a special horizontal hrancli
of a tree upon which he often sits alone, and peacefully reposes for
15 to 20 minutes or more at a time ; the limb is in many cases
a thick one, thus frequently rendering it difficult to observe him.
There he often renders his unmusical and loud call — resembling
" Yass-yass " (rendered slowly) — every now and then while resting.
The call of the female is very similar to that of the male, with
tlie exception that she utters it with some hesitation, and with
mucli less vigour. Another note which she often makes reseml)les
" Kac-kac-kac-kac," repeated several times in succession, but this
call was only noted by me during November and December. The
male and female are not often seen together, or in proximity to
one another, and I have only observed the female bird at the
nest, and she also appears to do all the nest-building.

The beautiful Dragoon Birds or Pittas {Pitta sirepitans) became
fairly common during November, and their notes or call, which
resembles " I-lost-my-whip," could plainly be heard both day and
night. . One of their dome-shaped nests was found near the
ground, l)eautifully hidden in a "pocket" between the uprigiit
spurs of two roots of a Booyong Tree {Tarrietia, sp.) and contained
three eggs. The nest is depicted in my photograph accompanying
this article (Plate LIIT)

The delightful little Rose-breasted Robins {Pelroica rosea) were
often met with, and their feeble, yet sweet, notes heard through
the scrub. The handsome pensile nests of the Brown Fly-eater
{Pseiidogerygone fiisca) were often fomid, and mostly in a damaged
state, the lining being all drawn out from the back portion —
probably done by Cuckoos.

The Spine-tailed Log-Runners {Orthonvx tcuuniiicki) were com-
mon and their loud notes daily echoed through the scrub. Many
of their beautiful dome-shaped nests were found built on the
ground under drooping tufts of flat scrub grass {Gahnia. sp.) and
ferns, and up against the roots of trees, &c. A few were found
placed 3 to 4 feet up from the ground in bushes and dense growth
(see Plate LIV.) As soon as a nest was finished and ready for
eggs, some plundering creature (probably a Dingo, as they were
plentiful) would pull the whole of the lining out, and no(lonl)t
did so when hunting for eggs.

The active Rufous and White-shafted Fantails {Rhipidiira riifi-
frons and R. alhiscapa) were common, and several of their beau-
tifully-constructed nests were discovered. These birds were verv
fond of the March flies and would almost settle on a person's
head when capturing these bloodthirsty, stinging ]->ests, which
tormented us very mueli : several species were met with.

272 Jackson, Discovery of the Female Rufous Scrub-Bird. [,^'''\''|.;i

The Yellow-rumpcd Shrike-Robins {Eopsaltria chrysorrhoa)
were well distributed all through the scrub, and at daylight their
loud "Chop-chop" and "Chop-chop-chop" (rendered slowly)
notes were heard all round the camp, together with those of many
Coach whip-Birds {Psophodes crepitans), which were also plentiful.

The Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoos {Calyptorhynchus fimereus)
were observed now and then passing over the scrub in small
flocks of from 3 to 8 in number, and we never appreciated their
appearance, because as a rule boisterous weather followed soon
after. In very windy weather the notes of the various birds in
the scrub are lost to one's ears, owing to the great noise created
by the wind rushing through and rustling the tall trees, vines,
and dense foliage — thus impeding one's progress in studying the
birds. The winds sometimes took the form of real gales, causing
great havoc in the immense scrub, very large trees then falling and
making cannon-like reports. A good idea can be obtained of the
great and massive growth of these scrubs and jungles when it is
mentioned that many vines, creeping up and winding round the
gigantic trees, are often over 3 feet in circumference.

Pied Crow-Shrikes [Strepera gracnlina) were plentiful and noisy,
and often took soap and other articles exposed at our camp.

Various.

Huge Carpet Snakes {Python variegafiis) were met with. We
saw one hanging from some vines and attempting to capture a
Coach whip-Bird that was feeding on the ground beneath it. The
thick vines greatly protected the snake from detection, owing to
the wonderful manner in which the snake was camouflaged and
so closely resembled them. One day we came across one that had
started to swallow a large Rufous Scrub Opossum {Pseiidochiriis
peregrimis), We waited a while and watched the mode of pro-
cedure, which was very wonderful. The snake encircled its body
four times round that of the possum and kept crushing it, and
forcing it down its throat, bit by bit. The snake took no notice
of our presence, which did not retard operations. The snake's
head was all the time covered with many red-bodied blow flies,
which were a great pest in the scrub and at our camp. The
Macpherson Range is of Triassic sandstone formation, capped
with basalt, much of which contains olivines, and these basalts
are very variable in quality, some being " volcanic glass." The
soil in the scrub is of volcanic origin, and of a deep chocolate
red, with numerous oiftcrops of basalt, as above mentioned. Often
heavy mists came up in the evenings from the east, after a hot day,
and there were some very hot days, especially during December ;
but, as a rule, the nights were delightfully cool at the altitude
in which we camped and worked, wliich was lietween 3,000 and
4,000 feet.

^'"^'k,)^!^'] ^Vhitk. Nczv SiiJ)-.';f^ec!('s of J'tichvn'/i/ia/a n/ivacen. 273

New Sub-species of Pachycephala olivacea.

By Hexky L. Whiti:, R.A.O.l'., Belltkees, Scone, N.S.W.

While collecting for me in the Macpherson Range, between New-
South Wales and Queensland, IVIr. Sid. W. Jackson procured a
single specimen, apparently a male, of this species, which differs
from all other examples I have seen of Pachycephala olivacea
(Vigors and Horsfield).

For this I would propose; the sub-specific titli^ Pacliycepluda
olivacea macphcrsonianiis. TIic l)ird was ]M-()curr(l in the densely-
wooded heights of the range, at an ele\-ati()n ;il)()\'e st'a-levcl of
nearly 4,000 feet.

The new bird differs from the southern form in being much
lighter coloured, especially its dull greyish head, which more ap-
proaches slate-grey, while the outer edgings of the tail feathers
are more decidedly yellow. In this specimen, however, the tail
feathers were much abraded. Eyes coffee brown ; feet horn-
colour. Dimensions in the flesh, in millimetres : — Total length,
202 ; wing, loi ; tarsus, 26 ; bill, 22.

Note. — From the organs, which were much damaged, Mr.
Jackson diagnoses the sex " female (?) " ; but the southern form
lacks the greyish head and greyish band on the breast — both
markings being characteristic-of the male. Should, however, more
material prove the above-described, specimen to be a female, then
the bird would take full specific rantc, instead of being merel}^ a
sub-species.

Field Notes on the Painted Honey^eater

(Entomophila picta).

By J. S. P. Ramsay, R.A.O.U., Sydney, N.S.W.

On 2r)th January, 1901, while observing near Abbotsford on tlio
Parramatta River, about seven miles from Sydney, I was surprised
to find a small flock of Painted Honey-eaters feeding among the
flowering cones of a large species of Banksia. On the 31st a
pair was noticed building in a small " bloodwood " {Eucalyptus,
sp.) at a height of about 20 feet, the nest being slung between
the seedrpods in the outer branches, and of so frail a structure
that it would scarcely have been recognized had not the birds
visited it frequently. Seven days later it contained two eggs.
This provides, I believe, the first record of these birds for tlie
locality about Sydney.

My next acquaintance with the species was in December, 1915.
While camped by the Nepean River I noted a male feeding in
the Mistletoe (Loranthus), which is there growing in such abund-
ance upon the Sheoaks [Casuarina). A close search, however,
failed to discover either a female or a nest.

18

274

Ramsay, Field Notes on the Painted Honey-eater. [,J'^'a",v

Christmas eve, igicj, found me at the same place, and as the
camping ground was approached. I was delighted to find the
birds so numerous that, during that and the following week-end,
nine nests were discovered within an area of about half a mile
by a quarter. They were all built among the outer branches of
Casuarinas ; one actually overhanging the water. They varied in
height from I2 to 30 feet. Six of the nine held two young birds
each, two each contained two heavily-incubated eggs, and one
nest ' discovered when being built was later deserted, prol:)ably
owing to continued heavy rain.

All the birds were exceedingly tame, and paid little attention
to anything but their particular duty at the time. This was
well instanced by the fact that, in an endeavour to obtain
some photographs, I sat for some hours within a measured six
feet of a nest containing two young birds, without causing the
parents any apparent misgiving. Unfortunately the conditions
were most unsuitable for the work, both as regards the weather
and the camera employed. Both parents fed the young continu-
ally, at intervals of five to ten minutes, with the exception of
about two hours at mid-day, during which only an occasional
visit was paid to the nest.

The only food supplied was Mistletoe berries which appeared to
have the outer skin removed, leaving visible the sticky substance
surrounding the seed.

Close observers will have noticed that the adult birds of several
genera will frequently devour the small sac excreted by their
young ; at this nest I occasionally saw the parent seize the excreta
from one young and immediately feed the other with it. The
berry, however, seemed to be in almost the same state as when
devoured, and probably the excessive excitement always exhibited
bv the young upon the parents' arrival caused the action before
the fleshy covering had been digested from the seed proper.

The adult birds are most bright and showy, always on the
move, and continually calling to one another. They will fly long
distances direct from and to different feeding trees, or from feed-
ing trees to the nest, which makes nest-finding a much easier
matter than it would otherwise be, as the scanty structure of a
' few interlaced rootlets is practically invisible among the at-
tenuated "leaves" of the Casuarinas.

Both parents incubate, and the male feeds the female constantly,
though I did not observe the reverse to be the case.

Nearly all the adults showed a black spot or two on the breast,
l)ut the breasts of some of the young that could fly were of a
l)cautiful snowy white. The backs of the juveniles were a fuscous
or dusky drab, and their bills had not attained the beautiful
pinkish-lilac of the bills of their parents. The eyes also had a
greyish tinge that was lacking in the adult specimens.*

* A nice series of juvenile skins has been added to the " H. L. White
Collection," National Museum, Melbourne.

The Emu, Vol, XIX.

PLATE LV.

Male I'ainted Honey-eater {Enloniophila picta) feeding younj

PHOTO. BY J. S. p. RAMSAY, E.A.0.1

^'"I" ^'^'J Hai.l, The Tasmanian and New Zealand Groups. 27^

The Tasmanian and New Zealand Groups.
By Robert Hall, C.M.B.O.U., Past President R.A.O.U.
Tf these arc outliers of tlie Australian Region, tliey liavc very
different zoological values, due to the youth of one and long isolation
of the other. Additional to this we find Tasmania had the share
of carnivorous animals that might have fallen to the lot of New
Zealand. Protection from the Tasmanian devil {Sarcophihis),
the Tasmanian wolf {Thylaciniis), and smaller native cats (Dasviires)
saved New Zealand's flightless Kiwis (Apteryges).

Before our Emus existed the Permian amphibians played al)Out
on the sands of our present Hobart quarries. From these the
lizard hnks of such as ArcJuvopteryx grew up, then the tooth-billed
Diver {Hesperoriiis), followed by descendants of which in Aus-
tralia and New Zealand gave us the Apteryx, now a fossil in
Australia (Map A, 5, page 286).

The comparison of the two groups — Tasmania, King Island
and Furneaux Group and New Zealand, with her sul)-Antarctic
islands (Plate I., figs. a~h) — helps to show how old and liow young
two faunas can be within the same latitude of roaring forties.
A very ancient deep sea divides them, and where it shallows in the
Older Pliocene (Maps B, C, a~h) is where faunas of both come
from a common stock. They then divided — one to go to New
Zealand and the other to Tasmania through Eastern Australia.
On the journey from Cape York to Cape Pillar many fell out by
the way, adjusting themselves to the varying types of vegetation.-
Tasmania and Cape York Peninsula were one connected land,
with many birds at the northern end, getting less and less in
species and numbers as they got south. Finally arriving in Tas-
mania, they were few in number, with a remarkably small number
of characteristic animals for an area that eventually became
isolated. There are no Bush-Larks (Mirafra), Bee-eaters {M crops),
or Orioles, no Drongos, Grass- Wrens (Aniytis), or Babblers
{Poinatorhiniis), and a host of others (Plate I., a, c). It is the end
of the AustraUan southern trek in birds. Tasmania is still in
the likeness of the mainland, which previously liad its bird fauna
concentrated, for the most part, in Cape York Peninsula, from
about where New Zealand drew away the great part of its avifauna ;
one common stock of all Australia and Tasmania on the one side
and Polynesia with New Zealand on another. New Zealand,
through long ages and isolation, has kept her ancient types
{Apteryges). New Zealand drew most of its bird-life from the
Papuan sub-region via New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, and Lord
Howe Island (Map C, d, e, /), just as Tasmania drew its birds
through the Bass Strait islands, all remnants of connecting lands.
In each case tliese latter made their peculiar birds. The closest
connections of one of them — the Kagu (d) — is with Mesiles of
Madagascar and the Sun-Bittern of South America ratlier than
with Papua or New Zealand.

New Zealand lias more Hightless biixls than an\' other region

276 Hall, The Tasmanian and New Zealand Groups. [,,;t \prii

in the world. Aptcryx of New Zealand and Dromaiiis (Emu) of Tas-
mania are Ratite birds. The present stronghold of the Austrahan
RatitcB is in the Papuan sub-region. It seems unlikely that this
ancient sub-class worked from the Antarctic via New Zealand
and New Caledonia into Australia and Tasmania. There are
allied forms (fossil) of Hypselornis and Strnthio in the Siwalik Hills
of India. As we have a fossil Psendapteryx in Queensland, it may
indicate the New Zealand bird fauna came through the Papuan
sub-region — the Torresian part of it.

The oldest relative of these Ratite birds appears to be the
toothed Hesperornis, found fossil in the northern hemisphere.
The Papuan expansion to New Zealand is older than that of the
Antarctic to New Zealand, wiiich latter was probably over island
bridges, judging by its large series of Cormorants. The flora of
the Antarctic islands speaks of a warmer Antarctic continent.

New Zealand, judging by its i8 peculiar genera and a dozen of
other genera not Austrahan, is surely a small though conspicuous
bird-region in itself, while the Tasmanian group simply makes an
outlier of another region.

New Zealand has, approximately, 73 species of land-birds, ex-
cluding Herons, shore and sea-birds. In addition, it has 14 species
of Cormorants, 9 species of Penguins, 6 species of local Ducks,
and 2 Grebes, all of which may be considered as permanent as the
land-birds, equalling 115 species. Tasmania has 60 species of
equally permanent breeders. The great body of ocean birds is
practically common to both.

The common stocks of the Penguins, the Emus, and the Mound-
builders may have arisen in other regions via Antarctica. The
Curassow of South America and the Megapode of Australia are
structurally much alike, and belong to the first of our birds. The
Curassow is a remnant of a fauna that gave way to a northern
wave which worked down to the Argentine in time to see the first
bird fauna mostly disappear. The twenty species of Moa, now
extinct, were more closely allied to the iJipiornis of Madagascar
than to any other bird.

Tasmania and King Island had their own species of Emu —
isolated forms of the mainland bird (Map A, 6, 7, 9).

New Zealand, with its larger number of isolated ocean points
— at least nine of them — makes for many species ; e.g. (Map C) :^

Auckland Island (k). — Flightless Duck [NcsoneUa).

Southern Merganser {Merganser aiistralis).

Auckland Island Plover {Thinornis rossti).
Campbell Island (y").— Campbell Island Shag {Phalacrocorax

camphcUi).
Snares Island (g').— Snares Robin {Miro dannefordi).
Antipodes Island (/?").— Antipodes Island Pipit {Anthiis

steindachncri).
Bounty Island {h'). — Bounty Island Shag (P. ranfiirlyi).
Chatham Islands (//). — HuttOn's Rail {Cahaliis).

^ "'i.i'o'^J I'-^i-'-' ^/'^ Tasmauian and New Zealand (iroH[^^

277

There are 14 species of Cormorants on almost half the number
of her islands.

The peculiar species of tlie Tasmauian group (Meip C) arc
confined to King (c-') and Furneaux Islands {c") and Tasmania
{c'"). Thougli Tasmauian geologically, these islands show, zoo-
logically, feeble peculiar characteristics. They are too young and
too near the migration line — Cape York to Cape Pillar. Tasmania
has 37 peculiar species, approximately, and two (2) genera

^^

t'

I

I

fii'i^ foi tif. NZ Toj.

I

flustr.

I .

nZ;Ta5. Hz. Us. NZ Ti) Td5 N.Z. Taj. NZ. fliWl^a>J^

^wi5 V-rci I '<» . CL

I'LAii; 1. — f^elali\e vahics of a, b, c in species, excluding Charadrii-
fornies, Lariformes, Procellariiformes ; d, Cormorants (Phalacro-
coracidce) ; e, Penguins (Sphenisciformes) ; f, A ccipitri formes
(diurnal birds of prey) ; g. Honey-eaters {Meliphagida;) ; h,
Finclacs {Ploceidcv), absent from New Zealand.

The table (Plate i a-h) gives the relative values in species for
the whole of Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania, followed by
particular families. (Not including Li;«/co/(r<p (Plovers, &c.), Gavlce
(Gulls, &c.), Tubinares (Petrels, &c.), and Herodiones (Herons, &c.) )

By means of the Penguins and Cormorants we see an Antarctic
element in New Zealand. Her Australian element is shown in
Zosterops, Hcematopits, and Spatula, having crossed the Tasman
Sea. Her Malayan and Malayasian element is large, while her
aboriginal element is distinct. Fiiligula novcB-zealandice, the
Black Teal, is a bi-polar element. New Zealand is not an oceanic
island, and it is much ohUr than Tasmania. Her Malayan
element is much stronger than tin- .Australian, while the Tasmauian
land group is all Australian.

The following Australian genera are not found in Tasmania

!78 Hall, The Tasiiuiiiiaii and New Zealand Groups. \^^

Kmu
April

or New Zealand ; they are prominent northern Bassian genera
as well as Torresian and Eyrean in part : —

Chough {Cor cor ax). Birds-of-Paradise {Paradiscidce)

Magpie-Lark [Grallina). Brown Flycatcher (Micra'ca).

Whip-Bird (Psophodes). Bower-Birds [Ptilonorhynchidce)

Pilot-Bird {Pycnoptilus). Whit ef ace [Xerophila).

Lyre-Birds {Men lira). Apostle-Bird {Striithidca).

Bell-Bird {Oreoica). Caterpillar-eaters {Lalage).

Tree-runners {SittcUa). Ground-Tit {Chthonicola).

Scrub-Bird {Atrichonm). Bustard {Eiipodotis).

Laughing Jackass {Dacclo). Finches {Ploceidcc), excepting

Crane {Antigone). one species.

Either Tasmania is short in bird food or it became detached
from the mainland before these birds expanded to the extreme
south of their range. For the bulk of these genera the rainfall
would be rather heavy. Others there are which would not be
excused on the plea of too much rain.

The following additional well-distributed Australian genera are
not in New Zealand, though very hardy in their manner of
living : —
All Falconidce except Circus All the McUphagidcc excepting

and Hieracidea. 3 genera.

Strix. Geocichla and Cinclosoma.

All Muscicapidce excepting j liphthianura.

species. Gyuinorhina and Craclicits (now

Ainytis, Acanthiza, Scricumis. introduced).

Artamns, Podargiis. Pachyccphala, Clinuuicris.

Pardalotiis.

The (jnly two Tasmanian genera not found on the mainland
are Acanthurnis (Great Tit) and Trihonyx.{M.oviiQx\ Coot), showing
the paucity of this island-made genera.

The following species are common to Tasmania and New
Zealand : —

Circus gouldi (Harrier). liudyples minor (Little Pen-

Zosterops dorsaiis (White-eye). guin).

Hypotcenidia philippensis Podicipcsnuslrulis (Great Grebe)

(Banded Rail). Anas siiperciliosa (Black Duck).

Porphyrio melanoius (Blue Coot). Nettion castancum (Chestnut-
Porzana tabiicnsis (Crake). breasted Teal).

Phalacrocorax carlo (Black Spatula rJiynchotis (Blue-wing

Cormorant). Duck).

Catarrhactes chrysoconic (Tufted Avtliya aiislralis (\\'liite-e}'ed

Penguin). Duck).

Excepting the first two, the list is made up of birds that mostly
make long flights sporadically. These could get across from
Tasmania to New Zealand direct. They may have gone S.S.E.
from the Torresian area in early times, l)eing members of old
genera.

Perhaps a good example of this latter may be given in the

Vol. XIN.
1920

IIalk, i'hc I aiDiaiiian and Xcia Zealand Groups.

279

Black-throated Grebe {Podicipcs '^itUtris), found in Australia and
New Caledonia, but in neither Tasmania or New Zealand.

Of the first two, we look on Zostcrops as the most recent
colonizer in New Zealand direct from Tasmania. Zoslerops dorsalis
has got to Campbell Island (Map C, k).

Circus goiildi is found between Cape Pillar and Cape York, and
has been estabhshed with us far away back.

The following New Zealand genera are also found in Tasmania,
but their species in each case is different •.—Hieracidea, Circus,
Halcvon, Fctroica, Anihus, Rhipidura, Coturnix, Casarca.

There are many genera in New Zealand not found in Australia
belonging to the following families : —

{a) AUSTR.ALIA .\NI)'P.\PUA. —

CorvidiC (Crows) . .
SturnidcB (Starlings)
Tiirdidce (Thrushes)
Miiscicapidce (Flycatchers)
Meliphagidce (Honey-eaters)
Buhonidce (Owls)
Falconidce (Hawks)
TrcronidcB (Pigeons)
Psittacidce (Broad-tail Parrots)

Rallidce (Rails) '

Anatidce (Uucks)

Paridce (Titmice)

{b) Not Australian. —

Xenicidce (Creepers)
Spheniscidce (Penguins) . .
*NestoridcB (Kaka Parrots)
Stringopidce (Kakapo Parrots)
Apterygidce (Kiwis) ..

The following genera are peculiar to New Zealand :

1 genus

2 genera
I genus
I

3 genera
I genus
I

I
I
4
4
2

2 species.

2

I

4 ..

gener;

genera 4 species.
„ 7 "

I genus

I

I

Pogornis (Stitch-Bird).
Prosthemadera (Parson-Bird).
Anthornis (Bell-Bird).
Xenicus (\\''rens).
Acanlhisitla (Killeniaii).
Travcrsia (Wren).
Certhiparus (Creeper).
Mahua (Creeper).
Ttirnagra (Thrush).
Glaucopsis (Red - w attkd

Crow).
Creadion (Saddle-back).
Meter aloclm (Huia).
Stringops (Kakapu).
CycDiorhamplius (Parrots).
* Emu, xi., part i, p. 6u (Phillipiaii

Nestor (Kaka).

Carpophaga (Wood-Pigeon).

Aptcryx (Kiwi).

Ocydroinus (Wood-Hen).

Cabal us ] ij :i.
AT 7 • } Kails.

A esotDimas j

Notornis (Giant Rail).

Megadyptcs

Penguins

\. Ducks.

Pygoscclcs

Klasmonelta

Nesonctta

Merganser

Fuligula

Hxmenolccmtts

iub-region, in part ; A. F. Basset Hull).

280 Hall, The Tasmaniaii ciiid Neiv Zealand Groups. I" J''"}" .,

In some respects the lists contain points of interest. The
Hawks' list has no Eagies. Harpagornis, now a fossil, and half
as large again as our Wedge-tailed Eagle, preyed upon the many
Moas that roamed New Zealand. The only family in New Zealand
that is prominently Australian is the Honey-eaters [Meli-
■phagidce). It has three peculiar genera, while Australia has
fifteen. Tasmania has eight, all of which are Australian. Of
these, our AnthochcBra (Wattle-Bird) is nearest* to the Parson-
Bird or Tui, a New Zealand Honey-eater (Prosthemadera).
Anthochcera, the Wattle or Gill-Bird, as a visitor to New
Zealand, is now looked upon as one of the list of fixtures. The
relative value in genera and species of the Honey-eaters is shown
as follows : —

Australia. Tasmania- N.Z.

Genera . . . . . . 15 • • 7 • • 3

Species . . . . . . 73 . . 11 . . 4

Map K shows the distribution of certain species and graph value
of the genera and species of the family. Of the four New Zealand
species, only one seems hkely to hold its own (Parson-Bird). The
others have already been eliminated from the greater portions
of the ranges shown. Fortunately it is so, as the Parson-Bird
is the one bird in New Zealand that makes its bush living with
a voice. The Stitch-Bird, Pogornis, (3) on map, is a very different
bird to the Stitch-Bird [Cisticola), the one bird in "Tasmania
that uses a thread to bind together one or more of the leaves of
the nest.

The nocturnal Xeniciis is grouped with Pitta, which finds no
tropical place in Tasmania. Traversia, of the same family, has
feebly developed voice muscles, and the Rifleman (Acanthisitta)
is the smallest known (IV., 2) bird— a miniature Pitta. The
Blue-wattled Crow (Glaiicopsis) has a voice pitched even lower
than that of the Tasmanian Crow-Shrike (CractJciis). This Crow,
according to Professor Parker, is the most intelligent of all
intelligent birds ; it is fast disappearing.

Australia is the stronghold of Parrots, Tasmania liaving a few
of them. New Zealand has a number similar to our Platycercits
(Broad-tails), and others at one time thouglit to be hke our
Lories t (Map I), 5-8). The Kakapo {St r in gaps) is nocturnal and
ground-loving, similar to our Geopsittacus in Tasmania. It nests
on the ground hkewise, and has " sheep-walks." Platycercits of
Tasmania and Cyanorhamphus of New Zealand are much alike.
P. elegans is found in Victoria and Norfolk Island, but gets no
further south in either case. The Kea in New Zealand, and Black
Cockatoo {Calyptorhynchus fitnereits) in Tasmania, search tlie
bark for insects, while the Kea (Map I), 4) hunts through the

* ILmit, xiii., part i, p. 13 (lyi j).
t Emu, xviii., part i, p. 25, R. W. Shufeldt ; xi., part 2, p. dj. J. C. M'Lcan.

Vol. xix.j ]|^, I y/,,. Tiisniaiuaii and Xcw Zealand Ci'unps. 281

UJ20 J

PhufJiiiiiiu (Xcw Zealand ila\ ov hemp) for honey just as our Bhic
Mountain {Trichoglossiis) docs among eucalypts. Carpophaga
novce-zealandia', the only Pigeon in New Zealand, belongs to the
family in wliicli we find the Topknot Pigeon {Lopholaimus) — a
l)ird that occasionally errs in getting as far south as Tasmania.

New Zealand has the whole of the order Apteryges (Map A, 1-4),
in which we find five species of Kiwis. The egg of this bird is a
quarter of its weight, similarly as with the Wilson Storm-Petrel
{Oceanites oceanicus) we occasionally see in the Derwent estuary.
The Apteryx comes under the same sub-class as our Emu. Of
Rails, the Flightless Cabalus and Ncsolimnan have hidden tails.
Notornis is a giant form of the Tasmanian Porphyrio (Black-backed
Water-Hen).

Of Penguins, the Tasmanian waters have two species of two
genera ; New Zealand has nine species of five genera, including
the Tasmanian genera. The largest is the King Penguin
{Aptenodytes), the smallest being Eiidyptiila minoy (Little
Penguin), common t(^ both groups. Tlie Tufted Penguin
{C atarrhades chrysocome) is also common to each, though rare in
Tasmania. The King Penguin is a visitor to Tasmania ; it, with
the Adele Penguin, is circumpolar. Penguins are the most
graceful of birds in water, quiet or stormy, in which they entirely
live during the non-incubating season. When in the rookery it
is the prettiest sight to see their peaceful evolutions among the
red weeds of clean pools, assisted as they are by the flattened
paddle radius. The wing is quite without normally-developed
quills.

Palceodyptcs, a fossil form in New Zealand, is appro.xiniately
7 feet in height.

Penguins spread between New Zealand and South America in
Miocene times of warmer water and close island connections with
Antarctica. They are earlier in New Zealand than in Patagonia.

Another cosmopolitan family, the Anatidcc (Ducks, Geese, &c.),
in Tasmania has a Swan, a Goose {Cereopsis), and nine Ducks.
New Zealand has eleven Ducks, but no Swan or Goose, though it
has a giant fossil Goose {Cnemiornis) and an extinct Swan*
[Chcnopis sinnncrcnsis), which was larger than our C. atrata.
Of these eleven species four are found also in Tasmania — (i) Anas
siiperciliosa (Black Duck), (2) Nettion castanemn (Teal), (3) Spatula
rhynchotis (Shoveller), (4) Nyroca australis (White-eyed Duck). The
Austrahan Region (with New Zealand and Tasmania) has thirty
species. The northern hemisphere is stronger, having seven of
the ten Swans and twenty-six of the thirty-one sea Ducks.

Polynesia is very poor, and India has only twelve. Siberia is
strong in species, the northern region having eighty species.
Thus we may gather the family is a cool-water one.

* E)nii, viii., part i, p. y (1908).

282

Hall, Ihc l'asi}iaiiiaii cduI Neio Zealand Groups. [i^iAm-i

Hymcnohcinus, the Blue Duck {a) is ;l torrent Duck, and climbs
rocks with ease. It keeps to the Auckkmd Islands. Merganetta,
the Torrent Duck of the Andes {h), is a near relative of the Musk-
Duck {d), which is confined to the southern portion of Australia.
Salvadorina, in Waigiou {c), is the third member of the Mcrgan-
ettince [a, b, c). This is a puzzle in early distribution, New
Caledonia being at that time a prominent point in a land line.
Merganser, another Duck of Auckland Islands, has its nearest
relative in South America. Nyroca, the White-eyed Duck of
Tasmania and New Zealand, and Fidigula, the Black Teal of New
Zealand, are similar in habit and most retiring ways. Anas
SHperciliosa, the Black Duck of Tasmania and Grey Duck of New
Zealand, is distributed very widely — the Chatham (Map C, h),
Campbell [k), and Auckland Islands (/), New Zealand, Polynesia,
Java, Australia, and Tasmania.

Sphenceacus, the Fern-Bird of New Zealand, is much like the
Tasmanian Megalurus (the Grass-Bird). Strangely so, it is dis-
tributed in South Africa (Map E, a, f) — a case of very old and
l)r()ken distribution.

Megapodiiis, the Mound-builders, are not found in Tasmania
or southern Australia. M. prilchardi is said to have recently
been in the Kermadees (Map C, c'). According to Dr. Shufeldt
{Emu, July, p. 22, 1919), it is nearest to M. cumingi, the most
northerly Mound-builder (Philippine Islands). The Austrahan
species is 71/. ditpcrreyi.

Meriila, the Blackbird, is naturalh' in neither Tasmania, Aus-

Rlap E.— Dist

antl Grass-Bird.

Vul. XIX.-j Hall, I'hc Tasiiunnaii ami New Zealand Cruups. 283

tralia, or New Zealand. It is ])eing artificially introduced in New
Zealand, Victoria, and Tasmania. Meriila, strangely enough, is
native to Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands (Map C, /, 6'). \Wi-
dently it has got through from Asia without touching Australia.

The distribution of certain Gallinago (the Snipes) is shown in
Map F (1-6). Tlie work of isolation is shown in 2-5. Species
I and 6 annually migrate to Asia {Emu, x'ix., part 2, p. 84, Map V.)
In 2-5 there is no migration, and they are so tame as to l)e
caught by hand.

Australia has ten species of Fly-eaters {Geyy<^uiu'), and not one
in Tasmania. New Zealand has three. The stronghold is in
north-eastern Australia, and apparently emigration was west
along one line through northern Australia and southward down
the coast of eastern Austraha. Only one of the ten got into
Western Australia, and that via Victoria along the southern line
and South Australia through the western line of expansion in the
south (Map G, 6, 7). New Zealand has three. Lord Howe two, and
Norfolk one. These si^, with one exception, have characters of
different islands shown in Map G, 1-5.

Zosterops (the White-eye) is found both in Tasmania and New
Zealand (Map H, a). Z. dor salts is .an immigrant from Tasmania
in recent time. Zosterops on Lord Howe Island {b) and Norfolk
Island (c) are stamped with island characters as different species.
-The tendency to get variety in one's clothes is further shown in
Kangaroo Island [c] Z. hahnalurina, though its isolation is recent.
Continental species making is shown in Z. goiildi {d) getting away
from the type (Z. dorsalis). When they are subject to marked
differences in land temperatures and foods we see it in Z. dorsalis
{(i) on one side of the continent and Z. liilea (/) on the other, having
all opposing conditions and barriers troublesome enough to check
many other genera. Z. Icphropleura [g), so far as climate and food
are concerned, might well he Z. strenna (h). Three other species
(li) confine themselves to the north in a climate and with foods
altogether difterent from those of Tasmania and New Zealand.
The furthest south of Z. dorsalis is Campbell Island.

Punts is the stock genus of true Titmice, distributed (Map 1'^, c)
well over the northern hemisi)liere. P. saltria is the next of kin,
and is found only in Java [d). After that the family Paridce is
still represented l)y Ccrthiparus in New Zealand {a) and by
Sphenostoma (Wedgebill) and Xerophila (Whiteface) in Australia
{b). These latter two live in the dry parts, and have shown no
inclination to cross the cooler belt of southern Victoria and pass
over to Tasmania. In consequence, the family is unrepresented
there.

Map J sliows tlie distribution of the Starhngs. Tasmania has
the European species {SI urn its vitlgaris) introduced and increasing
rapidly (i). Queensland has a native species {Aplonis metalUca) (2).

2o4 Mall, The 1 asmauian and Neiv Zcatand Groups. \ ''-"J" ■

' '^ List Ajiri

New Zealand has two peculiar species (3, 4), the Huia (Heteralocha)
being confined to the south part of the North Island (3). The
beak of the male is short and comparatively strong, that of the
female being long and slender. It is thought to be a fine arrange-
ment in the labour of getting food supplies.

The Oriental Cuckoo {Cumins saturatus) touches the northern
portions of the Dominion and the Commonwealth, but gets into
the southern of neither. The Broad-billed Bronze-Cuckoo
{Chalcococcyx lucidus) is found breeding in both, using many
small birds as foster parents. Mr. Campbell has noted it as having
been found on Macquarie Island (Map C, 2).

The Spine-tailed Swift {Chcetiira caudaciUa) annually comes
south into New Zealand and Tasmania, much more regularly so
in the latter. Naturally, the land-line rather than a great stretch
of water attracts it.

Petroica vittata, the Dusky Robin of Tasmania, has been listed
l)y Mr. Hamilton as New Zealand ("Dominion Mus.," 1909). It is
probably wind-blown specimens.

The Spotless Crake (Porzana iniuutfiilaUi of Gould)' is found all
round Australia and Tasmania. With slight variable differences
it is remarkable as being the same bird found in New Zealand,
the Pacific as far east as Nine Island and north as the Philippines.

Fnlica australis (the Australian Coot) is found both in New
Zealand and Tasmania — much more commonly so in the latter. .

Map B shows a portion of the migration course of a, a', a" — the
Godwit {Liniosa novce-zealandice). It nests in Eastern Asia and
winters in Tasmania and New Zealand. It may be found as far
south as Campbell, a sub-Antarctic island (Map C, k). The Grey
Phalarope {Crymophilits fuUcarhts) has its southern route marked
h (Map B). This bird I met in northern Siberia when it was
nesting, and I wonder why it has not been recorded in Australia.
Thirty species of the Charadriifonues have been recorded or found
in New Zealand. Podicipes crislaliis (the Crested (ireb(>) breeds
in New Zealand and Tasmania as well as in Siberia.

Megalestris maccormicki (the Antarctic Skua Gull) comes north
to the New Zealand sub-Antarctic islands, but no record has yet
been made of its being seen in Tasmanian waters. Stercoraritts
crepidatus (Richardson Skua Gull) has been found in both.

Twenty-two species of birds have been listed as wanderers to
New Zealand.* It is to be expected that certain birds will stray
from Tasmania to New Zealand and perhaps populating the
Dominion with these species: — Hccmatopus (Oyster-catcher),
Nydicorax (Night-Heron) Pceciloptilm (Bittern), and Porphyria
(Bald-Coot). This last is also on Lord Howe Island (Map C, /),
so that both it and the New Zealand bird came througli tlie
Torresian province as well as from Tasmania.

* " Index Fauna; N.Z." (Mutton), Dominion Museum, Wellington (1909).

^°'"io^.''^ J H.M.r , The Tasynanian and New Zealand Groups. 285

Graiicidits niclanops (Curkoo-Shrikc), Anthncha'ra caninciilaia
(Wattled Honey-eater), Petrochelidon nigricans (Tree-Martin),
and Eurystomus aiisfrcilis (Roller) arc species that have been taken
over by storm or stress of wiiul.

Micropiis paciftciis (Swift), in coming from China in October, has
passed over Papua with tlie inherent tendency to go down tlic
eastern Australian coast ; gt'tting too far east, it has gont' on to
New' Zealand. Possibly it is working on th(> migratory course
of a distant jiast, when New Zealand liad its land extension
northward.

Gallinago aiistralis (tlie Snipe), witli half a dozen other species
of the Totanince, have also done this. Wandering to Tasmania is
not so serious a matter, the distance l)eing shorter and habitable,
though the food supplies arc feeble. It may be a strong-winged
Painted Snipe {Rhyiic/ucd) that comes over, or a poor-tiying
Magpie-Lark (Crallina). They are no good as a means of
populating a new province, and presently die at the hands of
thoughtless enemies. Acclimatization by this means would ])e
a small affair.

The naturalized birds in Tasmania doing well in the iicld are : —
(a) Goldfinch {Cardicelis elegans), {b) Starling {Stitrnm vulgaris),
(c) Myna {Acridotheres tristis), {d) Sparrow [Passer domesiicus),
(e) Indian Dove [Turtur ferrago), (/) Skylark {Alauda arvensis).

New Zealand has twenty species of seventeen genera well
naturalized, fourteen being European. The Indian Dove has
done very feebly in New Zealand,' while in Tasmania it has done
well. The Tasmanian Bronzewing Pigeon (Phaps elegans) also
failed to make good its settlement in New Zealand, just as three
other species of Pigeons have done. The same fate met, in New
Zealand, the Fire-tailed Finch (Zonaginthits bellus), the only species
of Finch in Tasmania. The Tasmanian Diamond-Bird [Pardalotits
afmis) also died out before it estabhshed itself. Dacelo gigas
failed in Tasmania and New Zealand. In addition to the fourteen
mentioned as doing well, there are twenty-five species successfully
acclimatized in the Dominion. This includes the Nightingale
{Oedon luscinia), which should do w^ell in northern Tasmania. It
is interesting to know that the stock of all Pigeons (Colitmha livia)
is successfully estabhshed in New Zealand, just as with Callus
hankivis, the basis of our domestic poultry. They are doing well
in the wilds. The White-backed Magpie {Gymnorhina leuconota)
and Brown Quail [Synoicus) have successfully fixed their settlers'
rights. Gymnorhina (Magpie) is closely connected with certain
South American birds, and, belonging to a very old fauna, as it
does, it might well have shown itself as a native of New Zealand.

In Tasmania feeble efforts have been made to get a footing for
useful foreign and interesting, showy birds. Perhaps her day is
in its dawn.

286 Hall, The Tasmanian and New Zealand Groups-. \ ,^.""'-,

List April

•^ V

's:

H

• C.

S

w.^ %.

'A

Vol. xi\.-| 11^,, The Tasmauidu and Neiv Zealand Gvoitlysi 287

1920 J

Map A.— Kiwis, 1-5 ; Emus, 6-9.

I, Apieryx niantelli (North Island Kiwi); 2, /J. aus-
traiis (South Island Kiwi); ^, ^. /mas/z (Alpine Kiwi);

4, J. otyent (Grey Kiwi) ; 5, Metapteryx hifrons, Queens-
land (fossil) ; 6. bromaius diemenensis (Tasmanian Emu),
now extinct ; 7, D. minor (King Island Emu), now
extinct ; 8, D. parvulns (Kangaroo Island Emu), now
extinct ; 9, D. novcs-hollandio' (Emu).

B.—a, a', a", Godwit {Limosa novo'-zealandice) ; h, Grey Phala-
rope (Cvymophila fiilicarius).

C.—a, Papua ; b, old land connection (a, h, d, e, g)-, c, line of
southern expansion of northern birds ; c' , King Island ;
c" Eurneaux Islands ; c'", Tasmania ; d, New Caledonia ;
e 'Norfolk Island ; e' , Kermadec Islands ; /, Lord Howe
Island ; g, New Zealand ; h. Chatham Islands ; h' , Bounty
Island ■ h", Antipodes Island ; /, Auckland Island ; k,
Campbell Island ; /, Macquarie Island (Rails and Parrots).

D._Two Genera of Honey-eating Parrots (Nestor and rncho-

I, N. novfolciensis (now extinct). Norfolk Island
Parrot ; 2, N. 'productus (now extinct), Phillip Islaud
Parrot '; 3, N. meridionalis (Kaka) ; 4. ^- notabilis (Kea) ;

5, r. swainsoni (Southern Blue-bellied Lorikeet) ; 6, T.
se ptentrionalis (Northern Blue-bellied Lorikeet) ; 7, T.
cMovolepidotus (Scaly-breasted Lorikeet) ; 8, T. vuhri-
torqiies (Red-collared Lorikeet).

Y^.— Par idee (Titmice), a-^—

a, Certhipavus ; h, Xerophila (Whiteface), Sphenostoma
(Wedgebill) ; c, Parus (True Titmouse) ; d, P. saliria, Java.
Sphenceacus (Fern-"Birds), a and /—

a, New Zealand Fern-Bird ; f, South African Fern-Bird.

F _i Gallinago australis ; 2, G. pusilla (Chatham Islands Snipe) ;
3, G. huegeli (The Snares Snipe) ; 4. G. tristrami (Antip-
odes Island Snipe); 5, G. aucklandica (Auckland Island
Snipe) ; 6, G. megala (Swinhoe Snipe).

G.— Distribution of Fly-eaters {Gerygone)—

I, G. albofrontata, Chatham Island : 2, G. igafa, South
Island ; 3, G. flaviventris, North Island ; G. sylvestris
(2, 3) ;'4, G. modesta, Norfolk Island ; 5. G^- insularis and
G. Uwrpii, Lord Howe Island ; 6. Stronghold of Aus-
tralian Fly-eaters ; 7, Southern Fly-eater (G. culicivora).
(The New Zealand birds are differentiated as Pseiido-
gerygone.)

H.— Distribution of Australian Zosterops (White-eyes)—

a, a, Z. dorsalis ; 6, Z. stremia, Lord Howe Island ;

c, Z. teniiirostris and Z. alhogularis, Norfolk Island ;

d, Z. gouldi ; e, Z. hahnaturina, Kangaroo Island ; /, Z.
hitea ; g, Z. tephro pleura.

J. —Starlings (Sturnidce). — i, Introduced Starling (Sfurnus
vulgaris) ; 2, Queensland Starling (Caloniis) ; 3, Huia
{Meter olocha) ; 4, Saddleback (Creadion).
K.— Distribution of Honey-eaters {Meliphagidcp), with graph
values of genera and species.— i, Bell-Bird (Anihorms),
New Zealand and Chatham Island ; 2, Tui or Parson-
Bird (Prosthemadera), New Zealand and Auckland
Island ; 3, Stitch-Bird (Pogonornis).

288 Barrett, IVilson's Promontory and ifs Wild Life. [^

Wilson^s Promontory (Vic.) and its Wild Life.

By Charles Barrett, C.M.Z.S., Historical Branch, Defence

Department, Melbourne.
When vSurgcon ficorge Bass, in his whale-boat, sailed into
Sealers' Cove on 24th January, 1798, his desire was to win food
from the land ; but, going ashore, he was charmed by a medley
of bird-songs — liquid notes of the Shrike-Thrush, carolling of
Magpies, and the slender strains of Fantails and Wrens, happy at
their day's employ. Bass was not on a sentimental journey ;
to replenish his larder he took toll of bird-life, but surely none of
the songsters was shot. In his diary the navigator paid a tribute'
to the sweetness of the bird music that greeted him on Wilson's.
Promontory ; and, for nature-lovers, his praise is the pleasantest
thing in the story of that immortal voyage through the strait that
bears his name.

In July, igo8, the greater part of Wilson's Promontory
(approximately 101,000 acres) was permanently reserved as a
National Park — a sanctuary for native fauna and flora, which,
elsewhere in the State, is disappearing before the advance of
civilization. A more suitable area (excluding all country that is
fit for settlement) could not have been chosen. The Promontory,
connected with the mainland by an isthmus about 14 miles in
length and 4 miles in width, includes " samples" of several types
of country, and is capable of supporting many species of birds,
mammals, &c., in great numbers, while the indigenous flora com-
prises more than 600 species. The scenic beauty of the Park is
equal to that of any coastal or mountain district in Victoria, and
compares favourably with that of national parks in other States.
Commercially, the country is almost valueless. There are some
good grazing areas, and a few hundred head of cattle are generally
pastured in the Park ; but most of the land is unsuited for stock,
and the timber on the ranges is of little worth.

At one time probably an island, geologists say, the Promontory
now forms portion of the ruins of an ancient land-bridge between
Australia and Tasmania. It is a wild, mountainous region, with
beautiful fern gullies, sylvan creeks, and little rivers, wide, curved
beaches, granitic headlands, high sand-dunes, and stretches of
open, " heathy " country, that are splendid with flowers in
springtime and summer. There are vast swamps, too, and dark
morasses which it is perilous to explore.

The Park may be reached either by land or sea. Most visitors
travel by rail to Foster, 107 miles from Melbourne, on the South-
Eastern (Gippsland) railway, thence by road to the coast at
Shallow Inlet, where the beach journey begins — first through
clinging sand, then firmer going along the outer beach, past long
"blows" misty with wind-driven sand and rugged headlands
that are impassable at high tide. The " turn in " is where the
Darby River flows from between low cliffs to the sea. The road
is hedged with tea-tree {Lepfospermiiiii) to the entrance gate, beside

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE LVl.

^'"'i'o^>'^ ] I^A''!Ri-TT, \Vi7son's Promontory and its Wild Life. 289

a railod bridge. A wide green flat iies before you ; tlie wine-dark
river that mirrors a niovnitain and comes from dreary swamp-
land ; liigh hills dad in trees and shrubs — snowed under by
blossom in early summer ; and two cottages, but a neighbourly
distance apart, sheltering in their shadows. One is the dwelling
of the Park committee of management during visits of inspection,
the other the ranger's home. Near the white gateway, safe from
the winds that blow, with the accompaniment of drenching rain,
on too many days of the year, is the rest-house for tourists — a
two-roomed building, with bunks, a table and chairs, and a big
open fireplace. Miles away, on Barry's Hill, stands another
ranger's cottage.

Much has been done for the pleasure and comfort of tourists.
There arc good bridle-tracks (with guide-boards where needed)
to the " lions " of the Park ; to Sealers' Cove, to Lilly-pilly
Gully, Oberon Bay, and many another place of rare beauty.
The Park Committee has earned praise by what has been accom-
plished, and it has plans for the future that should gain it more.
Lack of funds has delayed the carrying out of these schemes of
improvement, which include the erection, in the vicinity of the
Darby River, of an accommodation house for tourists, and a large
enclosure near the entrance, where they could see representatives
of all the native animals that have been established in the Park.

The Park is well guarded. Mr. W. J. Cripps, the chief ranger,
is zealous in performing his duties. With his son he is out in all
weathers, on patrol, cutting tracks, inspecting the boundary
fence, and watching the wild creatures in his charge. He knows
the domain from range to sea ; is a keen observer, and a good
bushman. He has been guide to many tourists, taking them
along steep seaward tracks, across the ranges, over the " Bad
Saddle " into Oberon Bay, and through the wonderful gullies of
the south-west.

A week's wandering in the National Park, if you are in the saddle
each day from dawn till dusk, gives an impression — an outline
sketch — of its beauties ; but a month, at least, is needed to visit
all the spots worth seeing between the Darby and the lighthouse
on South-East Point. Besides, there are islands — Bennison,
Shellback, the Glennies, Anser Group, and others. The beaches
of Norman and 01)eron Bays will become famed among surfers.
In beauty they rival those of Bondi and Coogee, though some hold
that the surf at Sydney's resorts gives finer sport. Corner Basin
shore is not for bathers ; a vast mud-flat at low tide, overgrown
by Spurious Mangroves {Avicenna officinalis), with granite rocks
here and there. This is the home of little mangrove crabs
{Hel(cciiis cordiformis) ; they patrol the mud in millions, but,
alarmed, disappear in a second down holes among the mangroves.

Coast scenery along the south-west is incomparable. From a
hill-top near the Darby, reached by an easy track from the flat,
one wins a vision of barren grey isles set in blue sea ; of scrul>-
clad slopes, and red-brown boulders fringed with foani. Inland,

19

290 Barrett, Wilson's Promontory and its Wild Life. \_jJ'''T'm\

purple ranges, misty against a tranquil sky or wreathed in storm
clouds. Both in weather and scenery the Park offers infinite
variety. Nature has a vast canvas for her pictures, and she
paints them in the grand style, in her placid and stormy moods ;
but she is rarely long content with an effect, and sweeps it away
for another. A sunnner morning may come with a rain storm,
and within an hour or two there will be clear sky and a wind that
barely swings the bluebell on its stem. Then storm again^ — a
gale that uproots dead trees on the mountain-side, and makes it
perilous to travel on the track to Sealers' Cove. Not long ago
a small building on the isthmus was torn down, and, they say,
blown out to sea ! The dunes and the flat-topped bushes on the
moorland bear witness to the power of the wind. And yet, in the
year, there are many perfect days.

Oberon Bay, whose hinterland is fair country for cattle, is the
pride of the Promontory. A ^helving beach, with the curve of
beauty, blue sea laced with foam, and wild splendour of
granite hills. After storm there are shells to be gathered on
the white sand ; cones and cowries, the delicate pinna, and a host
of others — nearly 60 kinds have been recorded from the Bay. The
rock pools, at low tide, yield a rich harvest. The shore is
haunted by birds. Sea-Gulls patrol the shallows ; Dottrel
twinkle over the sand ; and Oyster-catchers paddle in the
shallows, their plaintive notes mingling with the ceaseless song of
the surf. The gullies, thick with tea-tree, are thronged with
honey-eating birds. Through park-like country, dotted with
Banksias, Eraser's Creek flows to the sea. Here is a good spot
for camping, for the creek water is sweet and clear, and a tent
can be pitched in the shade of spreading boughs.

Lilly-pilly Gully, discovered by the ranger, has recently been
made accessible to tourists. One of the finest gullies in Victoria,
save for a slender track and a string of blazed trees it remains -
a place of faery. When the sea is leaping on Oberon's flanks,
and wind rushing over the tall trees on Bishop Rock, only a
musical murmur, and the wandering cries of birds, echo amid the
ferns. A little creek flows along a sandy bed, overarched by musk
and myrtle, a mirror for drooping fronds. Hardy ferns carpet
the forest floor, mingled with myrtle seedlings, clumps of
sword-grass, and jungles of shrubs and creepers. Where the
track winds into the gully a cascade of white Clematis and delicate
Tecoma flowers, veils the foliage of many trees. From hot sun-
shine you pass into cool and fragrant shade. No fire (though
the neighbouring hills have been swept) has ravished this gully,
perhaps for centuries.

Lyre-Birds [Menitra victoria;) live in the heart of the gully.
Often they are heard mocking the notes of other birds or uttering
their own ; but rarely is one seen. The Park may become the
last refuge of Meniira, which has small chance, otherwhere, against
the fox and the plume-hunter and ruthless egg-collectors.

An hour's ride from the Darby, in a hollow beyond the Re;d

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE LVIl

^"'; ^/^'l Bakrktt, Wilson's Promontory and its Wild Life. 2QI

Hill, is swamp laud, (lotted with gums, rising from a generous
growth of waterdoving plants. This is the home of the Park's
koalas {Phascolarctits cinercns). Nearly every tree has its tenants.
Some years ago the koalas, which liad become so numerous that
they had to be " thinned out," migrated from their headquarters
at ()beron Bay to their present retreat, because the food supply
had failed. Tiiey had, by continuous feeding, killed the swamp
gums at the P)ay, and liad to move on or starve. By common
consent they sought fresh lields, and, despite the ravages of
disease last winter, are a flourishing connnunity. Kangaroos
(two species) and wallabies (five species) are also increasing, the
latter lieing particularly abundant.

Two visits to Wilson's Promontory (the last in Octolier, 1919)
have enabled me to glean some notes regarding its bird-life. My
own list includes about 60 species, but I missed many that have
been seen by other observers. Yet the Park is not as rich in birds
as one could wish it to be. Some species— the Crimson Parrot
[Platycerciis pennanti), for example — are abundant ; others are
rare. Several species have been introduced — namely, the Emu
{Droinaiiis novce-hollandics), the Lyre-Bird {Meniira victories), the
.Alallec-Fowl [Leipoa ocellata), and the Satin Bower-Bird {Ptilono-
rhy)ichiis holosericeus). All appear to be thriving. I was
delighted to find the Emu-Wren {Stipiturus malachitrus) almost
as abundant as the Blue Wren {Mai urns cyaneiis), and to learn
that the Ground-Parrot {Pezoporus formosus) is occasionally
Hushed from the heath land by the sea. Along the beaches I
noted many familiar sea-birds, and saw an Osprey {Pandion
leiicocephalns) soaring over a granite headland.

In Lilly-pilly Gully the Black Cockatoo {Calyptorhynchus fu-
ncrciis) and the Gang-Gang Cockatoo {C alloc ephalon galeatuni)
are, at times, numerous ; possibly they nest in the dead trees
that crown high peaks on the Promontory.

The Coachwhip-Bird {Psop/iodes crepitans) is not uncommon in
the tea-tree swamps, and Pilot-Birds {Pycnoptilns /loccosiis) are
al)undant in the bush near Scalers' Cove. Mountain slopes and
valleys, on the south-western side, that I " explored " in October,
were clothed in tea-tree. It was blossom time, and Honey-
eaters of several specie^ were feasting in thousands. The
Crescent Honey-eater {Lichmera aiislralasiana) was dominant, and
its sharp call, " E — gypt," echoed from every bush and tree. In
the Banksias {B. serrata and B. integrifoUa) Wattle-Birds
[AcanthocJucra caritncidata) were feeding noisily. It was pleasant
to linger in these places ; to watch the birds darting from tree
to tree, or clinging, often head downward, to slender twigs while
tliey rifled the flowers. Once, on a small tree, I saw three birds
— two Crescent Honey-eaters and a White-cheeked {Meliornis
sericea) — perched in a row, each on the tip of a swaying spray.
A valley near the ranger's cottage, on Darby River flat, was the
headquarters of the Honey-eaters ; they were numerous as
Sparrows at dusk in a suburban hedgerow. Seated in shadow

292 Barrett, Wilson's Promontory and its Wild Life. [^^

Emu

on a knoll, for an hour I watched the birds through my field-
glasses. It was a rare experience for one who counts a bird in
the bush of more value than a score in the cabinet. That shining
company of wild birds displayed no fear of me ; perchance they
were unaware of an intruder, for some flew over and around me,
and others sang from the shrub by the knoll that formed my seat.
I seemed to be in a great aviary rather than on a hill slope
within sound of the sea. This is an impression, deeply etched
in memory, of bird-life in Victoria's National Park ; it is the
best of many.

Appended is a list of birds that have been recorded from
Wilson's Promontory, with some notes, chiefly on species observed
during my recent visit to the Park : —

Emu {Dromaius novcs-hojlandics). — Introduced. Now about 60
birds. Broods are reared each year, but, so far, a nest has not been
discovered. In the course of an afternoon's ramble I -saw about a
score of Emus, including a female with five young birds, which were
about six weeks old. Some of the birds were remarkably tame,
others forbade a near approach. All were in perfect plumage. Two
young birds, reared in the Park some years ago, were so tame that
they would take food from the ranger's hand long after they had
been liberated from the " home paddock. "-

Stubble-Quail (Cofitrnix pectoralis). — Fairly common.

Brown Quail {Synoicus australis). — Fairly numerous.

Brush Bronze-winged Pigeon (Phaps elegans). — Said to be abundant
at times. '

Black Moor-Hen (Gallinula tenebrosa).

Bald-Coot {Porphyria melanonotus).

Australian Coot (Fulica australis).

Great Grebe (Podiceps australis).

Little Penguin (Eudyptnla minor).

Allied Petrel (PuffiHus assiniilis).

Cape Petrel {Dap/ion capensis).

White-capped Albatross {Diomedea cauta).

Silver Gull (Lavus novce-hollandice). — Observed on nearly all the
beaches ; numerous in some bays.

Pacific Gull (Gabianus pacificus). — A common species.

Pied Oyster-catcher {Ha-matopus longirostris). — Pairs seen on all the
beaches. Nests along the dunes.

Black Oyster-catcher (Hcrmatopus fnliginosus). — Less abundant
than H. longirostris.

Spur-winged Plover (Lobivanelhis lobatus). — Frequently heard calling
at night, near the Darby River.

Black-fronted Dottrel {/Egialitis 'nigrifrons). — .\bundant on the
shore in all the bays.

Australian Curlew (Nnmenius cyanopiis). — Seen only on the beach
in Shallow Inlet ; fairly nunierous.

Australian Snipe {Gallinago australis).

Southern Stone-Curlew (CEdicnemus grallarius).

White Ibis {Ibis molucca). — Introduced. On Darby River.

Straw-necked Ibis (Carphibis spinicollis). — Introduced. Darby River.

White-fronted Heron (Notophoyx nova-hollandice). — In pairs about
the swamps. Large flocks along the coast, flying over or perched on
rocky headlands. A Magpie, whose mate was nesting in a tree on

^°'u^o'^] Barrktt, Wilson's Promontoyy and its Wild Life. 293.

(he liill sloiH's, repeatedly attacked a Heron, though it was liundreds
ol vards ironi tlie nest.

Bittern {Botanrus poiciloptilus).

Black Swan {Chenopis airata). — Large flocks feeding in Shallow
Inlet. They are said to nest in the vicinity.

Cape Barren Goose {Cereopsis novce-hollandice).

Australian Black Duck {Anas superciliosa). — Fairly numerous,
during portion of the year, on the Darl)y River ; also seen on swamp
water near Red Hill.

Grey Teal {Nettinm gibherifrons).

Pink-eared Duck (Malacorhynchus memhranaceus).

White-eyed Duck (Nyroca australis).

Musk- Duck {Bizinra lobata).

Black Cormorant {Phalacrocorax carlo). — Seen on Darby River and
along the coast.

White-breasted Cormorant {P. goitldi). — Not uncommon.

Gannet (.Snla australis).

Pelican {Pelccaims conspii Hiatus).

Spotted Swamp-Hawk {Circus assiniilis).

Allied Swamp-Hawk (C gouldi).

Collared Sparrow-Hawk {Accipiter torquatus).

Wedge-tailed Eagle {Uroaetus audax).

White-bellied Sea-Eagle {Haliceetus leucogaster). — Several of these
birds were seen, soaring high over granite headlands. There is an
eyrie on Barry's Hill, and, possibly, another on the extremity of
Tongue Point, which is timbered.

Black-cheeked Falcon {Falco melanogenys).

Brown Hawk {Hieracidea berigora).

Nankeen Kestrel (Cerchneis cenchroides). — Noted in several localities,
often soaring over the sea.

White-headed Osprey {Pandion leucocephalus).

Boobook Owl {Xinox boobook).

Blue-bellied Lorikeet (Trichoglossus swainsoni). — Flocks seen flying
over Darby River swamp.

Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus). — Numerous. Flocks
observed at Lilly-pilly Gully. Probably nests among the dead
timber on some of the mountains.

Gang-Gang Cockatoo {Callocephalon galeatum). — Fairly numerous ;
six birds seen at Lilly-pilly Gully.

White Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). — Abundant. Dead eucalypts in
a swamp outside the Park boundary form a roosting-place for the
birds. Two were constant visitors to the green flat of the Darby ;
they fed close to the ranger's cottage.

king Parrot (Aprosmictus scapulatus).

Crimson Parrot (Plaiycercus pennanii). — Common everywhere —
inland and among the coastal scrub.

Grass-Parrot {Euphema elegans).

Swift Parrot {Lathamus discolor).

Ground-Parrot {Pezoporus formosus). — Has frequently been flushed
on " heathy " country along the coast, and must nest in the Park.

Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus strigoides).

Great Brown Kingfisher {Dacelo gigas). — Not uncommon.

Sacred Kingfisher {Halcyon sanctus).

White-rumped Swift {Cypselus pacificus).

Spine-tailed Swift {Chcsiura caudacuta).

Pallid Cuckoo {Cuculus pallidus). — Fairly numerous.

294 Barrett, Wilson's Promontory and its Wild Life. [,sf"\"iii

Fan-tailed Cuckoo {Caconiantis fiabelliformis). — Frequently seen and
heard.

Narrow-billed Bronze-Cuckoo {Chalcococcyx hasalis).

Bronze-Cuckoo (C. plagosns).

Lyre-Bird {Menura victorice). — Introduced. Established m Lilly-
pilly- Gully.

Welcome Swallow {Hinindo ueoxena). — Abundant, hawking over the
swamps and river flats.

Fairy Martin {Petrochelidon artel).

Tree-Martin (Petrochelidon nigricans). — Common.

Brown Flycatcher (Micrceca fascinans).

Scarlet-breasted Robin (Petroica leggii).

Hooded Robin {JMelanodryas bicolor).

Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin {Eopsaltria ausiralis).

Yellow-breasted Whistler (Pachycep/iala gutturalis).

Rufous-breasted Whistler (P. riifiventris).

Olive Whistler (P. olivacea).

White-shafted Fantail {Rhipidura alhiscapa).

Rufous-fronted Fantail (P. rufifrons).

Black-and-white Fantail (P. motacilloides).

Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike (Graucalus melanops).

Pilot-Bird (Pycnoptiliis floccosus).

Coachwhip-Bird (Psophodes crepitans). — Frequently heard ; nesting
in tea-tree swamp near the Darby River.

Ground-Thrush {Oreocincla lunulata). — Dead specimen found near
Darby Ri\-er ; probably killed by striking telephone wire. Many
birds suft'er a similar fate, flying headlong against the barbed wire
of the boundary fence.

White-fronted Bush-Chat {Ephthianuva albifrons).

Reed- Warbler {Acrocephalus australis).

Little Grass-Bird {Megalurus gramineus).

Speckled Warbler {Chthonicola sagittata).

Yellow-tailed Tit- Warbler {Acanthi:a chrysorrhoa). — In flocks along
the Red Hill road and other localities.

Striated Tit- Warbler (A. lineata).

Brown Tit- Warbler {A. pusilla). — Nesting in tea-tree along tracks
on Darl)y hills.

White-browed Scrub- Wren (Sericornis frontalis).

Blue Wren- Warbler {Malurus 'cyanetts). — Plentiful ; nesting in
bushes liehind the Committee's cottage.

Emu- Wren {Stipitiivus malachiirus). — Abundant in many parts of
the Park.

Wood-Swallow {Artamus sordidus). — An abundant species.

Grey Shrike-Thrush {Colluricincla harmonica).

Pied Grallina (Gralliua picata).

White-eye {Zosterops dorsalis).

Spotted Pardalote {Pardalotus pmictatiis).

Red-tipped Pardalote (P. striatus).

White-naped Honey-eater (Melithreptiis luniilatHs.

Sanguineous Honey-eater {Myzomela sanguineolenta).

Spinebill {AcnuthurhyncJius tenuirostris).

White-fronted Honey-eater {Glyciphila albifrons).

White-eared Honey-eater {Ptilotis leucotis).

Regent Honey-eater {Meliphaga phrygia).

Crescent Honey-eater {Lichmera australasiana).

White-bearded Honey-eater {Meliornis novce-hollandicc).

^'°'"i9^o'''^'J Bakkktt, Wilson's Pyomontory and Us Wild Life. 295

White-cheeked Honey-eater {M . sericea).
Red Wattle-Bird {Autliochccra carunculata).
Brush Wattle-Bird lyAneUobia mellivora).

Pipit [^.hit/nis (iiis/i'iilis). — Numerous, especially on Darby River flat;
Red-browed Finch {.ligintha temporalis).— Flocks in scrub along
coast.

Satin Bower-Bird {Ptilonorhynchns holosericeus). — Introduced.
Crow i^CoiTHs coi'onoides). — Fairly numerous.
Grey Bell- Magpie {Strepera anaphonensis).
Collared Butcher-Bird {Cracticus destructor).
White-backed Magpie {Gymnorhina leuconoia).

Crested Penguins in Western Australia.

Bv W. B. Alexander, M.A., Keeper of Biology, W.A. Museum,
Perth, W.A-

The first record of the voccurrencc of a Crested Penguin in Western
Australia was made by A. J. Campbell in 1889. He stated that
a specimen had been captured at Hamelin Harbour, near Cape
Leeuwin. Subsequently, in The Emu (vol. ix., p. 92, 1909), C. P.
Conigrave recorded the capture, on Rottnest Island, of a specimen,
now in the \\Vstern Australian Museum.

Recently the Museum has received from Mr. A. Muir Ferrier
another specimen, which was captured on Middleton Beach,
Albany, by C. E. Muir, in 1896.

It has been usual to refer all specimens of Crested Penguins
obtained in Australian seas to Eudyptes chrysocome, Forster, and
A. F. Basset Hull has recently published an interesting account
of the local history of this species [Records Australian Mus., xii..
No. 6, Sept., 1918). Curiously enough, the president of the
R-.A.O.U. seems to have entirely -overlooked G. M. Mathews's "
remarks on these birds published in The Emu, vol. xvi., p. 184,
January, 1917.

In that paper Mathews had indicated that two species had
been recorded from Australia under the name of chrysocome —
a larger, which he calls E. pachyrhynchus, Gray, and a smaller,
E. serresianus, Oustalet. The diflferences between these two
species are given, and it is stated that it is dililicult to attach the
existing records of Penguins in Australian waters. The majority
are beheved by Mathews to l)c referable to E. pachyrhynchus,
Gray, including the type of E. chrysocome, Forster, from Tasmania.
Since Forster's name was published in 1781 and Gray's in 1845,
it is difficult to understand how Gray's name can supersede
Forster's ; but Mathews states that the matter has been " fully
developed in The Ibis." A search through the pages of The Ibis
fails to reveal the article referred to.

The two birds in this Museum are very different in appearance,
the Albany specimen having a beautiful double drooping crest
of black and straw-coloured feathers, whilst the Rottnest bird is

2q6 Alexander, Crested Penguins in Western Australia. [,^f''5||"ii

apparently moulting, and has only tufts of yellow and black
feathers slightly more elongated than the rest over the eyes. The
measurements of the bills of the two specimens are practically
identical, and in both the top of the head is blacker than the
cheeks. They are therefore specimens of E. serresianus, according
to Mathews, or E. chrysocome of the British Museum Catalogue.
The size and shape of the bill at once distinguish them from E.
pachyrhynchiis of the Catalogue, but I am not clear whether this
is the species which Mathews calls pachyrhynchiis or whether his
pachyrhynchiis and serresianus are both included under the
chrysocome of the Catalogue.

What are Australian Petrels ?

By Gregory M. Mathews, F.R.S.E.

A PECULIAR coincidence in connection with my paper on the
above subject has just been noted by me.

In a journal not commonly available to Australians, namely
"Contributions to Ornithology," conducted by Sir W. Jardine,
there appeared, in 1850, " A Brief Account of the Researches in
Natural History of John Macgillivray," by John Gould. This was
an account given before the section dealing with Ornithology of
the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Mac-
gillivray, than whom no better field naturalist or collector has
visited Australia, wrote :— " I sent you . . . three lists show-
ing the daily occurence of Procellaridcs during our outward voy-
age— first, between Rio de Janeiro and the Cape of Good Hope ;
second, between the Cape of Good Hope and the Mauritius ; and
third, between the Mauritius and Van Diemen's Land."

Gould commented: — "The following are the lists referred to,
and they are of great value, as showing the range of the species
enumerated therein ; and are peculiarly interesting to me, as
they tend to confirm the observations made by myself, during
my voyage to and from Australia, of which a full account has
been given in my work."

I do not propose to reproduce the tables here, l)ut draw at-
tention to the following features : —

In the first table occur Diomedea ciilminata, a few, and Procel-
laria conspicillata, numerous, which species are missing from the
second and third lists ; P. aeqiiinoctialis appearing in the second
but not in the third.

In the third, however, appears Diomedea fiiliginosa, \'cry nu-
merous about the middle of the Great Bight, along with Procel-
laria glacialoidcs, also very numerous, and Daption right to the
southern coast of Tasmania. It is as well to note that Macgil-
livray's route reads as follows : — On loth June, 1847, latitude
39.03, longitude 110.47 : ^^ 23rd June, 1847, latitude 44.04, longi-
tude 145.22. While the above is not conclusive, it suggests ex-

Vol. XIX
iqjo

] MMniLW^. What are Australian Peiyels ? 297

actly what I had previously recorded, that Procellaria conspicillala
and Diomcdea ciihninata were not procured by Gould in Austra-
lian waters. It will be remembered that Tom Carter, in The Emu
vol. xii., page 192, 1913, has also recorded that from 900 miles
west of Albany, Western Australia, to 800 miles east of Durl)an,
South Africa, he observed numbers of Procellaria aequinodialis
with a white chin spot, but " no specimen was seen with any
xvhite markings above the beak or on the face." The italics are
Carter's.

Also, in his very valuable paper in The Emu, vol. xv., pp. 243
et seq., 1916, Ferguson does not record Diomedea culminata (Gould)
from AustraUan waters at all, though confirming the records
otherwise given by Gould and I\Iacgillivray for other Australian
Albatrosses.

As regards " Australian Seas," and the point raised Ijy Alex-
ander, I do not see how half-way between the nearest land can
be taken in connection with Africa and the Antarctic, as these
places are so far away. Nevertheless, it would certainly deter-
mine the range of the species if the limits were accepted, with
the provaso that only specimens actually procured be accepted.
Sight records of Petrels miles away from land would be very
dangerous.

Australian Crows.

Bv (iki'CiuKv M. Mathews, F.R.S.E.

In The Emu, vol. xii., pp. 43-45, 1912, an account of a criti-
cism of my treatment of Australian Crows, l)y Ogilvie-Grant, was
given in detail, and it seemed good to me to leave the matter at
rest until I should monograph the forms in my "Birds of Austra-
lia." There was little question that Ogilvie-Grant' s conclusions
were not final, ]>ut with the material then available it was more
a matter of opinion than fact. A year or two later a young
German, named Stresemann, studied the Crows, and his results, on
the larger amount of material, were little better than Ogilvie-
Grant's. I endeav'oured to indicate his mistakes to him, and he
agreed at that time that it would be imwise further to complicate
the matter. War then broke out, and perhaps from that fact
Stresemann did publish his result in a German periodical, Ver-
handlungen der Ornitholog Gesellschaft, Bayern, xii., 4, pp. 277-
304, May 1916, which has only recently been received here, since
the conclusion of the war.

It seems just to give a summary of his results as they are now
on record, and undoubtedly incorrect, for the one reason that
he has made all the Crows in Australia as belonging to one
species, which no Australian will admit.

Four forms are admitted : — Corvus coronoides coronoides (V. &
H.), New South Wales ; Corvus coronoides perplexus (Mathews),

298 Mathews. A itsii'a/iau Crows. [,st a".,!

Victoria, South South Austraha, South -west AustraHa, Tasmania ;
Corvus coronoides hennetti (North), North Oueenshmd, and North
and North-west New South Wales ; Corvus coronoides cecilcs
(Mathews), Northern Territory, North-west Austraha, Mid-west
Austraha, South-west Austraha. As synonym of C. c. coronoides
(V. & H.), he only allows C. mariance (Mathews), whereas Ogilvie-
Grant had included C. c. perplexus, C. mariancB (Mellori), C. in.
halmaturinus and C. m. tasmanicus. This means that Ogilvic-
Grant's Corvus coronoides (V. & H.) is exactly equivalent to Strese-
mann's C. c. coronoides and C. c. perplexus. Stresemann, however,
only includes C. m. tasmanicus with a (?), as it may be a distinct
form. Stresemann's C. c. hennetti . is not North's nor Ogivie-
Grant's species, but is exactly my C. hennetti queenslandicus.
Stresemann had no topotypical specimens of C. hennetti and
thought Moolah was in North-west New South Wales, so that he
could call the distinct Queensland form by North's name.
Then Stresemann's C. c. cecilcs is not exactly equal to Ogilvie-
Grant's C. cecilcs as he rejects C. b. queenslandicus and includes
C. hennetti honhoti, which Ogilvie-Grant had decided was a
synonym of C. hennetti.

Whether my attempt " led to confusion," as Ogilvie-Grant
stated, time will tell ; but from a comparison of the two pre-
ceding results, my own treatment is much nearer the truth.

The facts are simple. All the northern birds have white bases
to the feathers, the southern ones dusky ; while there is a small
white-based interior form which, according to Australian Field
Ornithologists, lives along with, and is entirely distinct from, the
southern dark-based form. According to my reading of the facts,
each is separable into geographical scries, but on account of lack
of variation in colour, dimensions are alone a^'ailable, and they
may intergrade.

The separation of New South Wales birds by Sti'esemann as a
valid sub-species, C. c. coronoides, on account of large size is cor-
rect, but his measurements were made incorrectly, as he included
moulting birds, and then averaged the measurement, which is
absurd. Thus in the case of C. c. perplexus he cites Victorian
specimens as having wing lengths of 312, 322, &c. Normantown
birds as 315, 315, &c., and Perth 315. In these cases the wing
had not fully grown and its measurement should not have been
used in connection with averaging figures.

This is truly shown under C. c. hennetti, where he gives the
figures of a long series of Cape York birds, collected by Kemp
for me for the very purpose of settling the question of forms of
these birds. He cites 292-353, giving an average of 322, but a
larger number of the'se specimens had not the ^\•ing feathers fully
grown.

Stresemann lumped all the Crows from India to Japan and
through Australia as one species, with a wing length varying
from 270-380, and bill from 44-69 mm., figures which speak
for themselves.

Vol. XIX

] AsHBV, Birds of Mount Compass District, S.A. 2QQ

Birds of Mount Compass District, South Australia.
15 V Edwin Ashhy, F.L.S., &€., Wittunga, Blackwood,
South Australia.
We liavc fur a long time intended to make the Mount Compass
district tlic objective of a two-days' collecting trip. In the past,
at most, all the collecting we have been able to do in this
locality was to step off for an hour or so when travelling by
motor from Port Victor to Adelaide.

On the day following Christmas Day last Messrs F. E. Parsons,
J. N. M'Gilp, and the writer made an early start for this localit}',
slept under some sheltering pines, and returned the following
afternoon.

The Mount Compass district is one of wide peaty swamps,
between scattered hills, with a sandy surface soil, and largely
covered with low bushes — Hill Oak, Tea-tree, &c. ; the whole area
being at a very considerable; altitude, and very cold and wet in
winter.

The S.A. Museum records show that from time to time rare
birds were sent down from this district to the Museum more
than 30 years ago.

On reaching the, small township of Mount Compass we made
arrangements for our meals and started off across a mile or so
of swamp, which, owing to the unusually dry season, was now
only swampy in places. Mirafra javanica scciinda (Sharpe), Lesser
Bush-Lark, were numerous in the wet portions of the swamp,
rising with their peculiar fluttering flight, and pitching down into
the swamp a short distance away. Anthiis australis was numer-
ous on the drier portions, and on the rising ground the Brown
Song-Larks, Cinclorhamphiis critralis, were still giving snatches of
their song as they slowly flew from one Grass-tree head to another.

Amongst the dwarf bushes on the sandy rising ground Mr.
Parsons flushed and wounded a Calamanthiis campestris (Gould),
Field-Wren, but we could not ascertain for certain to which race
it belonged ; for, although several times our hands were almost
upon it, it at last got away. This bird is rare in our southern
districts. Next we secured a fine specimen of Hylacola can/a,
Rufous-rumped Ground-Wren. This was a most interesting find,
for, although we are familiar with it in our dry Mallee country,
none of our party had ever met with it in our wet hill country.

Mr. M'Gilp flushed two small Quails, which he supposed were
Tiirnix velox, but later on we had reason to conclude that they
must have been females of the King Quail. Most of the country
we traversed had been burnt at no distant date, and was, there-
fore, unsuited to the Emu-Wren ; but a small flock of these
diminutive birds was located in some dense bushes growing in
a small area of still swampy ground.

This was the first time that any of our part}- had seen the
Emu-Wren on the mainland of South Australia. I believe the
previous record of birds obtained from Mount Compass was more

300 AsHBV, Birds of Mount Compass District, S.A. [,J'Tpr{\

than 30 years ago, although Capt. White and others had met
with the birds in a swamp at Myponga, a continuation of some-
what similar country to the west, but on the other water-
shed.

In the afternoon we went a few miles further on and searched
in a patch of swampy ground, with tussocks of Cutting Grass
buried in Tea-tree. Almost immediately Emu-Wrens were " spot-
ted," and, during the afternoon, several specimens were obtained.
The ability of this diminutive bird to keep cover and, in spite
of its long tail, to pass through the densest bushes and cutting
grass at a rapid rate, makes it extremely difficult to shoot them.
While after the Emu-Wrens we flushed a small dark-coloured
Quail, which I felt confident was the King Quail — a bird I had
not met with in this State, and last saw alive in 1886 near
Cranbourne, Victoria — for, although a not uncommon bird in that
State, it is an extremely rare bird in South Australia. All three
of us were so astonished at the occurrence of this lovely quail
that none of us attempted to shoot it.

After tea we made skins of our specimens by lamp-light, and
before getting-up time we were driven from our couches to the
shelter of the verandah near by heavy rain. So effectually wetted
was the scrub that collecting was out of the question, and an
early start was made for home. We learned from local residents
that the King Quail, later in the season, come into the settlers'
vegetable gardens to feed on the seeds of chickweed, and our
informant promised to send us word when they put in an ap-
pearance. Early in February a message reached Mr. Parsons
that the little Quail, that we believed to be King Quail, had
turned up.

We decided at once to go in search of them, and left Black-
wood on the 6th by motor, in time to do some work before dark.
We inspected a different swamp from that visited before, and dis-
covwed a place where there must have been scores of Emu-
Wrens ; for, while now I have not the least power of hearing
their feeble call, Mr. Parsons' ears were very alert, he hearing
the call notes of these little birds on every side — they were never
far from the tussocks of cutting grass. On our return we flushed
several Pigeons which, from their colour and small size, we took
to be Phaps elcgans (Brush Bronzewings).

Next morning we were out in the swamp almost at daybreak,
but did not meet with much success before breakfast. After this
meal .we went after a Snipe, under the guidance of a young
man who knew the spots it frequented ; we flushed it twice,
but its rapid flight was too good for us. We concluded it was
Rostratula australis, the Australian Painted Snipe.

Another locality where Emu-Wrens were very plentiful was
discovered, and several specimens were shot in the dense Tea-tree
growing in water.

We learned that the King Quail had not yet come into the
gardens as we supposed, but our informant had seen three ])irds

^°'i' 2^'^'] AsHRV, Birds of Mount Compass District, S.A. 30I

in a swamp three-quarters of a mile away : so, accompanied by
dogs, we set out on a hunt in that locality.

We were successful in shooting two males, and one or two
females were seen by members of the party. These King Quails,
Excalfactoria atistralis (Gould), were very difficult to flush, rising
almost at one's feet, flying swiftly a short distance and dropping
almost like a stone into the swamp. We were astonished at the
silence of their fliglit — not making the whirr so typical of Quails.
The coloration of this miniature Quail, especially the under side,
with the black diamond, edged with white, on the cliin and
throat, rich chestnut al^domen on a dark lead-coloured ground
colour, is simply superb. We were both delighted to get our
first authentic S.A. specimens, as well as the satisfaction of prov-
ing our identification on our previous visit correct.*

We noted four species of Acanthizce in tlie locality, and the
Crescent Honey-cater, wliich does not occur at ]-51ackwood, was
liere in great numl)crs.

I had brought several skins of rare Inrds to see if the local
people knew them — amongst them the Ground-Parrot, Pezoportts
ierrestris (Shaw), which was recognized as having been in the
district, but our informant said he had not seen it for many
years. In face of the fact that we were told that the Emu-Wren
had become exceedingly rare, whereas they are very numerous
in suitable spots, I think it not unlikely that the Ground-Parrot
is still resident there, in these wide expanses of swamps. Now
this interesting locality is brought comparatively within easy
reach by motor-car we shall hope to study its avifauna more
closely, and expect to re-discover some others of our rare birds
that have disappeared from other localities.

We saw several small flocks of Euphema elegans ((iould), the
Grass-Parrot, and had met with it in numbers on the occasions
of our brief earlier visits to the locality. They are evidently
resident in the district throughout most of the year, and liad
nested quite close to the main road this season.

Another bird that is extremely local in South Australia is the
Fire-tailed Finch, Zonceginthus helliis (Latham) ; several were seen
and one specimen obtained, also what were evidently two nests
were examined by Mr. M'Gilp. It is curious how this species
clings to particular spots. The small creek, with its fringe of
tall bushes, where we saw it this time, was the identical spot
where I had collected it a year or so ago, and the people at
]\Iount Compass referred us to the same spot to find them.

Description of the Mount Compass Emu-Wren and Comparison
with other Forms. — On my return from the December visit I noted
at once the striking difference between the Mount Compass birds
and the Victorian, and called my friend Capt. White's attention

* In the R. A. O.U •' Check-list" South Australia is incUulcd in the range
of the King Quail.— Eds.

OQ2 KsKBY, Birds of Mount Compass Distvict, S. A. V Emu

to the fact, but said I should Hke to see skins collected at the
same season of the year from both localities, to make certain
that the differences were not seasonal. I now find that some
of the February skins have their new plumage, and am satisfied
that the grey character of neck feathers, and the less rufous
coloration generally, is a permanent and distinctive character-
istic. My colleague, Mr. F. E. Parsons, tells me that he had
come to the same conclusion, quite independently.

For purposes of comparison, I arranged the specimens, irre-
spective of locality, in order of the depth of rufous coloration
of the upper portions.

The specimen I collected in Tasmania, near Scottsdale, on 9th
October, 1916, easily was first for the depth and briUiancy of
rufous coloration of the upper plumage, and incidentally smaller
in size than any of the others. Next in order came those I col-
lected near Cranbourne, in Victoria, in July, 1886. The whole
coloration is decidedly rufous, the male slightly more so than
the female, and the forehead of male almost entirely rufous, the
blackish mid-streak being almost absent. Then come the Mount
Compass birds of the South Australian scries, showing a con-
siderably wider distinction between them and the Victorian than
there is between the Victorian and Tasmanian races. In the
males from Mount Compass, the nape and upper neck is distinctly
edged with grey, the rufous coloration being practically con-
fined to the forehead, and the black mid-streak being much
more in evidence than in the Victorian and Tasmanian specimens ;
but in the female this distinction is still more marked — the whole
of the upper portion of the head and neck is grey streaked with
black, and in this respect being very similar to Mr. Parsons' new
Kangaroo Island bird ; but whereas in the Mount Compass birds
the feathers of the wings and back are edged with pale rufous,
in the Kangaroo Island skins this coloration is practically
absent. A consideration of the under surfaces shows that the
Tasmanian and Victorian birds are considerably deeper in rufous
coloration than is the case with either of the South Australian
forms.

To sum up, we have under review four easily separated forms
if examined by daylight. At one end yft have the Tasmanian
form, with its near ally the Victorian bird ; at the other end we
have Mr. Parsons' Kangaroo Island bird, with its nearest ally the
Mount Compass bird herein described.

The Kangaroo Island l)irds I consider an exceptionally distinct
race, and it is very interesting to find that, while tlic mainland
South Australian form is easily separated from tlie insular one,
it is an intermediate race more closely related to the Kangaroo
Island than to the Victorian.

I regret to say that I have no specimens of either of the
Western Australian races, nor of the Mallec bird, and therefore
have been unable to deal with them in the above comparisons.
I am given to understand that the Malice bird is not likely to

^"'•„;^J^-] AsiiBV, Birds of Mount Compass District, S.A. 303

form a link in tlie cluiin ; if this is correct, the isolation caused
by the Ninety-mile Desert must account for the wide divergence
of both the South x\ustralian forms from the Victorian.

I think it best to recognize the Mount Compass birds as an
intermediate variety between the Victorian and "Kangaroo Island
species, with closer affinity with the latter than with the former ;
but should it be deemed best to give sub-specific rank to this
mainland bird, I suggest the name intermeditis, of which the
Mount Compass bird will be the type.

Birds referred to above: — Stipitnrus malachitnis litUcri (Ma.t\\cw5),
Tasmanian Emu-Wren ; Stipitnrus malachiiriis tyegcUasi (Mathews),
Victorian Emu-Wren ; Stipitnrus malachurus habnaturina (Par-
sons), Kangaroo Island Emu-Wren ; Stipiturus malachurus inter-
medius, South Australian Emu- Wren.

Notes on Parasitism.

By H. Stuart Dove, E.Z.S.. West Devonport (Tas.)

The consideration of the parasitic habit among birds, and its
origin, is to my mind one of the most absorbing in the science of
ornithology, and any suggestion as to how it arose is worthy of
discussion. In dipping — perhaps for the hundredth (or
thousandth) time — into that delightful classic, White's
" Sel borne," I find that the author, in writing to Hon. Daines
Barrington, in 1776, mentions that Herissant, a French anatomist,
is persuaded that he has discovered the reason why Cuckoos do
not hatch their own eggs : the impediment arises, he supposes,
from the internal structure of their parts, which incapacitates
them for incubation. According to this gentleman, the " crop
or craw " lies immediately on and over the bowels, so as to make
a large protuberance on the abdomen. [" Crop " here evidently
means " stomach," as will be seen later ; Dr. Newton excludes
the Ciiculidce from crop-possessing birds. — H. S. D.] White
hereupon procured a Cuckoo, and, cutting open the sternum and
exposing the interior, found the " crop " lying as mentioned.
" This stomach was large and round, and stuffed hard like a pin-
cushion with food, small scarabs, spiders, dragon-flics, maggots,
and small seeds, so that these birds apparently subsist on l)oth
insects and fruits." White, although he considered the French-
man was right in thinking this round, hard stomach would make
" a very uneasy situation during the process of incubation," yet,
with true scientific caution, procured another bird, a Fern Owl
or Caprimulgus, " which, from its habit and shape, we suspected
might resemble the Cuckoo in internal construction." So it
proved ; " the ' crop or craw ' lay immediately upon the viscera,
between them and the skin of the belly, and was stuffed hard with
large moths and their eggs, which had no doubt been forced out
of them by the act of swallowing." As the Fern Owl was well

204 Dove, No/es on Parasitism. [,sf M.rii

known, by White's own observation, to incubate its eggs,
Herissant's contention that he had discovered the cause of para-
sitism fell to the ground.

Curiously enough, the same idea has been advanced in this
•present year (1919) — considerably over a century after White's
time. Some discussion on the food of Cuckoos, especially the large
hairy caterpillars which are said to be tackled only by the
CnculidcB, has been going on in the Daily Chronicle, a London
journal, and a lady naturalist. Miss K. J. Edmonds, says that
"to fit him for his allotted task the Cuckoo is mainly stomach,
that portion of his anatomy being extra large and thick, to enable
him to digest his hairy food. Incidentally, the size and thickness
of the stomach and its walls make it physically impossible for the
lady Cuckoo to sit on her eggs, so if Cuckoos are to be hatched it
must be done by other birds. The mother Cuckoo has to work
hard to find a home for her eggs, and loses far more than she can
find homes for in time." Thus far Miss Edmonds. Personally,
I do not give any credit to this theory, for the reason that our
Australian species also feed largely on hairy caterpillars, and at
the same time are able to sit so comfortably on stumps or fence-
posts that I cannot believe they could not be equally comfortable
on a nest. The most casual observer must have noticed how
closely the Pallid Cuckoo (C. pallidus) and the Fan-tailed Cuckoo
{Cacomantis flabelliformis) squat down on such perches as
mentioned above, until their legs are completely concealed by the
plumage — in fact, from their appearance when thus " taking
things easy " one would imagine they would make admirable
mothers.

The cause of parasitism is much more deeply seated, and lies,
in my opinion, on the same plane as the " polyandry " which is
always mingled with it. I believe that all the Cuckoo species (4)
which visit Tasmania are polyandrous, and they are all parasitic.
The only Australian species which is non-parasitic is the Coucal
{Centropus phasianus), and that is not polyandrous, but pairs
in the ordinary way, so far as has been observed. If internal
peculiarities prevent the members of the Cuckoo family from
undertaking the duties of incubation, how is it that the American
species, the Yellow-billed {Coccyzus americamis), and its congener,
the Black-billed {Coccyzus dominicus), both" build nests and rear
their own young, except on rare occasions, and both take heavy
toll of the large hairy larvre which are said to require cum]:)rous,
thick-walled stomachs ?

The birds which are consistentl}' parasitic on the American
continent belong to quite another family — the Icteridce — and the
common North American species, the Cow-Bird [Molathrus ater),
much resembles the European Starling {Sturnus vulgaris) in
general appearance. In that interesting volume, " The Bird
Book," Eckstorm, quoting Major Bendire's " Life-Histories of
North American Birds," says that " a curious fact about the
Cow-Birds is that the males so outiiumhey the females that there are

V'^'-^^'^-] Ddvi;, Xn/i's on Pcirusi/ism. 305

usually three or four to one ; and instead of a large crop of old
bachelors, she goes with all of them." So here again we have
polyandry of a pronounced type in conjunction with the parasitic
habit. My contention is that the great preponderance of males
is at the root of parasitism. If we can find out why the eggs of
the Cuckoos and of the Cow-Birds, which make other species
hatch and rear their children, produce three or four males to one
of the other sex, we shall then be at the root of the matter.
Nothing is gained by re-advancing at the present day theories of
faulty anatomy as the cause of non-incubation, when these were
exploded more than a century ago by old Gilbert White, of
Sell)orne.

Having always considered the subject of parasitism one of
tlu' most important — and puzzling — ^with which the ornithologist
lias to deal, I felt gratified when fortune threw in my path this
spring the compact nest of a Brown-tail {Acanthiza diemenensis),
containing two eggs of the builder and one of the Fan-tailed
Cuckoo [Cacomantis flahelHformis). With the intention of
carrying out a series of observations after hatching had begun,
I visited the nest again after the lapse of three days, and found
it quite intact, but all the eggs had disappeared, and left not a
wrack behind ! The structure was so compact and well hidden,
and so close to the ground (within 3 inches), that it is unlikely
anyone else would notice it, and a boy would almost certainly
have pulled it out of position. It seems probable that either a
rat or snake was the culprit ; the locality is quite a " snaky ''
one, two having been slain already this season not far away, and
a third sighted. Having lately read Dr. Ramsay's remarks (as
quoted on p. 570 of Campbell's " Nests and Eggs ") as to the
alleged enlargement of entrance of Acanthizas' nests by deposition
of Cuckoo's egg, I took careful note of the entrance to the one
recently discovered, and certainly could not have judged by its
appearance that an egg of the intruder had been placed within.
The small circular aperture, protected by projecting eave just
abov(\ was an inch in diameter, and Mr. Campbell's remark
that " it hardly admits one's finger " was fully justified, for it
was with the greatest difficulty that I was able, by insertion of
the forefinger, to hook up one egg at the time to the mouth of
aperture without disturbing the structure. This was the only
possible way to know what eggs were within, for it was an absolute
impossibility to look into the nest. Even had it been away from
the tangle of grass and small bracken in which it was built, the
depth of the structure and the projecting eave (so-called " hood ")
over the entrance, quite near the top of ne.st, would have made
the interior quite invisible. There was no appearance whatever
of the " hood " having been pushed back so as to render the eggs
visible, as noted by Dr. Ramsay in the case of Acanthiza pusilla
in New South Wales, and which he put to the credit of the
intruding Cuckoo (pp. 569-570, Campbell's "Nests and Eggs").
In the case of the 'I'asm.inian nest, tlu^ eave was just as normal

u>0

Q06 Dove, Notes on Parasitism. \_-i^"\\\\

as the entrance itself, and projected horizontally just above the
latter. The egg of the Cuckoo was a fine example, the zone of
purplish-brown near larger end being very much more marked
than in the illustration on plate xvii. of " Nests and Eggs " ;
there were scattered spots of a minute character over the rest
of the surface, and it appeared twice as large as the eggs of the
host, but probably this was deceptive. Except for the great
difference in size, there was a good deal of resemblance between
the tgg of the intruder and those of the host, the markings on the
latter being the same in character, but a good deal fainter.

The position of the above nest, in a small tangle of grass and
bracken, and with a dead bracken lying horizontally across just
above the " hood " of entrance, coupled with the absolutely un-
disturbed appearance of both "hood" and entrance, made it
quite clear to my mind that the parasitic egg had been introduced
by the bill, and in no other manner. It would have been quite
impossible for the female Cuckoo to have " sat upon " this nest
in any fashion for the purpose of deposition, or even to have
" backed up " against the small circular aperture, as her
prominent tail would have pushed the above-mentioned horizontal
dead bracken fern quite out of its original position.

For some time now I have devoted a good deal of attention to
that most interesting family the Ciiciilidce, and have been noticing
the plumage and calls of the various species which visit our island.
It is, I think, possible to distinguish the male and female of the
Pallid species in the field by shape and markings, and it is
probable that the " Knick-knick-knick-knick " call sometimes
uttered is the note of the female, especially as it is very similar to
the call of the British Cuckoo (C. canonis), of tlie same genus as
our Pallid Cuckoo.

In regard to the Fan-tailed and the two Bronze-Cuckoos which
visit us, I am unable to distinguish the sexes in the field, and do
not know the calls of the females, if they have any calls ; but I
should like to have the opinion of other experienced field workers
as to whether there is any noticeable difference in the plumage
and calls of the sexes in tliese three species.

Colour^Sense in Satin Bower^Birds.

By H. V. Edwards, R.A.O.U., Bega, N.S.W.

While admitting that Satin Bower-Birds {Pdloiiorhynchiis
violaceus) in some instances use articles of other colours — such as
red and yellow Parrot feathers — among the decorations of their
play-arbours or bowers, it seems remarkable to me that, in the
particular instance I refer to, the birds should have confined
their ornaments, so far as strong colour is concerned, entirely to
such as had a blue tint.

1 kept a bower built at the edge of a New South Wales coastal

^"'',n^,'^'] I'^nwARDs, Colour-Sense in Sa/iii Ihnver-Birds. QQ?

scrub under close obserN-atiou for nearly six months, during,' which
tinu' the tlecorations c()ini)risi'd scraps of blue glass, pai)er, and
rag, purplcdiluc blossoms from the common flag, or iris, and the
wild plant known as "deadly nightshade" (Solanmn semi-
aymatimi), o\'er a dozen blue-bags filched from neighbouring
laundries, and blue tail-feathers from the Crimson Parrot. This
colour scheme was only varied by a few yellowish-green petals
from some flowering shrub, a couple of snail shells, a spicier egg-
cocoon, a scrap of diamond snake skin, and the whited skull of a
stray Duckling. I hung some scraps of scarlet serge on twigs
near the bower, ])ut, although these were pulled down, they were
not added to the decorations. . Red and yellow flowers and
feathers, too, were just as easily available, but the birds passed
tliem h\, faithful to their chosen colour. b'rom the vantage
])oint of a garden fence near tlie scrul) tlie birds miglit often be
watched playing about their bovver, tossing the ornaments about
in tlieir beaks, and shifting them from place to place. Sometimes
the old male Satin-Bird, clad in glossy purple-black livery, came
alone, sometimes he was accompanied by a retinue of yellowish -
green females and young males. This bower was fashioned of
pliant twigs, tough stems from the yellow everlasting daisy, and
dry grass. It was eventually destroyed by heavy rains, and not
long afterwards another bower, also with ornaments of a blue
tint (built, I presume, by the same company of birds), was found
in scrub on the opposite side of the garden. The decorations of
this bower also included a number of blue-bags. Other observers
have also recorded the occurrence (mainly) of blue decorations
at Satin-Birds' bowers, but have not referred to this incident as
being pecuHar. A .fine specimen of the jungle tree known locally
as " white cedar" grew just outside the fence of this bush garden,
and near the bower. On the berries of this tree, when ripe, Satin-
Birds, Bell-Magpies, Wonga Pigeons, and large Doves (the intro-
duced Indian Turtle-Dove, I think), feasted royally. I grew a
crop of potatoes and maize in the garden, but, it being a season
of severe drought, the Satin-Birds occasionally ate the potato
leaves, and assisted Crimson Parrots, Bell-Magpies, opossums,
and wallabies in stripping the grain from a fair percentage of the
maize-cobs. The Black Satin-Bird, In' the way, often gave a
good exhibition of his powers of mimicry, reproducing very
accurately, I thought, the notes of the Laughing Kingfisher,
Crimson Parrot, and other birds.

Referring again to this strange preference for l)lue, a Satin-Bird
was seen in another quarter (about a mile away from my bower)
looking over the flowers in a garden. The bird finally selected
a periwinkle blossom, purple-blue in colour, and flew off with it.
Red, yellow, and white flowers were available, ])ut tlie l)ird
passed them by.

It may be noted that the eye of a Satin-Bird is blue, but
whether this circumstance has any influence or not in determ-
ining their choice of blue decorations I cannot say.

3o8 Edwards, Colour-Sense in Satin Boiver-Birds. [|^''

As regards the clioice of nesting material of a certain tint, I
was interested last season in watching a Black-chinned Honey-
eater fly down again and again from a tall gum-tree in which it
was building and tweak a beakful of hair from the back of a
creamy pony. Bay and black horses, also feeding about, the
bird passed by, nor have I previously seen a Honey-eater — as this
one did — calmly alight on a horse's back, though the Black-and-
White Fantail, of course, often does so.

Bird Notes from Prairie Table-land, North
Queensland.

By J. R. Chisholm, R.A.O.U., The Plains (O.)

The home blackboy had just returned from the horse paddock.
" I bin see um 'Awk killen um Turkey," he said. " Well, why
didn't you fetch the Turkey ? " " I no bin tinkin' about him."
Perhaps I should not have blamed him. Through life it is
good to have one job at a time. I sent him away, and he soon
returned with the Turkey (Wild Bustard), weighing i6 lbs. A
hole had been eaten in the flesh of the breast. The Hawk is a
little tawny Sparrow-Hawk — I am disposed to believe rather
smaller than the Kestrel described by Dr. Leach ; at any rate, a
diminutive chap, but a born criminal.

Another observation lately is a Jabiru in an out-of-the-wav
place, inducing the belief that these birds fly as high as the Stork.
Tlie bird was at windmill water supply in high, dry table-land
country many miles from any surface water, and could only have
seen the water in the tank if flying at high altitude. It was a
male bird, with brilHant plumage sheen of blue, green, and
bronze on its head and neck.

On a sheep station it is ditflxult to see eye to eye with IVIr.
Froggatt, who would protect the Crow. And, liaving fisli in my
reservoirs, my vision is ol:)liquc witli those wlio would protect the
Cormorant.

My other note concerns the sense of smell once shown by a
Boobook Owl. One of a pair was shot, and carried home in the
darkness — a fourth of a mile. The other followed, and came to
perch on the verandah rail, calling sadly. My wife was much
concerned at wliat seemed uncanny, and foreboding evil.

Amongst the Birds in Out-back Moree, N.S.W.

Bv T. H. Clee, R.A.O.U., Moree.

A delightful example of the economic value of our bird friends
is under notice just now. A severe drought is with us, and every
vestige of edible vegetation is of great value to the grazier, and,
tlirough liim, dirrctl\' to the jicoi^lc. Large areas here arc (inite

Vol. XIX.-j Clfci:, .h^iH/^'.s/ liinis in Oul-lnuk Mxrcc. S.S.W. ^^(H)

drmuUcl. Some holders weri' lucky cnoviKh to K't isolattd
storms and a consequent crop of short grass. Such a place is
Kooroogama Station, almost adjoining the township of Moree
Conducting building and water-service operations ()n different
parts of tin- run, we have a fine opportunity of noticing the birds
at work. A few weeks back, fat, egg-laden grasshoppers made
their appearance in ever-increasing numbers, and this, of course,
is the preliminary to millions of them eating out the vegetation
in a face However, the Straw-necked Ibis appeared, and
within a week there were thousands spread across the paddocks
like- workmen, ch-aning up the grasshoppers with great energy
their long, sickle-like bills enabling the l)irds to pull them out of
cracks and hiding-places in a most businesslike way. A tew
are still engaged cleaning up the stragglers, but, as fcir as one
can see. the job has been completed. We wonder what it would
have cost the proprietor to clear 25,000 acres so thoroughly ol
grasshoppers without destroying a blade of grass, and if the
children and townspeople of Moree realized, as the birds flew
overhead to their roosting-places at night, the good work they
had been engaged in all day ? When one thinks of the vast areas
all oN-er the continent this bird clears in like manner, we realize
the economic asset they 'are, and an excellent reason for the
K A.O.U. to insist on effixient protection for these and other
insectivorous birds throughout the Commonwealth. Can we
wonder that the ancient Egyptians protected the Ibis and
regarded it as sacred ? , ;.; '

The proprietor of this station, Mr. K. A. Read, pays the employes
a /I bonus for fox scalps, and as a result this murdering enemy
of all our ga-ound birds is kept down, and hundreds of the beautiful
and useful little Black-breasted Plover are here nesting and
rearing their young. We noted three nests, with four eggs in
each, within 150 yards of the shed outbuildings. The male bird
disappears during incubation, but the little mother sticks to her
iob till all are hatched, and in a few hours the little stilted mitcs
toddle away with her. During the last 24 hours of incubation
the male is back on guard, and attacks Hawks, Crows, Butcher-
Birds Magpies, or any bird that comes near, with the utmost
ferocity, until they are glad to beat a speedy retreat. Under
these partial sanctuary conditions hundreds of young have been
reared during the last 10 weeks ; but on places where the fox is
not so vigorously hunted probably not 5 per cent, are reared.
The Stone-Plover or Curlew, and the Bustard or Wild Turkey,
both vigorous insect-eaters, have almost disappeared from this
district since Reynard's advent.

The Starling apparently finds this part suits him. Two years
since we saw a small flock here for the first time, very wild and
wary keeping well away from houses. Just now they are nesting
in lio'llow trees all around, and flocks of probably 100 arc quite

common. . i • -x i' c

The town of Moree is favoured with an annual visitation ol

310 Clee, Amongst Birds in Out-back Morec, N.S.W. [,^fX\\\

Friar-Birds, both large and small. Amongst other trees planted
in the streets are many Queensland silky oaks {Grevillea robnsta).
Just now they are in full bloom, and a blaze of golden glory, with
scores of honeycups, and the Honey-eaters are here in hundreds.
The Green-backed Oriole's sweet note and mimicry is heard on
all sides ; but the Friar-Bird is predominant, and is worth coming
some distance to hear. After the early morning meal they devote
their whole energies to vigorous song and noisy chatter in all
languages. An election conference is quite a mild pr<jceeding to
the racket amongst the Leatherheads.

This year, for the first time we know of, the Blue Martins or
Wood-Swallows {Artamns) are drinking at the nectar cups in the
silky oaks. They rise in a cloud from the trees, uttering their
single note and sweet call, and, after circling a while, settle again.
In previous years these birds frequented the open countrj^
nesting on myall stumps, fence-posts, and any convenient spot
at a little height from the ground, but we have not seen a nest
this year ; probably the drought has interfered with their regular
habits.

Your reprint, in the October number of The Emu, page 151,
of Mr. Taverner's views and the Canadian Fisherinaji on the balance
of nature is very interesting, and we should be pleased to read other
contributions on the same subject. At present it looks as
though judicious tliinning of Cormorants as well as foxes is
advisable in this country, for it is quite indisputable that both
Cormorants and Pelicans are making serious inroads on the
nation's fresh- water fish supply.

Variation in the Albatrosses and Petrels.

By Levekett Mills Loomis, F.A.O.U., San Francisco.

Fr is part of the work of the systematist to determine the range
and character of the variations occurring within the limits of
species. That large series are required in these determinations is
well illustrated in the Galapagos Albatross {Diomedea irrorata).
The bill variations of sexually mature individuals of this species
are especially notable. Independent of sex, thirty-three breeding
birds, taken at the same rookery during the same season, display
marked differences in the basal width of the bill and the conca-
vity of the culmen (see Plate LVIII.) The nasal tubes also vary
in shape. Even in the same individual the shape of the tubes
may be dissimilar. A like discrepancy in the form of the nasal
tubes is found among eighty-one specimens of tlie Black-footed
Albatross {Diomedea nigrifyes) o]:)tained on the high sea. So far
as ascertained, the bill variations of the Galapagos Albatross,
described above, are individual variations, the examples in which
they occur being sexually mature. Obviously, it is idle to assume

Tin: Emu, I'ol. XIX.

PLATE LVIII.

The Emu,' Fo/. XI X.

PLATE LIX.

\

Dark and Light Phases of the Fulmar {Fulmarus qlacialis).

Vul XIX. I i.ooMis, ['(iriiilimi in /lit .l/ha/rosses ami Petrels. J-^^-

from im'iigix' scrks tluU similar variations in an\' Albatross arc
constant characters.

Dichromatism is a prominent \'ariation among tlie Petrels, and
the basis of a number of apocryplial species in this group ;
" Fulmar Its rodgcrsi," an extreme Ught phase of the Fuhnar (/'///-
■iiKiKiis gldcicilis), being an example* (see Plate LIX.) In the Fuhnar
and in some other Petrels a difference exists in the geographic
range of the phases, but the distribution does not correlate with
environmental conditions after the manner of geographic varia-
tion, strongly suggesting that dichromatism originated in saltations
(mutations). The phases of the Giant Fulmar {Macronecles gi-
gantens), of the Neglected Petrel {Plerodroma neglccla), and of the
Wedge-tailed Shearwater [Piiffinus chlororhynchus)-f arc additional
instances of dichrcmiatism in the Petrels. It is particularly
significant tliat a light and a dark phase occur in the downy
young of the Galapagos Albatross. J To what extent dichromatism
prevails among the Albatrosses and Petrels can be determined only
l)y an exhaustive study of large series from numerous breeding
stations. It is highly probable that the so-called intergrading
species, like Pitffinus assUnili's, will prove to be dichromatic
variations.

Geograpliic or environmental variation has long been a stumbling-
block in the way of systematists. In America, during the last
centur}/, many conspicuous variations were mistaken for constant
characters and described as species. Later, when larger series
were available for study, these alleged species were discovered to be
imstable and were demoted to the rank of varieties. Subsequently
the term variety was supplanted by the term sub-species, it
being taken for granted that geographic variations are incipient
species. Such is the genesis of the sub-species in America.
Individual, dichromatic, and geographic variations all have evo-
lutionary possibilities, but we do not know the remote future of
any of these variations, nor the manner in which existing bird-
species were evolved. It follows, therefore, that we merely trade
on our ignorance when we affirm that geographic variations are
the beginnings of future species. Often has it been asserted
in their defence that sub-species are aids in the determination of
migration routes. Words alter no facts. It is the fact of
geographic variation, and not the trinomial, that aids in the
determination of migration routes. The White-faced Pi>trel
{Pelagodronia marina) and Kuhl's Shearwater {Piiffniiis kuhli) are
examples of Petrels exhibiting geographic variations.

The term species, from the standpoint of birds, has been used
frequently in the foregoing paragraphs. Two meanings are in-
volved in tlie definition of this term. One pertains to nature,
the other to classification. In natur(\ a bird species is a fund-

* Cf Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th series, vol. ii., part ?., 1918, p. 88.
t Cf. Auk, vol. xxxvi., 1919, pp. 487-489, plate xix.
X Cf. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4tli series, vol. ii., part 2, 1918, pp. 78, 79,
plates ix.-xi.

312 LooMIs, Vai'id/iuii in the Alhairosses aud Petrels. [,si 'April

amental group of Ijird individuals, absolutely separated by a
peculiar assemblage of characters from all other bird individuals.
In a classification based on constant characters, the species is
the unit of a system. Within the species occur the individual,
dichromatic, and geographic variations.

It devolves upon the systematist to determine the species and
the range and character of their variations. But it does not
devolve upon the systematist to reduce classification to a state
of chaos 1:)y attempting to make definite indefinite variations.

Camera Craft Notes.

White-fronted Chats. — There is no series of pictures which has
cost us more time and trouble than that of the White-fronted
Chat {Ephthianura alhifrons). This fact may surprise observers
who know how common the bird is around Melbourne. It nests
quite freely in the suburbs, and our photographic experience of
it has been limited practically to Preston, very little beyond the
outer fringe of the suburban habitation. From the days of eleven
years ago, when we operated with a ten-shilhng camera, wc have
disturbed scores of Chat famihes with our attentions, and the
total result, so far as adult birds are concerned, is the two pic-
tures reproduced. That of the male was obtained after a three-
hours' wait in the branches of a wattle tree near the nest. The
picture of the female, taken during a subsequent season, cost us
no less trouble. In each case one exposure only was made. We
often wonder whether the experience of other photographers
agrees with ours as regards birds which build in populated parts.
They all appear to possess a deep-seated objection to a very
close acquaintanceship with man. • Birds of the secluded parts,
on the other hand, treat camera and operator with an indiffer-
ence born of ignorance. — R. T. Littlejohns, R.A.O.U., and S. A.
Lawrence, R.A.O.U. Melbourne, 27/2/1920.

While waiting to photograph a White-shafted Fantail at the
nest shown in the illustration, the behaviour of the two old birds
was of peculiar interest. The female bird fed the young brood
fearlessly, but the male bird would not come to the nest, although
he hovered near with food. After a time this seemed to exasperate
the mother Fantail, and she chased her mate through the scrub
with angry chatter, and finally took the food from him and fed
the young ones. This happened several times, until at last the
male mustered up sulfi.cient courage to feed the chicks himself.
The photograph of the young Penguins was taken at Phillip
Island, and shows the birds in an interesting stage of moulting. —
L. G. Chandler.

9p

The Emu, VoL XIX.

PLATE LX

The Emu. Vol. XIX,

PLATE LXI.

Yoiin- White-shafted Fantails (Rhif^nliiya allnsca[^a)

Young of Little Penguin [Eitdyptitla minor).

I'HOIOS. IIY li. «. CHANDLER, K.A.O.U.

Voi.^ xix.-j siyay Feathers. 313

Stray Feathers.

Nest of the Brown Hawk. -Has any observer autlieiilic e\i(leiue
of the Brown Hawk, eillier Hicracidca vricntalis or hcri'^oiui, hniUl-
ing its own nest ? In 20 years I have never known either to do
so, always occupying tlie disused nest of some other bird. — F. C.
MoKSE. R.A.O.U. Carah, N.S.W.

* * *

Pratincoles. I lately saw a small ilock of Pratincoles in fhis
district, the lirst for 30 years. I wonder if these birds are nu-
merous anywhere, possil)ly in the southern plains. 1 ha\-e spint
the best part of my hfc in the centi'al regions, ;uid have seen
them only once before, and that 30 years ago. I also saw num-
l)i>rs of Bustards, counted 40 in one lot ; so the fo.xes have not
accounttnl for them all yet. - 1'. C. Moksk. Garah, N.S.W.

* * *

Starling Mimicry. — I noticed in thi- last issue a note l)y A. \i.
Kodda on the mimicry ])y tlu' Starling of the Pee-wit call of the
iMagpie Lark. I can add another striking case of mimicry l)y
the same bird. The Californian Quail, fairly common in this
country, cries " Come-back-quick " very distinctly (to my ear at
least), and lately a Starling has puzzled me greatly on several
occasions by giving the exact call. I could not understand the
Quail's presence in a town garden, until I " spotted " the mimic.
— Dr. T. J. Ick-Hewins. Marton, X.Z.

Parras and Little Crakes. When recentl\- on the Queensland
coast I made two trips to the Sandgate Lagoon, which our mem-
bers visited during the late Congress. I noted about twenty
species of aquatic birds there, the most interesting to me being
the Parras (Lotus-Birds) and Little Crakes {Porzana palmtris),
both of which were represented by three pairs. I saw a pair of
these latter also on one of the ornamental lily ponds in the Bris-
bane Botanical Gardens. It was interesting to find theni thus
right in the town. — F. L. Berney. Barcarolle, Longreach (Old.)
* * *

Black-and- White Fantail in Tasmania. — Your correspondent,
G. Murray Anderson, in last issue of TJie Emu, asks if the Black-
and- White Fantail has been seen in Tasmania before. I can in-
form him that such is the case. In November, 1914, I \\as
visiting the neighboiirhood of Swansea, on our east coast, and
saw one of these birds hopping about in a clear paddock close
to Caml)ria homestead, the old home of the Merediths. The bird
was quite a short distance from me, and as I am well acquainted
with it on the mainland I could not be mistaken. I drew atten-
tion to the occurrence in the Tasmanian Naturalist shortly after,
but have not a copy at hand to give the reference. Now we
have a second record in a distant part of the island. It is re-

314 5/''«y Feathers. [_J

markable that this species, so plentiful and widely distributed in
soutliern Australia, should have failed to establish itself here,
seeing it is an occasional visitant. — W. L. May. Forest Hill,
Sandford (Tas.), 27/1/20.

* * *

Belgrave Notes.— During the New Year Holidays I had the pleas-
ure of spending a few days at Belgrave with that keen bird observer
Mr. L. G. Chandler. We had many pleasant tramps through the
surrounding hills in the search of bird pictures, and although rather
late in the season we succeeded in locating a few nests whose owners
gave us some good opportunities for photography. Among our tame
subjects were a pair of SpinelMll Honey-eaters, the female of which
was very quiet. Their nest was situated in a deep, scrubby gully
which, in conjunction with dull weather, made photography rather
difficult ; however, we succeeded in securing a few good negatives.
The birds, from the commencement of operations, showed little
concern for the cameras, which is, as a rule, a very unusual thing
for Honey-eaters of any kind. Their nest contained two young a
few days old, which were constantly fed by one or other of the
adult birds, largely on blow-flies. We removed the young from the
nest on one occasion, and the female fed them while hovering over
my hand. Photographs could have been obtained of the parent
birds on our hands, but, owing to the dull lighting, the attempt was
abandoned. — S. A. Lawrence, R.A.O.U. Melbourne, 27/2/20.

Birds about Gippsland Lakes. — As the season has been so dry
in many parts of N'ictoria, it is interesting to notice how many
birds have congregated in places that have had a fair amount of
rain. About the Lakes' Entrance, in Gippsland, birds are far more
numerous than usual. There seemed to be hundreds of Coach-
whips {Psophodes crepitans) ; the air just resounds with their cracks,
but tliey are very shy. Every morning I woke to the almost
deafening chorus of Wattle-Birds {Anthochcera), as well as
numerous other birds, (kills and Cormorants were very plentiful ;
the latter birds are by no means in favour here ; but if they
have no other virtue, they are a model of patience, and seen to
sit for hours on piles, &c. Li certain places Bell Miners {Manor-
hina) were in hundreds, and kept up their continuous tinkling ;
it seemed as if the whole clan had gathered to serenade us. King
Parrots, Crimson Parrots, and Rosellas were very plentiful. Black
Swans were on the Lakes in thousands, and it was amusing to see
the sudden scattering amongst the young ones when a boat came
too close; the adult l)irds were nuicli tamer. — (Miss) F. Neely.
]\Ielbournc.

* * *

Spine-tailed Swifts.— On 2()th January, i<)2(), a disturliance arose
from the south-east, with a peal of thunder, a vivid flash, then
rain and high wind. Knowing that the Swift {Chcetiira caiidacuta)

^'"'nro'^'] '^'■''"y i'e^itltcrs: 315

usiuiUy makes its ;4)p(,'arancL; citluT betoix', during, or just after
an atmospheric disturbance, I kept a look-out. and next even-
ing, just before sunset, noticed the birds begin to come over
from north-west and make towards soutli-east, in the teetli of
the wind, wliich was still strong, although tiie evening was fine.
1 "hey came in small, straggling parties, at a height of from 100 ft.
to 2u(i ft. and Mew somewhat languidly, as if tired, "flittering"
the wings more than usual between the "sailing" flights. Over
100 individuals, I sliould say, passed in tliis straggling fashion
in about 18 minutes, when they ceased U) come. They were the
lirst of tlu' species seen this season.

Fan- tailed Cuckoo {Caannantis fiabelliformis). — The first of any
kind of Cuckoo I have seen for fully a montli flew, on 3rd Fel).,
into a gum-tree at l)ack of cottage, and sat there cpiite silently.
Have heard no call from tither these, the PaHid, or the Bronze
for several weeks.

Satin Flycatcher {Myia^ra niiida). — On 4th Fel)., a close morn-
ing, with showers from the north-east, a Satin Flycatcher was
in the gum, and calling with its sweet reedy note, but flew
before I could see whether the plumage was mature. This bird
must be on its way back to the mainland, and is unusually early.
The Scarlet Robins {Petroica leggii) are also back in the garden,
so tliat the season appears quite autumnal alread3^ — H. Stuart
Dove, F.Z.S. West Devonport, Tasmania, 4/2/20.

Bronze-Cuckoo and Shrike-Robin.— Mr. A. C. Stone's discovery
at Ringwcjod (Vic), in Noveml)er, 1919, of an egg of tlie Narrow-
billed Bronze-Cuckoo {Chalcococcyx basalts) in the nest of a Shrike-
Robin {Eupsaltria aiistralis) is not, as suggested,* the flrst record
of the kind. Yellow Robins were (and are) plentiful in my old
locality of Maryborough (Vic), but only on one occasion — 30th
September, 1912 — did I find Bronze-Cuckoos represented in their
nests ; and then, freakishly enough, there were two of the pretty
pink spotted eggs of C. basalts to keep the two green, brown-
spotted eggs of the Robin company. The unusual circumstance
was remarked on in a newspaper paragraph at the time, and sub-
sequently (in 1916) a Melbourne magazine printed an account of
the eventful history of this particular pair of Robins. Briefly, the
nest in which the Cuckoo (or should it be Cuckoos ?) laid was
the second of four built by these Robins in the one season in the
one clump of timber. The first was blown to pieces, and the
second and third were robbed ; but success attended the daunt-
less birds on the fourth attempt. In the second case I was
interested in awaiting the possi])ilities with two Cuckoos in one
nest. On ist Octo])er there was one young Cuckoo in the. nest
witli tlie two Robins' eggs. No trace of the second Cuckoo was

* Liint, vol. xix., p. 244.

3l6 Stray Feathers. [.s^Apui

to be seen ; a bit of slicll at the [(^ot of the tree probably had
reference to the bird in the nest. Two days later the nest was
empty, with no clue pointing to the cause. At a guess I should
say some bird was to blame ; the gentle small boy has (or had) a
habit of taking nest and all. — A. H. Chisholm, State Seeretary.
Daily Mail, Brisbane.

Drought and Bush Fires.~C)ne liardly reahzes the loss and
suffering to bird-life in Queensland during the severe drought.
Over a considerable extent of country many birds completely
disappear — whether they migrate to more favoured districts, or
whether they die out, is difficult to say. For instance, near
Duaringa, inland from Rockhampton, the Beautiful Parrakcet
{Pscphotiis piilcherrimus) was once plentiful, but a severe drought
took place in igo2, and the birds have not been seen since in
that district. We easily realize, also, how stock suffer and die.
Even human beings are hard pushed at times. When travelling
from Townsville to Prairie, near Hughenden, I counted, on an
average, about 50 empty bottles to the mile, alongside the railway
line on the 200-mile journey. The countr}^ there was mostly
open and lightly timbered, and it was only near the coast that we
passed through ranges. The Galahs, or Rose-breasted Cockatoos,
come to drink in the evening, and often in pairs ; although large
flocks of these birds assembled round the water at one time, they
belonged to different flocks ; the same applied to the other birds.
Birds evidently recognize one another, as they alwa3'S seem to
join the flock they belong to, whether large or small. I noticed
that, when the birds drank, they mostly put their beaks well into
the water, showing that they were evidently very thirsty. The
sheep arriving in small lots at the water troughs were in the same
thirsty state apparently, as many gave a short run when they
came close to the troughs. It was interesting to find ancient
fossils near the FHnders River and other places, which reminds
one of millions of years ago, when the Sea-Lizard, which was
over 20 feet long, lived ; also the ancient shell Ancylocera, and
many others. Probably there was no bird-life then as we know
it to-day. Bush |ires account for the destruction of many young
birds, as, at the time of my visit to Prairie, in October, mucli
of the country alongside the railway line had been burnt ; pos-
sibly the railway engine was largely the cause, and birds nesting
on the ground or in low bushes must have suffered considerably ;
but this trouble occurs in most parts of Australia. — 1). LESouiiF.
Zoological Gardens, Melbourne.

^"',gfj^] Ecnunmic Sirtia,,. 3I7

Economic Section.

Objects of the Economic Section. I would propose tliat the
objects of this section should be (</) To put forward in a practical
way knowledge of the economic value of birds ; {h) to contain
notes on feeding habits ; (c) to show liow to maintain, preserve,
and increase the useful birds of any district ; {d) to note tlie
enemies of birds, and the best way of checking same ; [c) to
keep clieck, in a general way, of the numbers of our birds in
various districts, in order to see if any serious increase or de-
crease is taking place, and if possible to get at the cause ;
(/) to ensure that the results of this work be sent to the
various Departments of Agriculture in each State, for distribution
through the Agricultural Gazettes and other channels to tjie
farmers and pastoralists.

The duty of the members of the Union is to lead in the
matter of economic ornithology, as among them are to be found
the most experienced and observant ornithologists.

The immense value of the bird life to the country is how
fairly well recognized, but so far we are only trying on very ])road
lines to preserve them, by means of Acts of Parliament in th(^
first place, and by creating a " bird sentiment " through the ad-
mirable Gould Leagues. These efforts do not get at the root of
the matter, and something more practical is required to enal)le
our l)ird fauna in the settled districts to thrive in the changing
conditions that occupation of the land brings about. On our
farms and stations, in the vast majority of cases, even when the
economic value of the birds is recognized, they are not given
any special consideration, and are left to battle against adverse
circumstances as best they can ; but, considering the assistance
that they are in keeping in check destructive insect life, to say
nothing of the life and interest that they add to the l.mdscape,
it is time well spent, and money saved, to help them in an\- way
to maintain th(>mselves in safety.

Nominally the bird ])opulation of an\' district should be up
to the liiuit of the food supply availal)le, but actually this factor
is disturl)ed by several side issues, some of which are under our
control, notably that of providing them with cover, nesting sites,
and safe watering-places, and by protecting them from, or elim-
inating as far as possible, their enemies. The work of clearing
the average property is usually done much too thoroughly, ancl
even if a few trees are left provision is seldom made for the
young growth to take their place when they die off, and large
areas are left devoid of timber and shelter for stock or bircls
and at the mercy of insect pests. A great deal can l)e done for
our bird life by elimination of their enemies. The penny wise
and pound foolish policy of surface poisoning of rabbits is now
being superseded by the much more effective process of digging
out ; but to allow the properties to be overrun with cats and
foxes is to (U-stroy inueh invaluable bird life. Our bird fauna

3l8 Economic Section. \

Emu

deserves careful and intelligent watching and treatment as one
of the invaluable assets of the country, for it will be exceed-
ingly difficult to replace what is now in many cases being
allowed to be destroyed.— A. S. Le SouiiF, R.A.O.U., State Sec-
retary for N.S.W. Taronga Park, Sydney.

A Plea for Crows and Eagles.

By F. C. Morse, R.A.O.U., " Coocalla," Garah, Northern N.S.W.

In entering on this contentious subject, I wish it to be under-
stood that I am not generalizing without sufficient data. Cer-
tain things have come under my notice that have led me to make
certain conclusions ; this need not necessarily apply to other
parts of Australia.

The Wedge-tailed Eagle and the Crow (Raven) are condemned
by the sheep-breeder, and war, in the shape of poison and guns,
has been waged against them for many years. I have l)een
among the agents of destruction, and claim to have killed as
many of each as anyone else, and also claim to have hated
the Crow with that somewhat venomous hatred that I hear ex-
pressed on all sides for the black devil. In making these re-
marks, I wish to show you that I am not simply a bird-lover,
who can see nothing but good in everything that flies.

Before the advent of the rabbit the Eagle lived largely on
marsupials, varying his diet occasionally with lamb (though
there is no direct evidence of anyone having seen an eagle
take a live lamb) ; however, circumstantial evidence is against
him. But my contention is that where there are rabbits Eagles
will do little or no harm to the lambs. When the rabbits
spread over the Castlereagh country, I was doing colonial ex-
perience on a station in that district, and was in charge of a
flock of 12,000 breeding ewes ; rabbits were numerous, and so
were lambs, but the preference seemed to bo almost entirely
for rabbits. Under one eyrie I counted the remains of fifty
rabbits, hut not a single lamb.

During 1915 I watched an Eagle's nest very carefully, and
two young birds were reared ; but during the whole period till
the young flew away I could only find the remains of five
lambs thrown from the nest — possibly these were dead when
taken. This also was in a lambing paddock. Rabbits are very
scarce, in spite of which the bird carried several to the nest,
besides kangaroo-rats and birds.

Since the blow-fly has become such a pest to the pastoral in-
dustry, sheep-owners are at their wits' end to find some means
of combating the pest. Entomologists have proved that the
larvae of the blow-fly can only live on animal food ; destroy
that and there is nothing much left for the fly.

As a scavenger the Crow is second to none. Xo dead meat
is too advanced in putrefaction for him ; and whether fresh

v„i. xi^^-l Ecommuc Section. 319

or othorwisr a'iiock of Crows will clear up the carcass of any
animal in a very short time : if not too tou^^'li in the skin
they get to work at once a touf^h-skinncd animal lias to \n: left
till softened by decomposition hut the result is always the same,
nothing left but bare bones.

During the spring of last year I came across a very good illus-
tration of their usefulness. Riding out one morning, I found a
(U'ad fox -it had just reached that stage when the whole thing
was a moving mass. I was coming back the same way in an
hour or so, so decided to burn it on my return ; however, Crows
found it in the meantime, and left absolutely nothing but a few
scattered bones. I searched the ground carefully to see if any
maggots had escaped, but could find none. Another illustration :
I wanted to find a suitable spot to liberate some chalcid wasps,
and, thinking of some sheep that had been bogged in a tank
recently and the carcasses thrown out on the bank, I took my
little boxful of wasps thither. The chalcid attacks the pupal
cases of the fly, so it is necessary to find the host in the proper
condition, and, knowing the time it takes for the fly to pupate,
these sheep remains should have been in the proper condition ;
however, again the Crows got there first, and, hunt as I would,
under the carcass or under the surface of the ground, I could
not find one. There were the marks where the Crows had picked
up the ground, to five or six yards away from the carcasses, and
had apparently found every pupal case.

It is stated on all sides that Crows kill sheep and lambs. They
do, beyond any doubt ; but it is the already dying sheep, and
generally the weakling among the lambs. In good seasons, when
everything is favourable to the sheep, the lambing percentage is
also good, in spite of Crows.

During the past three or four months we have passed through
one of the worst droughts known. Many sheep and lambs died
of povertv ; many a one I found down, with one eye or two
eyes out, hut I cannot attribute the death of a single sheep or
lamb to tlie Crows. They undoubtedly hastened the end ; but
wli(>n sheep reach the stage of emaciation that they have to be
lifted up, death is inevitable, and the attacks of the Crows (and
they never overlook a fallen sheep), cruel though it appears,
in all probability sinij^ly saves the poor animals more prolonged
suffering.

In conclusion, I would ask those interested in sheep not to
condemn the birds without a fair trial. Weigh the good and
bad, and I honestly believe the balance will he found in favour
of protection as against destruction.

X.B. — I have used the word Crow all through, hut the more'
common bird here is the Raven.

Birds and Grasshoppers. — The vahu- (A l)ir(ls in keeping down
insect pests is aptly illustrated in this note from Mr. 11. F. Jones : —

320 Economic Section. [i.f'A'iii

" In the (riilf, at times, countless swarms of grasshoppers pass
over the country. They generally hatch out when the first rain
comes, and nearly every bird has a go at them. Ibis, Hawks,
Crows, Plain Turkeys (Bustards), Native Companions, Cranes,
Plovers, Magpies, and Peewits all hasten to the feast and live on
the insects. Even Ducks and Watcr-Hens change their menu and
have a gorge of grasshoppers. Plain Turkeys and Ibis are specially
keen after them, and I have often thought it a shame to shoot
the former when they have been so busy after the pests. When
anyone comes on a swarm of grasshoppers on the plains of the
Gulf- country, it is always a good indication of Plain Turkeys —
the birds are never far away. I have often seen 30 or 40 Turkeys
so busy after the grasshoppers that they hardly took notice until
three or four shots rang out, and a couple of their number fell.
The Turkeys fatten very quickly on grasshoppers." — (From the
Nature Notes column of the Brisbane Daily yiail.)

Birds-of-Paradise and their Plumage. — By proclamation, Sir
Ronald Crawford Munro Terguson, the (iovcrnor-Gcneral, acting
with the advice of the Federal Executive Council, has prohibited
the exportation of Birds-of-Paradise and their plumage, unless
the consent in writing of the Minister of State for Trade and
Customs has first been obtained.

State Secretaries' Reports.

Western Australia.
I IJVTELY visited the country near the Margaret River, south of
Perth, and obtained a Wedge-tailed Eagle. It was the most
beautiful specimen I have ever seen. The ruffle and all the
lighter parts were bright gold colour, and in the centre of each
wing, about the median wing coverts, it had a bright blue
feather. I also got a White-tailed Black Cockatoo [C. haiidini)
given to me, which was taken from the nest. Two flew away
when the man climbed up, and he got the third one. Two of
my friends came to a patch of granite in the clearing in the
forest. Their dog barked at something in the granite. On in-
vestigating, they found a large Brown Snake coiled up in a
cleft in the granite, .and by her sixteen fresh eggs. They killed
the Snake, and one of the boys thoughtlessly broke the eggs
and fed them to the dogs, as they were quite fresh, and I tlius
missed a very interesting exhibit.

Bird life is not much in evidence, as they keep to the lower
damp guUies. The Emus seem to have deserted the place for
a time. They evidently migrate, and at present are away. I
expect they will come back when the Zamia Palm {Cycad) seeds
are ripe, the " Twenty-eight Parrots " are very destructive to
the almonds and apples. When I was near Mingencw, nortli (jf

^"^'iMi^'^'] Slale Sccvclarics' Repor/s. 021

Perth, some years ago, I noticed a number of [Hover on a tlat
near Nangetty Station. (Jn making incjuiries, I found that t]ie
owner of the station had imported some from South Australia,
and they had increased and multiphed where they were released.
At the time, needing a few for the Zoological Gardens, I asked
the manager to nip off the wings of a few young ones, so that
we would he able to catch them later. He did it, but the
old birds killed every young one that had been pinioned. I
think they were the Black-breasted Plover {Zonifer pectonilis) .
They liave appeared lately on many properties on account of tlie
clearing, and seem to be increasing generally.

I saw quite a number of Kingfishers about, especially near
the Vass and Capel Rivers, and I think they are increasing,
due to the large number of perch and carp bred in the rivers.
The Mallec-Fowl (Leipoa) arc still doing well on the coast in
my paddock, but I suppose will disappear when the clearing
is done. Domestic cats, gone wild, are very plentiful on the
coast, and, as usual, destructive.

I saw one thing the other day that was of interest to me,
although it may be well known to others, and that is a Black-
and-White Fantail {Rhipidura mot ac ill aides) eating the large pig
lice (Hcematopiniis uriiis). These are the largest lice found on
any animals, and frequently cause death to young pigs, and these
dear little birds, by clearing them off, are doing a real service
to mankind.

Another thing I noticed was, owing to tlie drouglit in tju'
North, we have had a large iiumber of Goshawks [Astiir crucntiis)
in the Zoo, and the difference in the sizes of the sexes is most
striking. Although a large number have been shot, others seem
to come, and some of them come after the chickens practically
in the dark. The other night, driving the ponies past a pad-
dock with high netting round it, I saw one of these Goshawks
attacking a hen sitting on chickens, and it was so dark that
I had diifftculty in seeing what it was, but it flew up into my
face and left the matter in no doubt.

In the evening of a hot, humid day there was a large swarm
of white ants in our stable yard at the Zoo, and a pair of
(ioshawks were flying after them and eating tlicm flying, just
like Swallows after insects. I never knew before that termites
were included in the menu of these birds, but there is no doubt
about it, as, ho'm^ very interested, I watched them for some time.

E. A. Le SouiiF,
.S7((/(: Secretary for Westcr)i Australia.

Queensland.
Since the last report the membership of the R.A.O.U. in Queens-
land has continued to increase, and now is considerably higher
than ever before. Progress is also the watchword of the Gould

•21

•522 State Secretaries' Reports; \i^'"\\\\

League of Bird Lovers, to which over 5,000 members (adult and
juvenile) have been added during the last few months. The
Central Queensland Native Birds' Protection Association is flourish-
ing ; a society on similar lines has been formed at Mackay ;
and another is in course of formation at Mount Morgan. At
the latter town a fillip has been given the movement by the Mount
Morgan Gold Mining Company having had all the large bird-
haunted dams on its property proclaimed sanctuaries for native
birds.

It is regrettable to report that the Game Bill, which repeals
the obsolete bird protection laws of Queensland, and provides
modern legislation for the preservation of all native fauna, has
not yet passed into law. Introduced into Parliament after an
ornithological deputation had waited on the Minister of Agricul-
ture in August of 1918, it missed the session of 1919 through
pressure of business. The same cause and effect operated in connec-
tion with the session of January-February, 1920 ; but a deputation
to the Premier (Mr. E. G. Theodore), on 13th February, succeeded
in securing a promise that the measure would lie again lirought
forward later in the present year.

Representations were also made by a deputation which waited
on the Minister for Agriculture (Mr. W. N. Gillies) a week later,
the cause of complaint being the alleged depredations of the
Australian Bee-eater {Merops ornatiis) among tlie l)ees. A feature
of the proceedings (which the State Secretary attended by invita-
tion) was a declaration by the Minister that, whea assessing the
value of native birds, he proposed to take into consideration
beauty as well as usefulness. It is surely a most healthy sign
when a practical politician speaks in this way to agriculturists
who, in their own words, "leave sentiment out of the question."

At the annual meeting of the Central Queensland Native Birds'
Protection Association (affiliated with the R.A.O.U.), held on 27th
January, Mr. R. S. Archer was elected patron, Mr. P. E. O'Reilly
president, and Mr. P. V. Maloney hon. secretary. Eiglitecn ntnv
members were enrolled. An honorarium of £G 6s. was voted to
Mr. Maloney for his fine services. It was reported that the com-
mittee was moving in the direction of restricting the use of the
deadly pea rifle to persons over the age of 16 years. Following
a warning against illegal shooting, the Association secured a con-
viction which cost the offender £6 15s. 6d. The chairman (Mr. A.
Boldeman), in moving the adoption of the report, paid a tribute
to the work of tlie committee, and especially the hon. secretary.
A. H. Chisholm, Slate Secretary.

South Australi.\.

, I HAVE the honour to report that since last writing (some three

months ago) your representative in this State has ryvv kv\)t a

watchful eye for the protection and wrllarc of oui" nati\c l)irds.

' 10^1 ] Stale Secretaries' Ref^orts. o2Q

A (K'tcnuiiicd ;iltcmi)t w.is iiiiidc to n\^vn the shooting season on
/til Januarw hut, h\- a great i-lfort, a!)Iy supporteol hy Mr.
(ieo. Lalfer. M.P., this was defeated, and the season opened on
I St I'"ehruar\-. 'S'our repri'sentative accompanied the Hon. H. N.
P)ar\vell, .Attornex -( "leneral and ^Minister controlling the (Janic
.1(7, to the C'ooroiig, ^howi'd him the breeding islands of the birds,
and pointed out the necessity ot closing the Coorong altogether
during such a dry season as this is. It is very pleasing to report
that tln' Minister act(Tl upon this advice, and closed the whole of
the. Coorong for tlu' si'asoii. Tlu^ iiuaiis a gieat deal tor all l.ird-
life there.

\n\\v rtiiresentative had the honour of being elected to a ?cat
on till' board of go\-ei-uois of the great reserve. Flinders Chase,
and carried out all arrangements for a \-isit to the Chase in
hVbruary. The party consisted of ten, including two Ministers
of the Crown. The whole of the south side of the Chase was
inspected, and a \-ery useful and enjoyable time was spent. Your
reiM'esintative had made the journey right round the island, in
company of Mr. G. Laffer, M.P., a few months previoush-. It is
hoped that in the near future arrangements will be made to take
the Minister controlling the .Act and the board of governors round
the north side of the Chase. This would have been done this
montli only that political business prevented the Minister from
leaving town.

Two men were convicted for shooting game (Ducks) on the
lakes in close season, and were fined heavily, also one in the south-
cast of the State added a good sum to the revenue for the same
offence.

Your representative was requested by the Water Conservation
and Irrigation Commission of New South Wales to make a bird
sur\-ey of irrigation areas 60 miles by 30 miles. This has been
carried out, and the report is in course of completion. There is
no doubt this work will bear good fruit if onlv it should be the
means of gaining better protection for so many of our useful birds
and the gazetting ot sanctuaries within the irrigation areas. The
Resident Commissioner was very sympathetic, and there is no
doubt great good will come of this work : a request has been
made for another \-isit to complete the survey.

Owing to the dry season, aquatic bird-life has been congested
upon the fresh-water lakes near the coast, and more damage has
been done this season by the gunners than there would be in three
normal seasons, which is much to be regretted, and i< a -strong
reason for more sanctuaries.

Your representative brought the matter of declaring Macquarie
Island a sanctuary for the fauna of Sub-Antarctica strongly before
every scientific body in this State, with the result that a letter
on these lines was sent trom each body to the Tasmanian Govern-
ment. S. A. White, State Secrctarv.

324 Correspondence. [,.i''''\piii

Correspondence.

To the Editors of " The Emu."

Sirs, — I wish not to enter into controversy with Capt. White,
whose earnestness I appreciate, but let me say that here, at my
home, during 1919 (a very dry year). Cormorants came some-
times in numbers and at other times singly or in pairs. Though
we did our best to drive them away, they eventually took every
fish we had both in our reservoir (70 x 30 yds) and galvanized iron
walled 10,000-gallon tanks. I would not believe they could climb
out of the tanks if the water was a few inches from the rim ; but
they did, and cleared out the fish to the number of hundreds. I
may add that we have fed the fish for years, and had them for
our table as we wished. — Yours, &c.

J. R. CHISHOLM.
" The Plains," Prairie, North Queensland.

To the Editors of " The Emu."

Sirs, — At the recent Brisbane meetings of tlie R.A.O.U., it was
suggested that more consideration should be given to the economic
side of ornithology.

With the notable exception of Capt. S. A. White and Dr.
Burton Cleland, this branch of ornithology has received scant
attention, and the writer feels that some specialized effort should
be made by members to add to knowledge of these matters.

There are, no doubt, many notes of economic interest hidden
away in the pages of past Emus and other scientific journals,
and, as a start, these should be collected and made the corner-
stone upon which to build future work. Members noting matters
of economic interest, however insignificant, should make it their
lousiness to notify headquarters, and, wherever possilile, stomachs
and crops of birds should be saved.

Most important of all, however, is that a collection of well-
preserved stomach contents should, if possible, be established in
each State, so that, when occasion arises to enter the lists in
the interests of the protection of some bird, definite evidence
may be placed before the authorities. No argument could pos-
sibly be so telhng as a well-preserved exhibit of this kind.

Of course, I am well aware that, unless some driving force is
behind this, it will probably die a natural death, and, to com-
bat this, I would suggest that, at the next annual conference,
someone be definitely appointed in charge of an economic section,
with assistants in each State.

In this State we have recently had the spectacle of the autliori-
ties distributing free ammunition for tlie destruction of Cormo-
rants. Now, I hold no brief for these birds, but I certainly think
that they have been condemned without the justice of a fair
trial. Some of our members hold very strong views both for and

^ 'i.,^.''^ J Correspondence. >25

iij^ainst tlu'sc l)ircls. Tlu" fact remains, liowrvcr, that before the
advent of wliite men, our streams teemed witli native Hsli of no
mean qiialit}', and the maUgned Cormorant tlien lield undisputed
sway, as he would be a sore-pressed aboriginal indeed who would
include Shag in his daily menu. Nowadays Shags are considered
fair sport by every possessor of a firearm, and, moreover, their
breeding grounds are often raided and destroyed ; yet we are told
that the Cormorant (not the angler, or drum netter, or dynami-
ter) is clearing out the waterways.

Possil)ly it is, but it is a very serious thing indeed to derrcc
its destruction, without first most exliaustively incpiiring into all
the pros and cons of the case.

The writer heard recently of an instance where an angler,
returning from a \-isit to the south-eastern streams of Australia,
blamed his want of luck to the fact that Cormorants had cleared
out the fish. Unfortunately for him, another angler, who visited
the same localities about a week later, said that he had rarely
liad better fortune in all his long fishing experience.

If tlie Cormorant is a menace, it should certainly go ; ])ut let
us make doubly sure, lest we do ourselves even a greater injury.
It is no light matter to attempt to upset the balance of nature.

I mention this matter as showing one of the instances where
our information is of a woefully inadequate nature, and where
there is room for mucli good work to be done by those who are
favourably situated. -Yours, cSrc, J. ERASMUS WILSON.

To the Editors of " The Emu."
SiKS, — I have read Capt. White's letter of 5/12/iq, in 'The Emu
of January, 19-20, in reply to mine of 13/7/19, in The Emu of
October, 1919. Capt. White thinks I have taken up the subject
of the Cormorants rather hotly. I think if some other orni-
thologists who I know are of the same opinion as myself had
written an article on this argument they would have expressed
their ^'iews decidedly more emphatically.

Capt. White says Cormorants are of more value to Australia
than imported fish (that is entirely a matter of opinion) which
give a limited numb(>r of people amusement, and that he does
not follow the art of ily-fishing. No more do I. It might
surprise Capt. White to know that I have never cast a fly in
my life, nor have I, as far as I know, ever caught an imported
species of fish. He also states that Cormorants were here thou-
sands of years before we came (he cannot prove that), and
he asks why they did not exterminate the fish long ago. My
answer to that is, probably for the sanu' reason that they did
not destroy practically all the bist native fish in many of our
rivers, lakes, and lagoons, such as they have done during the last
few years. Nobody knows the reason why, l)ut perhaps it is
owing to the great increase of the Cormorants, which have eaten

326 Correspondence. [i.t^A^rii

out most of tlic fish clst'wliere, so are now seeking new feeding-
places. Presuming that the birds were always here, they might
not have been in such great numbers as of late years, and prob-
ably they have been breeding more prolifically during the last
twenty years. We have no reliable data to prove this, I know,
but from the reports in the daily papers, also The Emu, about
the great increase of Cormorants, this would appear to be the
case. I would, in fact, go further than that by saying there can
be httle doubt that, taking Austraha as a whole, the Cormorants
are now more numerous than ever, so that explodes Capt. White's
argument. Yet it may have been that the fish were here in very
great numbers long before the Cormorants, and at the time white
people arrived their destructive habits were inchoate. Nobody
can say what was happening here thousands of years ago.
There are a great many changes in nature which man cannot .
account for ; for instance, we have the blow-fly trouble now,
which was practically unknown until recent years. Capt. White
thinks it uncalled for because I could not, agree with his argu-
ment. Had I been able to I should not have written the article
at all. I said nothing to make him reahy think I disbelieved
his statement re visiting Coorong, nor did I doubt it for one
moment ; nor did I ask anyone to take my version (as he words
it) of the subject as correct ; but simply stated I considered, if
it is gone into thoroughly, it is more likely to prove quite the
contrary. And I am stiU of that opinion, in spite of Capt. White
thinking it only worthy of an observant fislierman. Even if, as
Capt. White says, crabs are the enemies of fish, and the food of
Cormorants, they are also the food of many fish. He also states
the birds were destroyed by the fishermen. The only way I
know of destroying adult Cormorants is to shoot them ; if this
was done at Coorong, the fishermen must have gone to a very
l)ig expense in ammunition. If they visited their nesting places
and destroyed the eggs and young, the old l)irds would go else-
where to breed, so that would not decrease their numbers at all
for the whole of Australia. But it is ridiculous to say the birds
were destroyed (it is a pity they were not) — there must be some
millions of them still in Austraha. So it seems odd, if the crabs
are their natural food (as Capt. White states), that they do not
return to where the crabs are now so numerous. The poor fish-
ermen, who, Capt. White says, are suffering a loss of hundreds of
pounds each year, could surely not be 'able to afford to purchase
cartridges at present prices to destroy them. They might have
destroyed a few hundreds in the past, but even if it were a few
thousands the little difference this would make to Australia would
be immaterial. Cormorants have been numerous during the
last few years in so many parts of Australia, destroying thousands •
of our good native fish, for tlu'v can and dt) devour fish with
avidity ; but Capt. White does not appear to realize liow great
has been the devastation. Surely this all goes to prove that his
theory is not correct. Again, surely he does not think that from the

^''';,_^_,'-'^] Corye<.pondencc. ' 327

work he lias done at this one place, and the views he holds about
it, he can answer iox the whole of Australia. I consider there
is plenty of proof that Cormorants are doing much more harm
than good, and I liavc seen nothing so far which points to the
contrary ; in fact, I am quite unable to see any rosy picture of
the benefits likely to accrue from these birds — their pernicious
habits can only play havoc with our native fish. All my experi-
ence goes to prove that Cormorants are detrimental, so I cannot
share Capt. White's optimism. He asks how much research work
have I done to back up my statements ? Have I ever opened a
Cormorant and noted the stomach contents ? At the beginning
of his article he said — " I shall take no notice of personalities."
However, I will answer the questions. The first is rather diiftcult,
as it would necessitate a lot of writing as to exactly how much
researcli work I have actually done. I will only say I consider I
have seen quite sufficient to substantiate my argument ; but, in
these pages, I think there should be an endeavour to refrain from
egotism and pretentiousness. With regard to the second part of
the tpiestion, I make no secret of the fact that I seldom miss a
chance to shoot a Cormorant, and invariably open and examine
tlie contents of the stomach, and my experience has been quite
the contrary to Capt. W^hite's ; nearly all I have examined have
contained good food fish, if obtainable.

I have now expressed my opinion upon this subject fairly and
openly, and I claim as much right to do so as anybody else. And,
hnally, I must say the theory I hold I feel sure will be perpetually
held by most people competent to judge. At the same time I believe
that Capt. White thinks his side of the argument is also correct,
but no man is infallible. I will here state that I will not write
any further upon this subject to The Emu ; I have definitely stated
my views, so I consider it unnecessary to say anything further. —
Yours, &c. THOS. P. AUSTIN.

Cobborah Estate, Cobl)ora, N.S.W.

Reviews.

[Smitlisoiiian In>tiUitiun, United StalL-s National Museum. IJuUetin 107. "Life-
Histories of iN'urtli American Diving IJiids, Order I'yi^opodes. '' I'.y Arlliur Cleve-
land Dent, of Taunton, Massachusetts. Washington : Government I'rinting Office.
1 8 19.1

Mr. Bent, in his " Introduction," naively concludes : — " If the
reader fails to find mentioned in these pages some things which
he knows about the birds, he can blame himself for not having
sent them to The Author." Although the work is "a triuni))!)
for the field oologist and observer, all partaking in its compilation
are to Ix- liighly congratulated.

It should be added that the work is numerously illuminated
by rare and splendid photo. rpictures, and at the end are a dozen
coloured plates of eggs — those especially handsome depicting the
eggs of the Murre and Razor-billed Auk.

328 Reviews. • [isi''''.\",'rii

" Habits axd Economic Relations of the (}uaxo Birds
OF Peru."
This important work by Dr. Robert E. Coker, who is in charge
of the Scientific Inquiry, United States Bureau of Fisheries, is
reprinted from the Proceedings of the United States National Museum,
vol. Ivi., pp. 449-511, plates 53-69.

It would appear that the three chief guano birds, in order of
value, are a Cormorant {Phalacrocorax hougainvillei), a Pelican
{Pelecaniis thagiis), and a Gannet {Sitla variegata) ; and it may
come as a surprise to those persons who advocate the wholesale
destruction of Cormorants to learn that Dr. Coker regards the
Peruvian White-breasted Cormorant or " Guanay " (meaning
" Guano-Bird ") one of the most valuable birds of the world.
From analyses and other scientific calculations " the value of the
guano deposited by this single flock (a rookery of Cormorants)
during a period of a little more than three years may be stated
at 'nearly one million dollars. . . Fowl which produce $1.43
worth of guano a pair annually without expense for care and
feeding except the nomimal cost of protection may well be
appraised at S15 (or over £^) a pair. The fowl which dwell on
the South Chincha Island alone, when it was visited in i()07,
might well be regarded as an asset representing a value of several
millions of dollars."

The photo. -plates of birds and scenes accompanying the
reprint are very fine, while the plates of the Cormorants and the
Pelicans, for sheer numbers of bird-crowds, are simply bewildering.
A fac-siinilc of one of the latter scenes is herewith gi\'en.

[" The Birds ut' Australia." Pail v , vul. vii. Ly Gregory M. .Matliews
F.K.S.F,.]

This part completes volume vii., ancl also completes the
treatment of the non-Passerine birds. The members of one
order, Passeriformes (perching birds), have still to be treated,
but this order embraces about half the birds of Australia, so that
the completion of this great work is not yet in sight.

The Lyre-Bird is confirmed by Mathews as being worthy of the
rank of an order. He thinks further research \yill probably show
that its proper place is not next to the Passcrijormes. Three
.sub-species are proposed by Mr. Mathews for the southern Eyre-
Bird. The northern Lyre-Bird is placed in a separate genus,
Harriwhitea, and two sub-species are proposed. Gould's descrip-
tion of its life and habits, being still the best, is fully (pioted.
Mathews says : — " Tt seems that the bird is now approacliing
extinction, if this be not already achieved."

Five birds ar<> included and figured as a kind of supplement
to bring the first scxcn volumes up to date. These are Globicera
pacifica, not well luuned the Queensland Pigeon (Queensland has
many Pigeons) : the Fluttering Petrel {Reinholdia reinlioldi),
figured for Mr. Basset Hull, president R.A.O.U., in The Kmii.
vol. XV., plate xxxii. ; the Mottled Petrel (Pterodroma incxpectata) ;

The Emu, Vol. XIX.

PLATE LXII.

■fe'

-3';# ^''5^^

^''ig^j'^'J Reviews. 329

tlK- Sii(>\v\- Alh.itro.-s [Duuncdcii cliionoplcra) \ and the (ioldcn-
shouldcrcd Parrcjt [PscplwlcUus chrysopterygiits), whicli Au>tralieins
feared was extinct until Dr. Macgillivray and Mr. .M'Leniian re-
discovered it on the , Cape York Peninsula.

" Addenda " i^ive the generic name " Tavislucku " for the
Spotted-sided Finch, and the name Steganopleura (replacing Stizop-
tcra) for the Banded Finch.

The appendices contain matter of miuh \-a!uc and importance
to ornithologists generally and AustraHan oniithologi^-ts in
particular.

The Library.

The Union's library is growing apace, and tlie lion, librarian
(Mr. Erasmus \\'ils(jn) is greatly handicapped for the want of
proper cases for sheK'ing many valuable books, not to mention
periodicals.

A generous member, who desires his name suppressed at pre-
sent, has kindly donated £5 towards supplying new bookcases.
The lion, librarian hopes that this good example will be fol-
lowed. Any sum, however small, will be of service.

Additions to the Library.

By F. F2K.VSMUS Wilson", K.A.O.U., Hon. Lil)rarian.
" Birds and the War," by Hugh S. Gladstoni'. Skefftngton and
Son. London, 1919.
The author, whose militar}- duties kept him in London, col-
lected all available information dealing with the effects of war
on bird life, and has compiled an entertaining little book, written
in the popular strain. Many sea-birds are shown to have perished
owing to their plumage having become matted together with
crude oil, liberated owing to the destruction of submarines or
oil-tank craft. Guillemots, Razorbills, Puffins, Eider Ducks, and
Gulls all met their fate in this manner, for, Ix-ing unable to liy
or dive, they soon died of starvation.

" Life Histories of North American Diving Birds," Order Pygo-
podes, by Arthur Cleveland Bent. Smithsonian Institu-
tion, United States National Musem, Bulletin 107.
The order Pygopodes contains the following North American
birds : — Grebes, Loons, Puffins, Anklets, Auks, Murrelets, Guil-
lemots, Murres, and the Dovekie, and ^Ir. Bent has dealt with
his subject in a vi>ry masterly manner.

"Spencer F'uUerton Baird," a biography, including selections

from his correspondence with Audubon, Agassiz, Dana,

and others. By William Healey Dall, M.A., B.Sc. J. B.

Lippincott, Philadelphia and London.

Spencer Fullerton Baird, born 1823, died 1S87, might be

330 Additions to the Library. - [,,f'Xrrii

fittingly called the "Grand Old Man" of North American natural
history, and will be long remembered as the man who laid the
fomidations of the famous United States National Museum.
" A Practical Handbook of British Birds,'" by H. F. Witherby,

Parts 4, 5. Witherby and Co., London.
" Some Notes on the Birds of Southern Palawan and Adjacent

Islands." Reprint of contributions by John T. Zimmer

to the Philippine Journal of Science.

Austral Avian Record, vol. iii., No. 7.

This part is taken up with short biographical sketches of three
of our best-known Australian ornithologists -- Samuel Albert
White, Thomas Carter, and William David Kerr Macgillivray —
each sketch being accompanied by an excellent portrait.

Periodicals Received in Exch.\nge.

Aiistralia)i Naturalist, vol. iv., Nos. 8, 9.

No. 9 contains a contribution by E. Oliver Edwards on " Birds
seen at Goorianawa, Central Western District, New South Wales."
Australian Zoologist, The, vol. i., part 7.

Contains two splendid photos, of the Spine-tailed Swift {('hcc-
tura caudacuta).'

.ink, The, vol. xx.\:vi., No, 4.

Avicultural Magazine, third series, Nos. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.

No. 9 contains an article on " The Emeu," by J. K. Butler,
M.D. The doctor states that the word Emeu originally came
from the Portugese word Emea, meaning a Crane. The article
is an interesting one, and is illustrated with a photo, of three
birds taken in his paddock at Cannock, where a pair of ■them
bred.

Bird Lure, vol. x.xi., parts 4, 5, U.
British Birds, vol. xiii., Nos. j, 4, 5^ 0, 7.
Condor, vol. xxi.. No. 4.

Haivkcsbury Agricultural Journal, \-ol. x\-i., parts 10, 11, 12 ;

vol. xvii., part i.
Ibis, The, eleventh series, vol. i.. No. 4.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia,

vol. Ixx., part 3 : vol. Ixxi., part 3.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, vol. viii., Nos.

5, 6, 7 ; and Index to vol. vii.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, \o\. xliv.,

2, 3'
Proceedings of the Royal Society of ]'ictoria, xxxii., new series,

part I.
Revue Francaise d'Ornithologie, Nos. 121, 122, 123.

^*°';„'^,'^'] Addi/ioiis lo the Lihniyy. 33I

Science and / luliislrv, \-(>l. i., Nos. 5, (), 7, cS.

Soiilli Ansiralian Oniilholo^isl, vol. iv., part 4; \-ol. \-., part i;

\'(»1. iv. (4) contains an interesting paper on " Tlif Weights <)[
Birds," by Dr. A. "SI. Morgan. Capt; S. A. White, also con-
tributes a paper on " Birds Recorded from ICarly Days up to
the Present Time for the Reed Beds District." In all, some 168
species of l)irds ;iri' noted, no mean achievement for a single
district. Vol. w (i), "A New Sub-species of Emu- Wren {Stipi-
iiints inalachiiriis /lalviaiiiyina)" is here described by F. V.. I'arsons.
Mr. Gregory Mathews deals with "Ornithological Nomenclature."

Univci'sify of ('alifcniia Publications in Zoology, vol. xix., Nos.

8, 9 ; vol. .\\., Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 ; vol. xxi., No. 3.
\'icl(>rian Xaliiralist, \-()l. xxxvi., Nos. l-io.

Monthly Conversaziones of R.A.O.U.

Thk December conversazione of the R..\.().li. was liekl at the
rooms, Collins-street, on Wednesday, 4th inst., and, despite the
unfa\-ourable weather and heavy rain, there was a fair attendance
of members. Mr. A. J. Campbell was voted to the chair.
Commodore Cochrane, whose naval duties have led him into most
parts of the world, entertained members with some of his bird-
observing experiences in foreign lands. The cream of these
experiences he has written up under the heading of " Red Letter
Days." The Commodore selected five of these days, dealing with
the Siberian Meadow-Bunting in China, the Storm-Petrel in the
Mediterranean, a Falcon of Sardini?,, a Sea-Eagle of Greece, and
Terns on an island near the shores of Palestine. The Siberian
Bunting usually nests on the ground, and, desiring to obtain eggs
of this species, he let it be known in the village that infor+uation
leading to the finding of nests would be rewarded. The " heathen
Chinee " is still a heathen, and one bright young scoundrel, having
found a nest containing four eggs, skilfully constructed another
nest near b\',in whicli he rleposited half the clutch, and endt-axoured
thus to obtain two ri'wanls. The delightful description of the
linding of a nest of this specie's under a flowering wild rose-liush
stamped the Commodore as not merely an ornithologist but a
true nature-lover.

In the Mediterranean is a tiny rocky island that for very man\'
\-ears serv(>d as a })ractice-target for British naval gunners. So
nuirh used was it for. this purpose that tlie only time one could
land there was at the week-ends. Vet here for generations a
small colon\- of Storm-Petrels have braved the dangers and
reared their broods. His account of a visit to this island in search
of Petrels' I'ggs was indeed interesting. Some of his trips were
attended with no little danger, and he related how he was nearly
drowned when visiting a lonely islet near the coast of Sardinia.

332 Munthiy Conversaziones. [i^c'Tlni

He was well rewarded, however, in this case, as he secured two
clutches of eggs of the Elenseor Falcon, a most rare bird, and one
about whose nesting habits very little was known. This Falcon,
he found, laid its eggs on the bare ground on the highest point
of the islet.

Although the birds dealt with were foreign ones, members could
not help but be highly interested, owing to the charming manner
in which the Commodore had handled his subjects.

Members learned with regret that the genial Commodore's pro-
motion has necessitated his removal to England. He will l)e
much missed at the monthly R.A.O.U. conversaziones.

The monthly conversazione was held at the National Museum,
Melbourne, on Wednesday, 7th January. Mr. A. J. Campbell,
C.M.B.O.U., occupied the chair, and he welcomed to the meeting
]\Ir. A. H. Chisholm, State Secretary of R.A.O.U. for Queensland.

The subject for discussion was " Cuckoos," 9,nd many interesting
notes were contributed.. An examination and discussion on recent
additions to the H. L. White collection of bird-skins also took
place. The chairman, in his remarks on Cuckoos, said that he
had recently asked members .:to give more attention to the study
of these birds. He urged that when a nest containing a Cuckoo's
egg was found the young Cuckoo be allowed to hatch, and its
subsequent development watched and recorded. Very little was
known about the young of the Black-eared Cuckoo, and it was
taken for granted that the Narrow-billed Bronze-Cuckoo laid a
pink spotted egg, and the Bronze-Cuckoo a bronze egg. Proof
was required, he said, for nothing definite on the matter had been
recorded. Mr. L. G. Chandler stated that he shot a Bronze-
Cuekoo on one occasion and, as the bird expired, it dropped a
bronze egg. Messrs. Ross and Stone mentioned finding the Square-
tailed Cuckoo's eggs in the nests of Scarlet-breasted Robins, and
the question arose as to whether the bird placed its egg in an
open nest with its beak, or sat on the nest. Mr. F. E. Wilson
said that a lady in Beaconsfield, Victoria, had told him that she
saw a Pallid Cuckoo sitting on a Scarlet-breasted Robin's nest.

Mr. A. H. Chisholm contributed an interesting note on the
Koel. It was possible, he said, that the town of Toowong, in
Queensland, had been named after the call of the female bird.
Messrs. Syd. Jackson and J. O'Neill Brennan had discovered that
the Koel fed largely on the berries of the cockspur bush {Citdrania
jdvanensis), and at one time this bush was plentiful at Toowong.

At the conclusion of the meeting Mr. A. J. Campbell, on behalf
of the Union, presented Commodore H. L. Cochrane, R.N., with
a gold Emu badge, and wished him hon voyage on his departure
for England. Commodore Cochran(\ in responding, said he would
always wear the badge of the R.A.O.U. with great pleasure.
It would remind him of the happy tinn'S he had spent with his
Australian friends, and he hoped that his duties would again
bring him to these shores.

^"';J^'^1 Mouihly Conversaziones. d>Z?>

The l'\I)ruarv convcrsazioiu' was held at the rooms rif t\\v. Union,
Temple Court, Collins-street, at 8 p.m. on Wednesday, 4th Feb.
Dr. J. A. Leach and Mr. U. Lc Souef, C.M.Z.S., gave an interesting
and instructive account of the R.A.O.U. camp-out in the Bunya
Mountains, and other parts of Queensland visited by members.
Dr. Leach spoke of the beauty and economic value of the
mountains. Scrub-Turkey mounds and the bowers of Bower-Birds
were plentiful everywhere, and the lovely Rifle-Birds, Regent-Birds,
Cat -Birds, and other rare birds came to drink at a pool near the
camp. When the work done at the business session was finished,
he said, this congress would probably rank among the most
important held by the Union. Mr. D. Le Souef, in his usual
interesting manner, referred to the bird-life observed by him in
other parts of Queensland, after he had left the main party. Mr.
Watson, of Geelong, kindly lent slides to illustrate the Bunya
Mountain camp-out.

The usual conversazione was held on the 3rd March, at No. 2
Temple Court. The Chairman, Mr. J. A. Ross, welcomed to the
meeting Capt. S. A. White, of South Australia. It was resolved
that letters of sympathy be sent to Messrs. A. W'. Milligan and
A. C. Stone, prominent members, of the L^nion, who had recently
undergone severe operations.

The subject for discussion was " Ducks," and Mr. Dudley Le Souef
opened with an interesting lecturette, illustrated with a fine series
of slides. He mentioned an interesting case at the Melbourne
Zoological Gardens, where a Black Duck and Muscovy Duck had
produced hybrid offspring. Capt. White gave members the
benefit of his extensive field knowledge. He reported an instance
where a wounded Coot had sought the protection of a Musk-Duck
when chased by a Gould's Harrier. Every time the Hawk
attempted to grab the Coot, the Duck dived and sent a spurt
of water into the air with its feet. This manoeuvre was re-
peated until the Hawk gave up. the chase. Mr. A. J. Campbell
asked if anyone had knowledge as to the age at which Black
Ducks breed. Capt. White said that a pair of Ducks had nested
near his house, and the young birds did not breed until the
second year. Mr. Chub thought that the age at which Ducks
commenced nesting would be regulated by climatic conditions
and the food supply. Messrs. J. A. Ross, F. \i. Wilson, (i.
Dyer, and others took part in the discussion.

The monthly conversazione was held at tlu- National Museum
on Wednesday, 7th April. Dr. J. A. Leacli in the cliair.

A feeling tribute was paid to the late ^Ir. A. C. Stone, who
had passed away a fortnight previously. He was the Curator
of our collection of birds' eggs, and was one of the most active
and disinterested members of the Union. He wall be greatly
missed by all the members.

334 Monthly Conversaziones. [,^!'\"rii

Mr. C. J. Wilson, a member of the British Ornithologists' Union,
was welcomed by the chairman. This is x\Ir. Wilson's first visit
to Australia, and he had, in company with the general hon. sec-
retary, been fortunate enough to witness, at the reserve near Bel-
grave, a male Lyre-bird performing in the presence of two female
, birds — a most interesting and rare sight.

Mr. E. Ashby-, M.B.O.U., from South Australia, was also pre-
sent and gave a very instructive address on Humming-Birds,
exhibiting about 50 skins. He was anxious to have these useful
and beautiful birds, if possible, acclimatized in Australia.

Mr. R. Zietz, R.A.O.U., of the Adelaide Museum, was also
present, and showed samples of soft-shelled almonds whicli had
had holes made in them by the imported Goldfinch in order
to procure the kernel inside. It is difficult to realize that these
small birds should be able to do this. The holes were small and
just large enough to enable the bird to secure its food.

The principal item of the evening was the inspection of the
interesting collection of birds' skins which had been received
from Mr. H. L. White, of New South Wales, to add to the " H. L.
White Collection " in the National Museum. Mr. A. J. Campbell
kindly had all the skins on the table, and mentioned that " he
had had a previous opportunity of examining the skins collected
by Mr. W. M'Lennan, R.A.O.U.", on Moa Island, Torres Strait, and
that there were specimens (all in prime condition) representing 65
species, of which about 50 were common to both Australia and
New Guinea ; they were a valuable collection. As a general rule
it was observed that some of the birds were slightly smaller in
size and lighter coloured than the same species obtained on the
mainland of Australia, where the forest growth would be thicker.
Especially interesting was a fine pair of Grass-Owls {Strix Candida),
a fine series of Oriental Pratincoles {Glareola orientalis), a series
of the Northern Cuckoo (C. optatns), and a dark phase of the
Wliite-rumped Swift {Cypseliis pacificiis)."

Attention was also rivetted on a pair of Scrub-Birds {Alyichornis
riifescens), collected by Mr. S. W. Jackson in South Queensland,
the female being the first ever taken, besides the rare species
being for the first time recorded in Queensland. Mr. Jackson
also collected the Olive Thickhead {Pachycephala oHvacea). Both
of these birds are described by Mr. H. L. White in tlie April
Emu as new sub-species.

Report on the R.A.O.U. Oological Collection.

During the last twelve months some fine additions to the I'nion
collection of birds' eggs have been made by Messrs. P. T. Sandlands,
C. L. Orton, P. A. Gilbert, and A. F. Basset Hull, with promises
of further fine sets to follow. A few photographs have been
received, but nothing like what would have been expected. The
following blanks (according to the Union " Check-list," 1013)
want filling, and it is hoped that members and friends will

^'"'■.9^.'^'] Rt't^ort on the R.A.O.U, Oolo(;ical Collection. 335

endeavour to help tlie eolK'etion 1)\- donations of sets and plioto-
{^^aplis as opportunity stTvcs : ia, 2, 3, j\, 10, 12, ij, 14, 15,
17, 18, iqa, 2J, 24, l()a, J2, ^i, 34, jO, 37, 38^, 45, 54, 63, 64, 66,
67, 70, 73, 74(r, 7(), 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 97,
98, 99, 100,. loi, 104, 105, 108, 121, 122, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134,
135, 136, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 152c-, 158,
159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 170, 176, 181, 188, 192a,
193, 200, 201, 204, 206, 207, 212, 229, 232, 234, 237, 239, 241,

242, 250, 251, 257, 264, 266, 268, 269, 271, 27T«, 272, 273, 274,

276, 277, 278, 281, 282, 285a, 286, 287, 288, 290, 294, 295fl, 296,
297. 300. 301, 302rt, 303, 304^, 307, 309, 310, 312, 313, 316, 317,
317a, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 325, 326, 329, 330, 331, 332, 334,
XWh 335. 336«, 337«. 337^. 339- 34o«, 343. 343«. 344- 345«.
34«''. 350. 354. 356, 357. 358- 360, 364. 365. 3^)7. 372, 374- 37^,
:>77' 380, 381, 383, 390, 392fl, 395, 397rt, 399, 400, 402a, 406,
408, 409, 414, 415, 416, 420, 421, 424, 424, 426, 427, 428rt, 428/;,
431, 434. 435. 435«. 4366, 437, 438, 439«, 440a, 447, 448, 449,
450, 45irt, 452, 454, 455a, 459, 460, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472a,
473. 474. 475^'. 477. 480, 481, 482, 482a, 482^, 483, 483^, 483/;,
48(), 491, 492, 494a, 498, 499, 501, 502, 504, 504^, 505, 506, 507a,
508a, 511, 5ii«, 512a, 5126, 513, 513^?, 513/^, 514, 515, 516a, 517,
519a, 520, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 526«, 529, 531, 532, 533, 533a,
334. 535. 536, 538. 538^?, 539«. 54^. 546. 547. 548. 549, 550a, 551,
552, 553. 554. 555. 556, 557, 558, 562, 563, 565, 569, 572, 573^?,
579. 580, 581, 585. 586a, 587, 587a, 588, 590, 591, 593, 593a, 594,
595, 597, 599«. 600, 601, 604, 611, 613, 613a, 615, 616, 617, 619^,
6196, 623, 625, 626, 627^, 6276, 637, 639«, 640, 645, 646a, 647,
648a, 654, 654«, 657, 658, 66ia, 662, 664, 665, 666, 667A, 670,
674a, 678, 679^, 681, 685a, 686, 688, 689, 690, 691, 695, 700,
703a, 704, 708, 710, 712, 7i8«, 723, 725, 728, 731, 736, 7386, 739,
740, 743, 744, 746, 748. Appendix A. : — All numbers excepting
20, 30, 61, 67, 69, 74. Appendix B. : — All numbers excepting 9,
IT, 13, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25.

Donors need not be in doubt in f(n-\varding sets, as, if not new
to the collection, they will help to build up series or replace' short
or damaged sets or those lacking data. The collection is alrcad\-
valual^le for purposes of reference. Donations of either egg sets
or photos, may be forwarded to No. 2 Temple Court, Collins-
street, Mc^lbourne, \'ictoria, Australia.

A. Chas. Stone, R.A.O.U., late Ciiraloy.

Obituary.

It is with great regret we have to record the death of Mr. A. C.
Stone, which took place at his residence, " Stroud," Tivoli-road,
South Yarra, on 22nd March, 1920. He was born at Stroud, in
England, but CAmv to \'ictoria as a young man ;ind settled at
Lake Bcjga, where f(;r many years he mack' good ust' of tlu- sjilendid

336 Obituary [_/•

\p4-il

opportunities present in that' neighbourhood for stud^dng bird-
life. While there he also studied the habits and language of the
aborigines of Lake Boga, and on that subject wrote a valuable
paper, which appears in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of
Victoria, vol. xxiii. (new series). Subsequently he left Lake Boga
and entered into business at South Yarra, and became an active
member of the Bird Observers' Club in Melbourne. Later, he was
elected hon. secretary of the R.A.O.U., and on retirement became
a member of the Council of the R.A.O.U. When Mr. H. L.
White sent a great number of eggs to the I'nion as a foundation
for a scientific collection, Mr. Stone was appointed curator of
the eggs, and held both that ofifice and his office of member of
the Council until his death. He was a most enthusiastic worker
for the Union, and one of his last efforts was directed to obtaining
a complete list of our members who took part in the Great War,
so that tlieir names may appear on the honour board placed in the
Union's room at Temple Court, ^Melbourne.

Donation of the ** William Snowball " Oological

Collection.

Some years ago General Sir Chas. Ryan, the late Dr. William
Snowball, and Mr. Dudley Le Souef combined in an enterprise
to explore the little-known region of Northern Australia, with the
object of adding to their respective oological collections northern
novelties, and sent Mr. H,. G. Barnard afield on their behalf.

]\Iany good specimens were secured, including eggs of the Albert
Rifle-Bird, Manucode, and others. Eventually Mr. Le Souef's
collection was acquired by Mr. H. L. White, Belltrees. General
Ryan still possesses his treasures in handsome, polished, figured
blackwood cabinets, while the late Dr. Snowball's collection,
through the thoughtfulness of the trustees (]\Ir. and Mrs. Robert
Porter) of the family has been donated to the R.A.O.U., and
will make an important, as well as an historical, addition to the
Union's fast growing and useful Museum.

The thanks of members, individually and collectively, go out
to the family of the late Dr. Snowball, and their trustees, for
this most handsome gift.

Notes.

On account of the extended printers' strike, the usual April
issue was not published until 29th May, 1920.

Owing to pressure on our space some matter has been re-
duced and some held over.

Walker, ^\ay .ind Co., I'rinti'vs. 420-4:31 BniirUr-strrct. Alcll.omno.

Vol. XIX

JULY, 1919.

[Pari 1

Emu

A Quarterly Magazine to popularize the Study and Protection of Native
Birds and to record Results of Scientific Research in Ornithology.

Official Organ of the ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.

f^m

Editor: J. A. LEACH, D.Sc, C.M.B.O.U.

(" Eyrecourt," Canterbury, Victoria.)

Assistant Editor: R. H. CROLL, R.A.O.U.

(Education Department, Melbourne.)

'^etboixxxxe :

WALKER, MAY & CO., PRINTERS, 429-31 BOURKE STREET

European Agents :

WITHERBY & CO., 326 High Holborn, London.

1919.

[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED]

Price 15/- Yearly <^»<^>»«>^«^« ^Z^Ir^smSf^ *»«""'""'

ADVER TISEMENTS.

A REMARKABLE BOOK

Charming in Style.

Magical in Interest

" This is a wonderful book — a book of
Nature's miracles. " — Morning Post.

"Mr, Beebe's volume is one of the
rare books which represent a positive
addition to the sum total of genuine
literature. "

' ' Beebe as bomber has sailed in planes
over the German lines. . . . To him the
jungle seemed peaceful ... in language
which has all the charm of an essay of
Robert Louis Stevenson, he tells of bird
and beast and plant and insect." — Theo-
dore Roosevelt.

NOW READY.

JUNGLE PEACE

Bj WILLIAM BEEBE. Illustrated, 8s. Net

A PRAaiCAL HANDBOOK

OF

BRITISH BIRDS

Editor :

H. F. WITHERS Y, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

Contributors: Dr. F. HAR-

TERT. Rev. F. C. R. JOUR-

DAIN, C. OLDHAM, Miu

A. C. JACKSON, and Dr.

N. F. TICEHURST.

Specially arranged for quick
reference. Distinguishing
Character's, simplifying
Identification, full descrip-
tion of all Plumages, Breed-
ing Habits (nest, eggs, sea-
son, incubation, &c.). Food,
Distrilmtion.and Migration.

WITH COLOURED and HALF-TONE

PLATES and TEXT FIGURES.

In 18 PARTS at 4/- Net per Part.

PARTS I. and II. NOW READY.

Practical. Original. Up-toDate.

Full Prospectus on application.

LONDON: WITHERBY & CO., 326 HIGH HOLBORN.

K

ODAK

^

v^

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The Block, 284 Collins St.,

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And at SYDNEY, BRISBANE and ADELAIDE.

Vol. XIX. ocToeefi, taia. [Pari 2.

<& ^ ^ ^

The Emu

^

c^

-^f^^^

A. Quarterly Magazine to popularize the Study and Protection of Native 1
Birds and to record Results of Scientific Research in Ornithology.

Official Organ of the ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.

,/3i

Editor: J. A. LEACM, U.Sc, C.M.B.O.U-

(" Eyrecourt," Canterbury, Victoria.)

Assistant Editor: R, H. CROLL, R.A.O.U.

(Education Department, Melbourne.)

"^etbouvtxe :

WALKER, MAY & CO., PRINTERS, 429-31 BOURKE STREET.

European Agents :

WITHERBY & CO., 326 High Holborn, London.

1919.

[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

1>n¥rti7> Ifik/. ViT'AnY'v- (Includes Membership of the Union);
JTRICE !&/- YEARLY ^^^ 4/. ^^^ s,„g,g ^^^^

Contents - October, 1919.

(The author of each article is responsible for the facts recorded therein, and any
deductions he may draw.;

rAGE

The Allied Buff-rumped Tit-Warbler (Geobasileus hedleyi
rosince). By Capi. S. A. White, C.M.B.O.U., " VVettinga,"
Fulham, S.A. . . . 3l

The Eastern Pal;earctica and Australia. By Robert Hall,

C.M.B.O.U., Bellerive, Hobart (Tas.) 82

A Trip to the National Park of Tasmania at Mount Field.
By Clive E. Lord, R.A.O.U. (Curator of the Tasmanian
Museuvi, Hobart) 08

M.\TERIAL for a STUDY OF THE MEGAPODIID^. PaRT II. By

Major R. W. Shtcfeldt, M.D., C. M.Z.S., Hon. Member R.A.O.U.,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 107

Notes upon the Food of the Swift Parrot (Lathamus dis-
color J. By C. F.Cole, R.A.O.U, Wangaraita(Vzc.J - - 128

Notes upon the Food of the Yellow Parrot (Platycerais

flaveolus). By C, F. Cole, R.A.O.U., Wangaratta (Vic.) - - 129

The Rosella Parrot {Platycercus exitnius) : a Sketch. By A. J.

Campbell, C.M.B.O.U. - 130

Birds Observed About the Lighthouse, Puysegur Point,

Invercargill, N.Z. By R. Stuart-Sutherland, R.A.O.U. - 133

White Variety of the Black M.oo'e,-l:\'E^ (Gallinula tenebrosa).
By W. B. Alexander, M.A., Keeper 0/ Biology, Museum, Perth
(W.A.) 136

The White-winged Wrens. By W. B. Alexander, M.A., R.A.O. U.,

Keeper of Biology, Museum, Perth ( W.A.J - - - - 137

Notes ON Herons. By W. H. Ford, R.A.O.U., Fitsroy (Vic. J - 139

Camera Craft Notes. — Leivoa ocellata [rosince) (Mallee-Fowl), 140 ; Chestnut-
quilled Rock-Pigeon (Peirophassa rufipennis), 140 ; Photographing Young Birds, 140.

Stray Feathers. — Fish-eating Duck. 141 ; Drought and Birds, 141 ; Pacific Gulls,
141; Notes from Mackay (Q.), 142; Birds in Winter, 142; Bega (N.S.W.) Bird
Notes, 141 ; The Black-cheeked Falcon as a Duck-Slayer, 143 ; Black Cockatoos as
Storm Prophets, 143.

Correspondence 144

Reviews 148

From Magazines, &c. - - - - 151

Welcome Home Dinner to A.I.F. Members of R.A.O.U. - 152

Monthly Conversaziones of R.A.O.U. 155

Additions to the Library. By Chas. Barrett, C.M.Z.S., Hon.

Librarian - - - 158

R.A.O.U. Annual Session - - - - . - - - - 160

ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.

CO-PATROWS:

Their Majesties the King and Queen.

OI-PICE-BEARERS :

President: Mr. A. F. BASSET HULL (Box 704, Sydney).
Vice-Presidents- ^^^- J' ^- LEACH, C.M.B.O.U.

Vice- Presidents. ^^j^^_ CHAS. A. BARNARD Queensland).

Hon. Secretary: Mr. \V. H. D. Le SOUEF. CM Z.S., &c.

(Zoological Gardens! Melbourne.)

Hon. Treasurer: Mr. Z. GRAY, L.C.A.

(6s St. Vincent-place, South Melbourne.)

Hon. Librarian: Mr. CHARLES BARRETT, CM Z.S.

(Herald Office, Melbourne).

Hon. Editor of The Emu: Dr. J. A. LEACH, C.M.B.O.U.

(" Eyrecourt," Canterbury. Victoria.)

Assistant Editor

(Kducati'

Mr. R. H, CROLL, R.A.O.U.

Department, Melbourne.)

Hon. Press Correspondent: Dr. BROOKE NICHOLLS.

Hon Auditors/ '^^'^" ^' ^■^^^' A.C.P.A. (42 Temple Court, Collins St., Melbourne)
Imr. J. HEDDING (Monomeith-avenue, Canterbury).

Printing Committee: Messrs. A. J. CAMPBELL, C.M.B.O.U., A. H. E.
MATTINGLEY, CM.Z.S., and CHARLES BARRETT, CM. Z.S.

Local State Secretaries :

Mr. A. S. LE SOUEF, C.M.Z.S., Director, Zoological Gardens, Sydney.

Mr. A. H. CHISHOLM, Dai/y Mail Office, Brisbane, Queensland.

Capt. S. a. white, C.M.B.O.U., Fulham, South Australia.

Mr. W. T. FORSTER, Victoria Park, Perth, Western Australia.

Mr. CLIVE E. lord, Mount Nelson-road, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania.

Mr. W. R. B. OLIVER, H.M. Customs, Auckland, New Zealand,

Mr. G. F. HILL, F.E.S., Darwin, Northern Territory.

Members of Council :

Victoria— Surgeon-Generai- Sir CHARLES S. RYAN, K.C.B., C.M.G., &c.,
Messrs. A. J. CAMPBELL, C.M.B.O.U , A. H. E. MATTINGLEY,
CM.Z.S., AND A. C. STONE

New South Wales — Dr. J. BURTON CLELAND and Dr. E. A.

D'OMBRAIN.
Queensland— Dr. T. HARVEY JOHNSTONE and Mr. E. M. CORNWALL.
South Australia— Messrs. E. ASHBY, M.B.O.U., and J. W. MELLOR.
Western Australia— Major E. A. LE SOUEF and Mr. P. T. SANDLAND.
Tasmania— ROBERT HALL, C.M.B.O.U., and H. STUART DOVE, F.Z.S.

Members of Check*List Committee:

Mr.

W. B. ALEXANDER, M.A.
C BARRETT, CM.Z.S.
A. J. CAMPBELL, C.M.B.O.U.
R. HALL, C.M.B.O.U.
BASSET HULL, R.A.O.U.
J. A. LEACH, C.M.B.O.U.

Mr.W. H. D. LE SOUEF, CM.Z.S., &c.
Dr. MACGILLIVRAY, R.A.O.U.
Mr. G. M. .MATHEWS, F.R.S.E.

„ A. H. E. MATTINGLEY, CM.Z.S.

„ H, L. WHITE, M.B.O.U.
Captain S. A. WHITE, C.M.B.O.U.

ADVER TISEMENTS.

A REMARKABLE BOOK

Charming in Style.

Magical in Interest

" This is a wonderful book — a book of
Nature's miracles." — Morning Post.

"Mr. Beebe's volume is one of the
rare books which represent a positive
addition to the sum total of genuine
literature. "

"Beebe as bomber has sailed in planes
over the German lines. . . . To him the
jungle seemed peaceful ... in language
which has all the charm of an essay of
Robert Louis Stevenson, he tells of bird
and beast and plant and insect." — Theo-
dore Roosevelt.

NOW READY.

JUNGLE PEACE

By WILLIAM BEEBE. Illustrated, 8s. Net

A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK

OF

BRITISH BIRDS

Editor :

H. F. WITHERBY, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

Contrihulors: Dr. F. HAR-
TERT. Rev. F. C. R. JOUR-
DAIN. C. OLDHAM. Mix
A. C. JACKSON, and Dr.

N. F. TICEHURST.
Specially arranged for quick
reference. Distinguishing
Characters, simplifying
Identification, full descrip-
tion of all Plumages, Breed-
ing Habits (nest, eggs, sea-
son, incubation, &c.), Food,
Distribution, and Migration.

WITH COLOURED and HALF-TONE

PLATES and TEXT FIGURES.

In 18 PARTS at 4/- Net per Part.

PARTS I. and U. NOW READY.

Practicai. Original. Up-to-Date.

Full Prospectus on application.

LONDON: WITHERBY & CO., 326 HIGH HOLBORN.

LTODAK -

V PHOTOGRAPHY

NO DARK ROOM required. Perfect Pictures assured.

Kodal( (Australasia) Limited

(Incorporating BAKER & ROUSE PTY. LTD.)

The Block, 284 Collins St,

MELBOURNE,

And at SYDNEY, BRISBANE and ADELAIDE.

Vol. XIX.

JANUARY, 1920.

[Part 3

^ ^ ^

The Emu

■^i'^^

A Quarterly Magazine to popularize the Study and Protection of Native
Birds and to record Results of Scientific Research in Ornithology.

Official Organ of the ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.

Editor: J. A. LEACH. L>.^t., C.M.B.O.U.

(" Eyrecourt," Canterbury, Victoria.)

Assistant Editor: R. H. CROLL, R.A.O.U.

(Education Department, Melbourne.)

'^et£>ouvxxe :

WALKER, MAY & CO., PRINTERS, 429-31 ISOURKi: STREET.

European Agents :

WITHERBV & CO., 326 High Hoi.bokn, London.

1920.

[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.]

Price 15/- Yearly '«"«»»'J;^s Membersh^p^of^ *;;rty"*""'

Contents - January, 1920.

(The author of each article is responsible for the facts recorded therein, and any
deductions he may draw.)

Bower or Striped-Breasted Shrike-Thrush (Colluridncla

boxueri, Ramsay). By A. J. Campbell, CM.B.O.U. - - i6i

The Small-billed Tit-Warbler (Acanthiza morgani). By A.

J. Campbell, CM.B.O.U. - - - - - - - - i6i

Notes on Sea-Birds. By Major (Dr. J W. Macgillivray, late

President R.A.O.U. - - - 162

Nesting of White-ru.mped Swift (Cypselus pacijicus). By

(Commodore) Henry L. Cochrane, R.N., M.B.O.U. - - 176

Material for a Study of the Megapodiid/E. By Major R.
W. Shiifcldt, M.D., C.M.Z.S., Hott. Member R.A.O.U.,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A. - - . - - - - I79

Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union — Annual

Meeting 193

The Bunya Range Excursion. By A. H. Chisholm, R.A.O.U,

State Secretary, (Jucensland 202

NjOtes upon the Birds Observed on the Bunya Mountains
and Stradbroke" Island. By Captain S. A. White,
CM.B.O.U., sometime Presidetit R.A.O.U. - - - - 215

Notes Concerning the Birds met with on Stradbroke
Island, at Dalby, and on the Bunya Mountains. By/.
Burton Cleland, M.D. - - - 226

Northern Notes. By W. H. D. Le Souef, C.M.Z.S., Hon.

General Secretary R.A.O.U. 233

Report on the Ringing of Wild Birds 236

A Rare Cuckoo Combination— Rufous Bristle-Bird and
Fan-tailed Cuckoo. By Herbert A. Purnell, R.A.O.U.,
Geelong (Vic.) , - - - - 236

Camera Craft Notes.— Pelicans on Brisbane River, 237; Pelicans, 237; The
Ground-Thrush, 237.

State Secretaries' Reports 239

Stray Feathers. — The Blackand-Whlle F:intail, 192 ; The Starling as Mimic. 244 ;
Bronze-Cuckoo and Shrike-Robin, 244 ; Swiftlets on Land, 244 ; Bird of Paradise
Nesting in Captivity, 244 ; Wren-Warblers in Captivity, 244 ; Magpies Hatch Bantams,
245 ; " Early Birds," 245 ; Wood-Swallows and Ants, 246 ; Cormorant and Eels, 246,
247.

Economic Section. — The Spineblll as a Flower Fertilizer. 247 ; Ibis at Kerang
(Vic), 24S ; Birds r.nd Insects, 248.

Correspondence - - - 251

Obituary ------- 255

Notes - ------ 255

About Me.mbers - . . . - 256

ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.

CO-PATROMS:

Their Majesties the King and Queen.

Or"PICE.BEftRERS :

President: Mr. A. F. BASSET IJULL (Box 704, Sydney).

Vice-Presidents- '^'^- J' ^- LEACH. C.M.B.O.U.
Vice-Presidents. j^^j^_ CHAS. A. BARNARD (Q.een.lanJ).

Hon. Gen. Secretary: Mr. W. II. D. Le SOUEF. C.MZ.S., &c.

(Zoological Gardens, Melbourne.)

Hon. Assistant Secretary: Mk. F. E. WILSON.

("Jac.iiia," Ontario-street, Malvern.)

Hon. Treasurer: Mr. Z. GRAY, L.C.A.

1^5 St. Vincenl-pldce, South Melbourne.)

Hon. Editor of The Emu: Dr. J. A. LEACH, C.M.B.O.U.

(■■ Eyrecourt," Canterbury. Victoria.)

Hon. Assistant Editor: Mr. R. H. CROLL, R.A.O.U.

(Education Department, Melbourne.)

Hon. Librarian: Mr. F. E. WILSON.

('• Jacan.-)," Ontario-street, Malvern)

Hqn. Press Correspondent : Mr. L. G. CHANDLER.

('• Mahirus," 46 Dixon-street, Malvern.)
Hon Auditors I ■^^''' J- -^- ^-^^^> A.C.P.A. (42 Temple Court, Collins St., Melbourne)
t .Mk. 1. HEDDING (Monomeith-avenue, Canterbury).

Printing Committee: Messrs. A. J. CAMPBELL, C.M.B.O.U., A. H. E.

MATTINGLEV, C.M.Z.S., and CHARLES BARRETT, C.M.Z.S.

Local State Secretaries:

Mr. A. S. LE SOUEF, C.M.Z.S., Director, Zoological Gardens, Sydney.
Mr. A. II. CHISHOLM, Dui/j' Mail Office, Brisbane, Queensland.
Capt. S. A., white, C.M.B.O.U., Fnlhani, South Australia.
Mr. W. B. ALEXANDER, M.A., Museum, Perth, Western Australia.
Mr. CLIVE E. LORD, Mount Nelson-road, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania.
Mk. W. R. B. OLIVER, II. M. Customs, Auckland, New Zealand.
Mr. G. F. HILL, F.E.S., Darwin, Northern Territory.
Mr. C. ZIMMER, Papua.

Members of Council :
Victoria— Dr. Y.. H. NICHOLLS, Messrs. C. L. BARRETT, J. A. ROSS,

AND A. C. STONE.
New South Wales — Dr. J. BURTON CLELAND and Dk. E. A.

D'OMBRAIN.
Queensland— Dr. T. HARVEY JOHNSTON and Mr. E. M. CORNWALL.
South Australia— Messk.s. E. ASHBY, M.B.O.U., and J. W. MELLOR.
Western Australia— M.ajor E. A. LE SOUEF and Mr. P. T. SANDLAND.
Tasmania— ROBERT HALL, C.M.B.O.U., and H. STUART DOVE, F.Z.S.
Ex-Presidents {ex officio members)— Sur.-Gen. Sir C. S. RYAN, Messrs.
A. J. CAMPBELL and A. H. E. MATTINGLEY.

Members of Check- List Committee:

Mr. W. B. ALEXANDER, .M.A. Mr. W. H. D. LE SOUEF, C.M.Z.S., &c.

,, C. L.BARRETT, C.M.Z.S. Dr. MACGILLIVRAY, R.A.O.U.

,, A. J. CAMPBELL, C.M.B.O.U. Mr. G. M. .MATHEWS, F.R.S.E.

„ R. HALL, C.M.B.O.U. „ A, H. E. -MATTINGLEY, C.M.Z.S.

„ A. F. BASSET HULL, R.A.O.U. „ II. L. WHITE, M.B.O.U.
Dr. J. A. LEACH, C.M.B.O.U. Captain S. A. WHITE, C.M.B.O.U.

A D VER 7 ISEMEKTS.

A REMARKABLE BOOK A PRAQICAL HANDBOOK

^vmd in Stvk.

Migicjl in Interest

" This L- a wonderful book — a book of
Nature's miracles." — Morftimg Post. -

' • Mr. Beebe's volTome is one of the
rare books which represoit a positive
addiiivHi to the sum total of genuine
literature. ""

"• Beebe as bomber has sailed in pknes

. ei the German lines. . . . To him the

r rriiied peaceful . . . ig langaage

- all the chanm of an essay of

r _;iii5 Stevenson, he tell; ofbir:'.

iiii beast and plant and insec,. -

d»r£ RocsewH. . ~

BRITISH BIRDS

Editor :

H. F. WITHERBY, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

CorArihuiori: Dt. F. HAR

TERT. ReT. F. C. R. JOUR-
DAW. C. OLDHAM. Mm
A. C. JACKSON. uhI Dr
M. F. TICEHURST.

Specially arranged for quick

NOW READY.

JUNGLE PEACE

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PARTS 1. and II. NOW READY.

Practical. Original. Up-to-Date.

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LONDON: WITHERBY & CO., 326 HIGH HOLBORN.

■TODAK ^

V PHOTOGRAPHY

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And at SYDNEY, BRISBANE aad ADELAIDE,

Vol. XIX.

APRIL, 1920.

[PaH 4.

-^ '0^

^ ^

/The EmiL

A Quarterly Magazine to popularize the Study and Protectiea of Native
Birds and to record Results of Scientific Research in OnitlMlfsy.

Oicial Organ of the ROYAL AUSTRAUSIAX ORKITHOLOGISTS UIIOI.

f

»

m

C9

^

Editor: J. A. LEACH. D.ic. C.M.B.O.L.

(*■ Eyxecourt." CAnterbary. Victoria.)

Assistant Editor: R. H. CROLL. R.A.O.L.

iEdacatiae Deputr- ' -eJ

ALKER. MAY 5: CO.. PRINTERS. 4=9-31 BOURKE STREET.
ErEOPEAN Agexts :

I

I

i

^ ^-Q-^ WITHERBV & CO., 526 High Holborx, Loxdo> ^ *Q-

[ALL R::^Hrs reservec:

Price 15- YeARLT ^■•^■*« MembersJap of th« UalMf

•r. 4 - per Sia^e part.

Contents - April, 1920.

The Rufous Scrub-Bird (Atrichornis rufescens) in Queensland.
A New Sub-Species. By Henry L. White, R.A.oX'., Bcllirces,
Scone, N.S.W. 257

Haunts of the Rufous Scrub-Bird (Atrichornis rufescens,
Ramsay). — Discovery of the Female on the Macpherson
Range, S.-E. Queensland. By Sidney William Jackson,
R.A.O.U. ----------- 258

New Sub-Species of Pachycephala olivacea. By Henry L. WJriir,

R.A.O.U., BdUrecs, Scone. N.S.W. ------ 273

Field Notes on the Painted Honey-eater (Fntomophila picta).

By J. S. P. Ratnsay, R.A.O.U.. Sydney, A^.S.IF. - - - 273

The Tasmanian and New Zealand Groups. By Rnlievt Hall,

C.M.B.O.U., Past President R.A.O.U. - - - - - 275

Wilson's Promontory (Vic.) and its Wild Life. By Charles
Barrett, C.M.Z.S., Historical Branch, Defence Department,
Melbourne ----- 288

Crested Penguins in Western Australia. By W. B. Alexander,

M.A., Keeper of Biology. W.A. Aluseum, Perth, W.A. - - 295

What are Australian Petrels ? By Gregory M. Matheivs, F.R.S.E. 296

Australian Crows. By Gregory M. Matheivs, F.R.S.E. - - - 2gj

Birds of Mount Compass District, South Australia. By Edwin

Ashby, F.L.S., e>c., Wittunga, Blackivood, South Australia - - 299

Notes on Parasitism. By H. Stuart Dove. F.Z.S., West Dcvonport

(Tas.) - ------ 303

Colour-Sense in Satin Bower-Birds. By H. V. Edwards, R.A.O.U.,

Bcga, N.S.W. ---------- 30G

Bird Notes from Prairie Table-land, North Queensl.\nd. By

J. R. Chisholm, R.A.O.U., The Plains (Q.) ----- 308

Amongst the Birds in Out-back Moree, N.S.W. By T. H. Clce,

R.A.O.U., Moree --------- 308

Variation in the Albatrosses and Petrels. By Levcrett Mills

Loomis, F.A.O.U., San Francisco - - - - - - 310

Camera Craft Notes.— white-fronted chats, 312; Wlute-shafted Fantail and
Penguins, 312.

Stray Feathers. — Nest of the r.rown Hawk, 31.5 ■. Pratincoles, 313 ; Starling
Mimicry, 313 ; Parras and Little Crakes, 313; Hlack-and-White Kantail in Tasmania,
313: Belgrave Notes, 314; l')irds about Gippsland Lakes. 314; Spine-tailed Swifts,
;!i4; Fan-tailed Cuckoo, 315; Satin Flycatcher, 315; Bron/e-Cuckoo and .Shrike-
Robin, 315; Drought and Bush Fires, 316.

Economic Section. — objects oftheEcomonic Section. 317 ; A Plea for Crows and
Eagles. 318 ; Birds and Grasshoppers, 319 ; Birds-of-Paradise and their Plumage, 320.

State Secretarie.s' Report 320

Correspondence - - 324

Reveiws ----- 3-7

The Library - - - - - 3=9

Additions to the Library -------- 329

Monthly Conversaziones of R.A.O.U. ----- 33^

Report on the R.A.O.U. Oological Colleciion - - - 334

OlilTUARV . - - - 335

Donation of the "William Snowball" Oological Collection 336

ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.

CO-PATROWS:

Their Majesties the KinO and Queen.

President
Vice-Presidents:

0»"F»ICE. BEARERS :

Mu. A. F. J5ASSET HULL (I3o.\'704, Sydney).
/ J)K. J. A. LEACH, C.M.B.O.U.

LMk. CHAS. a. BARNARDk(Q.ieen>lan<i).

Hon. (ien. Secretary: Mk. W. H. D. Le SOUEF. C.MZ.S.. &c.

(ZooioKical Gardens. Melbourne.)

Hon. Assistant Secretary: Mk. F. E. WILSON.
Hon. Treasurer: Mr. Z. GRAY, L.C.A.

165 St. Vincenl-plaoe. South .Melbourne, j

Hon. Editor of The Emu: Dr. J. A. LEACH, C.M.B.O.U.

('• Kyrecourt," Canterbury. Victoria.)

Hon. Assistant Editor: Mr. R. H. CROLL, R.A.O.U.

(Kihication Department, Melbourne.)

Hon. Librarian: Mr. F. E. WILSON.
Hon. Press Correspondent: Mk. L. G. CHANDLER.

{•■ M.iluru^,' 46 Di.xon-street, Malvern.)

Hon Auditors f ^^^' ^' '^' ^^■^^^^^' A.C.P.A. (42 Temple Court, Collins St., Melbourne)
|,.Mk. ]. HEDDING (JSIonomeith-avenue, Canterbury).

Printing Committee: Messrs. A. T- CAMPBELL, C.M.B.O.U., A. H. E.
-MATTINGLEV, C.M.Z.S., and CHARLES BARRETT, C.M.Z.S.

Mk.

Local State Secretaries:

A. S. LE SOUEF", C.M.Z.S., Director, Zoological Gardens, Sydney.

Mr. a. H. CHLSHOLM, /Mtfy Mail Office, Brisbane, Queensland.

Capt. S. a. WHrrE, C.M.B.O.U., Fulham, South Australia.

Mr. W. B. ALEXANDER, M.A., Museum, Perth, Western Australia.

Mr. CLIVE E. lord, Mount Nelson-road, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania.

Mr. W. R. B. OLIVER, II. M. Customs, Auckland, New Zealand.

Mr. G. F. HILL, F.E.S., Darwin, Northern Territory.

Mr. C. ZIMMER, Papua.

Members of Council :

Victoria— Dk. E. H. NICIIOLLS, Messrs. C. L. BARRETT, J. A. ROSS,

AND A. C. STONE.
New South Wales — Dr. J. BURTON CLELAND and Dr. E. A.

D'OMBRAIN.
Queensland— Dr. T. HARVEY JOHNSTON and Mr. E. M. CORNWALL.
South Australia— Messrs. E. ASHBY, M.B.O.U., and J. W. MELLOR.
Western Australia— Major E. A. LE SOUEF and Mr. P. T. SANDLAND.
Tasmania— ROBERT HALL, C.M.B.O.U., and H. STUART DOVE, F.Z.S.
Ex-Pkesidents (fv ogido members)— Sur.-Gen'. Sir C. S. RYAN, Messrs.

A. J. CA.^^'BELL AND A. H. E. MATTINGLEV.

Members of Check=List Committee:

Mr. W. B. ALE.XANDKK, .M.A.

,, C. L. B.ARRETT, C.M.Z.S.

,, A. J. CAMPBELL, C.M.B.O.U.

„ R. HALL, C.M.B.O.U.

„ A. F. BASSET HULL, R.A.O.U.
Dk. J. A. LEACH, C.M.B.O.U.

Mr.W. H. D. LE SOUEF, C.M.Z.S., &c.
Dr. MACGILLIVRAY, R.A.O.U.
Mr. G. M. .MATHEWS. F.R.S.E.

„ A. H. E. MATTINGLEV, C.M.Z.S.

„ II. L. WHITE, M.B.O.U.
Captain S. A. WHITE, C.-M.B.O.U.

A OVER TISEMENTS.

A REMARKABLE BOOK

' V^rming in Style. . . . Magical in Interest

" This is a wondeiful book — a book of
Nature's miracles. " — Morning Post.

" Mr. Beebe's volume is one of the
rare books which represent a positive
addition to the sum total of genuine
literature. "'

" Heebe as bomber has Sailed in planes
over the German lines. . . . To him the
jungle seemed peaceful ... in language
which has all the charm of an essay of
Robert Louis Stevenson, he tells of bird
and beast and plant and insect." — Theo-
dore Roosevelt.

NOW READY.

JUNGLE PEACE

By WILLIAM BEEBE. Illustrated, 8s. Net

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OF

BRITISH BIRDS

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Conlrihuton: Dr. F. HAR-
TERT, Rev. F. C. R. JOUR-
DAIN, C. OLDHAM, Miss
A. C. JACKSON, and Dr.

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