~ FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FORSCIENCE ] LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY The Emu A Quarterly Magazine to popularize the Study and Protection of Native Birds and to record Results of Scientific Research in Ornithology. VOL. XXII. 1922-23 k^^oi^ (^^^j / f^ k \ 4 Editor : Assistant Editor : J. A. LEACH, D.Sc, C.M.B.O.U. R. T. LITTLEJOHNS, R.A.O.U. Official Organ of the ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION 2 Temple Court, Melbourne MELBOURNE: W. A. HAMER, PRINTER, 21 JONES LANE (Off 118 Lonsdale Street) European Agents: H. F. & G. WITHERBY, a2t; High Hulbokn. London. 1923 (New- England Plateau), 39. Bird Notes from Willis Island, 181. Birds of Hobart, 127. Birds of the Lake Frome District, S.A., Part I, 237; Part II, 274 Birds of the Moree District, 2 4. Buff-breasted Quail (Tunii.r oUvii), 1. Camera Craft, (57, G8, 149, 150, 244, 318, 319, 320. Correspondence, 66, 254, 315. Description of Nest and Eggs of Tnrnix olivii (Robinson), 2. Description of Eggs of the Golden- shouldered Parrot iP.irpliotKfi chrysoptenjgius), 98. Egret and Glossy Ibis Rookeries, 36. Field Notes ort the Black Bell Magpie (Strepera fitlginosa), 60. Interesting Conduct of the South- ern Stone-Plover (Burliinns magnirostris) , 309. In the Haunt of the Grey Butcher Bird (Crocticuft foniiKitus) , 138. Libiary Notes. 15 9. List of Birds found Breeding in and around the Swamps near Moora, W.A., during 1921, 13 4. New Sub-species of Acantliiza nana. Vigors and Horsfield, 97. Notes, 80, 336. New Sub-species of Tit-Warhleis {Acanthiza) , 63. Notes from Wahroonga, Svdnev, N.S.W., 141. Notes of Sea Birds between Sydney and England, 52, Notes on Birds Observed at Sea, 301. Notes on the Habits of the N. Island Kiwi (Apfrn/.r inan- lelli), 175. Notes on the Pied Bell-Magpie {Strrprra granilina) , 258. Notes on the Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus .^frigoidrs) , 307. Obituary, 76, 158, 256. On the Nest and Eggs of ilie Kent Island Scrub-Wren (.S'rr/r-or- ni.s fronlaVs aidaris. Legge), 3 0 5 . On the Status of several Species belonging to the two genera, Frrgettn Bonaparte and Frr- gcttornis Mathews, 81. Private Collecting — A Criticism 311. Reviews, 78, 156, 252. Round the Lamp, 5 4. State Secretaries' Reports. 6 9, 155, 250. Stray Feathers, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 133, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 179, 245, 246, 247, 248, 300, 304, 306, 317, 320, 322, 323, 324, 325. Subscribers and Members R.A.O.U., 326. The Annual Congress and Camp- Out of the R.A.O.U., 199. The Birds of Little Barrier Island, N.Z., 45. The "Lost" Paradise Parrot, 4. The Most Extensive Ornithological Tour Ever Accomplished in Australia, 218. The Nesting of the Australian Pel- ican {Pelecanus cnnspicilla- tus), 162. The Orange-Winged Tree-Runner (Neoftiffa chrijsoptera) , 124. The Small Birds of the Granite Belt, 288. Tree-Creepers of the Genus (Cli- njacferis), 2 57. Trip to the Northern River-Scrubs of N.S.W., 117. Two Australian Grass-Wrens {Dia- fihorillas purnrlli and J), whitci), 161. Type Descriptions and the IntcM- national Code, 187. Conknls of Vol. A'A'//.— 1922-23 ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOL. XXII. Buff-breasted Quail (Tiiniix dlirii) (colaurrd) .. .. plate i. Class of Country frequented by Buff-breasted Quail; a Nest with Egji.s in .litii. Coen, Cape York Pen- sula plate ii. Nest of Buff-breasted Quail (Tnrnix olivii) plate iii. Nest of Buff-breasted Quail (Tnrnix olivii), opened up to show E^'Ks in Nest plate iv. Beautiful or Paradise Parrots {'PscpliDtus puUhrrri- mvs) on Termites' Mound plate v Habitat of the Beautiful Parrot (Psrphotus pulrhcrri- ))in!i\ plate vi. Beautiful Parrot at Entrance to Nest plate vii. Eggs of the Beautiful Parrot in situ in Teru'.ites' mound plate viii. White Egret (lUjnUa alba) Nest and Youn.ii plate ix. White-necked Heron (Xolophoi)x parifica), on Nest; Black-throated Clrebe {Podirrps rtificuUis), stand- ing on Floating Nest plate \. Black-tailed Water-hen (Trihonijx rcniralis), ap- proaching Nest in Box; Pink-eared Duck (^fala• rurlninchus nu jnhranacf us) , on Nest in Tree- stiiiui) plate xi. Aposlie-Bird { Sfruthidra cincrra), on Nest plate xii. White-winged Choughs (Conorax mrlannrpaiiiphus). Nest and Young plate xiii. Glossy Ibis, Nest and Eggs Plate xiv. Plumed Egret (I'J(/rrtt(t intermedia). Nest and Young Plate xv. Little Egret {Krirettn riarzrtta) at Nest plate xvi. Little Barrier Lsland, from Mt. Archer plate xvii. Pied Shags. Little Barrier Island plate xviii. Nest of the Korimako, or Bel! Bird, in Manuka, Little Barrier Island plate xix. The Lighthouse, Puysegur Point; Paradise Beach .. plate xx. A Dove-Pelrel. injured by striking the Lighthouse; Coast Scene, near Puysegur Point Lighthouse plate xxi. Young being fed by a Black Mag. -The Black Bell- Magpie [Stnpeni fulininnsa) plate xxii. Swamp ("lUni Trees { luieaU/i'tus stuarlitnui ) . in whicli Black Bell-Magpies nest plate xxiii. Conloils of ]'o/. A'AY/.— 1922-23 Dusky Wood-Swallow, rcmovini; (',!;.y:-.slicll I'loiii tlic nest after emergence of i lie younu \)\-a\v xxiv. Bronzewing on Nest, built on top of an old nest of the Rinj;tailed Possum plate xxv. Storm-Petrels (coloured) l)late xxvi. Vieillot Storm Petrel plate xxvii. Gould Storm Petrel plate xxviii. Gould Storm Petrel l)late xxix. Entrance to Nest of Golden-shouldered Parrot ( /'.sr- pJiotiis chriisoptcrygius) lilate xxx. Nest and Esf?s of Golden-shouldered Parrot (PscpluilUH i-hriisoplrrycjius) plate xxxi. Feedinj^ Youns Golden-shouldered Parrots lilate xxxii. Nest and Egss of Northern Brown Quail {^iDiuiciis auairaJis crrritms) plate xxxiii. Nest and Eii!;s of Brown Kail ( A )i}(iiirIiic- canus) plate xxxiv. Nest and Esss of Varied Lorikeet i Psitfni fries vcrfii- color) plate xxxv. Nest and Young of Red-winged Parrot { Aprofiuiirtus erythropterus) plate xxxvi. Nest and Eggs of Northern Pole-headed Rosella(P/r/^)/- cerciis (Klscitiis amatliiisiar) plate xxxvii. Nesting site of Golden-shouldered Parrot { Pscphotiis rhrysoptrrjigius) in Meridian Anthill plat(> xxxviii. Nest and Eggs of Blue-winged Kookahui'i-a ( Dacrlo Irachi) plate xxxix. Taking Nest of NoiMhern Blue-faced Honey-eater (f-Ju- tiimyzon ci/dnotis harterti) plate xl. Playground of Queensland Bower-Bird (Clihtmyilcra nucJiaUs orientalis) plate xli. Nest and Young of Queensland Bower-Bird plate xlii. Black-backed Butcher-Bird (Cracficiis vicntalis) at Nest plate xliii. The Orange-winged Tree-Pamner plate xliv. The Orange-winged Tree-Runner catching small black- ants at Nest I)]at(^ xlv. Grey Butcher Birds {Cracticiis tonitidliis) , n(\st and young l)late xlvi. Introduced Black Swans tCfioinpIs (itralti) on a lake in Xew^ Zealand Iilate xlvii. Feeding Wild Black-backed Magpie's at "Belli rees," N.S.W plate xlviii. The Peaceful Dove (flroprlid plarida) on Nest . . . . plate xlix. The Rufous Grass-Wren; The Dark Grass-Wren .... i)late 1 A Portion of the Nesting Island of the Australian Peli- can, Cawndilla Lake, N.S.W plate li. Nest and Young of Darter, Cawndilla Lake, Darling River, N.S.W plate lii. Nesting Pelicans plate liii. (',»//, ///s (>/' IW. X.W/. 1922-23 A Pelican's Xosl, with a cliitcli of ilii-ff (>trL:s . . . . plate liv. YouiiK Telicans and Pood plate Iv. YoiiDK IVlicans MassiriK ToKethor I>late Ivi. YoiinK Pelicans about four months old plaip Ivii. Pelicans risinfr from Rookery; Pelicans swimming out with younp birds plate Iviii. The Kiwi, when disturbed, assumed a perfectly mo- tionless position; The Kiwi at bay plate lix. Willis Island Wireless Station; Willis Island Anchor- asre and Steamer plate Ix. r.each Scene. Willis Island; Willis Island Sea-birds Nesting plate Ixi. Some of the Delegates,. R.A.O.r. Congress, Adelaide plate l\ii. Queen Mary (then Duchess of York) at Fernshaw (Vic). 11)01; Koyal Steamshi|t •'Oi)hir" off Port Melbourne plate Ixiii. Chas. A. Barnard, F^sq., R.A.O.r., Retiring President p'.ate Ixiv. R.A.O.r. Congress — Some of the party approaching the summit of Mt. Remarkable; Stepping Stones in the Creek l)late Ixv. A Haunt of the Pheasant Coucal {Crntrapns phasiani- niis); Lunch in the Haunt of the Red-breasted Babbler {PiDiiatdstdtiins rubpculus) l)late Ixvi. .\ White-barked Gum [ f-'iicalj/ptus trr»iiti(ils) ; Cross- ing Newcastle Waters after a "Cloud-burst." . . plate Ixvii. A Water-hole in the Northein Territory; Haunt of Egrets and Jabirus plate Ixviii. Nest of the Pink Robin (Erythradriias rudiuiifinHtrr) . with eggs broken by a Shrike Thrush plate Ixix. The Black-fronted Dotterel on Nest plate Ixx. The Little Tree-Creeper ( CliiiKictcris uiinar) i (oloiirrd) plate Ixxi. Mr. Whil'ock's Camp plate Ixxii. A Fine Reach in the Fortescue River. N.W..\ idate Ixxiii. Typical View of Timbered Flats and Hills, showing sandstone strata plate Ixxiv. Grassy Flats, Vegetation, and Rocky Walls of Gorges plate Ixxv. The Lateral-domed Xest of the Striped Thornbill; The Domed but Laierallv-suspended Nest of the Brown Weebjll I)late Ixxvi The Double N«'st of th(> Yellow-tailed Thornbill iOro. htisilriis (■tnisorrliiiiis) ; The Careless Nest of the Buff-iailed Thornbill {(!. nfiidoidis) jilale Ixxvii. The Lateral-domed Nest of the Whit<>-throated War- liier {(',t}i' nlhof/tildiis) ; Nest, iti sifii. of Brown Thornbill i Aiatithiza piisiHn) platiMwviii. The ,\nterior-donn'd Nesl of the Brown Thornbill (,L piisilltn; Wing of a Young Pigeon, to show de- veloping i>rimaries and secondaries jilate Ixxix Terrifying attitud*- adopted by Young Frogmouth plate Ixxx. ( Pddarffus titriyiiidrs ) and Ixxxt. Confcnts of VoL A'AV/. —1922-23 SonUu'iii StoiU'-IMovcrs ( lUnhinita iiKiijiiiiDsliis) in normal attitudes plaic Ixxxii. Southern Stone-Plovers Denionstraiins in Defence of their young one l^lale Ixxxiii. Interested Bird-lovers in the Field plate Ixxxiv. The Yellow-lufted Honey-eater (McliplidUd inclanniis) at Xest plate Ixxxv. Silver Gulls (Lunts ntnac-hoUaiidiuc) on the beach . . plate Ixxxvi lled-kneed Dotterel {Enjthrouonys ductus) nest and eggs plate Ixxxvii The White-browed Wood-Swallow (male) feedinc; young in Nest . plate Ixxxviii Female Southern Stone-Plover (Burhinus niarfniroslris olate Ixxxix TiiK i;.Mr. I o/. .\\\u. The Emu Official Organ of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union Birds of a feather. Vol. XXII. I 1st JULY. 1922. [Vmk)- neutral grey ; crown deep neutral grey ; sides of crown chestnut-brown mottled black ; ear-coverts mouse grey ; hind-neck auburn ; sides of neck neutral grey ; mantle and scapulars auburn, some feathers with black bars and edged with i)ale olive-grey; back, rump upper tail- coverts and tail auburn ; lesser wing-coverts light mouse grey mottled black and brown ; median and greater wing-coverts hazel, some feathers like mantle with several black bars and edged with pale olive-grey; i)rimary-coverts, secondaries and primaries chaetura drab feathers tipped more or less with dull white, and ])rimaries edged on outer web with pale smoke grey; chin and throat whitish ov ])ale smoke grey; fore-neck and breast citrine- drab or greyish olive; abdomen pallid neutral grey; under tail- coverts warm buff; tibia neutral grey. "Bill pale dull olive, irides -and legs yellow" (W. McLennan). Collector's measurements in flesh: — Length, 221 mm.; wing, 103; culmen, 17; tarsus, 30. (I'lesiotvpe, "H. L. White Coll.." Xat. ;Mus., Melbourne.) Description of Nest and Eggs of Turnix olivii (Robinson) iU- U. L. WHITE, C.F.A.(;.U., M.B.O.U., "Belltrees." Scone, N.S.W. With the exce[)tion of the searches made by Sid. W. Jackson for the eggs of .Itriclwrnis rnfcscens (Rufous Scrub-Bird) and F. L. Whitlock for those of Bremiornis cartcri (Desert- Bird), I know of nothing so remarkable as the work put in by W. McLennan in his long hunt after the elusive Turnix ol'n'ii ( P.uiT-breasted (Juail ) . His labour and perseverance were rewarded by three clutches of eggs of this previously practically unknown bird ; one of the sets goes to Messrs. Bettington's "Terragong" Collection, while the others remain in my own. The locality worked over is near Coen, at the base of the Cape York Peninsula, and about 180 miles north-west from Cooktown: a district not easy of access, but rich in bird life. Tn his very full daily notes, McLennan first mentions the bird on October 31st, 1921. He kept in touch with it up to .\pril 5th, 1022. Tv/'t'-^'.— Clutch, four eggs, roundish in shape, much com- y)ressed and pointed at one end, forming cpiite a dumi)y pyriform sha[)e, more so than any others of the Quail family that have come unflcr my notice. Ground colour whitish, minutely speckled, si)otted, and blotched all over with markings of reddish-brown, bluish-grev. and black, the last two colours being the most pre- THE KMV. Vnl XXII. Upper— Class of country frequented by the Buff-breasted Quail. [Lower— A nest with eggs in situ Coen, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Photos, by W. McLennan, R.A.O.U. TriE EMU, Vol. XXII. Tin: KMF. Vnl. XXII. PLATE IV. ^"S™] WHITE, Xcsf and Hm/s of Tunux oUvU. 3 dominant. ( Incuhaticjn hea\y). SItcII tine, and surface rather glossy. ^Measurement in inches: — A, 1.13 ■ .93; 15, 1.13 > .02; C, 1.13 X .89; D, 1.17 >: .93. Taken by \\\ McLennan at Coen, Cai)e \'()rk Peninsula, North Queensland, on March 22nd, 1922. Nest. — Ovate, with entrance at side, placed in a shallow depression in the ground in short fine grass between a stool of a few stalks of long grass, j'nd a small shrub; composed of soft, dry, narrow blades of long grass and stalks of fine grass. Out- side measurements: Width 5i inches, de|)th 5 inches, length 6 inches, entrance 3:] inches wide by 3 inches deep; inside width 4 inches, (lei)th 4 inches; length 4'| inches; depression in which placed 1 inch deep. (For nests see Plates 2 and 4). Co-Types. — -Clutch, four eggs, more heavily blotched than the Type clutch (especially Spm. D), and not quite such pointed specimens. (Incubation fresh.) Measurement in inches: — A, 1.12 X .93; B, 1.17 x .93; C, 1.12 x .93; D, 1.08 x .93. Taken by W. McLennan at Coen, Cai)e York Peninsula, Xorth Queensland, on March 24th, 1922. Xest was situated in a very thinly grassed patch — thin stools of long grass widely scattered, with short fine grass growing be- tween, placed at the base of a stool of long grass amongst short, fine grass. Xest spherical, composed of narrow blades of long, dry grass and short, dry grass, and a couple of dead leaves of ironbark tree with the grass in the tgg chamber. i\leasurements. — Outside : W^idth 5 inches, depth S\ inches, length 5i inches; a few ragged ends of grass project 5 inches be- yond the entrance. Entrance : Width 2| inches, depth 3 inches, "inside : Width and depth 3^ inches, length 4| inches ; depression in ground \ inch in depth. An Abnormal Clutch of Blue-faced Honey Eater's Eggs (Entomyza cyanotis harterti) Clutch of seven eggs taken by W. McLennan at Coen, Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland, on 3rd April, 1922. In his notes W. McLennan says : — "Flushed a Honey-Eater (£. cyanotis) from a Babbler's nest, 10 feet from ground in a Swamp Paperbark tree (Melaleuca) ; it contained a remarkable set of seven eggs. The Babbler's nest was quite a fresh one; the Honey-eaters evidently took posses- sion before it was fully lined, as the strips of paper-bark used by the Honey-eaters w^ere mixed with the strips of messmate bark used by the Babblers, so that I could not tell where one ended and the other began." Eggs all slightly incubated. The seven eggs forming this clutch are so much alike that ap- parently thev were laid bv the same bird. — Hexkv L. White, "Belltrees," 'N.S.W\ 11/6/1922. 4 CHISHOLM. The "Lost" Paradise Parrot. Ti^ffuh" The ''Lost" Paradise Parrot By A. H. CHISHOLM, R.A.O.U., Stale Secretary, Queensland. \\ith apologies to ^Milton, and without irreverence, it may be suggested that it would not he out of place to term the story that here follows, "Paradise Lost and Regained." In brief, it centres on a beautiful (Queensland bird which was known in Europe of old as the Paradise Parrot — a species which suffered so severely towards the cUxse of the last century that it has long been regarded by many ornithologists as extinct — dreadful wc^rd ! — but which has been proved by (Jueenslanders to be, if very rare, still extant. It was nearly eighty years ago that John (lill)ert, able coad- jutor of the great John (kjuUI, when carrying out (ornithological work on the then recently-discoxered Darling Downs, shot Par- rots of a species he had not prexiously seen. Gould referred the specimens to the genus Psef^liotus, and, filled with admiration of the beauty of the birds, gave them the specific title of piilcher- r'unus. "The graceful form of this Parakeet," wrote Gould, "combined with the extreme brilliancv of its plumage, renders it one of the most lovely of the Pslttacidae yet discovered; and in whatever light we regard it, whether as a beautiful ornament to our cabinets or a desirable addition to our a\iaries, it is still an object of no ordinary interest." Sui)erlati\es having been wrung from a seasoned ornithologist who saw only lifeless speci- mens of the "most lovely" bird, what was to be expected from those ])ersons fortunate enough to know it in life? But, strangely enough, little was written about the species until the eighties. By that time, api)arently, large num.bers of Gould's Beautiful Parrot had been sent abroad for aviaries, and had become known to the bird-dealers of Piritain and the Continent under the name of Paradise Parrot. What a degree of ])opularity and ailniira'ion the shapel\- little Australian enioved (.wV!) is made c\ident bv W. 'P. Greene. M.A., M.D., F.Z.S.. in his finely-illustrated Parrots in Caf^thity. published in London in 1884. After describing the "Beautiful or Paradise Parrot" as more lovely, if ])ossible, than the Many- coloured Parrot (P. nntlfieolor) , the writer says: "Xo one can see it without desiring to possess so beautiful and graceful a bird, ancl large sums are constantly being |)aid for handsome specimens bv amateurs; but alas! one in a dozen sur\ives a few months and — dies suddenl\- in a tit one day." Further, the Rev. F. G. Dutton, a corres|)ondent of Green's, improves on the fore- going tribute by saying soundly. "P'^ef^liotits f^iilclierriniiis, the Paradise Paroquet, as the dealers call it, is not only the most beautiful Pseplwtus, as its name savs. but surely the most beau- tiful Paro(|uet that exists. The vivid emerald green and bril- liant carmine of the cock, l^eautifullv contrasted with the grcv TIIK EMU, Vol. XXII. PLATE V. Beautiful or Paradise l^arrols [I'scpliotKs piilrlierrinit4s)on Termites' mouiui (" Ant-hill "). Male at entrance to nest. Female above. Photo, by C. H. H Jerrard, Queensland. ^•"i™-] CIlISliOl-M, The -Lost" Panuiisc l\iyrot. 5 of the rest of the ])luniage, make him 'a joy for ever'." C(niUl admiration be more whole- hearted than this? "But," adds the reverend writer, "handsome is as handsome does, and I regret that I cannot give any of those I have ke])t a good character as a cage bird. Tliey are very shy, and the cock is much given to (h'i\ ing about the hen." It would ai)i)ear that in those days nothing was known in England of the unusual nesting habits of the Paradise Parrot. Greene, never guessing that the object of his greatest admira- tion was addicted to nesting in termites' mounds, laid it down that Pccoporiis fonnosiis (now P. wallicus) was the onlv Australian Parrot that did not breed in trees. After observing that odd specimens of piilcJierriiinis had been known to exist for at least two years in outdoor aviaries in England, Greene adds that "in Germany eggs have been produced, but as yet no young of this si)ecies have been reared in cajUivity, at least to our knowledge." ( )n this jioint, Dutton remarks that a ])air he had was "most anxious" to bore into the wall of a room in which they were placed ; but instead of encouraging this laudable de- sire, he sent both to the Zoological Gardens, where they died. Greene and Dutton are in accord regarding the good health of the species in cajnivity, the former stating also that he knew of "few foreign birds more amiable and inoffensive in their habits, or more susceptible to being completely tamed." He was on less solid ground in adding that "these slim and elegantly-.shaped birds are natives of New South Wales, where they feed on the honey and pollen of flowers, fiies, and small insects, and in win- ter on such insects and seeds as they can find." Many years before the date of Greene's book Queensland settlers had become more or less familiar with the breechng habits of Pscplwtus puIcJicrriiuus. To them it was, variously, the Ground Parrot, Ground Rosella, Beautiful Parrot, Elegant Parrot, and Ant-hill Parrot, to which multitude of titles was added subsecjuently the name of Scarlet-shouldered Parrot. In many districts it was a favourite cage-bird, though, perhaps, no more so than outside its own country. The Barnard family, of Coomooboolaroo, near Rockhampton, were among the earliest people with ornithological leanings to take note of the nesting- habits of the "Ant-hill" Parrot.* When Carl Lumholtz, the Norwegian author of Aiuonc/ Cannibals (London, 1890), was at Duaringa in 1881, he was introduced by the Barnard boys to the burrows of the beautiful bird in termites' mounds, and of these he y)enned an interesting description. On another occasion, near the Nogoa River, Eumholtz had an ex]icriciicc with a ])air * Some writers have overlooked the fact that Silvester Diggles, in his unfinished Ornithology of Australia (issued about 1868) stated of this bird: "The eggs (five in number) are deposited on the bare ground in a deserted anthill, the entrance being a small hole in the side. The young are covered with a thick white down, and much resemble those of hawks." 6 CHISHOLM, The "Lost" Paradise Parrot. Tisf juu" of these birds that "deserves to be revi\ ed from the semi-obscurity of his book. "An hour before sunset," he says, "I left camp with my gun, and soon caught sight of a pair of these Parrots,t male and female, that were walking near an ant-hill, eating grass-seed. After I had shot the male, the female flew up into a neigh- bouring tree. I did not go at once to pick uj) the dead bird — the fine scarlet feathers of the lower part of its belly, which shone in the rays of the setting sun, could easily be seen in the distance. Soon after, the female came flying down to her dead mate. With her beak she repeatedly lifted the dead head up from the ground, walked to and fro over the body, as though to bring it to life again; then she flew away, but immediately returned with some fme straws of grass in her beak, and laid them before the dead bird, evidently for the purpose of getting him to eat the seed. As this, too, was in vain, she began again to raise her mate's head and to trample on the body, and finally flew away to a tree just as darkness was coming on. I ap- proached the tree, and a shot put an end to the faithful animal's sorrow ." A LOSS AXD A SEARCH. That little tragedy will serve, fittmgly enough, as an intro- duction to a dark i)eriod in the history of the species generally. Possibly the sad phase had its genesis much earlier, with the spread and stabilising of settlement. Howbeit, the fact is that as the years went by the Paradise Parrots steadily decreased in numbers. In time they became an unknown (|uantity on the markets overseas. In time, too, they vanished from districts where once they were a feature — a very beautiful feature— of the sub-tropical landscape. The decimation attracted na par- ticular attention in ornithological circles until 1915. Then Mr. A. J. Campbell, C.M.B.O.U., wrote in The Emu (vol. 14, p. 167), an article entitled "Missing Birds," specifying in this re- spect the I'aradise or Scarlet-shouldered Parrot (P. pulcherri- miis), the Turquoisine or Chestnut-shouldered Parrot (Euphenia pulchella) and the Night- Parrot (Geopsittaeus occideiitalis). "It would be interesting to know," wrote Mr. Campbell, "if these three beautiful Australian Parrots still exist or have been ex- terminated. If the birds are extinct, what is the cause or causes of their extinction?" After adding that "all that remain to-day appear to be a few stuflfed specimais in collections." Mr. Camji- bell suggested that perhaps Mr. Charles Rarnard. of Central Queensland (now President of the R.A.O.U.) could state when the P.eautiful Parrf)ts were last observed in his district. To this query Mr. Barnard rejilied that his people had not seen one of the "Parrots since the 1902 drought, at the same time under- taking to look for the sjiecies at Fairfield station, an old haunt. t Lumholtz called the species Platycerats pulcherrimus. Vol. XXII ] CHISHOl.-M. The '-Lost" raradisc Parrot. Mr. Barnard subseciuently informed nie (June 15th, 1919) that he visited Fairfield in the precedinjj^ September. The search was una\ailins^. "Where, about the year 1882, the birds were plen- tiful and breeding, there w-as not one to be found on this oc- casion, nor any trace of old nests in the ant-hills." That was all. There was no other response U) Mr. Camp- bell's inquiry. The Paradise Parrot, it appeared, had been lost in annihilation's waste. So it seemed to ornithologists in Australia, and so it seemed to Mr. Gregory Mathews in England. "It is a matter for deep regret," he wrote in 191 7, § "that this most beautiful of Parrots appears to have become extinct with- out any lasting record of its life-history being made." Further, in referring to another ['arrot, not yet uncommon, Mr. Mathews advised study "before it becomes extinct like its congener, P. piilcherrimus." That was the ])osition wlien. in the middle of 1918, the sul:)- ject was taken up afresh in (Queensland, the stronghold of the missing bird. Hints gathered in con\-ersation with old settlers had indicated that further search would be at least worth while. Accordingly, letters on the point, bearing the query-caption, "Is it lost ?" were directed to and published by the leading daily newspapers of Brisbane and the Darling Downs. The response was prompt. It was also partially satisfactory. Most of the replies received earliest dealt with the species only from a ik)s- thumous viewpoint, but at last there came a note calculated to dispel some of the growing fear that "the beautiful has vanished and returns not." A constable of police w^ho had served for fifteen months at a native police camp at Coen, Cape York, identified the missing bird from a description published in the Brisbane Courier, and affirmed that it was still to be found in the far North. This was heartening. It was doubly interest- ing for the reason that the range of the species was greatly ex- tended, the most northerly record previously given being a some- Mhat indefinite one, by Dr. Ramsay in his Tabular List,|| for Port Denison, a little to the south of Townsville. Further inquiries tended to confirm the constable's statement, the ])resent patrol at Cape York stating, in an official report, that the bird was not at the Cape itself, but was moderately plentiful at a certain point in the neighbourhood of the Archer River. In addition, the constable in question made it clear that his "ant-hill" bird was not the Golden-shouldered Parrot (which also nests in termites' mounds) by sending the following note in substantiation of his letter of a year previous : "Re the Scarlet- shouldered Parrot. It makes its nest in ant-hills, from about six inches from the ground to a height of about four feet up the ant-hill, but I always found most nests at a height of ap- proximately two feet. The average number of eggs laid is four, although on one occasion I found five eggs in a nest. I have § Birds of Australia, vol, 6, p. 422. II Proc. Linnean Society, N.S.W.. vol. 2, 1878. 8 CHISHOLM, The -Lost" Paradise Parrot. I'^isffur noticed these I'arrots moving over the i^rtjund in numbers, but 1 never noticed more than two or three close together at any time. I ha\e also seen the Golden-shouldered Parrot, and it is similar in habits to the Scarlet-shoulder, but not so plentiful. Both of these birds keej) moving back when settlers take up land close to their habitat. They never seem to trouble trees, but if disturbed fly ofif and alight on the ground further away." The next piece of information as to the whereabouts of the residuum of the Paradise Parrots was almost equally surprising, coming as it did from as far west as Longreach. The writer was a drover (W. A. Cam])bell), and he re])orted having seen several of the birds on the Xive River, 25 miles above Augathella, in May of 1918. "(Jne pair was bathing in a large waterhole within a few yards of me while my horse was drinking. I took particular notice of them because they were so quiet." It is not reflecting on the author of this note to say that I was unable to get it substantiated by station-men in the Augathella district ; but it is at least ])ossible that his birds were Turquoisine Parrots, which beautiful birds are (or were) more partial than P. pul- c her rim us to the exjjanses of the interior. Well, for three years the benevolent ])ursuit of the lost Parrot was continued intermittently. And intermittently there floated in suggestions and whispers regarding the existence and where- abouts of odd members of the species. Occasionally, something more definite arrived. For instance, a bushman dwelling in an out-of-the-way spot between Bundaberg and Gladstone reported in 1919 that the missing "Red-shoulder" was to be seen about his locality. He knew nought of its distinctive breeding habits, but mentioned that some of the birds could be seen in captivity. Accordingly, Mr. C. T. White (Queensland Government Botan- ist) and myself took train on a night in April of 1920. travelled 250 miles in that way, walked ten niiles through inhosi»itable country, and crossed a broad creek in a leaky boat, what time hordes of ravening sand-flies scored our bare leg.s — all to find that the local Parrcjt was Ptistes, the Red-wing, a bird that could be seen in a dozen cages in Brisbane ! The irritating similarity of vernacular names had deceived our friend. Still, as old John Burroughs once said, "Whichever way I go, I am glad I came." .\mong other arresting sights of the locality were a pair of White-eared Flycatchers {Monarcha leueotis) and two young, this being ])robably the most southerly record of the breeding range of MacGillivray's lieautiful Flycatcher.* TUu that l)y the wav. TiiK "LOST" i;iki) i-ouxn BRFEOIXG. We come now, somewhat belatedly, to more recent and thoroughly definite developments in the search for the Paradise * Monarcha leueotis was first taken by John MacGillivrav. naturalist of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, on Dunk Island, in 1,^48. It is still but little known. Fa\s. Tin: K.Mr. \ni. wii. ^°mf' ■] CmSHOLM. The -Lost" Paradise Parrot. 9 Parrot. On Decenil)er 11th last. Mr. C. H. H. Jerrard, a keen naturalist and capable jihotographer. wrote from the liurnett country to say that he had seen a ]»air of Parrots which he was almost sure were Pscpliotus pulcherrimus. A description which he supplied, and which fitted the species, was made out as the birds perched in a tree, but for portion of the time when watched they were on the ground. Less than a week later Mr. Jerrard became sure of his birds, having his opinion reinforced by a neighbour who had kept the "Ground Parrots" in captivity years before. Moreover, on December 15th he was fortunate enough to see what he took to be the same })air of birds with a group of young ones. There were seven or eight Parrots in all, and in the cases of five or six of them the centre only of the abdomen was red and the breast was greyish, instead of green and blue. At least one was seen to be fed by a ])arent bird. All were feeding on grass seeds, which they obtamed by running the stalks through the bill. Here, at -last, was a re])ort that was not only definite, but was one that came from withm reasonable distance of Brisbane,! and, moreover, was made by a man who was competent to fol- low it up. His attention having been directed to the termites' mounds, Mr. Jerrard soon found holes suggesting the breeding- hollows of the Parrots. In more than one case there were signs that nesting operations had been commenced and then left off. But the year drew to its end without any discovery of an actual nest, and the scant literature on the subject having given Sep- tember-December as the breeding period, there remained but little hope of a i)air of the beautiful birds being studied "at home" for many months. Queensland birds, however, swayed by a wilful climate, are not as other birds are in the matter of breed- ing seasons. So, it was not altogether surprising that the patient watcher was able to report, on January 21st, 1922, that a pair of the Parrots had recommenced work on a hollow that had pre- viously been visited. On that date Mr. Jerrard watched the mound for two hours, but was chary of investigating closely. He saw the male bird pay one visit of inspection, without actu- ally entering the hollow, the female being in the vicinity at the same time. That caution of the observer was wise. Subsecjuent observations made it clear that eggs were not laid in January, for it was not until March 4th last that Mr. Jerrard was able to report with certainty that the female Parrot was brooding eggs. From this point on the watcher waxed keener than ever in his fraternal spying upon the rare and lovely Parrots. Work- ing with care, he erected a rough hessian shelter in front of the exposed little hillock that afforded the birds a home (see Plate), t It will be sufficient to say that the spot is about 150 miles north of the capital city, and not far from the point where Professor Richard Semon, of Jena, saw specimens of the species in 1891. 10 CHISHOLM, The -Lost" Paradise Parrot. ["^^sfjur and from this vantage-point was able both to study and photo- graph the pair. On March 18th last Mr. Jerrard sent me the hrst picture ever taken of the I'aradise Parrot at its nest. This l)hotograph (Plate 5.) dejjicted both male and female, and showed the regal little head of the house to be the bolder bird of the two. Indeed, though apparently the female was sole cus- todian of the eggs — the male was never seen to enter the tunnel — she was much more nerv(nis than her mate. Frequently he would accom])any her t(j the hollow, which she would at once enter and remain in for peri obviously ruled b}- affec- tion. Certainly, the regal bird would seem to take to him.self "more time for \ainer hours" than his sober little consort, but wild will say that all this grace and beauty should be hidden away in a dark hollow at any time ? Further, Scarlet-shoulder is ap- ]>arently the melodist of the pair. "He has a musical and very animated song," writes Mr. jerrard. "I heard it in October of 1921. and noted how his whole body vibrated with the force and intensity of his musical eff'ort, imparting an agitated motion to the long tail, which bore adequate testimony to the vim of the performance. It all seemed to indicate a \ery intense little ]>er- sonality under the beautiful exterior." Considering all the circumstances attached to the species, what would any reader of these notes have aimed at in the case under review, ai)art from ])lacing on printed and i)ictorial record some- thing of the life-history of the species? We thought the matter over, and came to the conclusion that it would be best to take Sf>me f)f the young from that nest in the public interest. It might be possible to have them breed under authoritative con- trol ; but at least thousands of i)eople who would wish to see live specimens of a distinguished (Queensland bird should be given the opportunity to do so — under ])roi>er conditions. .Mas ! that amiable scheme was doomed to failure. On .\pril 8th Mr. Jerrard reported that some mischance had intervened to prevent the eggs being hatched. He had reason to believe that incuba- tion had commenced before the beginning of March, but, judging THE EMI'. To/. XXII. PLATE VII, Tin: EMU, Vol. XXII. PLATE VI v°'i™] CHISH(Ji..M. The "Lost" Faradis: Parrot. 11 by the heha\ iour f)t the l)ir(ls. there was n ) indication of young near the end of that month. Any further history attaching to that nest can be told briefly. "In accordance with the suggestion contained in your last let- ter," wrote Mr. Jerrard early in May, "1 opened up the nest on April 24th, there being no longer any doubt that it had been de- serted. The enclosed photographs show the result of that inves- tigation. I was careful not to touch the eggs before photograph- ing them. They had not been disturbed, but seem to be all addled. One was i)unctured and the contents dried up ; another 1 broke, and found it to contain nothing but stinking fluid. Xo embryo seems to ha\e developed in any of them. I cannot sug- gest any reason for this state of things. Had the parents been very shy of my hiding-place at first I might suppose that the eggs had got cold. But the fact is that I fixed up the hiding- place about noon on i\Iarch 7th, left it for nearly two hours, re- turned, and after less than an hour's wait the pair came to the mound and the female entered the nest. It was a hot, sunny day, and the mound was like a warm oven, so the eggs could hardly haxe cooled. I left the hutch there that night, but the birds seemed to be quite familiar and unafraid of it." Then follow these notes, taken on opening the mound : "The entrance tunnel is about nine inches long and one and a half inches in diameter. It enters the nesting-chamber at the top and to one side, so that the eggs cannot be seen or touched from outside. The nesting-cavity is roughly circular, about 15 to 18 inches in diameter and eight inches high in the middle. The light, honey- comb material in which it is excavated had not been carried out- side (as in the case of the harder material through which the tunnel is bored), but lies at the bottom, forming the bed of the nest, on which the eggs lie. There is no other material what- e\er. The floor of the nest is lower than the ground outside. The eggs, five in number, are white, with a pinkish tinge, and measure .9 in. x .8 in. Both ends are shaped nearly alike. They rest under the centre of the mound. There were no termites in the mound when I opened it." Xo further nests of the kingly Parrot have come under notice, but from general observations Air. Jerrard is able to oflfer a few additional notes of interest. In 1921 he saw one pair and heard of another, the former couple bringing out a brood of four or five. This year there was the pair which he studied at the nest, and several persons reported seemg half a dozen of the birds to- gether— two old birds with a family. That is all. Three other mounds have been examined, but the nests were old; one had two entrances, a few inches apart, communicating with one large cavity within. It is regarded as remarkable that during a month of last year in which a pair was under observation they were nexer observed outside of a i)articular area of about two or three acres ; one suggestion is that this was a feeding-ground, and that the nest was some distance oft". Attention wa^^ usurdly 12 CHISHOLM. The -Lost" Paradise Parrot. Fi^ffuTy" called to the liirds hy the short and shar|) but musical whistle uttered l)etore taking Hight from the ground on the approach of danger. They allowed one to approach on horseback within, ]jerhai)S, twenty yards before rising. Mr. Jerrard thinks that the (jld birds are constant to one nesting locality year after year, and that some of their (jtifs])ring subsecpiently |)air and nest in l)roximity to the i)arental home. He has nexer seen one of the i'arn^ts more than a mile from the sjxjt where he first discovered them last year. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. It will, ])erhaps, be permissible now to examine the past distri- bution and habitat of the Paradise Parrot, both from ])rinted records and private information. Gould recorded the species for both Queensland and New South Wales, but qualified this distribution by stating in his Handbook (1865) : "Little more is at present known respecting this bird than that it is an inhabitant of the upland grassy ])lams of Oueensland." A. J. North quotes this latter statement in his Xcsfs and B(/(js of Birds found Brccd- inrisbane X'alley, ])articularly about Crow's Nest and E.sk (at which latter i)lace it was a favourite cage-bird), and that it was not uncommon to meet with ])airs or small groups of the birds near Brisbane many years ago. From the Darling Downs, Ipswich, and l>risbnne districts the distril)ution of the s])ecies ajipears to have extended in a northerly rather than a westerly direction. There is a printed record of specimens being taken in Western Oueensland, but I have re- liable information that the si)ecies was known of old in the south- western districts of C.oondiw indi and St. George. The former t(»wnship being on the border of New South Wales, it is fair to assume that tlie I'eautiful Parrot did reach the southern State, but jirobably no one can sa\ if the di]) was ever sufiiciently ]tro- nounced to justify the bird being recorded as other than a (Jueonslandcr. Peaching north from the Bri.sbane district, the main resort of the species was the lUnnett and Wide P.ay areas. Several correspondents have made patent this fact, and all agree th;it the >-pecies preferred slightlv scrubby grass-country rather than open plains, .\oriherlv again, the "Ant-hill Parrot" was ^''\™] CIIISHOLM. The -Lost- Parcniisc Parrot. 13 found a little to the west of Rockhamploii ; then there is Dr. Ramsay's record from Port Denison, after which the species a])- pears to make an amazing juni]) of ahoul one thousand miles, to the vicinity of far Caj^e York. A RKMARKAl'.IJ-: llARIT. In the course of the search for the missing Parrot, it became evident that the name Ciround Parrot was the mcjst familiar one for the bird, "Elegant" that by which it was known to dealers, and "Ant-hill" Parrot the most definite title for identification i)ur- poses. It was, indeed, the bird's habit of nesting in termites' mounds, no less than its graceful and pretty ways, that made it so noticeable in earlier days, the only other Parrot known to follow this practice being the closel} -allied P. c/irysoptery(/iiis, the Golden-shouldered Parrot of the far North. Incidentally, it is curious to reflect that the notable nesting trait of these two Parrots is shared by certain other species of birds possessed of long tails — a factor which would seem rather opposed to occu- pancy of an earthern burrow. The beautiful Taiiysiptera sylvia, the Long-tailed Kingfisher of the far North, also breeds in ter- mites' mounds. Further, Merops ornatus, the so-called Bee- eater, which is graced with two long, feathery shafts extending beyond the tail, always makes its nest by burrowing in a bank or in sandy ground with, preferably, a slight slope. Why this point of similarity between birds whose only other feature in common is the possession of long tails ? It would appear, however, from what my correspondents have been able to ascertain, that P. pitlchcrriimis is not constant to termites' mounds for nesting purposes, but, like most other mem- bers of the genus Psephotus, may resort to trees. Certainly, it is not so confirmed a ground-loving Parrot as the unobtrusive Pczoporus. A bushman living near Crow's Nest tells me that he once saw an "Ant-hill" Parrot dash into a tree to escape from a Hawk ; and Mr. A. J. Roderick, of Howard, says he frequently saw the birds feasting on acorns of the oak-trees. Gould, by the way, stated that the si)ecies fed on "the seeds of grasses and other plants growing on the plains," and Diggles records its food as grass-seeds and those of small papilionaceous plants. Correspondents unite in agreeing that the species was never particularly communistic. Usually the birds were to be seen in pairs or, at most, half a dozen together, and then only locally. In this resjject the rare s])ecies d'fifers a good deal from the com- monest member of the genus, P. ha-matonotus. the Red-backed Parrot of south-west Queensland and the southern States, which I have often seen associated in flocks runnmg into three figures. In regard to the behaviour of the species in captivity, the fol- lowing interesting instance is given by Mr. J. O'Neill Brenan, an experienced Brisbane naturalist: "Prior to the year 1880 a few 14 CHISHOLM, The 'Lost" Paradise Parrot. ["^isfS" were regular!}- caught by a bird-catcher and dealer then living in Brisbane; and in January of that year his catch included three or four young 'Beautifuls.' They were not nestlings, but had not been long upon the wing, that fact being apparent from the colour of their beaks, which were light yellow or cream coloured. I bought one, a young cock ; he learned to whistle the usual 'Pretty Joey,' and at times made attempts to imitate the song of a Canary. He had, however, been tra]>])ed a little too late to make a good artificial whistler, and invariably broke into his native bright little call. Although cpiite friendly, always greet- ing me merrily when I api)roached his cage, he would never sub- mit to the slightest handling, and would often attack the hand of a person attending to his food and water tins. He was a very hardy bird, did well on canary seed, was fond of bird's eye chili and milk thistles, and enjoyed i)erfect health from the day I bought him until nearly thirteen years afterwards, when a wind storm blew his cage down. The fall injured him internally, and he died the next day. "If you asked any of the old-time bird dealers about the 'Beautiful' Parrot they would not know it," continues Air. Brenan. "They called it the 'Elegant,' which, of course, is quite a different bird.* The man from whom I bought my bird told me that the first lot of 'Beautifuls' (he called them 'Elegants') that he and his brother sent home brought £25 a pair in London. It is to be hoj)ed that this aptly-named little l^arrot has not ac- tually died out. Its length of tail gave it a most graceful ap- pearance, whilst the adult male's variety of colouring was so perfectly blended that it was ex(|uisite as well as brilliant. Fly- ing in the sunlight the BuUen-bullen { Partwrduis har)iardi) takes some beating, but I think the 'P-cautiful' was ahead of it." WH.\T CAU.SED THE DECIM ATIOX? We come now to an examination of the cause or causes be- hind this tragedy. As to the active agency responsible for the disappearance of the Paradise Parrot, opinions vary. It is reasonable, in the first ])lace, to assume thnt the bird's habit of nesting in the mounds of termites has contributed to its destruc- tion by rendering the brooding bird, eggs, and young jieculiarly open to attacks by natural enemies. Mr. William Gleeson, of Crow's Nest, includes among these Hawks of various kinds and "sand iguanas." The latter factor is condenmed also in the following note from Mr. J. Xash, a kangaroo-shooter of ten years' experience from Nanango north to Mackay and all through the central west. Mr. Xash. as a keen bird-lover, says with sorrow that he has only seen the "Ground Parrot" twice dining the last decade. "I only saw very few of them along * Euplirnia elci;ans. ^°'£"] CHISHOL^I, The "Lost" Paradise Parrot. 15 the Cherwal l\i\er, abcntt four or fi\e miles iKjrtli of Howard, and a few on the Isis River. This was about the year 1910, so there is only a very remote chance of them being left. Now," he proceeds, "these lovely birds have been ((jr are being j ex- terminated by iguanas. It is no trouble at all for the 'goanna' to dip into their nests and take either the eggs or young. The same thing applies to the nests of many birds which build on branches. I know what I am saying to be correct, as I have rei>eatedly shot 'goannas' in the act of robbing nests, and other shooters have told me the same thing. ... I say most emphatically that the iguana does more harm to our birds in one nesting season than is counter-balanced by all the good it does during the re- mainder of its life." While admitting the general soundness of these observations, it has to be remembered that natural enemies of the "Ant-hill" Parrot were just as numerous in the days when the bird held its own. A similar consideration must apply also in regard to a note that the aboriginals were wont to pull the young Parrots out of their ant-hill homes and roast them for food. W'hat ap- pears to me to be more feasible as a cause of the decimation is contained in a letter from Air. H. Griffith, of Jimboomba, near Beaudesert, who oiifers the interesting suggestion that considera- tions of ff)od, affected through human agency, may have been the primary cause of the sad thinning- out of this Ground Parrot. "In this district," he says, "the settlers burn the grass annually, and that at a time when the seed is ripe. The grass must grow thinner, I fancy, leaving only the tough old roots established. Do you think this wholesale burnmg-ofif, which has been going on for years, has caused starvation among the Ant-hill Parrots or a wholesale movement to the west, where, perhaps, drought and fires have again helped to further the work of destruction .'" Then there is the question of loss of food through natural causes. Mr. Barnard expresses the view that the big drought of 1902 wiped out the Fairfield birds, and Mr. Brenan says : "As the birds lived entirely on grass seed, the big drought would have levied a heavy toll." The force of these contentions is obvious, and is very little lessened by the prevalence of Cockatoos and Warbling Grass Parrots (Budgerigahs), which are birds of the west rather than the coastal grass, and essentially communistic. But there is yet another element that has contributed to the tragedy of the "Ant-hill" Parrot. This factor is pointed to by Mr. Griffith in a further note, in \vhich he says : "We have a pensioner living here, aged 97 years, who at one time trapped birds for a living. He knew the Ant-hill Parrot well, and says that he got ten shillings each for them ; but that was years ago. He mentioned to me that he once set his traps to catch some of these birds at the nest, and on going up to it in the evening found that a large black snake had entered. Fancy trapping the parent birds, though, when the young w^ere helpless!" Further evi- dence upon the point comes from Mr. R. Illidge, a Brisbane 16 CniSHOLM. The "Lost" Paradise Parrot. Tisffur veteran, who states: "I did not regard PsepJiotns pulcherrimus as a rare bird in the Brisbane district, though it was very local. Between Kehin Grove and Bowen Bridge, on some open forest country, I frequently saw the birds, usually in pairs, but some- times in little parties of perha[)s half a dozen. I saw some trap- pers out there one year, and after that the birds seemed to have entirely disa|)peared from the locality." These are only soli- tary instances. Many more might be gathered readily enough. Moreover, it was noX sufficient for the trappers to sui)i)ly Aus- tralian aviaries and cages with I'aradise Parrots; the beautiful birds, as we have seen, were shipped away indiscriminately to I>ritain, the Continent, and ])ossibly other countries. Having in mind, therefore, the effect of trapping, the burning of grass, and the ravages of domestic cats gone wild, it seems moderately clear that the "most beavitiful Parrot that exists" has been brought to the \ery verge of extinction by human agency, following upon Nature's indiscretion in bestowing upon it the fatal gift of beauty without adequate means of defence or protection. Tt is all very lamentable. It is more; it is a national traged}-. I'oth the citizens and governing authorities of Queens- land ha\e neglected a definite duty — a duty to helpless beauty — in allowing these ])retty birds to be sacrificed. Whether it is too late to make amends cannot well be said ; but the authorities .showed the right spirit, while these incpiiries were progressing, in extending full protection to the "lost" species and all other members of the genus Psephotus and the kindred genus Euphcma. ARI-: OUR PARROTS FAILING? iMnally, lei u> look for a few moments at the position of Aus- tralian I'arrots generally. Mathews expresses the \iew {Birds of Australia, 1917) that these birds "have shown signs of ex- tinction in a very rapid manner." I agree with him. It seems to me that the Parrots of the mountains, the King and Crimson species, for instance, are holding out fairly well. So also are several of the liroad-tailed Rosellas. Among the Grass-Parrots the little I'udgerigah (Mclopsittacus itndulattis) and the Red-rumi>ed i'arrot {Psephotus hccmatouotus) are still fairly common. .Vside from these two latter si)ecies, however, there is not one of the Grass or Ground Parrots that has not "slipped" very seriously. Where now is the Night Parrot? How rarely the Green Ground Parrot is rei)orted ! What has become of the regal Enphema splendida, the Scarlet-chested Grass-Parrot? (Once a plentiful .species, only one company has been recorded in recent years, and that a small lot in South .\ustralia. ) And what of that Paradise Parrot in miniature. E. pulcliella, the Tur(|uoisine or Chestnut-shouldered Parrot? The late A. J. North, who had a wide circle of correspondents, wrote in 1911 that he had for \ears received iiKiuiries from aviculturists con- Vo\-^"] CHISHOLM, The -'Lost" Paradise Parrot. 17 cerning this bird, hut had not been able to afford them any in- formation, the last specimen received at the Australian Museum (Sydney) being dated 1886. This of a species which John Gould had found tjuite common in N.S.W. in the forties,* and which Diggles, w riting in the sixties, alluded to as "this beautiful but common si)ecies!" Two years later (in 1913), Mr. W. H. Workman, M.B.O.U., wrote to The Eimt,t from Dublin, drawing attention to "the disappearance from the bird- markets during the last twenty years of the beautiful little Turquoisine Parrakeet," and expressing the fear that the species had "gone the way of the Dodo and the Passenger I'igeon." "If our worst fears are realised," added Mr. Workman, "and this little bird has gone for ever, I think it would be of interest to ornithologists all the world over if a short history of the species were published in The Emu." The editors of The Eiuii appraised the question as an important one, and asked members of the R.A.O.U. for notes upon the species, either from past or present experience. There was no response. Two years later appeared A. J. Campbell's incjuiry ("Missing Birds"), to which allusion has been made earlier. Again there w^as no response. All this caused Mathews to write in his big work (vol. 6, p. 549) that the Chestnut-shouldered Parrot was probably extinct, "and of its life history we do not know much." Readers of The Emu will remember that since then (last year, I think) a small company of the Turquoisine Parrots was reported not far from Sydney. I have not heard, however, of any attem])t being made to follow out Workman's suggestion in regard to fostering the breeding of the birds. The extinction of a species is an appalling thing. How much more ghastly is the extermination of a genus ! Such a possi- bility confronts us in regard to the Euphema Parrots. Mr. W. B. Alexander, M.A., C.F.A.O.U., tells me he thinks Parrots are failing the world over; but he would be the last to admit that because of that belief we should sit down with folded hands. The idea that such birds must have their day and cease to be can well be left to the trappers and dealers, gentlemen who mix fatalism with finance. The question is, then, what are the orni- thologists of iVustralia going to do about this matter of vanish- ing Parrots? Surely it is a subject well worth}^ the attention of the annual congress of the Union ! Meanwhile, let us, without reflecting on the claims of true science, dispute the dangerous idea that a thing of beauty is a joy for ever in a cage or a cabinet ; and disdain, too, the lop-sided belief that the moving finger of Civilisation must move on over the bodies of "the loveliest and the best" of Nature's children. * "All those who have travelled in the 'bush' of New South Wales," says Gould in his Handbook of 1865, "will recognize in this lovely species an old favourite, for it must often have come under their notice." t Vol. XII., p. 207. 18 CLELAXD, Takhuj a Bird Census. ["^isffuTy" A Method of Taking a Bird Census By Professor J. BURTOX CLELAND, M.D., University, Adelaide. For some years I have had in view the possibiHty of obtain- ing some crude idea of the actual and relative numbers of the individuals of various species of Australian birds by recording those met with during progressive journeys made by various means of locomotion. The idea was that if, whilst walking, driving, or motoring through the country, a score was kept, as one keeps the runs at cricket, on a sheet of paper or the back of an envelope, of the numbers of each species seen, eventually where sufiicient ground had been covered results of some value might be expected. At Easter time in 1917, this scheme took concrete shape at Broken Hill, whilst on a motor run in the country with Dr. W. MacGillivray, R.A.O.U. This journey is recorded as Al in my series. The desired results were easily and accurately tabulated, and 84 individuals of eight species recorded over a distance of 15 miles traversed in 1:^ hours. The country was mostly open saltbush plain, and the view for small birds estimated at about 100 yards or less, and for large birds about 400 yards. Thirty- three individuals of Epthianura aurifrons (the Yellow-fronted Bush-Chat) were counted over the 15 miles with a lateral view of the disturbed birds of cbout 100 yards on each side — i.e., over an area of roughly a little less than two square miles. One may say, therefore, from the birds actually seen that the density of the population of this species was at least 17 per square mile. Using this as a basis and on the assumption that the rest of the saltbush country of this district was on an aver- age similarly populated, one could by ascertaining the extent of this type of vegetation from the Survey Department, obtain if such was desired a very conservative estimate of the numbers in the district. The figure obtained would evidently be, in this case, surprisingly high. In an article on "The Birds of the Pilliga Scrub" (Emu, vol. xviii., p. 272), I gave details of the method adopted when mak- ing a bird-survey of this area. By September, 1919, I had been collecting data for 2| years, had notes of about 90 "journeys," in which I had traversed over 1200 miles, and it seemed an opportune time to bring the subject under notice at the Annual Conference of the Royal Australian Ornithologists' Union at Brisbane, with the objects of explaining the scheme, of obtaining views as to its reliability and value, of receiving suggestions as to improvements, and of inducing others to co-operate. As the idea seemed to meet with acceptance and some interest, and those who employed the method during the excursions seemed satisfied as to its relative reliability, I have in this papei summa- ^°'i^2?" ] CLELAXD, Takhuj a Bird Census. 19 rised the (jhservations so far made. As pointed out in- others during the discussion, not only is a crude idea obtainable in this way as to the numbers of our birds, but by recording results at the present time and making the same journeys again after, say, some years' interval, some idea might be obtained as to whether any species was decreasing markedly in numbers, hold- ing its own, or increasing. What interesting results might not be obtained a century later ! In my previous paper, which should be consulted, I have indi- cated clearly how the type of vegetation necessarily affects the extent of the lateral view during the journey. Simibrly the size of the bird and its habits, such as not being easily disturbed or vice versa will modify materially the distance from the road at which it can be recognised. Thus, as regards certain species, such as ]\Iagpies, and Black-and-White Fantails, easily recog- nisable or continually on the move, the results recorded in my tables probably approximate very closely to the actual numbers present in the area under review, whilst in the case of other kinds, such as Tree-Tits {Sniicrornis) and White-plumed Honey-eaters in the tree-tops, the numbers actually seen are doubtless merely a tithe of those which escaped notice. I have given, however, data as regards all birds seen, and Ave can say, as regards the figures, that at least these numbers were in the area and in many cases probably very many more. The question may be asked as to the reliability of the identi- fications. I can lay no claim to infallibility, and am perfectly aware that in my returns some mistakes must have occurred. I have, however, avoided these as far as possible, and when in doubt have expressed this either by a question-mark or by re- cording the genus only, or by merely noting the birds seen as unidentified. Even with these precautions, however, some wrong identifications have probably been made. As regards the mode of progression, driving in a buggy or motoring give apparently about the same results, though the ad- vantage is slightly in favour of the former as more time is al- lowed for observation. When walking, the number of small birds keeping to the trees is increased, as the trees can be care- fully scanned, whilst birds calling can be searched foi. Some means of progression is, of course, necessary so as to avoid counting the same birds again, and with the same object m view the track of the journey must not interlace. I have, however, in this census considered a return journey over the same groimd as two journeys, and have labelled such second iourneys (a) and a rare third journey as (b). The object has been to test the reliability of the method. Clearly, if the birds had not left the neighbourhood of the route followed, one .should see the same individuals on each occasion if conditions were ideal. My full tabulated list shows that in such return journeys the num- bers of species seen and the numbers of individuals of these ob- served do approximate fairly well on the whole with each other 20 CLELAXD, Takhuj a Bird Census. ["^isffu^ — certainly as well as one might expect. If such double or triple journeys were lumped as one, it would probably be the correct procedure to consider, as the numbers of birds occupying the area traversed, the highest number for each sj)ecies seen in any of the journeys, inferring that the lower numbers meant that some individuals had been missed. Another e.xplanation might, however, be forthcoming, namely, that additional birds had en- tered the area. As far as the results of this census are con- cerned, we can look upon such out and return journeys as being independent but ])arallel ones, traversing the same kind of coun- try and corresponding l(j adjacent "traverses" in a forest survey. It may be thought that during these journeys, birds are disturbed, and, flying in front of the vehicle, may be counted again and again. My experience has been that the birds usually fly off to one or other side rather than in front, and that with ordinary care it is only rarely that the same bird is counted again. The different districts in which the journeys were made have been indicated by a]i)habet!cal letters as follows: — A. Broken Hill district ( 1 ) ': I'.. Adelaide hills (2 + 1 return journey); C. Sydney district ( 1 ) ; D. Eastern Ri\erina and South-Western slopes, N.S.W. (6 + 3 returns) ; E. Western slopes and edge of plains, N.S.W. (6 + 3 returns) ; F. Moss Vale district to coast, N.S.W. (10 + 2 returns) ; G. North coast of N.S.W., from New- castle to Tentertield — Lismore (24 + 4 returns) ; H. Scone dis- trict (2 + 1) ; I. Boggabri— Narribri— Moree. etc. (21 + 5) ; J. Brisbane district, (1 + 1) ; K. Dalby district, O. (1 + 1). \\'here a long journey has been made, for instance one of a hundred miles by motor car, this has been split uj) for conveni- ence into sej^arate journeys of twenty miles or so each, such di- visions frequently corres|)onding with changes in the type of country. Altogether 74 different "routes" have been traversed, giving with the return journeys a total of 95 "journeys." The distance travelled was ai)proximately 1329.1 miles. The shortest "journey" was only half a mile, and the longest 60 miles. A.s these journeys have by force of circumstances been of \evy un- even length, it would be necessary before attaching the same value to the figures for each journey, to reduce all to a common standard, as, for instance, the number of birds ])er 100 miles. Obviously space would not permit of this being done heie, and, in the case of very short journeys, such a calculation might give far too high a value for the species seen, and would ignore en- tirely species in the locality which were not seen. As in some "districts" only one or a few "journeys" have been made, and these perhaps short ones, stress must not be laid on the absence from the census of certain species for such districts. Thus onlv one short journey is tabulated for the v^ydney district. The IMagpie-Lark (Gralli)ia cyatiolcuca), a common bird in the neighbourhood, did not happen to be obser\ed. Had it been seen, this species would have i)een observed in 9 instead of 8, of the 11 districts. Vol. XXII. 1922 CLELAXD, Takiiuj a Bird Census. 21 Turning now to the hirds reccjided, the vahie of the records will depend on several factors. It has already been mentioned that some birds, by sitting "tight," give results far below the actual numbers present. Others of migratory habits, such as Bee-eaters {Merops) and Wood-Swallows (Artanius supercili- osiis and .1. perso)iatus) may be seen in numbers or not seen at all according to the time of year. Other si)ecies, Water Fowl, for exami)le, are strictly confined to certain types of country. Some species — cjj., \\'elcome Swallows (Hirundo neoxena) are rarely seen away from the habitations of man. Again, a single large Hock of birds {e.(/., White Cockatoos) seen once on a journey, may give a wrong idea of the distribution of the species when compared with such a widely distributed species as the Black and White Fantail (Rhipidiira Icucophrys) never seen in tlocks. To overcome this last dit^culty, I have kept a record in my notes, but have not reproduced here, of every instance in which the number of birds seen at one time has reached double figures. The JMartins seen in journeys G. 40 (229) and G 41 i 1275 ) were, for instance, in large grou])s as follow^s : — 22, 25, 37, n, 11, 11, 12 and 25, 33, 14, 38, 12, 90, 10, 13, about 150, 136, 40, 10, 18, 75, 250, 177, 31, 15, 30, 36, respectively. In the 1329| miles traversed, approximately 160 species of Australian birds and 13,469 individuals of these species were noted. In addition, 1097 Sparrows, 903 Starlings, and 118 Gold Finches were counted. The most widely and uniformly distributed Australian species was the JNIagpie-Lark (Gralliiia cyaiiolcttca), being seen on 80 journeys out of 95 in eight of the eleven districts, the individuals totalling 765. .\s this is a conspicuous bird, easily identified and easily disturbed, this figure is probably one of the most accu- rate in the tables. In the districts where it commonly occurs, one would expect to see one of these birds in a little less than every two miles. Next in wide and uniform distril)ution comes the P4ack and White Fantail (Rhipidiira leiicoplirys), 317 individuals being seen on 69 journeys in nine districts. One is glad to see the Magpie — White or Black-back — (Gymnorhina tihicen or G. Jiypoleiica) figuring in 66 of the 95 journeys, with 565 individuals. \\^alking along our roads, we may expect to meet with one of these birds in a little less than every 2\ miles. As this is a conspicuous bird, easily recognised at a distance, the field of vision for it may be considered on an average as being nearly a quarter of a mile on each side of the road — sometimes of course more, but in forest land less. One may therefore estimate that the 1329^ miles over which they were seen comprised an area for vision of about 600 square miles, and that this extent of country w-as tenanted by at least 565 Magpies, or 1 to a little over 1 square mile. As their dis- tribution is wide and relatively uniform, it is perhaps safe to say that in Eastern Australia (leaving out the drier interior), the 22 CLELAXD, Taking a Bird Census. TisffuT Magpie population is about equal to the area in square miles. \Velcome Swallows {Hlrundo neoxcna), now in great part continecl to the neighbourho(jd of human dwellings, where they can easily find suitable nesting sites, were seen in 58 journeys in ten districts, and numbered 595. It was not possible to separate satisfactorily the Tree-Martins {Hylochelldon nigricans) from the Fairy- Alartins {Hylochelldon arlel). One or other was seen on 49 journeys in eight districts, and the number of indi- viduals counted, 2919, was far greater than for any other species. This was largely accounted for by the great numbers seen rest- ing on the telegraph wires in January, 1918, on a visit to the North Coast of New South Wales. The field-loving Australian Pipit (.Intliiis australls) was found, to my surprise, in 59 journeys in nine districts, 285 indi- viduals being seen. The Brown Flycatcher {Mlcroeca fasclnans) is also widely distributed, with 237 individuals on 54 journeys in eight districts; 126 Laughing Kingfishers (Jackasses) were seen on 46 journeys in seven districts, being about one bird to every ten miles o\er the whole distance travelled. These birds often "sit tight," so that a number probably escaped notice. It is probably a conservative estimate to reckon that one Laughing Jackass occupies each five square miles of Eastern Australia. It is remarkable that only 96 Acciptrlformes (Hawks, etc. of all kinds) were seen, and these only in 31 journeys in six dis- tricts. Though on the routes travelled over they weie, with several exceptions, rare birds, it is of course realised that in some districts not visited they are numerous. Nevertheless, one con- siders the small number seen with some surprise, coupled per- haps with api:)rehension when the role that many play in vermin- destruction is borne in mind. The figure 96 is probably sub- stantially correct. E\en when resting, the birds often perch on a dead tree or other conspicuous ])lace, so that they are not easily missed. Making due allowance, however, for missmg a number of Hawks, and reducing the range of vision in consequence to a (|uarter of a mile on each side, one finds that the population of Hawks is about one for each seven sipiare miles of country. I do not propose to consider individually any of the other species observed. Readers may draw their own inferences from the tables .submitted. The figures as regards many species are necessarily not of much \alue. owing to the birds being confined to certain specified areas, such as swami)s, rivers, dense brush, etc., or being found in large flocks as in the case of Galahs (Rose-breasted Cockatoos). Taken in conjunction wi'h other species, however, they form an interesting record. Space i)ermits details only of twelve of the commonest species, showing the numbers seen on one journey in each of the eleven districts with the return journey in the last district shown as a check. This table illustrates the method of recording but does not record all the birds seen on a particular journey. The full table is preserved in tiic R..\.().r. lil)rary. Melbourne. Vol. XXII.l 1922 J CLELAND, Takhuj a Bird Census. 23 i •2 JO 3 I •o *^ s H 4) §1 S CO o I I I I LO o 00 lo t- O 00 00 05 00 00 ^8S (N-^t-W(MCC>05(Mt- I I I ^ I §§ Si I I I 1 1 ^ Icji JO :i I CO ■'J' 05 i-H §§3 I I I I Oq CO CO I I I -g -^ S I w I I I I I i: 5 S cs Si f> I I 2 i; •5? % O ' tf CQ ra 24 MORSE, Birds of the Morcc District. [The Emu 1st July Birds of the Moree District By F. C. MORSE, R.A.O.U., .Moree, X.S.W. The district of Moree is situated iti the extreme X.W. bound- ary of N.S.W. It comi)rises an area of 6870 square miles. With the exception of the eastern boundary, it is all flat country, varying from large oj)en plains to dense forests of belar (Casuarina) and brigaUnv. The (jwydir River runs through the centre of the district, and after i)assing the town spreads out in numerous narrow channels and broad swamps, the water eventu- ally finding its way through these into the P>arwon River, 70 miles further west. QUEENSLAND Owing to the diverse nature of the country — hills, thick forests and large swamps — bird life is varied and numerous. My observations extend over a jjeriod of thirteen years, dur- ing which time I have noted 2\() species, which number, 1 am sure, could be added to by working the hilly to mountainous country of the eastern boundary, but I ha\c never had an oppor- tunity tf) do this. Naturally types would exist there that do not occur (m the ])lains. My only visit has been of a fleeting nature — a hurried run tluough by car. Till': i:mi . To/. x\ii. PLATE IX. ^'"•i.i^"] MORSE, nirc/s of the Morcc Dislrict. 25 I am indehled lo Mr. 11. A. .Ma\\hine\- for iiolcs on the breed- ing of several si)ecies, but of tho.se bird.s enumerated two only have not come under my per-sonal observation. Droniiceius novje-hoUandije. Emu. — Plentiful, especially on the larger holdings, where they have more scope. In the prickly pear country, they are vei-y numerous, subsisting; on the fruit of this plant, which is going to be the means of protecting them for many years to come. Alectura lathami. Brush Turkey. — In the N. and N.E. portions of the district, where the prickly pear is extensive, these birds are very numerous, and as this same type cf ccunti'y embraces a large portion of Southern Queensland, their preseivation is assured. Coturni.v pectoralis. Stubble Quail. — After a succession of good seasons, these birds are here in countless thousands. I don't think this is caused by a large inilux from other parts, but through their own wonderful powers of propagation. The breeding season lasts from August to the end of March, each hen laying from eight to thirteen eggs, and no doubt ahe will bring out two or three broods in a season. Synoicu.s australis. Brown Quail. — Not numerous, confining them- selves more to the swamp and margins of creeks and rivers. Turnix varia. Painted Quail. — Thinly distributed all through the lightly timbered country. Turnix pyrrhothorax. Red-chested Quail. — This year (1922) they are numerous en the open plains. Started breeding October, and there are still eggs to be found. Nests are always hooded over. Turnix velox. Little Quail. — Not so plentiful as the former species; but still fairly numerous. They seem to prefer the lightly timbered land to the open plains. Geopelia humeralis. Bar-Shouldered Dove. — Is thinly distributed through all the pine belts. Geopelia placida. Peaceful Dove. — Not numerous except in the eastern quarter, where no doubt they are attracted by the wheat. Geopelia cuneata. Diamond Dove. — Thinly distributed over the greater portion of the district. For its size this bird has a remark- ably loud call. Phaps chalcoptera. Bronzewing. — Thinly distributed through the western portion, but very numerous round the margins of the brigalow and belar forests, where they collect to feed on the berries of a bush known as the wild currant. Histriophaps histrionica. Flock-Pigeon. — I have on two occasions seen a single bird. History relates that before the advent of the sheep, they at times came here in thousands. One old identity informed me that during the eighties "they were breeding in such numbers in his horse paddock that he could have filled a washing tub with the eggs." Ocyphaps lophotes. Crested Pigeon. — Very numerous over the yvhole district. In the 1919 drought I began feeding a couple of pairs in the garden, and by the end of a few weeks 80 birds used to turn up every morning for breakfast. Leuccsarcia nielanoleuca. Wonga-Wonga. — In the same type of country as that favoured by the Brush Turkey, these birds are still fairly plentiful. Hypotaenidia philippensis. Buff-banded Rail. — Numerous during summer months; they appear to arrive with the Snipe during August, Breed freely in the swamps. 26 MORSE, Birds of the Morcc District. ["^isffuTy" Pcrzana fluminea. Spotted Crake. — In 1917 I found a single egg of this species; but until the present year was unable to find another. However, in October, my boys and I found three nests in one day. The birds are not easily flushed, so are seldom seen; but are prob- ably mere numerous than one would suppose. Porzana plumbea. Spotless Crake. — During one of our camps on the watercourse, Mr. Mawhiney secured a specimen of this bird, but that is the only one I have seen. Porzana pusilla. Baillcn's Crake. — Plentiful, breeding from Septem- ber to February. Tribonyx ventralis. Black-tailed Water-Hen. — Common. One pair nested in a kerosene box placed near a tree. Gallinula tenebrosa. Black Moor-Hen. — Very numerous; breeding freely during spring months. Porphyrio melanotus. Bald Coot. — Vei-y numerous in the vicinity of the high sags and tall rushes. Nests and eggs are very similar to previous bird. Fulica atra. Coot. — Very numerous where there are open spaces of water; breeds freely during spring months. Podicep.s ruficollis. Black-throated Grebe. — Plentiful in all quiet waters. During the spring of 1921, several nested in a small lagoon close to my house, and it was here I first witnessed the old birds carrying the young under their wings, which they continue to do for the first fortnight. Podiceps poliocephalus. Hoary-headed Grebe. — Not numerous; there are certain lagoons where a few pairs are generally to be found. Breeds during summer months. Podiceps cristatus. Great Crested Grebe. — Rare, and up to the pre- sent 1 have been unable to find a nest, though I know they breed here, as on one occasion while fishing in a large quiet lagoon, an old bird swam out of the high reeds opposite me followed by three young. Chlidonias leucopareia. Whiskered Tern. — These graceful little birds can often be seen flitting and skimming over the surface of the large lagoons, no doubt breeding in some quiet spot. Erythrogonys cinctus. Red-kneed Dottrel. — Plentiful round the mar- gins of the lagoons, preferring the still to running water, nesting freely on small muddy islands. They do not, as has been previously stated, coat their eggs with mud as a protection. Lobibyx novae-hoUandise. Spur-winged Plover. — Numerous. Zonifer tricolor. Black-breasted Plover. — Numerous, prefers the more open and barer ground of a drier nature than that favoured by the Spurwing. Charadrius melanops. Black-fronted Dottrel. — Numerous. I'eitohyas australis. Australian Dottrel. — I have only seen a single living bird of this species, and that was during the drought of 1919. Mr. Mawhiney often repcits them from his quarter, but he tells me he only sees them on one little gravelly plain. Himantopus leuoocephalu.s. White-headed Stilt. — Plentiful about the swamps, where they breed in colonies. Recurvirostra novsr-hollandia'. Red-necked .Avocet. — Rare visitor. I have, on two or three occasions, seen a pair of these birds during droughts, each time they have been wandering about in the swamps caused by the overflow of artesian bores. TiTF. Esu\ Vol. xxrr. PLATE X. Upper— White-necked Heron (Notophoyx paciftca) on nest. Lower— Black-throated Grebe {Podiccps ritficollis) standing on floating nest. Photos, by F. C. Morse, R.A.O U. ^°m?"] MORSE. Jr,rds of the Morcc District. 27 Glottis nebularius. Greenshank. — A shy and rare visitor; it is hard to approach, and when it rises it usually circles hiffh overhead, all the time uttering- a loud call. Pisobia acuminata. Sharp-tailed Stint. — Numerous during- the sum- mer months round the margins of lagoons and swamps. Gallinago hardwicki. Australian Snipe. — Very numerous from August to Maich. Large bags are often secured by sportsmen along the watercourse. I know of three guns accounting for one hundred and fifty birds in one day. Rostratula australis. Painted Snipe. — Thinly distributed through the swamps and marshes, choosing the quiet places for breeding pur- poses. In the heat of summer can often be found in some shady nook a hundred yards or more from water. Gareola maldivarum. Oriental Pratincole. — In March, 1920, while driving in the north-east quarter of the district, I flushed a small band of five Pratincoles from the I'cadside. In this same quarter Mr. Mawhiney often sees them, and at all times of the year, so the proba- bility is they breed there. Burhinus grallarius. Southern Stone-Curlew. — The wail of the Cur- lew can still occasionally be heard, but the intervals between are be- coming longer and the birds rarer and rarer. This can be aUributed to the fox, to which this bird falls an easy prey. Eupodotis australis. Australian Bustard. — Like the previous bird, is becoming scarcer and scarcer; but the fox is not the only reason for this; the advent of the motor car has sounded the death knell of the old turkey. A bird so timid that one can seldom approach within a hundred yards of it on foot or horseback,* will permit itself almost to be run over by a motor car full of men and bristling with guns. Antigone rubicunda. Broiga (Australian Crane). — Numerous, but also suffering from the depredations of the fox. In drought time they go to the prickly pear country, and subsist on the fruit. Threskiornis molucca. White Ibis. — Very numerous; breeding in many parts of the watercourse, either among the sags or on poly- gonum bushes, and recently we found them nesting in numbei's in the koobah trees twelve or fifteen feet from the ground. Threskiornis spinicollis. Straw-necked Ibis. — Very numerous. There are several large rookeries along the watercourse, where many thous- ands nest on the polygonum bushes. Breeding lasts from October to January if the water continues running. Platalea regia. Black-billed Spoonbill. — Numerous. Nests in com- pany with Cormorants or Ibis; if with the former, chooses the highest branches of the tall gum trees; if with the latter, is quite satisfied to make a nest on a polygnum bush three or four feet above the water. Platalea flavipes. Yellow-billed Spoonbill. — Not as numerous as the previous species; but like its relative, is satisfied to take a lowly or elevated position for nesting, according to the habits of the otner birds it is in company with, which are more often Pacific Herons and Cor- morants than any other species. Xenorhynchus asiaticus. Jabiru. — This bird has been twice re- corded, and although I did not see it personally, there can be no doubt as to its identity by description. The last record was during the past winter, when one was seen on the Mclntyre River during a flood. Notophoyx novse-hollandise. White-fronted Heron. — Very numerous. During the present season they started building in July and continued till December. 28 MORSE, ninis of the Morcc District. Fisffu™" Notcphoyx pacifica. White-necked Heron. — Very numerous. I know of one very larj^e heronry that I have vi.sited on several oc- casions, where some hundreds of birds breed annually. Nycticorax caledonicus. Nankeen Nijrht-Heron. — Very numerous. Several larfje heronies exist, where the birds breed in preat numbers. Dupetor flavicollis. Yellow-necked Mangrove-Bittern. — I once saw a sing'le specimen of this species fly from some tree roots overhanging the water; the action of flight caused such a commotion among the small birds, many of which gave chase, that I conclude the bird was quite foreign to them. Butaurus poiciloptilu.s. Australian Bittern. — When camped at one of our favourite spots near the sags, the boom of the Bitterns could be heard from all auarters in the direction of the swamp, but, try as we would, we could not flush a single bird, and, in my many rambles in this quarter, I have seen only one. Chcncpis atrala. Black Swan. — Numerous. Breeding from July till Septembei-. Anseranas semipalmata. Pied Goose. — Not numerous; breeds in the densest parts of the sags during August and September. Chenonetta jubata. Maned Goose. — Numerous; usual breeding months July and August. Dendrocygna javanica. Whistling Duck. — At times very plentiful. This bird is known locally as the "red whistler" — a good doscriptive name, which can be more appreciated when the two species are seen together. Dendrccygna eytoni. Plumed Whistling Duck.^ — Very numerous in spring and summer. Nests are often found out on the plains a mile or two miles from water. Usually breeds in October, but I have just heard of a nest of seventeen eggs found in January. Anas superciliosa. Grey (Black) Duck. — Very numerous; in favour- able seasons breeds for nine months out of the twelve, either in trees or en the ground, sometimes fully a mile from water. Virago gibberifrons. Grey Teal. — The most numerous of all the family. I have never found a nest anywhere but in hollow spouts. They breed for fully nine months, and lay a:> many as seventeen eggs, twelve to fifteen being a common occurrence. Virago castanea. Chestnut-breasted Teal.— An occasional visitor in small numbers. Spatula rhynchotis. Blue-winged Shoveller. — Never in large flocks, but thinly distributed all over the district. Nests close to the swamps in long grass or herbage. Malacorhynchus membranaceus. Pink-eared Duck. — On occasions large florks of these are to be found. They favour the quiet back- waters and lagoons, where they nest in all sorts of places; shallow hollows, tops of stumps and forked limbs are equally favoured. The eggs are always enveloped in down. Plight eggs seem to be the maxi- mum clutih. Stictonetta naevosa. Freckled Duck. — An occasional visitor. At a battue in aid of the Red Cross which I attended, two of these birds were bagged, and among the twelve shooters present (all old residents of the district) one only had seen the Ducks before. On our last trip to the Glossy Ibis rookery (February IDth, i;»22), we saw a flock of about 20 of these and secured four specimens, one of which was un- doubtedly an immature bird. Tiir: K.Mr, \oi. wii. PLATE XI Upper— Black-tailed Water-Hen {Tribonyx voitialis) approaching nest in box. Lower— Pink-eared Duck (Malacorhynchus mcmbrauaccus) on nest in tree-stump. Photos, by F. C. Morse, R.A.O.U. v°'i^.]^"] MORSE, ninis of the Morcc Pislrict. 29 Nyroca australis. White-eyed Duck. — Very numerous; always builds a nest in a tussock of reeds or grass in the water; often makes use of a Coot's or Moor-Hen's nest. Hiziura lobata. Musk Duck. — Plentiful in the larger roaches of water. The power of flight of this bird is sometimes doubted. Some years ago I happened to be sitting on the verandah with others in the moonlight, when a large body banged on the roof and rolled down the iron into a flower bed below; where we all had a good inspection of the culprit — an old Musk Duck. Phalacrocorax carbo. Cormorant. — Fairly plentiful. Nests in rook- eries with other species, but always selects the highest positions. Phalacrocorax ater. Little Black Cormorant. — Very numerous; breeds freely in large rockeries. Phalacrocorax varius. Pied Cormorant. — Not numeious. I have never yet found their nests. Microcarbo melanoleucus. Little Pied Cormorant. — Very numerous. Large rookeries at many places on The Watercourse. Anhinga novie-hollandiae. Australian Darter. — Not numerous; but their cackle can be heard at all the larger lagoons. I have never found them nesting in colonies. Sometimes half a dozen nests can be located within a hundred yards of one another, but many birds are quite soli- tary in their habits. Pelecanus conspicillatus. Australian Pelican. — Numerous; has an unpleasant habit of swallowing young Ducks or anything else that comes within reach. Circu.s assimilis. Spotted Harrier. — Rare; odd pairs arrive during flush seasons when Quail are plentiful. Quite recently one appeared, the first we have seen for four years. This bird should not be called a Swamp Hawk; he is always to be found working the open plains. 1 have never seen him near the swamps. Circus approximans. Swamp-Harrier. — A true Swamp Hawk; al- ways to be found working to and fro over the sags, but I have never seen one away from the watercourse. Astur fasciatus. Australian Goshawk. — Rare; seldom to be found away from the rivers, where it seems to favour the tall timber, in which it nests. Uroaetu.s audax. Wedge-tailed Eagle. — Plentiful throughout the district. Hieraetus pennatus. Little Eagle. — Rare; a few birds are occasion- ally to be found where rabbits are plentiful. Haliastur sphenurus. Whistling Eagle. — Very numerous on all the rivers and watercourses. They appear to be quite friendly with the other birds, often nesting in the same tree or in close proximity to the hercnies. Lophoictinia isura. Square-tailed Kite. — I have seen an odd pair or an occasional bird of this species, but they do not remein here for long. Gypoictinia melanosterna. Black-breasted Buzzard. — During the 1919 drought a pair of these birds remained about here for some months, causing much consternation among the Magpies, which were nesting at the time. Elanus axillaris. Black-shouldered Kite. — At odd times I have seen a good many of these birds scattered through the district, but only when field mice are plentiful. 30 MORSE, Birds of the Morcc District. 1st July Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. — Fortunately for the Ducks this slaughterer dees not often appear here. I have seen only three, two of which were amusing themselves Duck killing. I recorded in "The Emu" some years ago the fact that Mr. Mawhiney and myself witnessed a single bird kill, apparently only for sport, twelve Ducks in about half an hour. Falco hypoleucus. Grey Falcon. — A rare visitor. The only time 1 have seen them was seven years ago, when I came across a little band of five amusing themselves chasing Pigeons. Falco subniger. Black Falcon. — When the Quail are plentiful, a fair number of these birds come to the district. I have only two re- cords of their breeding here. Mr. Mawhiney has twice taken eggs from the same tree, which was probably the same bird on each occasion. Falco longipennis. Little Falcon. — Thmly distributed all over the district. Quite recently I saw one attempt to catch a Black- breasted Plover, but was very surprised to note that the Plover, owing to its wondei-ful dodging, got right away. leracidea berigora. Brown Hawk. — Numerous. The sntak-thief among the Hawk tribe. Have several times seen one stealing young birds from the nests, more especially young Grallinas. leracidea occidentalis. Striped Brown Hawk. — I often see birds which are apparently referable to this race in company with the former kind. Cerchneis cenchroides. Nankeen Kestrel. — Numerous. Nests in hollows or just as readily in an old nest of a Raven or Magpie. Ninox boobook. Bcobook Owl. — Rare. I do not remember ever having seen one, but can occasionally hear them. Ninox connivens. Winking Owl. — Rare. Last winter one took up his quai-ters close to the house in a bilga tree, his retreat being dis- closed by the leg of a chicken found lying beneath; and on the follow- ing evening he made another attempt at a poultry supper. So very reluctantly, and acting on instructions from a higher authority, 1 brought the gun into use. Tyto alba. Barn-Owl. — After a succession of good seasons, there is usually a plague of mice, at which times these Owls are numerous. Although seldom seen in daylight, numbers are flushed from the road- side when one is motoring at night. Their screech is distinctly dis- agreeable, and, if heard in large cities, the police force would be searching for murderers. Trichoglossus nioluccanus. Blue Mountain Lorikeet. — A rare visi- tor; occasionally a little band can be seen feeding on the blossoms of the Moreton Bay ash. Trichoglcssus chlorolepidotus. Scaly-breasted Lorikeet. — I have one record in my note book of a visit paid by a small band of these in 1917, and like the previous birds they were feeding on the blossom of the Moreton Bay ash. Glossopsitta concinna. Musk Lorikeet. — Plentiful at times in the eastern f|uarter, when one of their natural foods is in abundance — the native apple tree (Angophora) blossom. Cacatua galerita. White Cockatoo. — Fairly numerous in spring along the Gwydir and Barwon rivers, where they nest in the big trees. Cacatua ros4>icapilla. Galah. — Very plentiful through all the dis- trict. Loptolophus holiandirus. Cockatiel. — In good seasons in countless numbers. '^°\™] MORSE. Birds of the Morcc District. 31 Aprosmictus erythropterus. Red-winjred Parrot. — Fairly well dis- tributed throughout the district. Their food is principally the seeds of various trees, such as the leopard, white wood and prickly acacia. Platycercus adscitus. Pale-headed Rosella. — Not numerous; more often found among the big gums of the rivers. Platycercus eximius splendens. Yellow-mantled Rosella. — During the winter and early spring a few of these birds are to be found, but they always leave before summer sets in, and take up their quarters in the eastern parts of the district, where wheat is grown. Barnardius barnardi. Ring-necked Parrot. — Thinly distributed all over the district. Psephotus hjematogaster. Blue-bonnet Parrot. — Plentiful. P.sephotu.s varius. Many-coloured Parrot. — In 1918, I came across several pairs of these birds along the Barwon River. I don't know whether they are permanent residents or not, as I have had no fur- ther opportunity of investigating, but it is the only time and place I have seen them. P.sephotus haematonotus. Red-backed Parrot. — Not numerous in the westei-n quarter, but plentiful in the wheat growing area. Melopsittacus undulatus. Budgerygah. — Countless numbers of these pretty little birds are here in some seasons. Podargus strigoides. Tawny Frogmouth. — Plentiful, but not often seen. .i^gotheles crislata. Owlet Nightjar. — Plentiful, but, like the pre- vious bird, not often seen. Eurystomus orientalis. Australian Roller. — A few pairs migrate annually to the large trees of the river bank to breed. Dacelo gigas. Kookaburra. — Numerous. Halcyon pyrrhopygius. Red-backed Kingfisher. — Not numerous. Seldom seen away from the rivers, where they tunnel in the banks for nesting purposes. Halcyon sanctus. Sacred Kingfisher. — Plentiful from October to March, after which they all go away. Merops omatus. Rainbow Bee-eater. — For the past five years we have made a note of the arrival of these birds, and during that time the first was seen between the 22nd and 25th September; never earlier or later. A dozen pairs or so remain close to the house to breed each year, but the wily fox has added the young to his menu, and except those actually nesting in the garden, all fall victim to this omnivorous feeder. He gets them in the same manner as he does young rabbits by simply digging a perpendicular hole to the nest. No effort is wasted in following the burrow from the entrance. Eurostopodus guttatus. Spotted Night-jar. — On rare occasions 1 have flushed one of these birds. I fancy they are birds of passage, as they disappear entirely. Chaetura caudacuta. Spine-tailed Swift. — Often noted passing usually the herald of stormy weather. Micropus pacificus. White-rumped Swift. — During the summer months large flocks often seen passing. Cuculus pallidu.s. Pallid Cuckoo. — Plentiful; a few birds remain here all the winter. 32 MORSE, nirds of the Moree District. K j^"^" Catomantis flaholliformis. Fantail Cuckoo. — During: the winter, I have seen numbers of these in the large Casuarina forests; no doubt many hibernate here. They disappear in summer, and I have no record of an eprs beinjr found. Mesocalius osculans. Black-eared Cuckoo. — Rare; odd pairs oc- casionally seen. Chalcites basalis. Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo. — Very numerous. Lamprococcyx plagosus. Bronze-Cuckoo. — Not plentiful, and, like the Fantail, does not remain here to breed. Scythrop.s novae-hollandi^. Channelbill. — Only seen occasionally, sometimes at intervals of years; but I do not think any pass without advertisinj; themselves by their loud call. Hirundc neoxena. Welcome Swallow. — Plentiful. Cheramceca leucosternum. White-backed Swallow. — Until the last decade this Ijird was unknown in the district, now they are permanent residents in the extreme eastern quarter. Hylochelidon niKrican.s. Tree-Martin. — Very numerous; occasion- ally makes use of a little mud to plaster up the mouth of a large hollow, in which they are nesting. A pair also built quite a respect- able mud nest this year in my hayshed, a thing I did not thmk they were capable of. Hvlochelidon ariei. Fairy Martin. — Very numerous. .Microeca fascinans. Brown Flycatchei. — Numerous. I'etroica multicolor. Scarlet-breasted Robin. — Rare in brigalow and belar of N.E. I'etroica goodenovii. Red-capped Robin. — Numerous. Melancdrvas cucuilata. Hooded Robin. — Rare in brigalow and belar of N.E. Smicrornis brevirostris. Short-billed Tree-tit. — Rare in brigalow and belar of N.E. (Jerygone albogularis. Bush-Warbler. — Rare. (Jerygone (?). — There is a more common species here than the previous one, but I am not sure of its identity yet; it certainly is not the Southern Bush- Warbler {G.fusca). Eopsaltria australis. Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin. — Plentiful in the belar and brigalow forests. Falcunculus frontatus. Shrike-tit. — Fairly plentiful along the rivers and watercourses. Oreoica gutturalis. Crested Bell-Bird. — Numerous in parts of the district. Pachyrephala pectoralis. Yellow-breasted Whistler. — Not nume- rous. Only to be found in the densest belar forests. I'achycephala rufiventris. Rufous-breasted Whistler. — Very plen- tiful all through the district. Hhipidura flahellifera. White-shafted Fantail. — Numbers of these little birds pass here in August, a few remaining to nest in the large belar forests. Hhipidura rufifrons. Rufous Fantail. — Very rare. I cannot recall ever sicing more than two of these little birds, though Mr. Mawhiney reports them occasionally from his quarter, but he has been unable to find them nesting. THE EMI'. Vol. XXII. PLATE XI ^°'i^^"] MORSE, Birds of the Morcc District. 33 Rhipidura leucophrys. Black and White Fantail. — Very numerous. Last spring:: there were no less than nine nests (all being used) within 100 yards of the house. Seisura inquieta. Restless Flycatcher. — Plentiful; more especially near the water. Myiagra rubecula. Leaden Flycatcher. — Very rai*e, but few pairs remain in the district to breed each summer, though they do not appear until the weather is hot. Pteropodocys maxima. Ground Cuckoo-Shrike. — Fairly plentiful. Nesting commences in August and lasts till October, seldom later. Graucalus novxe-hoUandiae. Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike. — Numerous. These birds are late breeders, not beginning till October; but nests can often be found as late as January. Graucalus mentalis. Little Cuckoo-Shrike. — Fairly numerous along the rivers, but seldom seen elsewhere. Campephaga tricolor. White-shouldered Caterpiller - eater. — Numerous in the late spring and summer; some birds remain here all through the winter, though the majority go north. Several re- turned soldiers have told me that the note of the male is just like a burst of machine gun fire. Why not call him the Machine Gunner? Pomatostomus temporalis. Grey-crowned Babbler. — Very nume- rous throughout the district. Poniatcstomus superciliosus. White-browed Babbler. — Very rare. I have never seen these birds in the district, but since I started writing this, Mr. Mawhiney rang me up to say he had just found them breed- ing. This is also the first record he has of them. Cinclorhamphus cruralis. Brown Song-Lark. — Numerous. The flight of the male bird of this species is more like the aerial move- ments of an aeroplane than that of any other bird I know of. Prefers the open plains. Cinclorhamphus mathewsl. Rufous Song-Lark. — Numerous; but prefers the lightly timbered countiy; more especially large ring- barked timber. Epthianura albifrons. White-fronted Bush-Chat. — On occasions, and at certain favoured spots, these little birds are to be found, but they are not numerous. Epthianura tricolor. Crimson Biish-Chat. — Not numerous., and, like the former bird, favouring cei'tain localities, preferably the tall thistles, where they breed. Epthianura aurifrons. Orange Bush-Chat. — My first sight of these pretty little birds in the district was on the return trip from R.A.O.U. camp at Wallis Lake. When driving home from Garah, two flew from the roadside. Subsequently I saw numbers of them, and Mr. Mawhiney found them breeding in the prickly acacia bushes on the plains. Acrocephalus australis. Australian Reed-Warbler. — Very nume- rous along "The Watercourse," where the abundance of sags and tall reeds is all they desire. Many can be found in the mid-wintei in this favoured place. Megalurus gramineus. Little Grass-Bird. — Numerous, especially in the swamps, where the polygonum bushes grow. Chthonicola sagittata. Speckled Warbler.— In the more heavily timbered lands in the N.E. we saw a fair number of "specks" on one of our excursions. Black-eared Cuckoos were also more numerous there than elsewhere, but we could find no "specks' " nests, conse- quently no Cuckoo's eggs. 34 MORSE, Birds of the Moree District. 1st July Acanthiza nana. Little Tit-Wai'blei. — Fairly plentiful in the sandal-wood scrubs. Acanthiza chrysorrhoa. Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler. — Numerous. Acanthiza pyrrhopygia. Red-runiped Tit-Warbler. — Rare. This little bird, owinfr to its quiet, retiring nature and modest appearance, could easily be mistaken for several other species, and in this way overlooked, but its nest is quite unique, and usually in an exposed position — a distinct invitation to the Bronze-Cuckoo. Acanthiza uropygialis. Chestnut- ta.led Tit-Warbler. — Plentiful; generally to be found in little bands; always nests in a hollow with a tiny entrance. Sericornis frontalis. White-browed Sci-ub-Wren. — On the extreme eastern boundary, where there are shaded gullies running from the hills, I have seen little bands of these birds, but farther west they do not care to go. Malurus cyaneus. Blue Wren-Warbler. — Not numerous, but fairly well distributed. Malurus leuconotus. White-winged Wren-Warbler. — This beautiful little bird is to be found in small companies all over the open plains, more especially where there are roly poley bushes, in which they build their nests. Malurus lamberti. Variegated Wren-Warbler. — Fairly plentiful. Artamus leucorhynchus. White-breasted Wood-Swallow. — Nume- rous. Artamus .superciliosus. — White-browed Wood-Swallow. — Numerous. Artamus personatu.s. Masked Wood-Swallow. — Numerous. Artamus cinereus. Black-faced Wood-Swallow. — Numerous. Artamus minor. Little Wood-Swallow. — Rare. A few pairs of these little birds distribute themselves over the district each spring; they seem to prefer the ring-barked belar country, where they nest in some hollow spout. This district must be about their "furthest south"; 80 miles N.W. they are plentiful. Colluricincla harmonica. Harmonious Shrike-Thrush. — Plentiful. Grallina cyanoleuca. Magpie Lark. — Plentiful. Aphelocephala leucopsis. Whiteface. — Plentiful; one of the earliest and latest breeders. I have found nests early in July and as late as March. Neositta chry.soptera. Orange-winged Nuthatch (Tree-runner). — Numerous in the belar forests. Climacteris picumna. Brown Tree-Creeper. — Plentiful in the open forest countiy; begins nesting as early as June. Climacteris loucoph:ea. White-throated Tree-Creeper. — Thmly dis- tributed in the belar forests. I have never seen them elsewhere. Climacteris erythrops. Red-browed Tree-Creeper. — Very rare; an odd pair in the N.E. quarter. In 1920, Mr. Mawhiney found one pair breeding; the nest was fairly low in the cleft of a boonary tree. Zosterops lateralis. White-eye. — In the autumn months I have several times seen little bands of these birds about, but they do not seem to remain long, and I have never seen or heard of their nesting in the district. Dica>um hiriindinaceum. Mistletoe-Bird. — Not numerous. THE E^[^. roi. xxii. PLATE XI ^°'i9^^"] MORSE, Birds of the Morcc District. 35 Pardalotus assimilis. Orange-tipped Diamond-Bird (Pai'dalote). — Numerous. Dr. D'Ombrain described this bird in T/ic Emu of July, 1921. The note is always chip-chip. Pardalotus striatus. Red-tipped Paixlalote. — Not numerous, but to be found along the rivers in eastern extremes. Their note is quite distinct from that of the previous species; it sounds like wit-e-chu. Pardalotu.s punctatus. Spotted Pardalote. — Rare. On rare oc- casions I have seen these little birds. Their note is also quite distinct from those of the previous two. Melithreptus gularis. Black-chinned Honey-eater. — Rare. The only spot I have seen them in any numbers was along the Mclntyre River. Melithreptus brevirostris. Brown-headed Honey-eater. — Not nume- rous, but being such unobtrusive little bii'ds, may be more plentiful than one supposes. They move about in little bands from one blos- soming tree to another, and the only note uttered is a very tiny one when in flight. Plectorhyncha lanceolata. Striped Honey-eater. — Plentiful. Myzomela nigra. Black Honey-eater. — In the spring of 1918 num- bers of these little birds appeared, remaining for about a month, feed- ing the while on honey from the sandalwood {Eremophila mitchelli). That short visit is the only time I have ever come in contact with them. Grantiella picta. Painted Honey-eater. — At times fairly plentiful in certain parts of the district, but I think their movementc are in- fluenced by the fruiting of the mistletoe, on which they seem entirely to feed. Mr. Mawhiney and E. Rickman found several of their fragile nests in the belar and myall trees in 1920. This year none are about, and there is likewise no fruit on the mistletoe. Stigmatops indistincta. Brown Honey-eater. — The identity of this bird is doubtful. In a little gully full of flowering banksia, we (that is. Dr. D'Ombrain, myself and others) saw a pair of small brown Honey-eaters with long, curved bills. I thought they were of this species; the Dr. says not. They were building a nest at ihe time, and as we were returning by the place a fortnight later, we decided to make further investigation then; but when we did return, the trees had ceased flowering, and the birds had gone. Whatever they were, they had no right there. Meliphaga fusca. Fuscous Honey-eater. — Where the hills give way to the plains at the extreme eastern boundary the Fuscous Honey- eater is to be found, but the flat country marks his boundary line. Meliphaga virescens. Singing Honey-eater. — Plentiful. Their in- crease is checked very much by the Pallid Cuckoo, which is very par- tial to their nest. They overcome this difficulty in a measure by nesting continuously from September to March. Meliphaga penicillata. White-plumed Honey-eater. — The most plen- tiful of all. Numerous throughout the d'strict. Myzantha garrula. Noisy Miner. — Plentiful. Myzantha flavigula. Yellow-throated Miner. — I think even more plentiful than the previous species. Acanthagenys rufogularis. Spiny-checked Wattle-bird. — Numerous. Entomyzon cyanotis. Blue-faced Honey-eater. — Not numerous. Philemon corniculatus. Friar-Bird. — Fairly numerous along the rivers, but scarce elsewhere. 36 MORSE, lairds of the Morcc District. ["^i^fjiTy" Philemon citreogularis. Yellow-throated Friar-Bird. — Numerous in the spring and summer, but disappears entirely during the colder months. Anthus australis. Australian Pipit. — Not numerous. Mirafra javanica. Horsfield Bush-Lark — Numerous on the open plains when the seasons are good. Zonaeginthus guttatus. Spotted-sided Finch. — Like all the represen- tatives of the Finch family, only here in good seasons. At present very plentiful. Ta'niopygia castanotis. Chestnut-eared Finch. — At times in thou- sands, making their nests in low hollows or prickly acacia bushes. Steganopleura hichenovii. Banded Finch. — Rare. Aidemosyne modesta. Plum-headed Finch. — At present very plenti- ful. Nesting in the black thistles and roly poly bushes. ^gintha temporalis. Red-browed Finch. — Only extends to the eastern boundary of the district among the hills. Oriolu.s sagittatus. Australian Oriole. — Not numerous; prefers the belar forests. Chlam.ydera maculata. Spotted Bower-Bird. — Owing to this inter- esting bird's destructive habits in the gardens, they are not nearly so plentiful as formerly, except in the prickly pear country, the fruit of which plant keeps them out of mischief elsewhere. Corvus bennetti. Short-billed Crow. — An occasional visitor, whose presence can always be detected by the very different "caw" fiom that of the Ravens. Corvus coronoides. Raven. — Plentiful. In spite of guns, traps, and other means of destruction, the old Ravens, I am glad to state, seem as plentiful as ever. Struthidea cinerea. Grey Jumper. — Plentiful. The most homely bird we have, and generally looked on as a garden pest. The society often take possession of a Grallina's nest for their own purposes. Corcorax metanorhamphus. White-winged Chough. — In times when mud for building purposes is scarce, they often overcome the diffi- culty by using soft cattle droppings. Strepera graculina. Pied Bell-Magpie. — Plentiful in the prickly pear country, no doubt attracted there by the fruit. Cracticus nigrogiilaris. Bhick-throated Butcher-Bird. — Numerous. I always think the note of this bird is the most beautiful of all our songsters, but it is heard to advantage only at daybreak in the spring. Cracticus torquatus. Collared Butcher-Bird. — Numerous. Gymnorhina tibicen. Black-backed Magpie. — Numerous. In this list I have omitted two species, both migrants, of whose identity I am not certain, but they were probably a Whimbicl and a Sanderling. Egret and Glossy Ibis Rookeries I'.v I". C. MOkSl-:, U. A. O.LI., Coocalla, Garali. X.S.W. For many year.s I have been riniily convinced that the Glossy Ibis (Plcffadis falciucllns) bred somewhere along the 70 miles of Watercourse in this district, and, in company with Mr. H. A. Mawhiney, I have spent many chiys in search of their nests. TIIF. r.MW 1"7. -TV//. PLATE XIV. ^°'i4^" ] Mi )RSE, Birds of the Morcc District. 37 On almost every Irii) we made to \arious ])oints in tliis vast expanse of swamjjs the birds were seen, but no sign of a nest was found. To help us in the quest, we questioned every ])erson we met living anywhere near the wet area. ]\Iost of them did not even know the bird. We were fortunate in at last meeting Mr. S. A. Freeman, who has a block of land in the Ibis country, and a telephone message on December 2nd from him to the efifect that "Glossy Ibises were going to and fro past his camp daily, and apparently their headquarters was at a large Straw-necked Ibis rookery," had ^Ir. F. McCallum, R.A.O.U. (who hap- pened to be with me at the time), quickly prei^aring for a trip. We reached Mr. Freeman's camp next day about 2 p.m., and started a mile walk through shallow water towards the poly- gonum swamp, in which the Straw-necks (Thrcskiornis spiiii- collis) were breeding. This swamp covers a large area, through which we hunted for the remainder of the afternoon, but could not even see a bird of the Glossy species. We returned to camp very disappointed, but decided next day to work the northern portion of the swamji on which we had not yet touched. Carry- ing out these intentions, we had no sooner reached the polygonum bushes than a flock of Glossies rose just in front of us. Hurry- ing over to the spot, we could see several nests, mostly containing recently hatched young or eggs just chipping. One nest con- tained four egg^ and one young just out of the shell. In all we counted seventeen nests in close proximity, but could find no more further out. The nests were all very low down from two feet to six inches above the water, well back in the bushes, an outer ring of Straw-neck and White Ibis nests almost obscuring them from view. They were all built of the green, wiry ends of the polygonum bushes. After taking a few photos, all of which I lost through dropping the camera in the water, we made back to the camp, and that afternoon walked a couple of miles in another direction, hoping to locate some more Glossies in that quarter, but without success. Xext day, when six miles on the homeward track, we pulled up, leaving the car by the roadside, walked about two miles through fallen belar to another portion and (juite a different type of swamp lands. In this place the channel was not more than a quarter of a mile wide, but a dense growth of eumung (Acacia varians) trees, with their spreading branches, almost covered up the water way. These trees do not grow more than 30 feet in height. We were no sooner in this area than we were in the midst of hordes of birds — Egrets, Herons, Spoonbills, Cormorants and White and Glossy Ibis. The last were in great numbers, and nests were in evidence on all sides. Some contained large young, which on our approach, scrambled away up the branches. Other nests were in process of construction, and there were eggs and young in all intermediate stages. Having satisfied ourselves 38 MORSE, Birds of the Moree District. [Yst hS"^ that we had at last found the long-sought spot, we made our way homewards with the intention of returning at an early date. The following week-end, December 9th, saw us again on the same sj)ot, this time accompanied by Mr. Mawhiney. We worked the swanij) both east and west for about half a mile, but did not reach the end of the nesting area. For this reason, it would be impossible even to guess at the number of Glossies breeding here, but we concluded that we had seen three or four hundred nests. The Glossies' nests, viewed from below, are indistinguishable from those of the Plumed Egrets. They are certainly built by the occupants, as we saw many birds carrying material. They are all constructed of the leafy ends of the eumung trees, some placed on old nests, others built in forks or branches of the trees from seven to twenty feet above the water level. They measure from 11 to 1.^ inches in width, with an egg cavity of two inches in depth. Clutches, usually three or four; two nests contained five, and one si.x eggs. White, Plumed, and Little Egrets (Egretta alba, intermedia, and cjorzetta) were also breeding here, the former two in great numbers. Of the Little Egret we could find only one small colony of perhaps thirty to fifty birds. These also were in all stages. In some nests the young were fledged, while other birds were only now building. Clutches of the White and Plumed were usually three, often four, while those of the Little were usually four or five. On December 17th heavy rain fell, and the country was once uKjre flooded, and we were unable to get to the place again till February 17th of this year. Piirds were still apparently as numerous as ever. A few nests still contained eggs, but there was evidence on all sides that breeding had practically ceased. The water was drying ofl"', and many of the occupied trees were now on dry land. We were rather alarmed at hearing what we took to be pea rifle shots every now and then, and tliought some marauders or murderers had got among our birds, but we were much relieved to find it was only eggs i)opping in the drying mud. 'IMiis most interesting spot is probably the largest heronry in New v^f)uth Wales. There are hundreds of thousands of birds breeding here. It is on the e.xtreme portion of four different holdings. The land itself is of very little value for grazing purposes, and j)robably very little or no objection would be raised to its being proclaimed a sanctuary. The total length is not more than three miles, f)f an a\erage width of about a ([uarter of a mile. In conclusion, I would like to mention that this is the only ]>lace where I have seen the White Ibis nesting among the trees, many nests being fully 20 feet from the ground. They usually occupy (luite a lowly position. Till-: K.Mr. Vol. \ Ml. PLATE XV. THK K.Mr, 10/. XXII. PLATE I XVI Vol. XXII. 1922 XORTOX. /.'/■;-(/ .\'*)/,\v from Borce. 39 Bird Notes from Boree (New England Plateau) By Mrs. S. T. W. XOR'I'OX, K.A.O.U., Tamworth, N.S.W. Boree is situated on the top of the New England Tableland, N.S.W. , 50 miles south of Armidale. It is 3500 feet above sea- level, and the winters are bitterly cold. In wet seasons heavy falls of snow are fairly frequent, and in dry years the frosts are very severe. During July and August, 1919 — a drought year — the thermometer frequently fell to 12 deg. or 15 deg. Fahr. at night (20 deg. of frost), and by day piercingly cold westerly winds would blow. The summer sun is scorching, but the shade temperature is not high, and the nights are cool. The country is slightly hilly, with wide, clear valleys between. The hills are thickly clothed with stringybark trees, with large patches of bracken-fern here and there; the haunt of Tits and \\'rens. A great deal of the countr}- is ring-barked, and covered with dead trees and fallen logs. A small creek runs through the property. It flows only dur- ing winter or wet seasons. At other times it is merely a suc- cession of small waterholes from two to five feet deep, fringed with a low growth of rushes round a muddy margin. One or two waterholes have gravelly edges. These are frequented by Dottrels. Along the creek flats grow white gum and "pepper- mint" trees. Among these the Noisy Miners, Magpies and But- cher-Birds make their home. On one portion of the creek is an "island" — a piece of higher ground surrounded by marshy land. On this the timber has been left green and thick. It is not more than 150 yards long, by, say, 75 yards wide, yet on that one spot in October, 1919, I found the following nests: — Scarlet-breasted Robin, 5 nests ; Flame-breasted Robin, 1 ; Satin Fly-catcher, 1 ; White-throated Fly-eater, 1 ; White-shafted Fan- tail, 1 ; Harmonious Thrush, 2 ; Rufous-breasted WHiistler, 1 ; Black and White Fantail, 1; Yellow Tits, 2; Wattle Bird, 1; Friar-Bird, 1; Soldier-Birds (Noisy Miners), 3; Magi)ie-Lark, 1. It was the richest little spot in birds and nests T have known. Away from the creek the back country is watered by small dams, the haunt of Herons and Dottrels. The house is situated on a rather stony hill, overlooking the creek, though some distance from it, and is surrounded by Finns hisif/nis trees, ever-green hedges and a fruit orchard. To ihe west is a natural breakwind of thick-growing peppermints. Twenty five miles due east of Boree, the N.E. tableland breaks off abrujitly in precipitous cliffs and very steep mountain sides, de- scending rapidly several thousand feet to the coastal country. This eastern side is known as the "Falls country," as the water- courses flowing eastward all i:»lunge over into deep gorges and 40 X(jRTOX, Bird Xotes from Borcc. TisfS" canons forming in many places very fine waterfalls, and really magnificent canyons, some with sheer bare cliff sides, others beau- tifully clothed in brush and pine scrubs. The "Falls Country" is wild and rough and thickly timbered. Forests of casuarina abound and l^yre-Birds, Satin l>ower-I>irds and so on are plen- tiful, but since the boundaries of "Boree" do not extend to this country I have not included anv of the birds found there in my list. These are only the birds actually seen by myself on "Boree" during the spring and summer of 1919, and autumn and winter of 1920. Coturnix pectoralis. Stubble-Quail. — Veiy common most of the year. One little chap lived in the garden for weeks, and became so tame he would come to be fed every mominf?. Ocyphaps lophotes. Crested Pip:eon. — A pair spent a few hours in the jjarden during December. Evidently in mij?i-ation; none seen since. Gallinula tenebrosa. Black Moor-Hen. — Occasionally seen about the creek, but not common. Podiceps ruficoUis. Black-throated Grebe (Dabchick). — A few al- ways to I)e found on the dams and the creek. Lobiby.x novae-hollandise. Spur-winp:ed Plover. — Always plentiful about the creek and flats. A pair bred not twenty feet outside our garden fence on a stony hillside. Zonifer tricolor. Black-breasted Plover. — Not so common as the Spur-wing, but fairly plentiful. A pair of these birds bred quite near the house and beside a main road, along which motor cars and other traffic passed frequently all day. Charadriu.s melanops. Black-fronted Dottrel (Sand-Piper). — A pair of these birds were almost always to be found at each dam and water-hole. Burhinus grallarius. Southern Stone- Plover. — These birds used to be extremely common about here, but since the coming of the fox they have become very rare, and through the whole year I only heard one calling during a night in November (19i;>)- Thre.skiornis molucca. Straw-necked Ibis (Dry-weather Bird). — Present in innnense flocks during the late summer and autumn months. Platalea flavipe.s. Yellow-billed Spoonbill. — Four seen about the creek in ?>bi-uary. Notophoyx novap-hollandiae. White-fronted Heron. — A solitary bird, always lives about the dam near the house. Others ai'e often seen along the creek. Nolophoyx pacifica. White-necked Heron. — Usually a very rare bird here, but during this year (I'JID), no doubt owing to the ab- normal conditions created by the prolonged drought, several solitary birds took up positions on the little water-holes and dams. Each bird seemed to keep entirely to his chosen place, and to have no inter- course with the others. One shared — apparently most amicably — the small dam near the house with the old White-fronted Heron. Nycticorax caledonicus. Nankeen Night-Heron. — All through the summer one slept by day in a gum-tree near the house; flying to the creek at dusk. Anas superciliosa. Black Duck. — Always in small flocks on the creek water-holes, and in October numerous pairs were breeding among the rushes growing all along the muddy margins of the creek. ^""iS^"] XORTOX, Bird Xotcs from Borcc. 41 Chenonetta jubata. Maned Goose. — Small flocks always about the water-hoies. Also bred among the dead trees along the creek banks. Phalacrocorax fuscescens. White-breasted Cormorant (Shag). — A pair were always about the creek. Phalacrocorax ater. Little Black Cormorant. — A few often came on to the creek for a few days at a time. Pelecanu.s conspicillatus. Pelican. — Four of these birds appeared on the dam near the house late one evening, and after resting there all that night and next day departed; none seen since. Urcaetus audax. Wedge-tailed Eagle. — Occasionally seen sailing in the sky. Haliastur sphenurus. Whistling Eagle.— Extremely common; some- times after rabbit poisoning, literally in hundreds feasting on the carcases. leracidea berigora. Brown Hawk. — Often seen, but not plentiful. Cerchneis cenchroides. Nankeen Kestrel. — Always a few pairs about. In February there came a plague of grasshoppers and for a few days the Kestrels were around in dozens, snapping up the pests. It was a charming sight to watch them wheel and hover and swoop. Ninox boobook. Boobook Owl. — One lived in a tree near the house; it called eveiy night, and was sometimes seen. Glos.sop.sitta concinna. Musk Lorikeet. — Large flocks appeared dur- ing the period of the flowering of the eucalypts, and remained till the blocm was over, shrieking all day, and roosting in close ranks all over the branches of a tall dead tree near the house at right. Calyptorhynchus funereus. Black Cockatoo. — A flock of about a dozen lived in the stringy-bark ridges, where they tore long strips of bark from the trees. About March they all go east to the "Falls" country to the casuarinas to breed. They return in June or July. Cacatua galerita. White Cockatoo.— Large flocks attacked the crops in Febi-uary and March. Platycercus elegans. Crimson Rosella. — Not often seen so high as this, but vei-y plentiful a little farther to the east in the "Falls" country. A pair took up their residence in the garden during the summer, and were most destructive to the fruit, especially the rasp- berries. Platycercus eximius. Rosella. — One of the commonest birds here. Always about. This summer especially they wei'e present in large flocks, and were most destructive to the crops. Podargus strigoides. Tawny Frogmouth. — A pair build each year in a gum-tree quite near the house, and are always about. Eurystomus orientalis. Australian Roller (Dollar Bird). — Pairs were frequently seen during the summer. Dacelo gigas. Laughing Kingfisher. — Very common. During the winter they were frequently found lying dead in the bush. Probably the long drought and lack of food were responsible. Halycon .sanctu.«. Saci'ed Kingfisher. — Several pairs were about during the summer. Chactura caudacuta. Spine-tailed Swift. — Often seen winging their way high overhead. Cuculus pallidus. Pallid Cuckoo. — Fairly plentiful; more often heard than seen; very often called all night. Cacomantis flabelliformis. Fan-tailed Cuckoo. — Sometimes seen in the bush. 42 XORTOX, irn-d Xotes from Borec. Tisffur Chalcites basalis. Narrow-billed Bronze-Cuckoo. — One pair only seen durinp the summer. Laniprococcyx plagosus. Bronze Cuckoo. — Often seen. In March and April they were to be seen in little flocks of ten or so in the bush. Scythrops novie-hollandiae. Channel-bill. — One was heard flying and callintr overhead just before a storm, but was not seen. Hirundo neoxena. Welcome Swallow. — Vex-y numerous in spring and summer. Building all round the verandahs and in the out-house& Generally they leave us about April, but this year did not go till June. Hylochelidon nigrican.s. Tree Martin. — Very common in summer. In the autumn huge flocks gathered and mingled with the Welcome Swallows. The telephone line was one continuous black row of Mar- tins and Swallows all day long. Soon after they seemed to depart together. Petroica multicolor. Scarlet-breasted Robin. — Very common in summer in the bush, and in winter in the open. In October I found five nests of this species on one little point of land i-unning out into the creek. They generally build in stringy-bark saphngs, but also on dead limbs of small trees. The hen-bird about here is much more brightly coloured than in the lower country. Her breast has a small patch of really bright vermillion red; quite a different shade from that of the male bird. Petroica phoenicea. Flame-breasted Robin. — Only occasionally seen here; not at all common. Petroica goodenovii. Red-capped Robin. — A rare bird ab< ut here. Sometimes seen in the stringybark scrub. A pair came into the gar- den this summer, and seemed inclined to build in one of the fruit trees. A brutal cat killed the male, and the little hen-bird remained alone in the garden all the summer. She took possession of the tree which she and her mate had chosen and chased all other little birds out of it in the most pugnacious way. After evicting some little Tit or Finch, she would sit on a top-most twig and warble a funny, gurgly. almost inaudible, little song of triumph. She became very tame, and would flit about after me when I was working in the garden, sitting on a stake or fence and watching me, but I never saw her eat a worm. She left in April. Melanodryas cucullata. Hooded Robin. — One only seen during the summer, in the clear ring-barked country. Gerygone albogularis. White-throated Flyeater. — The sweet song of these tiny birds was to be heard all through the summer in the bush, where they also nested. Eopsaltria australi.s. Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin. — One pair only observed in the stringy-bark. Falcunculus frontatus. Yellow-breasted Shrike-Tit. — Two pairs only observed in the stringy-bark ridges in March. They tore the bark from the branches with their stout bills while searchinp for in- sects. Pachycephala pectoralis. Golden-breasted Whistler. — Several pairs were observed in the stringy-bark ridges in the spring and summer. Pachycephala rufiventris. Rufous-breasted Whistler. — Always to be seen and heard all through the summer months, but leaving us in the winter. Rhipidura flabellifera. White-shafted Fantail. — Often seen in the bush, and very occasionally visited the garden. Rhipidura leucophry.'*. Black and White P'antail (Willie Wagtail). — Very common. A very amusing pair built every year in the garden, and were extremely tame and friendly, often coming right into the rooms through an open window. ^S^"] NORT()X, IVird Xotcs from Borce. 43 Myiagra cyanoleuca. Satin Flycatcher. — In October (1919) one pair nested by the creek. Graucalus novae-hollandije. Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike. — Plentiful durinj? the summer months in the bush. Canipephaga tricolor. White-shouldei'ed Caterpillar-eater. — Plenti- ful durinji- the summer months, mostly frequenting the open ring- barked ridges. Cinclorhamphus mathewsi. Rufous Song-lark. — A pair lived in the garden for some weeks during the summer. They then departed and no more were seen. Epthianura albifrons. White-fronted Chat. — A small flock roosted all through the winter months in the thick hedges in the garden, fly- ing out into the adjoining fields by day. In spring they disappeared. Acrocephalus australis. Reed-Warbler. — Very plentiful about the river banks about six miles from Boree where they were nesting as late as January (1920). None to be found about this creek. Acanthiza nana. Little Tit-Warbler. — Not common, but sometimes seen in the bush. Acanthiza pusilla. Brown Tit-VVarbler. — Very common in small flocks in the bush. Acanthiza lineata. Striated Tit-Warbler. — Not common, but some- times seen in the bush. Acanthiza chrysorrhoa. Yellow-tailed Tit- Warbler.— Common. Two pairs always live in the garden, where they breed, and are most use- ful, destroying large quantities of aphis and grubs. Acanthiza reguloides. Buff-tailed Tit-Warblei*. — Sometimes seen in the bush, where I distinguished them from the Yellow-tail by their characteristic little nest, sometimes built in a fence post-hole or In a creek in a tree-trunk. Sericornis frontalis. White-browed Scrub-Wren. — One pair only were observed in October among the low tea-tree by the creek where they built. Malurus cyaneus. Blue Wren-Warbler. — Common among the bracken on the hills, but never came to the garden. Artamus superciliosus and A. personatus. White-browed and Masked Wood-Swallows. — Were present in large flocks (together) in October. Later the Masked disappeared, and a few pairs of White- browed remained and nested (in company) close about the homestead. In March and April the White-browed again appeared in numbers, but the Masked wei-e not seen again. Artamus cyanopterus. Dusky Wood-Swallow. — Rather rare here; only two pairs observed during the year. Grallina cyanoleuca. Magpie-lark. — Always living and breeding along the creek. ColluricincIa harmonica. Grey Shrike-Thrush (Harmonious Thrush). — Common in the hills; one became very tame dui'ing the winter, and came to the house for crumbs with the "Soldier" Birds. Neositta chrysoptera. Orange-winged Nuthatch (Treerunner). — A flock of six was seen one afternoon i-unning head first do\vn the upper branches of a dead gum. Neositta pileata. Black-capped Nuthatch. — One pair only seen in open, ring-barked country. Climacteris picumna. Brown Tree-Creeper. — Common in the bush. They chiefly frequent the dead timber countiy. Climacteris leucophsea. White-throated Tx'ee-Creeper. — Very com- mon. They chiefly confine their range to the green timber. Found breeding (young ones) as early as August 4th this year (1920), when the weather was still extremely cold. 44 NORTON, Bird Xotes from Borcc. C^isfS" Zosterops lateralis. Silver or White-eye. — Only once observed a few in the garden eating aphis from the rose-bushes. Not at all common here. Pardalotus striatus. Red-tipped Pardalote. — A very common little bird; to be heard calling "wit-e-chu" all the year through and build- ing in both tree hollows and holes in banks. Pardalotus punrtatus. Spotted Pardalote. — Fairly common; com- ing down into the low bushes during the winter, where they were often seen. Melithreptus lunulatus. White-naped Honey-eater (Black-cap). — Very numerous in the eucalypt ti'ees. Glyciphila albifrons. White-fronted Honey-eater. — A small flock appeared one day and remained all that day in the eucalypts near the house, but were not seen again. Meliphaga chrysops. Yellow-faced Honey-eater. — Our commonest Honey-eater; very plentiful all through the summer, building in the garden and wreaking havoc on soft fruits. They leave us about June and go to the east. Meliphaga leucotis. White-eared Honey-eater. — Fairly common in the stringy-bark country, where several nests were discovered in Oc- tober, all placed vei-y low down in "suckers" growing from the trunks of burnt trees. Myzantha garrula. Noisy Miner (Soldier-Bird). — Very common among the "peppermint" gums, but not seen among the stringy-bark. Anthochacra carunculata. Wattle-Bird (Chock. Gill-bird). — Veiy common and very destructive to fruit during the spring and summer. They breed here and depart east about April. Philemon corniculatus. Friar-Bird (Leather-head). — Very common and troublesome among fruit during the spring and summer. They breed here and leave about April. Anthus australis. Australian Pipit (Ground Lark). — Veiy common on the clear flats and crop lands. They seem to congregate together in the autumn, when flocks are to be seen in the crop lands. Zon:eginthus guttatus. Spotted-sided Finch. Common. Nine pairs build in the garden and live there all through the summer months. They split up into very small flocks or pairs, and retire to the bush for the winter. yTCgintha temporalis. Red-browed Finch. — Rare here, but sometimes seen in the bush. Corcorax melanorhamphus. White-winged Chough. — Small flocks are always to be found in the stringy-bark ridges, and their big mud nests are common. Strepera graculina. Pied Bell-Magpie (Black or Port Macquarie Magpie). — Not common here, but very numerous a few miles to the east. Corvus coronoides and C. cecilie. Australian Raven and Crow. — Often about, and breeding in the hills. Cracticus torquatus. Collared Butcher-Bird. — Two pairs always in- habit the belt of eucalypts near the house and nest there each year. Gymnorhina tibicen. Black-backed Magpie. — About our commonest bird; very plentiful all the year round. Introduced Birds. Passer domesticus. Sparrows. — ITp to 1920 had not taken up resi- dence at Boree, though plentiful in the township of Walcha, tive miles distant. Carduelis carduoli.s. Goldfinches. — Occasionally seen. Sturnus vulgaris. Starlings. — Becoming very numerous. Tiir: K.Mi' V'li. :\xii. PLATE XVII. ^°'iyl?"] OLI\'ER, nirds of Little lUirncr Island. 45 The Birds of Little Barrier Island, N.Z. By W. k. 15. OLIN'KR, i^.L.^., F.Z.S., R.A.O.L'., Dominion Museum, Wellington, Xew Zealand. The Go\ernment of Xew Zealand has wisely set aside for the preservation of the indigenous birds of that country three wooded islands each of considerable size and with mountainous features. Little Barrier Island is situated near the northern, Resolution Island near the southern extremity, and Kai)iti Island near the middle of the Dominion. Each is eminently suited to bush birds; and this is all that is recjuired of an island sanctuary, for shore and open country birds are mostly wanderers, and could not be depended (ju to reside permanently in a small area. One has only to visit one of these sanctuaries to realise the suc- cess which has followed the protection aiiforded. Birds which are rare or even quite extinct on the mainland are on Little Bar- rier Island abundant and ciuite fearless of the visitor. From early dawn to dusk the forest rings with their songs. Happiness and i)rosperity seem to reign everywhere. Yet the bird life is not without its tragedies. Life may be easy for most, but a toll is taken by Harriers, which ])ay visits from the mainland, by a few- resident Bush Hawks, and, worst of all, by some cats introduced by former settlers and now reverted to a semi-wild state. Little Barrier Island originally belonged to a Maori tribe, from whom it was acquired by the Government for the purpose of a bird sanctuary. "xVfter considerable dit^culty and many vexa- tious legal delays, the Crown at last obtained peaceable possession of the island of Hauturu, or Little Barrier. This, however, was not carried out without the help of the Permanent Force, and the residence on the island for some months of one of the tor- pedo-men, and exentually the removal by a specially chartered \essel of all the live-stock on the island claimed by the Maoris."* Little Barrier Island lies some fifteen miles due east of Rodney Point. Its length from north to south is given as 4i miles; its breadth from east to west as 3i miles. With the exception of a boulder flat on the south-west side, the whole surface is rough and mountainous, and densely covered with vegetation. A boulder beach surrounds the island, making the landing workable only on the leeward side or in fine w^eather. \^iewed from the sea it presents the appearance of a truncated cone, and, knowing its volcanic origin, one would expect to find a crater. But the island is a deeply dissected pile of fragmentary rocks, and a distinct crater cannot be recognised, though j)robably occupying the head of Weka Gully, immediately under the .south-east side of Mt. Archeria. The main feature of the island consists of two high sinuous ridges forming an irregular T. One of these runs from Ngatamahine Point in the north along the east side of the island *Appendix to Journals of House of Representatives, 1897. CI, p. 124. 46 ()LI\KR, Birds of Little Barrier Island. [\^si fuW to East Caj)e in the south. At each end of this ridge, a bold rock with i)reci])itous sides stands out above the general level of the ridge. The northern rock is known as Orau,* the southern as Bare Rock or W'ekaweka. This ridge gi^es off spurs with intervening gullies to the east. From its central and highest point, Tirikakawa, a spur leads away westward following an S-shaped course as far as The Thumb, or Herikohu. About its centre this ridge culminates in Mt. Archeria, 2450 feet above sea level, the highest point in the island. The greater portion of the island consists of a breccia, or agglomerate of a rather loose matrix enclosing angular frag- ments, fre(|uently of large size, of lava rocks. Only in two places that I visited did I find the lava in situ. From the weathering of such loose material is ])roduced a series of deep gullies alter- nating with high ridges radiating from the centre of the island. The peculiar coastline, unsatisfactory^ both for landing and fishing operations, is entirely due to the nature of the rock of which the island is composed. The sea is constantly wearing away all sides, producing high, vertical cliffs subject to slips. The loose matrix is soon washed away, and the lava fragments are ground to smooth boulders by rubbing against each other, thus leaving a boulder beach at the foot of the sea cliffs. This beach continues without interruption along the whole coastline of the island. Many of the gullies near where they enter the sea have sides of the same nature as the sea cliffs; that is to say, a creek runs through a deep, narrow gorge. Hence it hap- pens that on most of the coastline on the north side of the island, although a landing may be effected on the boulders, no further progress can be made, for most of the gullies give no access to the interior. The only level ground in Little Barrier Island is a shingle flat about fifty acres in extent on the south-west side. The main ])ortion of this flat is fairly level and supports vegetation con- sisting of sedges, grasses, manuka and pohutukawa. The area near The Spit is terraced and ridged in a direction parallel to the south side. The whole flat appears to have been thrown up by the sea, mainly, if not entirely, from the south-east. The whole island, with the exception of a portion of the shingle flat, which is occupied by sedges and grasses, is covered by forest. This consists of a variety of associations ranging from drv manuka scrub on the coast ridges to wet moss-forest on the high slopes and ridges. The distribution of the different types of forest can be made out from the trig, station on Mt. Archeria ; and all kinds are passed through in going from the sea coast to the summit, .\long the coast the ridges are occupied In- tall manuka scrub with undergrowth of sedges, and this passes *The native names are taken from a map published in App. Jour. H.R., 1900 They may not be used here as intended by the map, which is so incorrect as to make it impossible to be surs of their correct application. 'I'lIK i:.\ii . lo/. XX IT. PLATE XVllI W^^^' "^ ¥ i^ \ I 1'^ f'A^ Kj\^ ^^ f{^^ iV \y %vA \V<^ id Coprosma rhamnoidcs, both of which are com- mon on the lower ground. Halcyon (Sauropatis) sanctu.s. Sacred Kingfisher. — The Kingfisher is quite common along the shore, and goes a little way inland on the shingle flat and up the gullies. Its main fare is probably composed of insects. On the shingle beaches, however, a small black lizard is very common, and this the Kingfisher is quick enough to catch, and so materially adds to its fare. Acanthisitta chloris. Rifleman. — The caretaker, Mr. R. Nelson, states that he occasionally comes across this species in the bush. I did net see it. Miro longipes. North Island Wood-Robin. — Extremely rare on the mainland, these friendly birds, thanks to the protection afforded by the sanctuary, are plentiful throughout the forest on Little Barrier Island. They are usually encountered singly or in pairs, but so quiet and gentle are they in their movements that their presence is not de- tected until one stops and listens, when, perhaps within a yard or two, one hears the movement of a leaf. They appear to like human company, of which they are quite fearless, and will come hopping along and turn over dead leaves looking for insects almost at one's feet, every now and then turning their heads to look at their newly-made friend. Myiomoira toitoi. North Island Tomtit. — Equally fearless and plen- tiful as the Robin, Tomtits are much more restless and quick in their movements. They appear to be incessantly flying about from twig to twig, resting for a moment in all sorts of attitude.s, all the time on the lookout for insects, while occasionally peering at the visitoi". Rhipidura flabellifera. White-shafted (Pied) Fantail. — Very com- mon everywhere on the island. They always make their presence known to the visitor, hopping about and twittering within a few feet of him, without, however, intenoipting their chase for small insects, which they catch on the wing. Maoricerygone igata. Grey Warbler. — Fairly common in the bush. Its call is more often heard than the bird is seen as it does not, liki' the Fantail, Robin and Whitehead, seek out the visitor. Anthus novaeseelandiae. Pipit (Ground Lark). — X few aie found on the shingle flat. .Mohoua albicilia. Whitehead. — This species is common throughout the bush, being usually seen in small flocks. As soon as the visitor Tin-: KMT. 1 o/. YT//. Plate xix Nest of tlu- Kuriin;\k() or BcllKird in M;inuk;i. Little Hanier lsl;ind. llluslralioii coininuiiicatcd by \V. K. K. Oliver. K.A i)V. ^^'i^""'] OLU'EK, nirds of Little Barrier Island. 51 is discovered, they crowd round him with much chatteriiif;- and excite- ment. But in a little while, their curiosity being satisfied, or having decided that no harm is intended, they continue on their way. They build their nests in the bush on the lower levels. Creadion carunculatus. Saddleback. — The Saddleback has not been seen on Little Barrier Island since 1882, so may be presumed to be extinct in that locality. It was first noted in 1862 by Layard, who saw- but a single specimen, which he procured." In December, 18(J7, Hut- ton landed on the east coast of the island, and recorded it as being very common. f Lastly Reischek states that it was rare in 1880, and still scarcer in 1882.t Anthornis melanura. Bellbird. — This is without doubt the most common species of bird on Little Barrier Island. Everywhere from dawn to dusk the forest rings with their musical notes. They seem most noisy when feeding; but sometimes they appear to collect to- gether in a tree for the express purpose of singing. On such occasions they take no notice of the visitor who stops to listen with amazement at an impromptu concert of rich, sweet music. Many of their calls resemble those of the Tui, in fact probably the species mimic each other, so that the most practised bushman cannot be sure of the bird until he has actually seen it. There are several distinct calls, the birds in each locality answering one another with the same notes. Thus in passing through the bush one may hear a certain call in one place and a different one further on. Returning, it may be found that the birds in the first locality have changed their tune. The Bell- birds are quite fearless, and, altogether disregarding the visitor, in- cessantly search for insects, nectar and fruit. They may be ob- served from a distance of a few yards, climbing about the trunks and branches of trees, carefully examining every chink and crevice for insects and spiders. They love the peaches in the caretaker's orchard, and their delight is expressed by a continuous whistling to one an- other. But they destroy more peaches than they eat, for partly eaten fx'uit is often knocked off and is left on the ground to rot. Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae. Tui. — The Tui is very common, though not so often seen as the Bellbird. Besides a number of calls indistinguishable from those of the Bellbird, Tuis have many charac- teristic of themselves. They are frequently seen in pairs, often chas- ing one another through the bush with a swift, noisy flight. Often they fly high over the bush when moving from place to place. Notiomystis cincta. Stitchbird.— This beautiful species is n'_"w quite extinct on the mainland. On Little Barrier Island, where onlj. it sur- vives, it frequents the forest high upon the mountain slopes. In pass- ing up the tract to the summit a few can nearly always be seen. On discovering the visitor, they act much in the way that Whiteheads do. They come hopping excitedly tow^ards him, calling "tee-tee-tee . . "^ until quite close. When their curiosity is satisfied or resentment over- come, they may sit on a twig and preen their feathei's, or else con- tinue their search for food, which consists of nectar from flowers,^ succulent fi-uits and insects. A nesting site chosen was a hole in a tree. Here they built year after year, merely making up a new nest on top of the old one. Zosterops lateralis. Silver-eye (Waxeye). — Very plentiful, usually seen in small flocks. They make small hanging nests in manuka scrub on the lower slopes. Like the Honeyeaters already mentioned, they feed on soft-bodied insects, nectar from flowers, and succulent fruits. In the caretaker's orchard they pick out the pulp from holes in peaches and figs made by Bell birds and Tuis. * "Ibis," 186.3, p. 244. t Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. i.. p. 104, 1869. i Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xix., p. 188, 1887. 52 Le SOUEP, Notes on Sea Birds. ["^isfS" Notes on Sea Birds between Sydney and England Jiy A. S. Le SOUEF, C.-M.Z.S., Zoological (;ardens, Sydney. Durin*^ a voyage from Australia t(j London I took daily notes (^n the birds seen in the herpes of further suijjjlenienting the work already done in this direction by Captain MacGillivray, Dr. Fer- guson and Mr. Alexander. I took a record of the temperature day by da)', and find that has something to do with the range of the Wandering Albatross. Between Sydney and latitude 20 south, off the west coast of Africa, the tem])erature ranged from 50 to 65 degrees, and Alba- trosses were seen every day. W'e approached the equator with a strong, cool, southerly wind, which kei)t going until we reached latitude 21 deg. 3)'t^ min. south, when it fell, and the temperature rose to 70 deg. between 4 and 5 p.m. and between 20 and 30 Wandering Albatrosses left the ship, apj)arently going south again. This was confirmed by Captain Crawford, of the ss. Makiira, who states that he had seen the Wandering Albatrosses as far north as the island of Hoj)ai, in the Friendly Group, which were in much the same latitude as Cardwell, Queensland; this was during a strong southerly gale. An interesting observation was that on the second day out from Sydney, when in the vicinity of Cape Howe, I noted several Cape Petrels (Daption capensis). Their dappled coloration, the con- spicuous white mark on the wing and ])eculiar butterfly-like flight make them unmistakable. When 1400 miles from Durban and 700 miles south of Mada- gascar, a Curlew- Sandpi])er came on board, and stayed for two days. I took a descri])tion of the bird, and it was kindly identi- fied for me by Mr. T. Wells, of the South Kensington 5luseum, London, as Br alia ferni(/inea, the Curlew-Sandpiper. When in latitude 21 deg. 38 min., south longitude 6 deg. 12 min. east, and 500 miles from Madagascar, a small Tern (Sterna lon(iipcnnis) was flying round the ship. Several land birds were blown off land and came aboard off Cape Fini.sterre, Spain, including two Thrushes, and some Stone- chats. Some of these stayed on the ship until we reached London. These observations cover the latter half of September, and the first part of October. Owing to the difl'iculty of recognising Petrels (Piiffinu^) on the wing, 1 have not attempted to dififerentiatc them. From the time of leaving Sydney, Sei>tembcr 14th. to leaving .\lbany, they were in sight, somclimcs in ennnnous numbers, more I'spi-ciallv in ^"'iS'"] Le SOUEF, Xofes on Seo Birds. 53 rough weather. Twice in the viciiiit\- of Albany I saw a "large Black I'etrel with white line under primaries and fluttering flight." This bird approached the ship from afar, flying high, and after circling round went oiif again. It was a stoutly built bird with nothing like the graceful mo\enients of the Shear- waters. Several times a bird with a soft grey l)ack and white breast was noted in the Bight. Spectacled Petrels (Procellaria conspicillata), with white chin and sometimes white face, were numerous from Durban to about 20 degrees south in the Atlantic. Their actions were much the same as those of the Shearwaters, but, unlike these, they follow- ed the ship. The pretty little Cape Petrel {Dapfioii capensis) was noticed on many occasions between Cape Howe and Durban. They were never numerous. They often followed the ship for a day, and had a flight distinctive from that of any other sea bird. Prions were noted on several occasions between Melbourne and Albany. Once during a storm, thousands of them were flying slowly round and round the ship. Surely the Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exiiIa}KO is the most numerous sea bird. They were our constant attendants from vSydney to latitude 21 deg. south in the Atlantic. The dif- ference between the birds in the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic was most marked. In the Indian Ocean large birds were often noted with wings white with the exception of the primaries, but oft' the west coast of Africa all birds, and there were often dozens round the ship, had the wings brown with the exception of the olecranal mark, and they certainly seemed to be smaller. Be- tween Auckland and Sydney in February only a few birds were noted, and they had the wings light up to the olecranal mark. Comparing their pace with that of the ship, I judged that they flew at about 30 to 40 miles an hour. After the Wanderer, the Black-browed (Diomedea melan- ophrys) was the most numerous Albatross. They were seen from Sydney to two days out from Albany, and then not noted again until after leaving Durban. This species flies proportionately slower than D. exulans. In overtaking the ship they kept up with the larger bird, bnt took a more direct course. The W'hite-capped Albatross (Diomedea caufa) was identi- fied once, the day after leaving Melbourne. Grey-headed and Yellow-nosed Albatrosses (Diomedea chry- sostoma and D. chlorliyncJins) were more or less in constant at- tendance from Sydney till within a thousand miles from Durban (longitude 7S deg., latitude 30). Only one Yellow-nosed Alba- tross was seen after this, between Durban and Capetown. Sooty Albatrosses (Pha^hetria fuse a) were noted sparingly from the Australian Bight to within three days' sail of Durban. Only one light form was noted, and that on C^ctober 1st, two days out from Albany. 54 STUART-SUTHERLAXD, Roium the Lamp. Ti^ffuTy" Between v^an P'rancisco and Honolulu many Dioiiiedea iiumii- tabilis and one D. iii(/ripcs were seen. These birds were smaller, rather more active, and with a more irregular flight than any of our species. What I t(Jok to he the White Tern (Gyc/is alba) was often seen between f iji and Auckland. I have a note, "Most beauti- ful bird, with a very irregular flight, continually checking and changing direction, sometimes 100 feet up or just over the water; wing beats about 120 to the minute." Round the Lamp By R. STUART-SUTHERLAXD, F.Z.S., R.A.O.U., The Lighthouse,* Cape Foulwind, Westport, X.Z. The mcjth round ihe candle is familiar to all, but the large flocks of nocturnal sea-birds, wheeling round and round the lighthouse in the long, lonely watches of the night is a sight seen by very few, and entirely unkn(n\n lo many. On bright, clear nights the dim, shadowy forms of the Petrels are occasionally seen crossing the beams of light ; not a sound is heard, although the birds are as frequent then as on any thick, misty night, when the shifting rays of the powerful light ap])ear as long, thin shafts piercing the thickening air. The lighthouse stands 180 feet abijve high- water, on Puysegur Point, at the south-western corner of the South Island. The light it.self is a revolving one, and .shows only outward over the sea; that is to say, the panes on the landward side are darkened. These blind panes, which occupy about one-third of the actual window area of the lantern, suddenly cutting ofl:" the light dazzling a bird a])proaching the tower along the beams, save many unfortunates from an untimel} end, for as the particular beam of light in which the bird happens to be travelling is cut off, the bird usually has time to turn aside, or at most strikes the tower at an angle, and is often only slightly injured. In circling around the lighthouse, the bewildered birds usually folhnv the revolutions of the light, though sometimes when the mist closes in during the early part of the night — meaning that is within two hous or so of sunset — the various Petrels are noted flying toward the tower from a southerly or south- westerly direction — the direction of Windsor Point and the Solander Islands. It is rather diflicult to offer any exi>lanation as to the manner in which the light attracts the birds, buf that they are abso- * Until recently at the lighthouse, Puysepiir Pt. . N. Z. THK KMF. !<-/. TV//. PLATE XX. TIIK VAIW Vol \X!f. PLATE XXI Uppt-r- A DDVu-Fetii-l injund ijy ^lll^^ll)K tlic IikIhIuuim-. Lower— Coast scene near Fuysegur Pt. Lighthouse. Photos by K. J. Sulhoiland. F Z.S. R A OIL ^°'i9?P] STUART-SUTHERLAXI), Round the Lamp. 55 lutely powerless to resist the attracticjn is very evident. To take a typical case, what I always refer to as "a bird night" — namely, the night of December 6th, 1921, or, perhaps, more correctly, I should say the early morning of December 7th. The weather for this particular day and night was logged as 'AV'ind, S.E. to X.E. ; very light, with thick, misty rain, to dense fog." I reached the lighthouse at midnight ( niy watch was from midnight to daylight), and very few birds were about, though their shrill cries could be heard as they flew around below, and only an occasional crash against the windows told of the thicken- ing and closing in of the fog. At about 1 a.m., following five or six loud crashes, 1 went out on to the balcony to see what was doing. Where the long, thin shafts of light were broken up by the eddying clouds of mist, perhaps some sixty or more yards from the tower, the flocks of Petrels were wheeling swiftly rotmd and round. Suddenly, with a shrill, piercing call, a bird would partially turn aside, and fly rapidly toward the windows. The bewildered creature could be seen quite jilainly as it came nearer, struggling desperately to turn aside; but its efforts were of no avail: it crashed against the iron frame of one of the windows, and was instantly killed. I picked up the bird as it dropped down on to the balcony, and found it was a Mottled Petrel (Pterodroma inexpectata), a species somewhat rare here, and of which I have secured only five specimens in three years. Climbing the ladder to the coping around the lantern itself, I saw seven Grey-backed Storm Petrels (Garrodia nereis), only one of which was apparently injured, the unlucky one having broken its wing. The birds were crashing in rapidly now. Broad- billed Dove-Petrels (Prion z'ittatiis) being by far the most plen- tiful. Xine of these struck the panes in less than half that mim- ber of minutes, and of this nine, two were killed outright, and three were badly injured. Curiously, very few birds are injured about the head. Of all the specimens of various species which I have dissected in three years, I have noted only about a dozen, and these were mostly Mutton-birds (Pitffinus griseif;). The injuries were broken wings, broken legs, badly smashed bodies, or, much more rarely, broken necks. Sitting inside the tower, one can tell by the sound of the crash the species to which the unlucky bird belongs. I cannot record that the windows have been broken on any occasion, which fact is somewhat surprising when one considers the great force with which a ]\Iutton-bird strikes. I have been told that at the Moeraki lighthouse the panes have been more than once smashed by Black Swans (introduced from Australia), but although these birds are sometimes observed during the day in this dis- trict, none has so far been noted at night. Apart from the numerous Petrels of several species, some few land birds have at odd times been noted around the light, but apparently the 56 STUAKT-SUTHERLAXI). Ronud the Lamp, ^f juTy" situation is out of the line of any migratory streams, for the ap- pearances are very erratic. The following is a complete list of the birds ohserved arcnind the lighthouse whilst the light has been burning during the period March, 1919, to January, 1922. Names according to Sir W. L. Ruller's "Sup[)lement to the Birds of New Zealand," 1^'05, in bracket^, following the R.A.O.U. Checklist name where it differs : — 1. Prion vittatus. Broad-billed Dove-Petrel. Whiroia. — Sometimes in hundreds, and observed during every month of the year. 2. Prion banksi. Banks Dove-Petrel. — Rather uncommon. 3. Prion desolatus. Fairy Dove-Petrel. Titi wainui. — Plentiful, but not quite so common as the Broad-billed. Three only of the four species of Dove-Petrels have been noted, P. ariel not having; so far been taken. Professor Mills Loomis lists all the four under one species {Pachyptila vittata) but after having carefully examined numerous specimens, I can hardly agree with this finding. He says: "I have searched the literature in vain for a description of constant characters s^-parating 'P. banksi. ' P. desolata, ' and 'P. brcvirostris, ' from 'P. vittata. ' So far as the evidence shows, the variations upon which these supposed species rest are inconstant, and therefore are not of specific significance; an absence of intergradation, not degree of variation, gives specific value to characters. The series before me is a meagre one, but it sti'ength- ens the conviction that the variations are all within the limits of a single species. Ample series from breeding stations alone will de- termine the precise nature of the variations." The professor may be right, but all the birds I have examined were readily distinguishable — that is to say, there was no doubt as to which species a specimen belonged, for I find the sizes of the bills of the different species to be constant, and moreover the species differ as to general dimensions. Huttcn and Drummond are two authorities who cannot be over- looked, and they give, Key to the Species. (1). Wing from fle.xuie, 9 to 10 inches. P. rittattis. Wing from flexure, 8 to i) inches. 2 Wing from flexure, 6 to 7 inches. P. arid. (2). Upper mandible convex on the margin. P. banksi. Upper mandible straight on the margin. /'. desolatus. The professor gives a series of nieasuiemeiits, ami his largest and smallest specimens give the following: — Upper mandible. Wing. Tail. Culmen. Depth. Width. Tarsus. Sex .^ 210. 103. 35.9 14.5 20.1 33.2 Sex I 169. 86. 23.3 7.8 9.5 29. Vol. XXII. 1 1922 J Ti;.\U'l'-Sr'rilI-:Rl..\XI), Round the lAuut. 57 The following- are the measurements of two of each species, taken 'in the flesh," especially for this article: — Width at base of mandible. Tarsus. P. vittatus P. dcsolatus J P. banksi Leng:th. 279. 271. 253. 253.5 241. 242. Wing-. 234. 231. 218. 217. 204. 204. Tail. 106. 105. 101. 100. 97. 96. Culmen. 36. 34.5 29. 27. 25.5 25. 23.5 22. 13.5 13. 33. 33. 33. 31. 29. 30. For the present then I prefer to retain the separate species. The localities of the two specimens which I have quoted from Professor Loomis are given as (1) Chatham Islands, and (2) Nelson, N.Z. Judging from these localities and from the measurements, i should say that the species were: (1) P. vittatus, and (2) P. artel. As I stated before, I have not so far taken P. ariel at Puysegur Point, but Huttcn and Drummond describe the bird as follows:— "Similar in colour to the others, but with a paler crown. Bill much narrower and more compressed; the sides of the maxilla nearly straight. Chin fully feathered. Length of the wing, 6.8 in. (172 mm.); of the tarsus, 1.2 in. (30 mm.). Breeds on the northern part of New Zealand." 4. Pelecanoides exsul. Diving Petrel. Kuaka. — Very plentiful, but only so, generally speaking, when the fog drifts up before midnight. Only on one or two occasions have these birds been observed around the tower after midnight. Over 250 were counted on the lighthouse balcony one evening- in July, 1920. There is only one species for N.Z. i stated this belief over two years ago in an article published in the Christchurch (N.Z.) "Weekly Press." The measurements of a typical pair are:— Length. Wing. P. exsul $ 203. 126. ? 201. 127. 5. Puffinus assimili.s. Allied or Forster's Shearwater. [Hakoakoa (sometimes)]. — Hakoakoa is the native name usually applied to Megalestris antartka, the Skua, Sea Hawk, or Sea Hen. Only two Allied Petrels have been killed against the tower, and both were males. One was killed August, 1919, and the other February, 1921. The two specimens are alike — upper surface dark slaty, and under surface white — save that one has the region around the vent dull brownish, whilst the other has this particular part pure white. The bill is black and 29 mm. in length, and the feet are dull brownish flesh colour. The complete measurements in the flesh of the two specimens are as follows: — Length. Wing. Bill. Taisus. Puffinus assimilis J 299. 194. 29. 33. J 284. 192. 29. 31. These birds are, I believe, the P. obscurus of Professor Loomis. Sir W. L. Buller (Supplement) and Hutton and Drummond ("Animals of N.Z." ) list P. obscurus and P. assimilis as distinct species. They are apparently the light and dark phases of one form. Bill. Taisus, 16. 25. 14. 24. 58 STUART-SUTHERJ.AXU, Rouud the Lamp, r.'j^ /^Ty" 6. Puffinus griseus. Mutton Bird. Sooty or Sombre Shearwater. Titi. Oi. — Plentiful, but somewhat erratic in their appearances during the months of December, January, February, and March. A curious fact in connection with the Mutton-Birds isthat on one night all the specimens killed against the lantern will be males, whilst on another night all will be females. These birds breed in the near vicinity, on Crayfish (Steep-to) Island, and it is possible that the sexes take turn about to secure food. P^emales containing partly developed eggs have been killed in early December. Young birds of the year can be dis- tinguished from old ones by the colour of the legs and feet. Old birds have these parts bluish, whilst young ones have them brownish olive. The measurements of a typical pair are as follows: — Taisus. Length. Wing. Bill. Puffinus griseus 7 433. 310. 4'J. ? 429. 304. 50.5 7. Pterodroma (^Estrelata) cooki. White-winged (Cook) Petrel. — Only two specimens. One (female) in May, 1919, and one (male) in October, 1920. Measurements — Length. Wing. Bill. Tarsus. P. cooki S" 314. 239. 27. 29. „ i 31(5. 237. 27. 2S. 8. Pterodroma inexpectata (^Estrelata gularis). Mottled or Scaled Petrel. — So named, I take it, on account of the scale-like marking on the forehead'. On December 27th, 1920, one stinack the panes and broke its wing. It proved to be a female, and contained an cgfc just ready to be laid. The egg is dead white in colour, and measures 54 x 38 mm. Since that date upwai'ds of a dozen have been accidentally killed. Three in March, 1921; five in August, 1921; two in Septem- ber, and two in December. These birds breed in the district, and, like the Mutton-Birds, all the examples killed on one night are of the one sex. The measurements are as follows: — Length. Wing. ^strelata gularis .7 34G. 257. Bill. Tarsus. 26. 31. 26. .32. J 344. 256. The correct name of this species apparently should be Pterodroma inexpectata (Forster). The common name generally in use in New Zealand is Rain-Bird. 9. Garrodia nereis. Grey-backed Storm- Petrel. Reoreo. — The most seen on any one night was nine. Very few of these birds are killed outright, mainly, I suppose, l)y reason of their very light weight. Mostly a wing or a leg is broken. Storm-Petrels are purely nocturnal. Uninjured birds kept during the day very rarely attempt to fly away. Examples injured in October, November and December have the generative organs much enlarged. The following are the measure- ments of a pair injured at almost the .same moment (1.30 a.m., Decem- ber 7th, 1921):— Length. Wing. Bill. Tarsus. Carrodia nereis T 169. 137. K!. 31. „ „ ^ 170. i:!7. 15. 31. Wing. Bill. Tarsus. r49. 17. 37. 150. 17. o8. ^'°'i922'"' 1 STrAR'I'-Sr'rilKKJ.AXl), Roiiiul the Lamp. 59 10. Pelagodroma marina. White-faced Storm Petrel. — Rather un- common, only four having: been taken in a period of nearly three years. One (female), May, 1919; two (females), January, 1920, and one (male) September, 1920. Measurements — Length. Pelagodroma marina S 199. S 198. 11. Demiegretta sacra. Blue or Reef Heron. Matuku. — On January 8th, 1920, one of these Herons was seen flying round and round the tower. The lamp had only been lighted about half an hour; the night was quite clear, and the weather very calm and settled. Sitting inside the lighthouse, I heard a peculiar and very loud call — a loud and long- drawn "quar, qu-ar, qu-a-ar," just like the quack of the domestic Duck, only louder, longer di^awn and unfinished. The bird was not more than ten feet from the lighthouse balcony, and was plainly visible. It flew round for about twenty minutes, and then made off towards Sealers' Creek, but returned again shortly after 11 p.m., circled ai'ound again as before for some little time, and then flew to- wards Preservation Inlet. 12. Urodynamis taitensis. Long-tailed Cuckoo. Koekoea. — During February, 1921, during dull, thick weather, one of these Cuckoos was observed on the coping arcund the lantern. It was uninjured. See- ing that the two Cuckoos observed in New Zealand are truly migratory, it is rather surprising perhaps that more examples are not noted. The birds of New Zealand are strictly protected, so readers will realise what I mean when I say that I had no luck on the above two occasions. 13. Limosa novae-zealandiae. Godwit. Kuaka. — (Note. — Kuaka is also the native name in many places applied to the Diving Petrel.) Rather uncommon; about a dozen observed in three years, but only one killed. The bird was in fine plumage and condition. The measure- ments are as follows: — Length. Wing. Bill. Tarsus. Limosa novce-zealandice J 430. 236. 114. 57. 14. Zosterops cerulescens (lateralis). Silver-eye or Wax-eye. Tauhou. — Common at times, perched on the grating and hand-rail around the lantern. They are usually noted in the early morning, an hour or so before daylight. Only a very few are killed. Observed during the months of April, May, June, September, October, and December. Most plentiful in the district during June. 15. Anthus novae-zealandiae. New Zealand Pipit or Grcundlark. Pohoihoi. — Only one killed. The species is observed at Puysegur only during December and January. 16. Halcyon vagans. Kingfisher. Kotare. — One only observed, perched on the hand-rail early morning, March 29th, 1921. This is a resident species, but I know of only three pairs in the district round about Puysegur Point. 17. Tardus philomelus clarkei. Thrush (imported). — Small flocks of a dozen to a score on rare occasions observed perched on the hand- rail and always crowded together as if for warmth. May, June, July and August are the usual months. 18. Tardus merala merula. Blackbird (imported). — Rather uncom- mon, a single one onlv having been observed on two occasions — June, 1919, and August, 1921. 60 FJ.ETCHEK. The /Hack ncU-Ma^jpic. RffuTy" Field Notes on the Black Bell-Magpie Strepera fulginosa V.y .Miss J. A. FLETCHER, K.A.O.L'., W oodbridge, South Tasmania. My sister and I were able to spend a couple of weeks in early January of this year with our friends, Mr. and Mrs. Wilson and family, who live at The Steppes. The altitude of this j)lace is a few feet short of 3000 feet. I; is on the road Xo The Great Lake, being about 12 miles from Miena, the settlement on the smithern end of tbal vast sheet of water. A mile from the Steppes is the Lagoon of Islands, for a won- der most aptly named. This lagoon is 8 miles round, and to- wards its eastern shores there are numerous small tea-tree and rush-covered islands. L'ntil the autumn of last year this was a great resort of many water birds. Then, however, a fire swept through, and running round the edges, burnt out the favoin-ite feeding area. Owing to drought conditions then prevailing all the shallower flats were quite dry. The birds did not return for the breeding season, evidently finding the reedy ex])anses of the Lake of the Woods, a few miles over the hills, a good huntmg ground. I was disappointed to find this the case, and as an injured foot forbade the rough scrambling neces.sary to reach the lake, I therefore resigned my- self to watching the Pjlack Mags, and the birds of the imme- diate forest. Though so elevated and subject U) heav\ falls of snow in the winter time, this tract of country is one of the worst for snakes I have e.xplored in Tasmania, and in other i)arts I have had many and vivid experiences with these brutes. Here, they simply did not make any attem])t to move out of the way. Pondering over this I came to the conclusion that they were so used to the i»res- ence of sheep that human footsteps did not alarm them. This characteristic of theirs was a decided drawback to ex- ploring, for in a boulder and stick-strewn ground it was easy to tread on one of these lazy wretches when one's eyes were roam- ing the tops of trees for possible nests. The breeding season was over at the time of my visit. The bush, however, was noisy with the cries of young birds of many species. I found a great \ariety of nests for so elevated a dis- trict. Had the waterways been accessible to me, I should have added many more species. In this paper I shall confine myself to a few facts about the Pilack P.ell-.Magpie [Strepera ful'li'iosa). Readers of The Enni^ Till': KMV. Vol. XXII. PLATE XX YouriK bciii« led by a lihick MaK. the Black Bell-Magpie (Slrepcra fulgitwsa) . Photo, bv Miss J. A. Flotclu-i . K.A.O.U. ^°'l.]$^"- FLETCHER, Tlic Black BcU-Ma,ipk. 61 October, 1921, may remember a few notes of mine, dealing with winter conditions of these birds which fretiuent The Stepi)es. A flock of nearly eighty Strcpcras stay round the homestead from April until about early September, separating in the latter month to take up the control of their breeding areas. Unlike the White-backed Magpie (Gyniuwrhma hypolcuca), these areas are closer together, in fact, overlap. Evidently, sterner conditions of livelihood make the birds more tolerant of one another. An- other aspect may be that the near neighbourhood of (jne breeding pair with a second tends for better protection against the many species of Hawk frequenting these uplands. From the observations of my friends, I know that the same pair remain faithful to each other, year after year. The site for the nest, as a rule, varies each season, but always in their chosen haunts. Some of the nests must be well con- structed, for I was shown those of several years previous, in which young had been reared, and which still might be taken for this just finished season's nest. Each bird assists in the construction of the nest, which is commenced about the beginning of October, sometimes in Sep- tember, much depending on the duration of winter conditions. Occasionally an old nest is trimmed up and made to do duty a second time. The old pair of Black Mags, that have for 7 or 8 years frequented the house, had their young hatched by the beginning of November, bringing them to house surround- ings by the first week of December. Here the little ones stayed midst the shelter of the trees whilst their parents fossicked about for their food, which included pieces of meat, cake or bread crumbs, the latter preferred with jam or sugar upon it. When the young Mags, grew bigger they flew to meet their parents as soon as they heard the long flute-like whistle. Each parent seemed to feed one particular child, and it was interest- ing to watch which fledgling would become excited after an old bird's signal. The Black Mags, are so destructive on chickens that these must be kept in the barn until their feathers grow, after which they are generally left alone. My friends have given up trying to keep turkeys or ducks, it being impossible to rear any duck- lings owing to the fondness of these birds for a duckling diet. One morning during my visit, the hens escaped from the barn. In less than fifteen minutes the old Mags, had caught three chic- kens, one of the chicks being well feathered. They would have probably taken the lot if not noticed. An hour later, my sister and I were down in one of the pad- docks when I noticed the two young Mags, sitting in a tree, with the mother and father flying from difi^erent directions and feed- ing them. I watched the latter and saw^ him go to a log, look about, then run its length, hop off the end, and stepping backwards, tug, tug. Next, he flew back to his child, carrying something which 62 FLETCHER, The Black BcU-Mant'ic. TisfS" resembled a chicken's lej^. vSo I went aloii<^ to insitect his lar- der. There I found ])art of the bij^j^est ( feathered; chicken most inijeniously fixed by the outstretched winj^^s tucked in and under tlie splintered ends of the log. The body (jf the chicken was being slowly i)ulled to pieces in such a position that it gave the bird extra power in his tugging. I set my camera and waited a long time, hoping to photo, the old fellow tuggmg, but though he perched on the log, he would not come in the range of the lens. As it was getting late I had to leave, but took a shot of the fixed chicken. This, however, was not sharp enough to reproduce. I called in at the female's reser\e and found the remains of some of the entrails suspended on a spur on a log. The young Strcpcra's clothing was in a state of a mixture of long dusky down and rapidly grownig feather.^. In the fort- night of my visit all the breast and under feathers re[)laced the down. The tails were well grown. One bird I took for the daughter was slightly smaller, less bold and .she had less white on her tail than her companion. They were only beginning to learn to ])ick u]) for themselves. After the first week of my stay the mother ceased feeding the little hen-bird, and so the father took on both of the children. As I left he, too, was be- ginning to train his charges to feed themselves. He would bring a jiiece of meat, for instance, drop it in front of one of them. If the youngster squawked he made no attempt to feed it. .\t last, losing patience, he would fly oft', his son following with loud cries. If hungry, the latter returned and had a try to feed himself, and by degrees found he could do it quite well. Occasionally the parents were absent for a long while. Then the little ones .sat in a sjiecial corner of a large willow growing near the door. It was quaint to hear them trying to imitate their jiarents' various calls. This tpieer little gurgle, low as if afraid of others hearing it coming out of the heart of the tree, sounded eerie. The adult female Strcf^cra's coat was distinctl\- rusty, but her mate possessed a very fine black one. Once the male bird took a buttered crust from my hand. An- other morning he hopped into the doorway, and seeing the table set for breakfast, perched on the c(M-ner of the table, sat with his head on one side watching while I cut him a piece of bread, buttered, and as a great treat sprinkled some sugar over it. He wouldn't take it from me, e\idently a little nervous of the house enclo>^ure, but as soon as I jtlaced it on the tabic he hoi)|)ed along, picked it up and flew oft'. The situations of the nests. I found, \aric(l. Some were fairly low, (|uite an easy climb, while others, as in the photo enclosed, were very high — up as high as 70 feet. Many of the lower nests were too awkwardly placed to ])hoto- graph. and others too difficult to focus upon. Tin; EMi;. voi. xxii. PLATE XXIII. 1 'm :^^^(f^ s^H m f^i'.'SSti*' ., '■ 'a' '■* j^fe ^ r ■ wi> v^mi'm ...J^ '■ -v^' ;* iRf*' 'f mmy I Swamp Gum Trees {Eucalyptus stuar liana) in which Black Bell-Magpies {Sirepera /ulginosa) nest. The nest is in the fork under the clump of , - ,. <^twigs second from top. Photo.iby Miss J.JA. Fletcher.'.R.A.OU. ^'°'i;ef J CAMl'BKLL. Xczc Sub-species of Tit-H'cirblcrs. 63 We went on to The Great Lake, and in many j)laces I spotted nests of J^>lack Alag^pies or Hill l>ell Mas^pies — ]'dy>{Strcpcra ar- (jnta) built in the fine cider _<,mms ( Eucalyptus t/urt)iii, Hooker). On the way to I'.othwell lliere is a nest on a linih si)annin,i( the main road. Before concludins^- I niii^lu mention thai the one jay (Strcpera argiita) which tre(|uents The Steppes homestead hrouiijht a mate this season, and when T was there T saw them with their family. New Sub-species of Tit- Warblers {Acanthizae) By A. G. CAMl'lJELL, J. P., R.A.O.U., Croydon, Victoria. While examining a long series of Acanthizcc to determine the limits of certain species, I discovered that important geograi)hical regions are unrepresented although distinct sub-species occur therein. The following* offer good grounds for separation: — Acanthiza pusilia leeuwinensis. Sub. sp. nov. Upper surface dark brownish olive, tinged on rump with medal bronze (dark orange citrine); frontal patch less marked than in A.p.piisilla, but tawny to the base of feathers; forehead crescents ochracecus tawny with dark spots beneath and dusky fringes, like those of A. p. macularia; upper tail coverts and base of tail cinnamon brown; throat white with black striations heavier than in A. p. pusilia ; flanks tawny olive; under tail coverts cinnamon buff; tail with black subterminal bar .3 inch wide, tips edged white on inner web; central feathers with an obscure dark spot (rudimentary bar) near tip; bill and legs bro-wn; basal half of lower mandible light; eyes red. Length, 3.8 in.; bill, .35 in.; wing, 1.9 in.; tail, 1.7 in.; tarsus, .8 in. Type male (103) from the collection of the late A. W. Milligan, and now in the Royal Australasian Oi-nithologists' Union's Collec- tion, Melbourne. Taken 26/4/1911 at Wilson's Inlet, South West Australia, by F. Lawson Whitlock, R.A.O.U., collector. Co-type female (253) in "H. L. White Collection,," National Mu- seum, Melbourne. Similar to male, but tail tips more broadly marked with white on four outer feathers; under tail coverts darker ochra- ceous tawny; axillaries warm buff. Taken at Augusta, S.W. Aus- tralia, 6/4/1919, by T. Carter, R.A.O.U., collector. I have seen similar skins from Irwin's Inlet, S.W. Australia. This is an interesting link between the Acanthiza of eastern and western Australia, and cannot be confused with Acanthiza apicalis. *As Acanthiza (Moiacilla) pusilia does not appear to have a defi- nite type locality assigned to it, I hereby declare Port Jackson, New South Wales, to be the type locality (see White, "Journal of Voyage to New South Wales," p. 257, 1790). The same thing applies to Acanthiza nana, and I also declare Port Jackson, New South Wales, the type locality (see Vigors and Hors- field, "Trans. Linnajan Society, London," vol. xv., p. 226, 1827). In another article I propose to deal with the natural causes which apparently affect the distribution of the Acanthizce. — A.G.C, 64 CAAIl'P.ELL, A>7.' Sub-species of Tit-Warblers, ^f fu™" Acanthiza pusilla canibrensis. Sub sp. nov. Upper surface brownish olive tinned on back and rump with medal bronze; forehead crescents tawny with dark spots beneath and dusky fringes like those of A. p. macularia : upper tail coverts brussels brown, the colour i-unning well down the tail particularly on the outer webs; threat heavily striated with black, flanks buffy olive, becoming tawny on the lower portion; under tail coverts warm buff; abdomen and axillaries straw colour. Tail with subterminal black bar, .3 inch wide, no white edging to tips, central feathers with a small dark spot; bill and legs dark brown, base of lower mandible lighter; eyes red. Length, 3.9 in.; bill, .35 in.; wing, 2.1 in.; tail, 1.7 in.; tarsus, .8 in. Type male (13) in collection of Edwin Ashby, Esq., R.A.O.U., Ade- laide, taken at Cape Jervis, South .Australia, 6/4/1917. Another skin (no sex) in the same collection, from Lucindale, S.A., is somewhat lighter in plumage, and has striations on throat and breast smaller and greyer. Acanthiza pusilla dawsonensi.s. Sub. sp. nov. Upper surface light olive, becoming dark citrine on back and rump; frontal and forehead feathers clay coloured to the base with faint dusky fringes only; upper tail coverts dresden brown; under surface mostly white; striations confined to threat, small, faint and grey; flanks buffy citrine; under tail coverts and axillaries white. Tail with black subterminal bar .3 inch wide, with distinct white edges to inner webs; central feathers with a dark spot near tip; bill and legs black; eyes light brown. Length 3.9 in.; bill, .32 in.; wing, 2.0 in.; tail, 1.8 in.; tarsus, .7 in. Type male (224) in the "H. L. White Coll.," Nat. Mus., Melbourne, taken at Rio Station, Dawson River, Queensland, 13/10/19X8, by H. G. Barnard, R.A.O.U. Acanthiza nana belltrees. Sub. sp. nov. Upper surface brightest dark citrine with yellowish tinge toward rump; very small light frontal spot on forehead; dark subterminal bar on tail; ear coverts fuscous with fine white shaft streaks; throat cinnamon buff with fine white shaft streaks; breast and abdomen bright strontian yellow; primaries yellow on outer webs at base; sides of breast, flanks yellowish citrine; eyes yellowish white; bill brown; legs black. Length, 3.6 in.; bill, .3 in.; wing, 1.9 in.; tail, 1.5 in.; tarsus, .7 in. Type male (150) in "H. L. White Coll." Nat. Mus., Melbourne, taken at Scone, N.S.W., 20/6/1917. bv S. W. Jack.son. R.A.O.U. Co- type female (151) also in "H. L. White Coll.". Nat. Mus., Melbourne, taken at "Belltrees," Scone, N.S.W., 20/6/1917, is similar. Acanthiza apicalis erema. Sub. sp. nov. Upper surface drab, becoming huffy brown on rump; forehead crescents very indistinct; upper tail coverts cinnamon brown; nar- row subterminal bar on tail, .5 inch wironze\ving looked (ner the side. A short clinil> revealed the I'igeon's nest — the usual frail structure— placed in a depression on the old debris about twenty feet up. The two white eggs were in an advanced stage of incvibation. On December 19th two heli)less nestlings covered with down were in occupation. I si)ent nnich time in preparing for photo- graphing the nest, a ladder being necessary to elevate the camera. As no long ladder was available, two short ones were joined,, but proved clumsy and unsafe. During these preparations the bird sat tight, but w hen the ladder was raised, she left hurriedly. Next day arrangements were completed, and a leafy bough was fastened to the ladder. In the afternoon I found all was well and the camera was lashed to the top of the ladder. While clearing branches away, the lens was removed. After covering the camera with the focussing cloth and camouflaging it with branches, I went away so as to allow the bird to become accus- tf)nied to this formidable object near its nest. On December 21st I was pleased to see the bird on the nest ai)parently unconcerned about the camera. The rei)lacmg of the lens, however, scared the bird, and I left the locality to allow her to cjuieten down. When I retm-ned, the bird was still absent, and I climbed to the camera and had an uncomfortable wait of fully two hours, but she did not return. I exposed a plate on the nest and young, fearing the bird had deserted them. Late in the afternoon, as the young were showing the effects of exposure, I removed the camera. On December 23rd, the bird was on the nest, and faced the camera. A distance release for the shutter was fixed up, and the camera was left all night. About 9 o'clock it was very dark, and threatening rain, so I went to cover the camera with my oilskin coat. Though I was very careful, the bird flashed off the nest and awa}-. Howe\er. next morning she was again on the nest. Early on the morning of the 25th I removed the cap of the lens. When I returned later, the bird was absent ; evidently it had not returned to the nest after my early visit, .\fter several hours, I re-co\ered the lens and the bird returned. In the even- ing I imcovcred the lens and left it uncovered all night, though I was afraid nutistuve might settle on the lens and spoil the picture. On [December 2r)th, 1 was delighted to see the sitting bird before the lens at last. In the evening I polished the lens, the bird leaving the nest while I climbed the ladder. Usually she would allow me to climb only a short distance up the ladder before leaving the nest. Generally she sat in about the same y)osition. almost side on to the camera. The beautiful greenish- brouT^c sheen on her wings shone in wonderful contrast with TIIK KMl, Vol. XXU. PLATE XXV. ^''Vli^"] State Secretaries' Reports. 69 the sombre surroundini^s. She would look at tlie observer with head up, in the alert, enquiring attitude depicted in the photo- graph, apparently ready to leave the nest on the slightest alarm. When leaving, she would rise, as a rule, with a great clatter of wings and vanish in the bush. At other times she fluttered \o the ground and vibrated her wings rapidly, either in simulation of injury, or, possibly, to remove the cramped feeling due to long sitting on the nest. After a short time, she flew away. On one occasion, I flushed two pairs of P)ronzewings close at hand and went to the nest ex])ecting to And the bird absent, but she was still brooding. When not molested, I believe that the Bronze- wing sits very closely, probably feeding the young— by regurgi- tation— at long intervals only. It appears that the birds do not search for seeds at random, but have regular feeding haunts, usually where seeds to which they are partial are abundant. To these feeding grounds they evidently return again and again. At all events, the birds are flushed repeatedly from the same spots. Apparently they are \ery fond of the seeds of ;\cacias and the introduced gorse. (3n December 27th everything was in readiness, but the weather was very cloudy, and the light poor. However, a pros- pect of a break in the fleeing clouds with the chance of a short burst of sunlight offered. After a fair wait, I was able to expose one plate on the sitting bird. She did not leave the nest as the shutter went up, but stretched her neck enquiringly. Apparently the climax was reached when I went aloft to change the slides, for the bird left, and, I believe, never returned. I was exceedingly sorry to think that the photograph cost the lives of the helpless nestlings. However, Mr. A. J. Campbell inclines to the belief that the bird was probably shot, as she would not willingly desert her young. Fortunately, the single exposui-e was successful. After my experience at this nest, I certainly do not expect to have another such opportunity with the Bronzewing at home. — S. F. F. Tiio^rsox, R.A.O.U., Canterbur\-, Vic. State Secretaries' Reports QUEENSLAND. Provision having been made in the Animals and Bird Act of 1921 for the promulgation of Regulations to improve the work- ing of the Act, the Government has, with the concurrence of naturalists, issued an important series of orders governing the control of fauna, both native and introduced. These came into effect before the shooting and trapping season opened in South- ern Queensland at the beginning of April. Trappers of native birds or animals are now required to pay a fee of five shillings per annum, and dealers must pay ten shillings each year. Every 70 State Secretaries' Reports. [^isffuTy" dealer and other keeper of native fauna are recjuired \i> keep records on si)ecially-prepared forms. It is also incumbent, on pain of licences beinj< re\oked, that shops and caji^es be kept in a clean condition, that the cajttives be regularly fed and watered, and that only a limited number be kept in one cage. Trappers are not permitted to use at night, for the purpose of killing or capturing birds or animals, electric torches, acetylene lamps, or flash lights of any kind whatever. (The Act itself specifically prohibits the use of cyanide — what bushmen term "rtour" — or any other poi.son, so that operations at night are limited to trap- ping. This stricture does not meet with the approval of shooters of the unfortunate k(jalas and ojiposums.) Another notable Order-in-Council is one bringing into effect, for the first time, a limitation on game-bags. The numbers of ])articular birds which any one person may take or kill or have in possession during (jne dav are as follow: — Quail, 25; Wild Ducks, 20; Wild Geese, 10; Pigeons, 10; Plovers, 10; Plain Turkeys, 2; Scrub Turkeys, 2. In the case of Pigeons, the Squatter (Geo pimps scripta), and the fine King Pigeon, or Wompoo {Meiialoprepia magnlfica) are excepted, these two decimated species being now protected for the whole year. Un- der the old Acts it was customary to list all protected birds and animals. Now only the non-protected and partially-protected species are listed. These providing a less lengthv list, and being better known than most of the totally-protected species, the reader can grasp the ])Osition at a glance; so that there can be no i)lea of "didn't know it was protected." The only birds not protected at any peri(jd in Queensland are the introduced birds, also the White Cockatoos, the Cockatiel (Leptolophiis) the Galah, the I>udgerigah, and the Rosella Parrots (all regarded as cage-birds) and the Cormorants, Crows, and Currawong (Pied Bell-Magpie), all of which are in disfa\<)ur as being trouble- some. Sanctuaries continue t(} be i)roclaimed, notably about Rock- ham|)ton, where members of the Central Queensland Native Birds Protection Association are going on with their good work. Mr. H. Tryon, a member of the Council of the R..\.(3.U., who was in Rockhampton recently, and who was welcomed by the Association, states that he has not seen aquatic birds to better advantage than about the Rockhampton sanctuaries. Prior to that, Mr. W. I>. Alexander, another member of the Council, who s[)ent a day or two at Rockhampton on his way to the prickly pear laboratory at West wood, was (iri\en about the district lagoons by officers of the .Xssociation. Mr. .Mexander was well pleased with all he saw. Previously, again, the State Secretary was >imilarlv entertained by officers of the .Vssociation, under whose ausi>ices he lectured when en route to Dunk Island. The value f)f native birds was n«)t lost sight of by the .\us- tralian Forestry Conference which sat in Brisbane in April, and to which llu' Slate Secretary was a delegate from the Queens- '^°\^'] Siray Feathers. 71 land section of the Empire Forestry Associati(jn. (^ne of the sessions of the Conference was held at Imbil, adjacent to the great Brooloo State Forest, about 100 miles north of Brisbane, and at that gathering instructive reference to birds was made by Mr. W. R. Petrie, deputy forester and capable bush naturalist. In the course of "Some Notes on Problems of Silviculture in Queensland," Mr. Petrie stated : "The harm done by insects can 1 am convinced, be contnjlled by increasing our bird life: the Scrub Turkey not only destroys the casual cockchafer beetle and lar\a by eating, but prexents immense numbers from doing harm by supplying conditions which induce them to congregate in huge nests to be eaten later. This bird is accused of pre- venting hoop pine regeneration by scratching, but as its most drastic scratchings (to form its huge nest) are not commenced for six or seven months after hoop pine seed- fall, and discon- tinued long before the next fall, I think that more good than harm is done by giving the seed a beter chance of coming in con- tact with the mineral soil." A. H. CHISHOLM, State Secretarv. Stray Feathers Bird Territories.— In The Etmi for April, 1922 (vol. xxi., part 4, pages 258-9, Mr. Charles Barrett states that, in studying the Warblers, Eliot Howard "became aware of the fact that each male isolates itself at the commencement of the breeding season, and exercises dominion over a restricted area of ground." "Here" Mr. Barrett interpolates, "is an untilled field for Australian observers." Also, quoting again from Eliot Howard, "Often enough the males fight after they have mated, or a male with a nest building may attack an unmated bird which ventures into his territory. The evidence in support of the theory of terri- tory in bird life is lucidly discussed in Eliot Howard's work." I dealt with the subject of bird territories in the story of the Blue Wren, or Superb Warbler, in my book, "Friends and Foes in the Australian Bush," published in London and Australia by IMessrs. Whitcombe and Tombs in 1914. The story was first published in The Sxdney Mail in 1911, and reappears in "Spotty the Bower Bird" published last year. I have not seen Eliot Howard's book, but believe that it was published only recently. When following this matter, many years ago, I found that even Crows hunted over restricted areas. One marked bird I had under observation in the north-west corner of New South Wales led to the discovery of a roosting tree. The marked Crow- was always with one small company, and that company roosted every night in one particular tree, though there were hundreds of similar trees about. The birds hunted over miles of country 72 Stray Feathers. ["^sffuTy" through the day, but always made home at night. Some of the members at times did not reach the roost tree till a good while after nightfall. The benighted ones called frequently on their homeward flight, and were answered by those that were already home. Other birds have special roost trees as well as Crows. Every squattage homestead in the back country has its own flock of Crows. Individual members sometimes become so well known to stockmen that they are known as Joe and Jerry, and so on. I have often seen a small company, or a couple, chasing another Crow through the air, evidently an intruder. Rut when a dead beast was discovered, Crows were called to the feast from every point of the compass. When the banquet was over, generally about sunset, each group departed the way it came. Some of these groups, after a late meal, travelled twenty miles or more to their home camp. In the open western regions, where their flight can be followed for miles, and many camping places are known, their movements are easily noted. — E. S. SoRENSGN, R..\.O.U., 104 Sydenham :\oad, Marr ckville, N.S.W, • Owl Calls.— ^\ bile reading lately an anonymous article in an English journal on "Spring's First Footfall," I was interested in this part : "The sibilant note of the Rarn-Owl, the sad cry of the Wood-Owl, the cat-call of the Little Owl," because our small Spotted Owl of Tasmania has at times, when excited, a note just like the mewing of a cat. Are the.se "cat-calls" character- istic of the small Owls all the world over? The Spotted Owl (N'inox novcc-cealandicc) is fairly ])lentiful in my locality, which is well-timbered, and I often hear him at night through the open window; he fre(|uentlv announces his approach bv a series of calls, "Ohhh! Ohhh ! 'Ohhh ! Ohhh !" like a per.so'n much sur- prised or shocked. ( )ne summer night a ])air came into a gum just back of the cottage, and ap]iarently sat close together on one of the branches. He called, "More-pork" rapidly about sixty times in succession, but in a somewhat subdued tone, while she kept up a sort of droning accompaniment. This little insight into Owl courtship was rather entertaining, although too brief. Not long ago I saw it stated in an Australian ])a])er that no bird calls "Morei)ork !" but that the call should be represented as "Morej)oke !" or "Boobook !" This is a mistake as far as our island is concerned, for the Spotted (^wl says "More])ork!" as plainly as a human being could pronounce the words. — H. Stu.akt Dovi:. F.Z.S.. R.A.O.U.. Ta->mania. The Birds and the Crops. A Story of the Egret in Egypt.— Did you ever hear llie story of how Alajor S. S. Flower, direc- tor of the Egyptian Zoological Seivice, sa\c'ptian cultivators £2,000,000 in the i)ast season alone by keeping down the cotton worm. Major Flower [)ointed out that it would seem as if each bird were worth £10 a vear to Egypt. They work across a field hunting down the j)est." Is Albinoism Connected w ith Sex Characteristic? — A speci- men of the Small Yellow-tailed Til-Warbler {Aeaiithica chry- sorrhoa) was recently obtained by me at Parwan, Victoria. Its plumage first attracted attention when the bird was seen feed- ing on insects on the ground with several other members of its own species. Its coloration indicated that its plumage was metamorphosing to a phase of albinoism. When dissected, two experts were unable after minute examination to sex the bird. It would be interesting to know whether there is anything ab- normal with the sex organs in cases of albinoism in birds to prove whether this alteration in the colour of the plumage is a perverted sex characteristic, and that nature hoists the danger signal in the altered coloration of the i)lumage. — A. H. E. Mattixgley, €.M.Z.S., Alelbourne. Birds Seen on the Sydney=Melbourne Train Route.— Having had the opportunity of travelling this route fairly often, I think that there has been, during the last year or so, a very distinct increase of the birds seen from the train. In one hour's run on the southern side of Goulburn, I noted the following species from one side of the train only, covering about 35 miles of country : — Magjjies were particularly numerous, and well dis- tributed right along the line between the two capitals. White- fronted Heron (Xotophoyx nov(r-hoUandi(e) (9) ; Xankeen Kestrel iCcrchneis cenchroides) (5) ; Rose-breasted Cockatoo {Cacatita roseicopilla) (This species was fairly numerous fur- 74 Stray Feathers. f^isfS" Iher >outh ; they ai)j>earecl to be feeding on the ground, and small rtock> were often disturbed by the train j ; Rosella {Platyccrcus exam'ius) (21); Red-backed Parrot {Pscpliotus hccmat'onotxis) (55); Laughing Kingfisher (Docelo !/i(/as) (11); Magpie-Lark {Gral/iiia cyanolcuca) (H); White-winj^ed Chough (Corcora.x niclan- orhainphiis) (10; isolated flock, only ones noted on journey) ; Rlack-backed Magpie (Gxnuiorhina tibicen) (31). — A. S. Le SoEUF, C.M.Z.S., R.A.O.U., Taronga Park, Sydney. Mantis and Younj;^ Birds.- -The following remarkable story was told me quite recently by a man in whose testimony I can place every reliance. A pair of (what I take to be by his description) Yellow-rumped Tits {Acanthica clirysorrhoa) had built a nest in a vine growing round the verandah of his house, on the Barwon River. The distressed state of the birds aUracted his attention one morning, and looking into the \ ine he saw a large mantis with a tiny naked bird securely j^rasped in its sjjiked arms and appar- ently eating at its head. Thinking the occurrence most unusual, and needing a .second witness to the act, he jumi)ed on his horse and rode after a friend who had just left. Together they came back and made further investigation. The mantis had gone, but had droi)ped its prey, which they found lying under the bush with three other tiny birds, each one of which had a tiny round hole in the top of its head and all the brains extracted there- from.— F. C. MoKSE, Aloree. Mortality amongst Swallows.— During the heavy storm of wind and rain in December last, about .^0 Welcome Swallows (Hirntido ncoxetia) that usually frequent the homestead all per- ished. Dr. P)radby and my.self brought six into the house and tried U) bring them round by warmth and food, but the} would not eat by hand, and all died. They had not a particle of food in the stomach when opened, and evidently died of starvation through there being no insects on the wing owing to the very wet and cold weather with gales of wind. Great numbers of these lovely little birds must perish in heavy, wet and cold weather during the summer months. — ]. F. 11. GonERLEv, R.A.O.U., Ellerslie, Wallis Lake, X.S.W. " Nesting: «f Grey Duck. Herewith you will find two i»holo- graphs of a white i)inc ( Poiiocarfus dacrydioidcs), in which, evidently, a Grey Duck (.hias suf'crciliosa) built its nest at a Vol. XXII. 1922 ] Stray Feathers. 75 height of not le.s.'^ than torty-h\e feet from the gnnmd. At about 6 a.m. on November 20th, 1921, I noticed a Duck fly from the tree in question, and upon proceeding towards it perceived some object fall from the tree. It was a duckling, but recently hatched. Six more followed; one in falling struck a branch, but reached the ground unhurt. It was really amusing to see them tumble down, one after the other, and then after a few seconds commence a "queek, queek, (|ueek." I caught them and placed them in my hat, and after admiring the pretty creatures, liber- ated them. They were soon led off safely by the female, which flew around the whole time. I watched this interesting scene in a good-sized patch of bush, not far from the Ruamahunga River. Te Whiti, near Masterton.— R.H.D.Stidolph.R.A.O.U., Masterton. N.Z. A Strange Nesting=place. — Bird lore is full of stories of strange nesting-places, but perhaps the most singular is that chosen by two sparrows who reside, apparently, somewhere near the Ashburton, X. Z., railway station fsays the " Guardian"). They have selected the ventilator of the guard's van used on the IMount Soniers train, and there they have built their nest, laid the eggs, and hatched their young. As the van goes with the Mount Somers train to Springburn (a distance of about 30 miles) every evening and returns every morning, it is something in the nature of a puzzle how the fledgelings were hatched. Possibly the mother travelled with the eggs. At the moment, the guard says, the youngsters are very well \-oiced, and make a chatter on the journey to Ashburton each morning but are quiet at night. Full crops is his explanation of the peace at eventide, and hence he deduces that the parents' permanent place of residence is at Ashburton, X.Z.— R.H.D. Stidolph, R.A.O.U., Masterton. N.Z. The Red=cro\vned Pigeon in Tasmania.— On May 15th, 1922, a specimen of the Red-crowned Pigeon (Ptilinopiis reg'uia) was received at the Tasmanian Museum. As far as we are aware there is no previous record of its occurrence in Tasmania, and it would at first appear as if it was an escapee. It must be re- membered, however, that the Purple-crowned Pigeon {Ptilinopus SHperba) appears as an "accidental" on the Tasmanian avifaunal list, and the Top-knot Pigeon (Lopholaimus antarcticus) as a "casual." Certain storms may cause these forms to be blown far from their natural geographical habitat, and a percentage of such may reach Tasmania. Unfortunately, the particular si)eci- men which was forwarded to the Museum had been considerably damaged when it was shot and some days elapsed before it was 76 Ohituary. [\\l he Emu July received in Hobait. It was not jtosisble to make a skin, but, in view of the interest attached to the specimen, it was preserved in spirit. The bird was shot at Bothwell by Mr. H. C. Slater, and it is due to the interest shown by Mr. 15. H. Edgell, of "Den- nistoun," Pjothwell, that the specimen was forwarded to the Museum. Particular attention was paid to the specimen in order to trace any signs of captivity, but none could be observed. It would therefore api)ear as if the bird was a true "accidental" and worthy of a place as such on the Tasmanian avifaunal list. — Clivf, Lord, F.L.S., R.A.O.U., and J. Akxoi.d (The Tasmanian Museum, Hobart). Late Swallows.— ( )n Emi)ire Day, when about two miles east of Latrobe, which township is six miles or so inland from Devon- ])ort, I noticed with some surprise two ])airs of Welcome Swal- lows {Hirnndo ueoxena), sitting on the (nerhead wires by the roadside, evidently enjoying the genial sunshine of the late autumn. As all the Swallows had left l)evoni)ort seven weeks before for the mainland, it was an unexpected pleasure to find these still making themselves at home in our island, and prob- ably intending to winter with us. The spot where they were seen was close to the Mersey River, and adjacent to large patches of scrub and gum-sai)lings, so that it was sheltered and warm. Not far away are the old shale-oil works, with sheds and retorts still in situ. It is cjuite ]irobable that the birds roost under some of these, in the same way that a pair or two of the Welcome Swallows roosted in crevices of an old stone-cpiarry at Launces- ton for several winters, and ])robably do so still, coming out on sunny davs to catch Mies under the shop verandahs. — H. Stuart DovK. F.Z.S., R.A.O.U.. W. Devoni-ort. Tasmania. 8/6/1922. Obituary Mr. 1'. K. ZILTZ. R.A.O.U. Mucli regret will be felt in the death of Mr. Fritz Robert Ziet/. the well-known South Australian ornithologist. This oc- curred at his residence — Seafield .\venue, Kingswood, .\delaide — on Monday, Ai)ril 10th, l')22, after a short and painful illness. Mr, Zietz was the only son of Mr. and Mrs. .\. H. C. Zietz. His father, after being connected with the Kiel Museum, Ger- many, became Assistant-Director and Ornithologist of the Ade- laide' Museum. He held these i)ositions until his retirement under the Sci>tuagenarian Act a few years ago. Mr. Robert Zietz was born (»n October 11th, 1874, and was therefore only 48 years of v«',„^.^ii] ObUiiay\: 17 .!*22 age, and in the ]iriine of life. He \\a> ajutninted a student- apprentice at the Adelaide .Museum ow March 6th, 1891, and promoted to the position of museum assistant on July 1st, 1897. In June, 1919, owing to his studious habits and attention to careful discipline, he had gained such a wide and varied know- ledge of our native Australian birds, and those of other parts of the world, that he was api)ointed to the office of Ornitholo- gist— a ])osition that he held until his death. Under his careful supervision and ])ers()nal attention, the bird and egg collections advanced wonderfully. Mr. Zietz was also an ardent field worker, and collected for various i)arts. He was able to assist greatly all those interested in ornithology by giving advice, and by being able to i)lace his hand on any specmien needed for com- parison and on names needed in working out the life-histories of the various species, liotli in his otificial and ])ri\^ate work nothing was ever too much trouble when assisting the ornitho- logical movement. Mr. Ziet/c was a foundation member of the South Australian Ornithological Association, and also a member of the Royal Aus- tralasian Ornithologists' Union for a number of years. In these bodies, especially the former, his death will be keenly felt, as he was a hard and continuous worker, and had been for a long time on the editorial committee of the South Australian Orni- tJioIo(/ist — the official organ of the local association. He was also a member of the Royal Society, and to all of those societies he from time to time contributed valuable papers. During re- cent years he had taken up the study of the Australian lizards, and had compiled a catalogue of these for the Adelaide Museum. Both in the study of this branch of natural history and that of ornithology and oology, Mr. Zietz showed marked ability, doubt- less inherited from his father, who was a wonderfully keen and authentic naturalist. Mr. Zietz leaves a wife and one son as well as a mother to mourn their loss ; his father had only recently passed away. At a meeting of the South Australian Ornithological Associa- tion, held on April 28, feeling reference was made to the death of Mr. F. R. Zietz, and eulogistic remarks were passed upon his ability and life work. The members present stood in silence for a ^liort time as a token of respect in which he was held. WILLIAM O'MEARA, R.A.O.U William O'Meara died suddenly at his office, Park Street, Parkville, on Tuesday, April 10th, 1922. Mr. O'Meara was one of the pioneer builders of Kalgoorlie, and was also a well-known Melbourne contractor. His total deafness from early youth made him cpiiet and reticent, but to those who knew him he was an exceptionally well-read man. He retired from active busi- 78 Reviezvs. [?,ffr ness many years ago, and had visited the Continent and America several times. He joined the R.A.O.U. a few years ago, and was present at the sessions of the Union held in Queensland and West Australia as well as the camp-outs on the Runya Mts. (Q.) and at Yallingup (W.A.)- FREDERICK CxEORCE FEXTOX, J. P. It is with regret that we have to record the death, on JJnd May, 1922, of Mr. F. G. Fenton, J. P., a well-known and much respected resident of Nathalia, Victoria. Mr. Fenton was a lover of Nature and was particularly interest- ed in animals and birds, of which he had a fine collection at his home, "The Hut." Nathalia. He was a valued and esteemed member of the Union. His death was the result of a long and painful illness. Our sym])athv is extended to his relatives and wide circle of friends. THOMAS TINDALE, R.A.O.U. Mr. T. Tindale was born at Heaford (Lincolnshire) in ls37, and came to Australia in ISoO. He was for thirty-three years manager of i.angi Kal Kal Station (Vic.) and later lived on his own property, "Lowlands" Apollo Bay, where he died, after an accident, on May l()th, 1*)22. He was always keenly interested in natural history and especially in Bird Life and though not an active member of the R.A.O.U., he maintained his interest in it from the date of the first " F^nni " to the time of his death. Reviews ["Philippine Birds for Boys and Girls." By Richard C. McGregor and Elizabeth J. Marshall, with illustrations by Macario Ligaya, Manilla Bureau of Printing, 1922. \'.^ (>Hges, 82 illustrations including six well drawn and well printed coloured jilates]. This well-illustrated, brightly written book makes a notable contribution to nature-study literature. All the birds described are Philippine species. Most of them are abundant in the islands, and some are not found outside the islands. Care has been taken to make the descriptions of birds, nests, eggs, and habits true to life. The illustrations so clear and striking were specially prepared for the book. Sevcr.-il of the birds treated, such as the Grass (^wl, the I'rown T'.oobv, the Greater Man-of War (Frigate) P.ird. the Pacific Golden Plover, the Island Painted Quail (King Quail), and ^°'i^2^"] Revkzvs. 79 Broad-billed Roller (Dollar- Bird), are identical with Australian birds; others are closely related, while many of the most interest- ing are not found in Australia, some not even (Kitside the Thili])- pine Islands. The authors are to be congratulated on having produced a work scientifically correct, yet full of interest to all nature stu- dents, and especially to the children of the Philii)pines. SPOTTY, THE BOWER BIRD. "Spotty, the Bower Bird" is an original book, in which the author, Mr. E. S. Sorenson, R.A.O.U., gives natvu-e truths in the form of pleasantly-written tales. Three chapters concern birds, three animals. These tales are most informative and in- teresting, describing really the life histories of familiar bush crea- tures. Although in the story of "Spotty," the Spotted Bower Bird is dealt with in particular, all other Bower Birds are incidentally mentioned. Likewise with "Jack, the Kookaburra," all his King- fisher brethren are named, and so with the animals treated. As has been truly stated, the fascmation of the subjects, com- bined with the author's graphic style and delightful humour, are such as make an irresistible appeal to Nature-lovers, both young and old. Mr. Sorenson is to be congratulated on his original book, which is well illustrated by line drawings by the late Mr. E. E. Barker, R.A.O.U., and by some excellent photographs by various nature photographers. The publishers are Messrs. Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd., 189- 191 Little Collins Street, Melbourne. Price, 4/6; postage, 3d. extra. ["Australian Bird-Maps," by Robert Hall, C.M.Z.S., Past President R.A.O.U., Honorary Colonial Member B.O.U., Corresponding Fellow A.O.U., and author of many articles and books on Australian birds]. As we go to press this little book (220 pages) most valuable to the student of bird distribution, migration and differentiation. has reached us. Original in conception, with its 1 00 maps of Australia and the part of the world north to Siberia showing the range and distri- bution of Australian birds (residents and visitors) this work will prove of the greatest assistance to those studying Australian birds. Its opportune issue is a piece of good fortune to the members of the committee completing the second edition of the Official Check-List. Himself, a great traveller along the migration routes of Aus- tralian birds, Mr. Hall here presents the results of the study and experience of a lifetime in a striking form readily intelligible to all. 80 Notes and Notices. 1st July At 4,h the book is cheap to the bird student and ornitholoj^ist. Mr. Hall (Bellerive, Hobart) is actinj? as his own publisher. Notes I M po R '1 \\ X '1^ A X X () I' xc p: m ex T Index to T//< limn. Vols. 1— XX. Members will l^e interested to learn that Mr. H. L. White has conferred a signal service on ornithology in general, and the R.A.O.U. in particular, b}- having prepared an index of volumes 1 — XX. of TJie hlniK. X'eeding this work for himself he com- missioned Mr. Gregory M. Mathews to arrange for the prepar- ation of the work. This has been done in thorough style by Mr. T. Wells. M.B.O.U.. ornithologist of the British Museum. Mr. White on learning that the printing of a larger number would cost but little more than the cost of printing the dozen he intended, ordered the larger number so that others can benefit by his far-sighted and patriotic action. A gift of 100 copies to the R.A.O.U. will enable a member to become the possessor of this fine index of scientific names. Members requiring same should send 15/- to Mr. Grey, Hon. Gen. Sec. 2 Temple Court, Melbourne. AxxuAL C()X(;ress axi) camp-out. Captain S. A. White is btiil absent on his long overland motor tri[) to Darwin back to the Darling and down to Mt. Gambier. He reports a fine season, and is to advise the Council as to the best place in the interior about Lake Eyre for the annual camp- out. Many enquiries are being made concerning this important excursion and camp-out. It is expected that there will be a large attendance of dele- gates at the majority (21st) Congress of the R.A.O.U.. in Ade- laide, beginning on ( )ctol)er U)th. MOXTIILV COX\ERS.\Z(^lXES. The following topics have been 'ixy.^Cx for the monthly meetings to i)e held on — Wednesday, July 5th. " Bron/ewing Pigeons and Butcher- birds," introduced bv Mr. I>. Thomson, assisted by Mr. F. E. Wilson at theK.A.o.r. room. Wednesday, August Jnd. " Wo(h1 Swallows." by Mr. R. T. Eittlejohns. at the R.A.O.U. rooom. Wednesday. September <.th. -"Quails." by Mr. A. J.Camp- bell, at the Xational Museum, Melbourne. THE EMU, Vol. XXII. PLATE XXVI The Emu Official Organ of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union Birds of a feather.' Vol. XXII. J 1st OCTOBER, 1922. [Part 2. On the Status of several species belonging to the two genera, Fregetta Bp. and Fregettornis Mathews By J. K. KIXGHORN, R.A.O.U., Zoologist, Australian Museum, and NEVILLE W. CAYLEY, R.A.O.U., Sydney. [By permission of the Trustees of the iVustralian Museum.] Introduction. The acquisition by the Australian Museum of several speci- mens of Fregettornis from Lord Howe Is., led us to compare them with others of the genus Fregetta, and to investigate the status of several species belonging to both genera. Thorough search permits us to include Fregetta melauogaster, F. tuhnlata and F. leiicogaster, as synonyms of F. tropica, Gould, and we have placed Fregettornis royanus, insularis, alisteri, and innomi- natus under Fregettornis grallariits, Vieillot. Such a course may at a glance seem rather drastic ; but on careful comparison of the various descriptions, and examination of the volumes quoted in the appended bibliography, we found no other course open to us. Such slight colour-variation as exists between the several species mentioned above is evidently due to some or all of the following causes : — Firstly, according to Loomis^, no two birds are exactly alike; a feature which is explained by the fact that moulting in any species varies in different individuals, independ- ent of their age, physical state, or time of breeding. Looniis found that in many sj^ecies the breeding season was protracted over a very large part of the year, not only in tropical, but in temperate regions. Secondly, wear and tear of plumage through fading and abrasion are so great in sea-birds that in the older 82 KIX(;H(JRX .^- CAYl.EV, Storm Petrels rThe Emu I 1st Oct. ones, the smaller markings on the tips of the feathers are often missing, and Loomis^ suggests that descriptions can hardly be called complete unless both worn and fresh plumage is de- scribed. Thirdly, sexual and individual variation must be taken int() account; variation in size may be sexual or physical, and variation in colour may be ascribed lo the same causes. Loomis=* also points out that the most common variation in colour is the intrusion of white in dark areas and of dark colour in white areas. We have found this to be very forcibly brought before us on examining several species of sea-birds, and we agree with Loomis both in this and in his {Previous observations and state- ments. We are grateful to the Trustees of the National Museum, Melbourne, for the loan of several specimens of Frcgetta which bear Gould's labels; to the Trustees of the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, for permission to examine specimens in the collection there ; and to Mr. A. R. McCulloch, zoologist at the Australian Museum, for valuable assistance in reference to synonymy and literature. Genus Frecjettornis, Mathews. This genus, the type of which is Proeellaria qrallaria, Vieil- lot,^ was separated from Frec/etta, Bonaparte, because its tarsus is scutulated instead of booted ; the two ajipear to be distinguish- able, however, by other and more definite characters. In the paper in which Bonaparte^ created the new genus Frcgetta he made Thalassidroma Icncogaster, Gould, the geno- type, and mentioned T. tropica and T. melanogastcr. In defining the genus, he stated that the toes did not stretch beyond the tail, notwithstanding the long tarsus. We fail to understand how this statement came to be made ; Gould's original description did not mention this character, and Gould's own specimens (which we have before us) certainly show that the outstretched legs do extend beyond the tail. Bonaparte could not have examined the type of T. Icncogaster, and his observation must have been made from a shrunken skin. Of the several skins in our possession, four are labelled by Gould in his own hand- writing; one is called T. iiielaiwgaster, one T. tropica, and two T. Icncogaster. All these, together with several in the Macleay Museum at the University of Sydney, have the toes stretching well beyond the tail. In all our specimens of Frcgettornis, on the other hand, the legs when stretched out do not reach to the end of the tail. This is due to the very short feet ; drawings of which are given here for comparison with those of Frcgetta tropica and its synonym T. Icncogaster. Frcgcttornis is apparently distinguished from Frcgetta by the following characters : — Length of the culmen, 13-14 mm.; toes short, the middle toe, including the claw, 20-21 mm. and sub-equal in length to n: EMU. Vol XXII. PLATE XXVII ^°'i<|/^"] KlXCIlOkX cV- C.Wl.KV, Storm Petrels. 83 the other toes; tarsus, 35-37 mm.; claws spatulate, very broad and blunt*; legs not reaching the end of the tail. Fre(/cttornis. See Figs. 1-3. Length of the culmen, 1.^-1.^.5 mm.; loes long, llic middle toe, including the claw, 25-30 mm., being distinctly hunger than other toes; tarsus, 38-43 mm.; claws, though spatulate, longer and sharj)er; legs reaching beyond the tail. Frajctta. J^ee Figs. 4-7. AltlKHigh the genus Frcc/ctfoniis was established by ]\Iathews in his "Birds of Australia," vol. ii., pt. 1, 1912, p. 31, it was not used by him in the succeeding pages of the same work, and he referred its genotype to the genus Frcgctta under the trinomial Fregetta grallaria grallaria.^ Further, he confused Thalassi- dronia Iciicogaster, Gould, a species of Fregetta proper, with Fregetta grallaria, placing it in the synonymy of the latter. The error is, however, corrected in Mathews' List of the Birds of Australia,^^ where the name Fregettornis grallarius is again brought to light. Later,' Mathews and Iredale give a full description of this s])ecies. MEILLOT STORM-PETREL (FREGETTORNIS GRALLARIUS, VIEILLOT.) Procellaria qrallaria, A'ieillot, Xouv. Diet. d'Hist. Naturelle, vol. XXV., 1817, p. 418. Fregettornis grallarius, Vieillot, Mathews and Iredale, Manual of the Birds of^\ustralia, vol. i., 1921, p. 21 ; Pis. iv.. Fig. 7, and vii.. Fig. 6. Freqettoriiis roxaniis, ]\Iathews, Austral Avian Record, vol. ii., 19i4, No. 5, p.' 86. Fregettornis insiilaris, Mathezvs, loc. cit. vol. ii., 1915, Xo. 7, p. 124. Fregettornis alisferi, Mathews, loc. cit. Fregettornis innoiuinatiis, Mathews, loc. cit. Synonymy. — Examination of several specimens of Fregettor- nis from Lord Howe Island, and a comparison of them with the various descriptions of the above species, leads us to the conclusion that all are referable to a single species, F. grallarius Vieillot. Mathews'ii several descriptions are not as perfect as they might be; but apart from small colour differences, his measurements of the various birds are so close to each other, *Mathews' figure of F. grallaria grallaria (8) does not agree with his description, nor with our specimens of F. grallarius so far as the claws are concerned. The figure shows them to be long and sharp, not short and blunt; they do not appear to be even spatulate, and it seems that the figure was prepared from a specimen of T. leucogaster, Gould, which we regard as synonymous with Fregetta tropica. The figure of the tarsus and toes of Fregettornis grallarius in Mathews and h'edale's Manual of the Birds of Australia, vol. 1, plate iv., fig. 7, is correct, and typical of the species. 84 KIXCiHORX & CAYLEY, Storm Petrels. KocT" that we consider it impossible to find si)ecific differences be- tween them. The material before us as we com])ile this I'aper, besides a large quantity of literature (nearly thirty volumes having been consulted) consists of three sjiecimens of Frec/etfornis from Lord Howe Is., as follows : — A. — A very dark si)ecimen with \ery little white on the ab- domen, collected by Messrs. McCuUoch and Troughton in the Erskine \'alley, February, 1921. This flew into a camj) after dark, being attracted by either a light or noise. B. — A lighter specimen with a mere mottled abdomen. This- was found, with a broken wing, by Mr. R. Ra.xter, (mi a beach towards the end of 1921. C. — A specimen collected by I'rofesor T. H. Johnston in Oc- tober, 1910, which is ])art of' the "H. L. White Collection" in the National Museum, Melbourne. This specimen is very im- portant ; it is the one which was described, but left "unnamed," by Mathews. 8a So far as we can find. Mathews fails to make further reference to this "unnamed" bird in any recent work, so we are fortunate in having it before us as we write. Mathews and Iredale^, in a note at the end of the descrijnion of F. grallarius, say "Examination of \'ieillot's type proves that it is not the Lord Howe Island sub-species, but the South Ameri- can." This must be a mistake, as we have consulted \'ieillot's own original description,^^ in which he definitely states that his bird came from New Holland. Mathews and Iredale^ ])lace F. iiniotuijiotiis in the synonymy of F. (/rallariiis, and it is through this action that we are helped in identifying Mathews' other nominal species. Such slight colour variation as exists between F. royaiiiis. F. alisteri, F. {itsitlaris, and F. ijuioiuinaliis is evidently due to some or all of the several causes explained by Loomis,^ and cpioted by us in an introductory ])aragraph. VARIATION OF FREGETTORMS GRALLARIUS. The nasal tube. — The bird collected by Professor T. H. John- ston (Specimen C) was described by Alathews,^'- but was left unnamed. He remarked that its greatest peculiarity was the depressed or flattened nasal tube, which he thought might have been soft in life; another feature was the approach of the fore- head feathers to the culmen, which gave the bird a vulturine appearance. We noted these peculiarities when we first exam- ined the skin, and also observed that the s|)ecimen cai»tured by Messrs. McCulloch and Troughton (specimen A) showed exactly the same characteristics. We decided, however, to moisten the nasal tube of one sjiecimen wilii si)irits and warm water, and found that, so soon as it was thoroughly s(jaked it assumed an ui>right i)osition, though it did not become cpiite so erect or re- curved as in a specimen preserved in spirit (P.). which was col- Vol. XXII. 1 1922 J KL\(;il()RX .v;- C.WJ.EV, Storm Petrels. lected by Air. liaxter. In this latter bird, the nasal tube is what we regard as normal, being in no way damaged, and is upright and recurved almost as much as in Frc of the bill to the tip of the tail. These measurements depend on the ]>osition of the head, and whether the bill is in line with the body or pointing uj^wards when the bird is on its back; further- more, the neck, or in fact the whole skin, may be either stretched ^°m-?"] KI.\(;il()RX eV- C.\\\.E\, Sionu Petrels. 87 or contracted in a made-ui) skin, so a considerable allowance must be made in com])aring sucli measurements. The skins before us, when measured from the forehead to the tip of the tail, vary from 170 mm. to 179 mm., while the measurements given by Mathews^^ of his nominal species vary from 200 to 215 mm. If, however, our si)ecimens be measured from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail, the measurements exceed 200 mm., and almost correspond with those given by Mathews. Colour. — Having disposed of the measurements, we will pro- ceed to deal in detail with the arrangement of the colours in the three specimens before us, com])aring them with those given in Mathews' descriptions. The followmg is his descri])tion of F. royanus: "Entire plumage sooty black, darkest on the upper tail coverts. Wings and tail black. A large subterminal band of white is noticeable on the under surface and the upper tail coverts, on examining the feathers. Tail square." The speci- men collected by McCuUoch and Troughton at Erskine Valley (A) agrees better with this description than with that of any other of the nominal species, but the abdominal and lower breast feathers are, here and there, white almost to their tips, which gives a mottled ai)pearance to these parts. The upper tail coverts also show a little white, and we regard this bird as in a more advanced stage of moult than F. royanus, and think that several more moults would leave the abdomen pure white, as in F. gral- larhis. Further evidence in support of this contention is afforded by the characters of .specimen (C). The colour de- scription, as published by Mathews,!^ is reprinted here: "It is much darker than F. g. yrallaria, and has black fringes to the rump feathers, square tail, the bases of the feathers of the throat are dark, but the white lower-breast and abdomen are flecked with grey, especially noticeable on the flanks, and the axillaries are streaked ivith grey, whereas in every other speci- men they are pure white ; the under tail-coverts are white with dark tips, whereas in F. g. grallaria they would be said to be dark with white bases." We cannot find much difference in these two last statements ; examination of the specimen shows that some of the under tail coverts are largely white with dark tips, and others largely dark with white bases. "Another noticeable feature is the lack of white on the inner wing coverts." The specimen (B) presented to the Australian Museum by Mr. Baxter has more white than that collected by Messrs. McCulloch and Troughton (A), but a little less than the example described by Mathews (C). It shows just a little white on the under sur- face of the wing. With the exception of Vieillot's type, all the specimens on which the various names are based are from Lord Howe Island. Vieillot's bird was taken in southern seas, on the voyage to Aus- tralia, and he states definitely that it came from Australia when he writes "on le trouve a la Xouvelle Hollande." 88 KIX(;H(3RX & CAYLEY, Storm Petrels. rThe Emu L 1st Oct. Conclusions. — W'itli the tliree specimens, A, B, and C, before us, which we have critically compared with Mathews' descrip- tions of his F. royaniis, F. iiuioniinatits, F. i)isitlaris, and F. aUsteri}'^ we conclude that they, as well as Mathews' specimens, are all referable to the one si)ecies, each being in ditterent stages of moult or age or both. \\t have ])leasure in proposing the vernacular name — Vieillot Storm- Petrel — for this si)ecies. Notes|from Paris relatixg to Vikillot's Type vSince comi)iling this paper we have been very fortunate in getting into touch with ]\Ionsieur J. Berlioz, of the Paris 7^^ ^ -1^ I OA-^^^'^-dt^^iA. -no- Uou^ttL j rocure photographs of Vieillot's type of Freyetta (/rallaria {Frcc/ctiornls firallarlits), but he drew the accompanying text figures from the tyi)e speci- men, adding that : "As the si)ecimen was mounted, and rather badly iu-ei)ared, it was impossible to say whether the extended feet did or did not reach to the end of the tail." The reason for the absence of scutellation on the tarsus of his text figure is, that the legs and feet of the type were so covered in varnish that it was not possible to distinguish the scutes sufficiently, but TIIK VMV. Vol. TV//. PLATE XXVI ^°S"] K1X(;H()RX c\: CA^■LK^■, Stonn J\'{rcls. 89 the dimensions and i^eneral aspect corresponded well to the drawing of the tarsus and foot of one of our Lord Howe Island birds, and not to that of frecjetta lciico(/astcr, both of which were enclosed in our letter to him. ^Ir. I'erlioz api)ended a colour description, the translation of which is as follows: — "The ])lumage is a sooty brown, much darker on the remiges and retrices, more pale on the wing coverts ; these are the same as the feathers of the back, possessing a whitish border; with- out doubt a sign of its immaturity. The lower breast and the entire abdomen are white, as well as the rumj) and u])per tail coverts, the under tail coverts are white at the liase and brown at the tip. Total length (from base of beak to end of tail), 170 mm.; culmen, 19 mm.; tarsus, 34 mm.; middle toe and claw, 21 mm.; wing, 170 mm.; tail, 79 mm." We compared these measurements with his enclosed drawings which are natural size, and we find that the culmen must have been measured from the angle of the mouth ; this would give the 19 mm., as noted by Mr. Berlioz (see text figure), while the wing was most probably measured from the junction with the body, and not from the bend, by allowing for this difference, the measurement would then be from 165 — 170. (We checked and compared these carefully with the specimens at our com- mand before coming to any conclusions). By adding the length of the bill to the total length given, we find that the dimensions should then read — Total length, 184 mm.; culmen, 14 mm.; wing, 165 mm.; tail, 70 mm. ; tarsus, 35 mm. ; middle toe without claw. 18 mm. ; with claw, 21 mm. These readjustments bring the measurements into line with those already published, and so give a better basis for com- parative work. We believe that the above figures are the first ever |)ublished of Vieillot's Type. ]\Ir. Berlioz further stated that the Ty])e did not carry any indication of Bonaparte. We now feel assured that by the publication of this informa- tion, together with the drawings of the type, no doubt should remain as to the validity of Mathews genus Frcf/ettoniis. Fur- thermore, it should greatly assist readers in following the argu- ments set forth in our paper. GOULD STORM-PETREL.— /^7?HCHrr J TROPICA, Gould. TJiolassidroiua tropica, Gould, Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist., vol. xiii.. 1844. p. 366. Tlialassidroiiia )iiela)ioc/astcr, Gould loc. cit. [). 367. TJialassidrouia leucogaster, Gould loc. cit. ]> 367. Frecjetta tubiilata (Gould ni.s. loc. cit. p. 367), Mathews, "Birds of Australia," vol. 11, pt. 1, 1912, p 41. Frei/etta (/rallaria, of Authors (not of Vieillot). 90 KIXCHCJRX 6L- CAYLEV, Stonn Petrels. Ti^f^cT A j^lance at the abrne synonomy will show that we include T. leiicof/aster Gould, and F. tiibulata Mathews, under F. tropica Gould. This course was not adopted until a thorough examination was made of the specimens available, comparing them critically with the various descriptions and notes made by the authorities quoted in the bibliography. In discussing this cpiestion we refer to our introduction, in which we quote and abide by the various observations and opinions held by Loomis.^ The specimens before us number ten : Four of these were identified and labelled by Gould, two as Thalassidroma Icuco- (jaster, one as T. niela)W(/aster, and one as T. tropica. The re- maining six were distributed as fcjllows : Two mounted speci- mens of F. tropica in the .\ustralian Museum, and four of T. nielaiiogaster in the IMacleay Mu.seum, University of v^ydney. We have pleasure in ])roposing for this species the vernacular name — Gould Storm- Petrel. F. leucogastcr as ojjposed to F. per surface. . . ." I'oth Salvin and Godman^^ oppose this, and Godman says that grallaria never shows any black on the abdomen, while the white banded specimens which he examined in the I'ritish Museum api)eare(l to be adult birds. He also states that the white edges to the feathers of the back seem to ^°'ig"-J KlXCllOkX .V C.\VLE^•, Storm Petrels. 91 be tlie sign of adull plumaiie in (/rallariu and juvenile in Dielaiw- gaster. Later, in referrinj,^ to Frcgetta (/rallaria, he says:^-' "A specimen from Ambrose Is. shows only slight traces of while fringes to the dorsal feathers, but the breast and abdomen are pure white, there being no trace of black. This seems to indicate that the white bars disappear more or less in fully adult birds." This statement contradicts his earlier one to the effect that the white edgings to the feathers of the back are a sign of the adult stage. \V'e think that the presence or absence of the white edgings to the feathers should not be taken into account as in any way connected with specific characters, and should be put down to variation caused by wear and tear or due to moult or age. 2" The white edgings to the feathers occur both in the white-bellied and black-bellied forms, and Mathews makes a point of this on p. 40 of the work previously quoted. Loomis^i mentions that a specimen of Fregetta grollaria (pre- sumed bv us to be f. leiico(/aster), which was shot in latitude 4° 20 S', longitude 93° 30' "W. (in the vicinity of the Gala- pagos Islands) was undergoing a complete moult. The worn feathers of the dorsal region were black with vestiges of white tips in some instances, while the new feathers were heavily washed with grey and broadly tipped with white. The throat feathers were more or less white basally. He points out that in some specimens the throat feathers are said to be wholly dark, a phase which may be due to the existence of a dual coloration similar to that which exists in Puffinis griseus and Piiffiiius ehlororhyvchus. We agree with Loomis, and think that wear and tear, dichromatism, geographic and individual variation would account for the uniting of several species, which are at present placed under different names. J\Iathews,22 " 'A specimen labelled Fregetta ? melanogaster Gould. Off the E. Coast of X.S.W., May, 1875.' This is the only authentic Australian produced specimen known to me. The skin shows slight whitish tips to back feathers ; whitish bases to throat show an as obscure whitish patch :ithe belly mark distinct but ill defined : lower tail coverts have long black tips with white bases and extend to end of tail : there is a whitish patch on inner wing coverts and a brownish outer w^ing covert patch. W'ing 146, tail 69, tarsus 41, mid. toe 27, culmen IS mm. Nostrils tending upward. This is my Fregetta tropica aiistralis. Gould had not an Australian specimen of this bird or grallarius." One of Gould's specimens of T. melanogaster is labelled by him as being from latitude 43° 18/ S., longitude 140° 52/ E., this locality being about 200 miles west of Cape Grim, Tasmania. On March 24-25, 1922 a visit to the Macleay Museum re- vealed the four specimens of Fregetta )uela>iogaster mentioned above, comprising two flat skins (females) and two mounted skins (male and female), all four being from "off East Coast of Xew South \\'ales, May, 1875." On the flat skins the following notes were made: — Nostrils raised well up from the culmen on 92 KIX(;H()RX & C.WLEV, storm Petrels. U^lt o^t'' the one sj^ecimen but slightly more flattened on the other. The white patches on the throat are conspicuous ; the central dark patch on the belly is interrupted with white, and there are whitish specks on the feathers in front of the eyes. The measurements of the two are as follows: — Wing, 149, 157; tail, 67, 71 ; tarsus, 41, 43; middle toe and claw, 28, 28; culmen, 15, 15. It will be noted that none of the measurements agree in all re- spects with those given by Alathews, but the former bird is most l)robably the s])ecimen examined by him. The characters of the mounted specimens are as follows : — Female, the nostrils not very erect, the dark belly marking distinct, the under tail coverts not reaching the end of the tail. The light patch on the upper wing coverts is more noticeable than in any other specimen examined, while there is not a light patch in front of the eye. In the male, there is a light patch in front of the eye, and the facial feathers are lighter than in the female, the nostrils are more erect, and there is a very distinct whitish patch under the throat. The black belly marking is indistinct, and is interru])ted half-way down by the infusion of white feathers. The measurements are : — Female : wing, 162; tail, 70; tarsus, 39; middle toe and claw, 27; culmen, 15. Male: wing, 156, tip missing; tail, 71; tarsus, 40; middle toe and claw, 27; culmen, 15. The characters of the other specimens before us, which, as stated before, bear Gould's own labels are as follows: — T. leiicoc/aster, Gould. The feathers of the back show broad whitish tii)s down to the rump feathers; there is a white patch on the throat; chest and abdomen white, as also are the upper tail coverts and under wing coverts. The under tail coverts are black with white bases; two or three have faint white edges. A white ])atch is in front of the eyes. Total length, 180 mm.; tail, 79; wing, 156; tarsus, 39; middle toe and claw, 28; culmen, 15 (male) ; locality, South In- dian Ocean. The female has \cry few of the back feathers with broad white tips; those on the ui)per back, being worn or weathered, show but faint white edges. White i>atch in front of the eye on left side, but not on right side of head. The other characters are as above. Total length, 178 mm.; tail, 77 (Up worn away) ; wing, 156; tarsus, 41; middle toe and claw. 2S>.S; culmen, 15; locality. South Indian Ocean. T. luclanoc/oster Gould. A few of the feathers of the back show very faint light edges. The white patch on the throat is conspicuous. Central belly- marking very irregular. Under and up]ier tail coverts as in leucoj/oster. The under wing coverts tend to white ; they may be said to be almost mottled ; the innermost ones are white on the right wing and dark on the left. White patch in front of eyes present but indistinct. Total length. 176 mm.; tail, 77; wing, 15S; tarsus, .V); middle toe and claw, 27; culmen, 15 ('male). 'I'lll': KM I'. Vol -TV//. PLATE XXIX. ^ 00 o+ Vol. XXII. 1922 ] KISCAK nt leucogaster as a distinct species or to place it in the synonymous list. F. grallaria of authors other than A'ieillot is undoubtedly F. leucoqaster Gould. T. melauogaster Gould has long been declared synonymous with Fregetta tropica Gould. 96 Frcgetta tiihulata ^Vlathews^^ (Gould m.s. ) was declared by Gould^s to be almost intermediate between tropica and lexico- gastcr, but he left it unnamed. F. tubiilata is therefore a link between tropica and leiicogaster; and on making comparisons we were led to the conclusion that all the above, except \'ieillot's bird, are referable to Frcgetta tropica. FOOTNOTE REFERENCES TO NUMBERS TO BE FOUND IN TEXT. 1., 2., and 3. Lcomis; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Vol. ii., pt. 2, No. 12, p. 33-39, and p. 182. 4. Mathews; Birds of Australia, vol. ii., pt. 1, 1912, p. 31. 5. Bonaparte; Conipt. Rend., 1855, vol. xli., p. 1112. 6. Mathews; Birds cf Australia, vol. ii., pt. 1, 1912, p. 37. 7. Mathews and Iredale; Manual of the Birds of Australia, vol. 1, 1921, p. 21. 7a. Mathews; List of the Birds of Australia, 1913, p. 32. 8. Mathews; Birds of Australia, vol. ii., pt. 1, 1912, p. 37, pi. 72. 8a. Mathews; Birds of Australia, vol. ii., pt. 1, 1912, p. 42. 9. Mathews and Iredale; Manual of Birds of Australia, vol. 1, 1921, p. 21. 10. Vieillot; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 25, 1817, p. 418. 11. Mathews; Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, pt. 5, p. 86, and pt. 7, p. 124-125. 12. Mathews; Birds of Australia, vol. ii., pt. 1, 1912, p. 42. 13. Loomis; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, No. 12, April, 1918, p. 182. 14. Mathews; Birds of Australia, vol. ii., pt. 1, 1912, p. 39. 15. Mathews; Birds of Australia, vol. ii., pt. 1, 1912, p. 31. 16. Godman; Monograph of Petrels, 1907, p. 65, pi. 18. 17. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. 168, 1879, p. 130-131. 18. Godman; Monograph of Petrels, Pt. 1, 1907, p. 65. 19. Godman; Monograph of Petrels, pt. 1, 1907, p. 66. 20. Loomis; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, vol. iii., pt. 2, No. 12, April, 1918, p. 33-39. 21. Loomis; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Ser., 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, No. 12, April, 1918, p. 182. 22. Mathews; Austral Avian Record, vol. iii.. No. 4, 1917, p. 95. 23. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., No. 2, 1864, p. 85-87. 23a. Gould; Handbook to the Birds of Aust., vol. ii., 1865, p. 480. 24. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. Lond., vol. 168, 1879, p. 131. 24a. Mathews and Iredale; Manual of the Birds of Australia, vol. 1, 1921, p. 20. 25. Gould; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, vol. xiii., 1844, p. 366-367. 26. Mathews; Birds of Australia, vol. ii., pt. 1, 1912, p. 41. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LITERATURE CONSULTED. Diet. d'Historie Naturelle (Vieillot), vol. 25, 1817, p. 418. An. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii., 1844, No. 85, p. 366-7. Birds of Australia (Gould), vol. vii., 1847, pi. 62-63. Comp. Rend. (Bonaparte), vol. xli., 18^5, p. 1112. Conspectus Generum Avium (Bonaparte), vol. ii., 1857, p. 197-198. Proc. Acad Nat Sci. Philad. (Coues.), No. 2, March, 1864, p. 85-87. Vol. XXII. 1922 KIX(;H0RX e^- CA^'LEV, Storm Petrels. 97 Handbook to Birds of Australia (Gould), vol. ii., 1865, p. 479-480. Philos. Trans (Sharpe), vol. 168 (extra vol.), 1879, p. 130. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. xiii., 1884. Water Birds of North America (Ridgeway), vol. ii., p. 418. Brit. Mus. Cat. Birds (Salvin), vol. xxv., 1896, p. 364-366. Nest and Eggs of Aust. Birds (Campbell), 1901, p. 875. Synopsis Avium; Nouveau Manuel Ornithologie (Dulois), vol. ii., 1903, p. 1030. "Ibis" (8), vol. vi., No. 24, 1906, p. 674. "Ibis" (8), vol. vi. No. 21, 1906, p. 149. Monograph of the Petrels (Godman), pt. 1, 1907, p. 59-67, pi. 17-18. Birds of Australia (Mathews), vol. ii., pt. 2, 1912, p. 31-47, pi. 71-72. List of Birds of Australia (Mathevi^s), 1913, p. 32. Aust. Avian Record, vol. ii., No. 5, 1914, p. 86, loc. cit. No. 7, 1915, p. 124-5. Aust. Avian Record, vol. iv., No. 4-5, 1920, p. 108; loc. cit. No. 2-3, 1920, p. 67. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci (Loomis). Reviev^^ of the Albatrosses, Petrels and Diving Petrels, vol. ii., pt. ii.. No. 12, p. 65-66, 183, 1918. Manual Birds of Australia (Mathews and Iredale), vol. 1, 1921, p. 19-21, pi. 4, fig. 6-7; pi. 7, fig. 6. In addition of the above, a complete search has been made through the "Journal Fur Ornithologie," "The Avicultural Magazine," "The Auk," "The Ibis," and "The Emu." New Sub-species of Acanthizd nana, Vigors and Horsfield Acanthiza nana flava, sub-sp. nov. By H. L. WHITE, R.A.O.U., &c., Belltrees, Scone, Upper surface bright dark citrine, becoming yellowish on upper tail coverts ; crown medal bronze ; wings and tail edged yellowish citrine on outer webs ; dark subterminal bar on tail ; small frontal spot buff; ear coverts fuscous with fine white shaft- streaks; throat clay colour (deep buff), with fine white shaft- streaks ; breast olive yellow on sides, tinged buff in centre ; abdo- men flanks and undertail coverts lemon chrome ; bill brown ; legs dark brown; eyes brown; length, 89 mm.; bill, 8 mm.; wing, 51 mm.; tail, 38 mm.; tarsus, 16 mm. Type, male (425) in "H. L. White Collection," Nat. Mus., Melb., taken at Ravenshoe, near Herberton, North Queensland, June, 1922. Co-type, female (426), from the same locality, has the buff on the throat more restricted ; wing, 45 mm. This, the most northerly and the brightest race of A. nana yet discovered, comes from a region elevated over 3(XX) feet above sea level, where another interesting member of the genus is found, via., A. piisilla katherina, De Vis. 98 WI-in^E, Eiigs of Goldcn-shoiildcrcd Parrot. ["^i^focT Description of Eggs' of the Golden-shouldered Parrot (Psephotus chrysopterygius) By H. L. WHITE, C.F.A.O.U., M.P>.O.U., "Belltrees," Scone, X.S.W. A considerable amount of mystery was attached to this beautiful little Parrot, it being confused with the Hooded Parrot Psephotus dissiniilis, until \V. McLennan set all doubts at rest by securing a pair on the Archer River, and sending to G. M. Mathews, who confirmed Gould's identification, made in 1857. McLennan's observations lead to the conclusion that the habitat of Psephotus chrysopterygius is practically confined to a portion of the Cape York Peninsula, and the country adjacent to the south-eastern shores of the Gulf of Carpentaria. The finding of the Parrot's breeding places, holes drilled into Ter- mites' mounds, led to the equally interesting discovery of a new moth, the cater])illar of which lives in the nests, feeds upon the excreta of the nestlings, and pupates in the termitarium. The moth submitted to Dr. A. Jefferis Turner, of Brisbane, is found to be a new genus which he names Xeossiosynoeca scatophaga, and will describe later in an English scientific paper. The habits of the insects are so extraordinary that Dr. Turner wishes atten- tion drawn to them throughout the world. Mr. McLennan first received a definite report ujjon the existence of P. chrysopterygius in the Coen district, when a friend stated he had seen it in the vicinity of Port Stewart, and had noted old nests in anthills. Nothing further was done in the matter until 22nd April, 1922, when a station hand reported having found a bird supposed to be the Golden-shouldered Parrot breeding some 14 miles north of Coen. Mr. McLennan proceeded to the spot, which is a large flat, thickly dotted with magnetic and spire-shaped termitariums. The nesting site was soon located by the half-caste guide; the female bird flushed when the party was a few yards from the nesting hole, which contained six very heavily incubated eggs. The termitarium was sjMre-.shaped, height six feet, with a top diameter of 6 inches. Entrance to the nest 2 ft. 6 in. from ground, circular in shape, \'l in. x H in. Egg chamber 7 in. cHanieter by 6 in. deep. Another nesting hole was found (1/5/22) in a magnetic termitarium ; had been taken possession of by a pair of Finches (PocpJiila afropygialis), and their nest partly built ; but under it were found 4 eggs of the Parrot. In this case the nesting hole was 3 ft. from the ground; l^ in. diameter; depth from entrance to rear 1 ft. 11 in.; egg chamber 12§ in. x 4 in. ; eggs * Eggs supposed to be those of this bird were described in The Emu, vol. ii., p. 94, but a mistake was clearly made as the Golden-shouldered Parrot is not found west of the Gulf of Carpentaria. TIIK KMI . Vol. XXII. PLATE XXX. U e^'S"^ wi r mdiU.^ Entrance to Nest of Golden-shouldered Parrot {Pscplwtus chrysoptcrygius) in Spire-shaped Anthill. Photo, by W. McLennan, R.A O.U. TIIK E:\IT^ Vol. XXII. PLATE XXKI. TiiK Esw. Vol. xxn. PLATE XXXIl. Feeding young Golden-shouldercci I'anots (I'.uphutKs (liiyso/)Unf^ii(.s) by W. McLennan. Onlooker Master Henry M. Hordern, youngest member of the R.A.O.U. Photo, by II. L. Whilu. K A.O.l'. Vol. XXII. 1922 ] WHITE. Trip to Ca/^c York Peninsula. 99 I)lace(l in middle of clianihcr. Teniiitariuin .t ft. () in. high, 5 ft. in length, IS in. thick at ba.se, ta])ering to a tine edge at top; thickness at nest 7 in. The nesting sites appear to be rather frequently taken pos- session of by P. atropyujialis. Eggs of the Parrot are laid on soft broken up termitariuni material, and number from 4 to 6, pure white, almost round, and with little gloss. Clutch 1, measuring in millimetres: — A— .83 X .70 B— .83 x .70 C— .81 x .72 Clutch 2 (Tvpe).— A— .83 x .72,; B— .84 x .74; C— .84 x .68; D— .82 X .72. ' One clutch taken was the ])roduce of birds in iinmature plumage, which presented such variation from adults that Mr. McLennan at first thought he had a new species. The variation probably accounts for stories circulated as to two species of anthill Parrots being found in the Coen district, but a person of Mr. AIcLennan's wide experience and ornithological know- ledge is not likely to have overlooked a second species during nine months' residence in the locality. A Collecting Trip to Cape York Peninsula By H. L. W HITE, C.F.A.O.U., R.A.O.U., "Belltrees," Scone, New' South Wales. Introduction Mr. W^illiam McLennan, who, on my behalf, had previously conducted several successful expeditions in Northern Australia, in search of ornithological novelties, agreed to make another trip into the centre of Cape York Peninsula. My original in- tention being that he should work north from Coen, but as things turned out there was so much of interest in the locality (Coen), that the whole period of engagement (nine months) was spent there. The Queensland Government has always been extremely liberal to me in the matter of permits, and again my thanks are due for its consent to a further collection of specimens for scientific purposes. I am indebted also to Sergeant McGreehan, in charge of the police, and Mr. D. Anderson, State school teacher at Coen, for assistance and kindness to my collector. McLennan left Cooktown in the small ketch "Elam" on the 27th August, 1921, arriving at Port Stewart, 175 miles distant, on the evening of the 30th. Coen is not easy of access, but may be reached (1) by boat to Port Stewart, thence per vehicle 45 miles; or (2) by rail from Cooktown to Laura, thence on horseback for 170 miles; the last-named is the mail route (per pack hor.se, Coen to Laura), the trip being made once per fort- night, except during the w^et season, when long delays occur. 100 WHITE. Trip to Cape York Peninsula. TisfocT Coen, situated on the head waters of a rixer of the same name, and so called (in honour of Governor Coen, of Batavia ) by the early Dutch navigator Jan Carstenzcjon during his voyage in the ■ ships Arnhem and Pera in 1623, and is i)robably one of the first-named rivers in Australia. Some confusion existed as to the identity of the River Coen, and the matter is explained by R. Logan Jack in his "Northmost Australia," page 49. The same writer gives particulars of gold mining operations carried out later in the Coen district (page 467) where one mine, "Great Northern," is stated to have produced £114,000 worth of gold. The Coen of today has fallen away in importance, a few pros- pectors only rei)resenting the gold mining industry ; it is prac- tically surrounded b)- cattle stations owned chiefly by the State, and is a telegraph station on the line to Thursday Island. The country in the vicinity is of granite formation, hilly, it being practically on the main range; well timbered with various species of Eucalypts, Melaleucas, and Acacias. It is well grassed, the chief kinds being Hcteropogon, .Indropogon and Themida (Northern Kangaroo grass), two first named producing most objectionable seeds, which penetrate clothing, and make travel- ling most unpleasant and dit^icult during the autumn months. McLennan reached his collecting locality early in September, and remained there for about nine months, securing many rare specimens of birds, eggs, reptiles and insects ; amongst which is a giant venomous snake at present not identified, but which is probably a new and highly interesting species. Owing to the very favourable climate, trees in bloom \\ere always in evidence, l)roviding abundant food for honey-eating birds, which, in conse- quence, appeared to breed all the year round. Descriptions of Country, Excursions and Experiences The nature of the country and some of the ex]ieriences of a collecting trip may be gathered by extracts from the diary, which is v(jluminous and too full of carefully kept details to be used at length here. The diary is punctuated with many droll expressions. The ri\er Hals, \allo\s and gullies are mostly well limbered, and birds appear to be fairly numerous. The bed of the river is about 100 yards in width, heavily timbered with tall thin ])ai)er barks, river wattles and numerous scrub trees, also a bushy tea-tree (Melaleuca), a mass of bottle-brush flowers. Two large leafed varieties in November and again in IMarch were in full flower, one beautiful cerise coloured, the other greenish yellow. The track coming into Coen runs through level heavily tim- bered forest country, bloodwood, box, Moreton Bay ash, cabbage gum, river gum, wattle, ironwood, beefwood, wild cotton, and many other trees and shrubs. There ajipears to be a big break in the coastal scrub belt hereabi)uts. B.ird life numerous. We pas.sed through the track of a cyclone, trees and branches down everywhere, and piles of debris. Standing trees now heavily ^°'i^F] WHITE, Trip to Cope York Peninsula. 101 refoliaged after the pruning. Great bird chorus at the tirst flush of dawn. The short, sharp whistle of Bntomyzon cyanotis (Blue-faced Honey-eater), locally called "morning bird," is the dominant note. Cracficns nienfalis (Black-backed Butcher- Bird) comes next, with its beautiful bubbling flute-like song. Daeelo leaelii (Blue-winged Kookaburra); Seytlirops novcE- hollandla: (Channel-Bill) vie with each other in raucous screams. Microeca flavigaster (i.emon-breasted Flycatcher), and Gery- gone albogularis (White-throated Warbler), both trill sweetly. Colluric'mcla brunnea (Brown Shrike-Thrush) adds other notes of sweetness with its clear and varied calls, so also does Grallina cyanoleuca (]\Iagpie-Lark), and Oriolus sagittatns affinis (Northern Oriole). The calls of Geopelia humeralis (Bar- shouldered Dove), G. placida (Peaceful Dove), Geophaps scripta (Squatter-Pigeon), and Chlamydera nuchalis orientalis (Eastern Bower-Bird) harmonise with the general chorus. Pomatostomns temporalis (Grey-crowned Babbler), Platycercits lankets are wet and mouldy, cannot get them dry. It is impossible to do any writing with pen and ink, as the pai)cr is saturated with moisture." MokK vSlDKI.U'.HT.S Takhui "Snaps" in Tree-tops. — I>ird ( Hlack-backed I'.utcherj sat on nest till I got within 6 feet. Taking "snaps" was rather a diflicult job. I had to stand upright on a swaying limb, one leg lightly braced against a small uitright branch, top of camera just under my chin. Was .so intent on my work that 1 nearly took a step sideways, to get better look at the view-finder; just remembered in time that I was 40 feet from the ground. Vol. XXII 1922 ] WHITE, 7>/> to Cape York Fciiiiisiila. 103 Another "Snap-shot." — Flush a female Tuniix, which Hew c)ff behind me. Twist round in saddle and try a shot, hut miss. Horse nearly jumped from under me. S'nuile-Jianded. — Saddle up and get pack horses loaded (have to make two light packs of my stores, &c.) and start off on my own. The confounded horses seemed to know that I was prac- tically helj^less — gun in one hand, collecting rod in other, and no Zijh'ip. The animals sjjread all over the place, and would not stick to the track ; when I went to drive one lot along, others would sto]) to feed; a couple of times they tried to bolt back along the track. It was a i)erfect "nightmare" trij). ./ Grateful Shade. — The bed of the creek is thickly gr(n\n with a variety of trees — large Paper-barks, River Wattles, big Leich- hardt "Plums," in full bloom, Wild "Cherries," and numerous other heavily foliaged species. Cause and Effect.— 20/\2/2\ : Rainfall 70 points. Night- deafening chorus of frogs. Jl'ayzi'ard Horse. — Would crawl along in front of the pack- horses, prexent them from going ahead. Later he got what was owing to him, and a bit extra, through bumping a nest of inch- long vicious red hornets. These shifted him along at a great pace for a hundred yards or so. ./;/ Evening Plague. — The air is alive with flies, about the size of the house species, w'hich drop a perfect shower of small mag- gots, as they fly over our food. These, failing to land on a con- genial spot, bend themselves into circle, straighten out instan- taneously, and then flick about all over the place. Just as well it's a bit dark. Short Rations. — Everyone in the district has been on short rations for about a fortnight, owing to supply boat not running to time. I had sufficient, but had to share it amongst those who had least. Snakes! — Saw a beautiful and brilliant green snake with an irregular white stripe down centre of the back and tiny irregular spots of white on sides of body; it w^as about 5 feet long, and as thick as one's wrist. It was in a tangle of lawyer vines a few feet from the ground, and showed fight. 31/3/22. — When riding through some fairly long grass, I was right over a large snake — a Black-headed Python, I thought, judging by its size. I could not see it plainly so I did not feel anxious, as this snake is .sluggish and inoffensive. Passing over it, I saw its head. (Expletive!) "A Brown Snake!" Did not have gun or pistol, so called to Tommy (the black) to cut a strong sapling. As I dismounted the snake started off. I grabbed the sapling — and stopped it. Only about 9 feet long. ]\Iore anon. Once Tommy let out an unearthly yell ; jammed the spurs into his horse, which made a plunge some feet away. Thought a 104 WHITE, Trip to Cape York Peninsula. ["^sfoa" brown snake had got Tommy — a snake all right, but of the Carpet species, about 10 feet long. Did not destroy it. 17/4/22. — Saw a brown tree-snake, about 3 feet long, in a mountain ash ; while watching it the snake promptly apprehended and swallowed a small wood-adder about 5 inches in length. 30/4/22.— Walked on a five-foot Black Whip-Snake. Tt struck at me, but missed, as I was "well on the move." Birds axd Notes Through Mv. McLennan's perseverance, important bird-obser- vation was carried on, particularly in regard to the little-known Turnix olivii (Buff-breasted Quail) and Psephotns chrysoptcr- (fiits (Golden- winged Parrot). Here follows list of birds observed with extracts from the col- lector's notes. The names of the species are according to pro- posed 2nd Edition Official Check-list, R.A.O.U. Sub-specific names in brackets and asterisk indicates skin collected : — Dromaius novae-hollandiae. Emu. — On a river flat near Coen an Emu was noted with six small young. Took some "snaps" of "Dick," a pet bird. Casuarius casuariu8(C.c.a?/s/rfl//s;. Cassowary. — Heard a mysterious noise one night like the grunting of a horse in trouble. Think it was a Cassowary. Alectura lathami (.4. I. purpiircicollis) Purple-wattled Brush-Turkey. — Tommy brought back a fine Turkey, which will form the leading item on the menu tonight (21/2/22). *Synoicus australis (5. a. cervinus). Northern Brov/n Quail. — Flushed from some long grass a covey of Quail at Joe's Lagoon. The call of this bird is a double note whistle; first note short, second much longer; sometimes loud and sharp, but more often rather plain- tive. Found an old nest with six shells, and later a nest containing five fresh eggs in a tussock of coarse grass, the blades cf which were bent over and lightly woven, and formed the top and side of the nest. Nest merely a shallow depression 4 inches in diameter by 1 inch deep, and lined with a few eucalypt leaves and grass. *Turnix olivii. Buff'-breasted Quail.— 21/11/21.— Heard a deep booming call: "Ooom, ooom, oocm," repeated rapidly for twenty rounds. The first few notes were very low, and appeared to come from a great distance, the succeeding notes gradually higher in tone, louder, shorter, and were more rapidly uttered, until the last notes were about five tones higher than the first. The call takes about 30 seconds of time. As I imitate the call, the bird answers, and in a few minutes I see a bird coming through the grass about 2o yards away. It is a female Turnix. 24/11/21.— Flushed a bird which landed 100 yards away and started to call; kept on calling, and appeared to be coming back to- ward me, which it eventually did. 6/2/22. — Saw a female Turnix running through a patch of grass closely followed by a male; one of them was rapidly uttering a soft whistling, chirruping note. Several times a different call was uttered — a deep humming "gug-gug-gug," repeated rapidly for three to five seconds. 9/3/22. — Return to my marked tree, proceed carefully to within 10 yards and imitate the call. In a shorr time a bird replied from TIIH KMV. ]-o1. V.V//. PLATE XXXIII ''"'iS"] WHITE. Trip to Cape York Pcmnsnla. 105 ?.??'''v?^/ny'^.''l"''^i"^^''"/^ ffugging- call of the male was heard once. Climb 40 feet to the fork of a big- messmate, keep imitating the call at mtervals, till hnally the bird again replies. I see the female walk- ing about in the grass beneath me. Get dcwn and search all around: no luck.^ The male has another call, "Chirp-chirp-chirp-kwaare- kwaare." The first notes were short and rapidly uttered- the last two were of longer duration, much louder and with a distinct pause between. 12/3/22.— While walking through a patch of short grass, a Turnix flushed from close alongside my right foot. On looking down I saw a dome of dry grass amongst the green, which I thought was a rat's nest. A close examination proved it to be the Icng-sought nest of Tuniix ohvu, containing four flne eggs. Nest ovoid, entrance in large end, composed of fine, wiry, dry grass-stalks, a few straggling ends of which stick out over the entrance for 7 inches; lined with short bits of fine grass, and a couple of eucalypt leaves (messmate)- placed in a shallow depression in ground amongst fine short grass not interwoven with it; top, sides and back of nest very neat, no straggling ends. Dimensions, outwardly from entrance to rear 6i inches, depth bh inches, width 5 inches; entrance, 4 inches diameter. Inside, from entrance to rear, bl inches; depth, 4i inches; width, 4 inches. 13/3/22. — Heard a male calling differently from any previous call, a deep-toned whistling, "Chu-chu-chu," rapidly uttered. Every time I imitated the call of the female he replied with this call. 17/3/22.— Tommy heard a Turnix calling in a grass pocket. Search well, and find a nest with a broken eggshell in it; two more broken eggs near by, showing teeth marks of some reptile, which Tommy says was a goanna. 22/3/22.— Flushed a bird again, which I feel sure has a nest close by; search thoroughly, and found it about 150 yards from where 1 first heard the bird calling; take two photos; camouflage the camera with grass and bushes in the hope of snapping the bird. After an hour go to the camera, and the bird flushed from a couple of feet to the side of the nest, being too scared to go into the nest. Nest was placed in a shallow depression between a stool of long grass and a small shrub. Eggs heavily incubated. 24/3/22.— After breakfast Tommy brings horses, and as it will be some considerable time before I finish my job, I send him along to look round place where we heard Turnix calling yesterday after- noon. About an hour and a half later I heard Tommy returning at a gallop, and wondered what was wrong until I caught sight of his face. There wasn't room for the extra, smallest portion of a smile on his black face, and he was that excited he could hardly speak. At last he blurted out: "I findem nest, four hegg this time, quite fresh one." I eventually got a collected account from him. Take camera and extra film cartridge and go along with Tommy. ■ The nest was situated in a thinly grassed patch— thin stools of long grass widely scattered with fine short grass growing between — at the base of a stool of long- grass. It contained a lovely set of fresh eggs, one rather strikingly marked in comparison with the others. 27/3/22. — Tommy noticed a track through the grass, and on look- ing closer found the nest of Turnix containing four eggs some dis- tance away from where we previously flushed the bird. Nest placed at the base of a stool of long grass among short fine grass, and under a small creeping plant, which almost completely hides the nest from view. The diary contains other instances of nest-finding. Numbers of eggs are appare.ntly destroyed by lizards (goannas). 106 WiiriT., Tnp to Cape York Pcuinsida. FisfocT [For further particulars of this species, see Emu, ante, pi. 1 (coloured) and descriptions of nest and eggs, with photo-blocks, pis. ii.-iv., and pp. 1-2.] '•Turnix maculosa (T. m. tttclatiota). Red-backed Quail. — Observed a bird, evidently breeding; suitable nesting country hereabouts. Turnix castanota (?). Chestnut-backed Quail. — Flushed covey of five birds, but am net sure of the species. Ptilinopus .superbus. Purple-crowned Pigeon. — A bird was flushed from its frail nest 10 feet from the ground; the nest con- tained one fresh egg; another nest was seen 7 feet from the ground with cne young bird in a eucalypt sapling; parent very quiet. Megaloprepia magnifica {M. m. assimilis) Allied Purple-breasted Pigeon. — Heard calling in the scrubs. Myri.sticivora bicolor. Nutmeg (Torres Strait) Pigeon. — A nest seen 20 feet from ground; climb up and take one egg with 7 ft. rod and scoop; another nest 30 ft. up. *Macropygia phasianella (M. p. robitisoni). Northern Pheasant- Pigeon. — A nest found 12 feet from the ground in the top of a fan palm; cne egg heavily incubated. The nest is a bulky sti-ucture of twigs and bunches of Casuarina leaves; it measures 6 inches diameter by 8 inches deep; odd twigs stick out a few inches beyond the bulk; there is a slight depression for the egg. The irides are exceptionally beautiful, there being "an outer circle of deep crimson and an inner circle of blue." Chalccphaps chrysochlora. Green-winged Pigeon. — Heai'd calling. Gecpelia humeralis. Bar-shouldered Dove. — Frequently noted. A nest containing two small young was seen in a Pandanus palm. An- other nest was en the leaves of a Pandanus 3 feet from the ground; two eggs; still another in a small bush 2 feet from the ground, a coarse structure of twigs lined with fine rootlets; it was 12 inches diameter by 3i inches deep; egg depression 3 in., I inch deep. Gecpelia placida. Peaceful Dove. — Saw a bird building 12 feet from the ground in a swamp paperbark (Melaleuca). *(ieophaps scripta (G. s. peninsula). Northern Squatter-Pigeon. — An excellent bird for the pot; often flushed in burnt areas; found a nest containing two fresh eggs in a patch of short, dry grass on bank of creek; also found two young almost fully fledged in a patch of dry grass; they flew off" in opposite directions, one landing on burnt country took a long time to find. Took a photo of them in the nest. 2/11/21. — Numbers of Sduatters perched up in ironbarks. Young not long hatched; eyes not open, body covered with dirty white down. [For description of bird, its nest and eggs (with photo.), see Emu, xxi.. pp. 1(53, 167, and pi. 3!).] Kallina tricolor. Red-necked Rail. — Heard calling after dark. *.\niaurr,rnis moluccanus. Brown Rail. — 15/1/22. — Heard calling as they flew over southward at night. The call is a sharp, short, grating "Tchek," uttered at intervals of about a second. By a creek a bird was flushed ^rom its nest in long grass and bushes; four eggs. Stalks and blades of grass were bent over and matted to form base and sides of nest, which was well lined with blades of dry grass. Measurements, 8 in. diameter by 4 in. deep; egg chamber, 4 in. by 2 J in. 8/1/22. — A native brought in a fine set of five eggs. Later, I found a nest with six eggs, 2 feet from ground. The bird had com- pletely screened the nest by breaking and bending the grass blades above" and around. 26/2/22.--Black Moor-hens heard calling near camp; they seem fairly plentiful, ("atch a glimpse of one occasion- ally close by. TIIK EMU. Vol. XX 11. PLATE XXXIV. Nest and Eggs of Brown Rail {Amaurornis moluccanus). Phuto. by W. McLunnan, R.A O.U. Vol.XXII r.»22 ] WHITE. Trip to Caf^c York Pcuhisitla. 107 Pcrphyrio nielanotus. Swamp Hen. — Numerous on a p:reat rush- grown swamp; try to explore place; too boggy. Lobibyx miles. Masked Plover. — Noted several times. *Charadrius dominicus. American Golden Plover. — Seen on town flat. Charadrius ruficapillus. Red-capped Dotterel. — Noted with Green- shanks c;ii a saltpan. Numenius phaeopus. Whimbrel. — 23/10/21. — Noted on town flat. *Mesoscolopax minutus. Little Whimbrel. — 7/10/21. — Shot a bird from a flock of about a dozen on Ccen grass flats. Strange to see these birds inland; no big swamps anywhere near. Glottis nebularius. Greenshank. — Noted. Pisobia subminuta. Long-toed Stint. — A single specimen seen. *Gallinago hardwicki (G. h. anstralis). Australian Snipe. — Flushed in marshy country. Very fat, end of March, and ready for their long flight. Burhinus magnirostris. Southern Ston-Plover. — Was presented with a set cf eggs. A bird was seen running, but disappeared from view; it was found stretched cut en the ground among the rocks; it was a young one, nearly full grown. Eupodotis australis. Australian Bustard (Plain Turkey). — One shot for the pot, or rather, was "cooked in the ashes." Antigone rubicunda. Brolga (Australian Crane). — One Crane to- gether with a Jabiru, pair of White Ibis, four Pied and one Plumed Egrets and a flock of Masked Plovers noted at a small fresh-water swamp. Xenorhynchus asiaticus. Jabiru. — 2/5/22.— Five seen in company of White-necked and Blue Herons, Egrets, Greenshanks and Red- capped Dotterels at a large saltpan. An interesting company. Thre?kicrnis spinicollis. Straw-necked Ibis. Egretta garzetta {E. g. immaadata) Little Egret. Egretta intermedia. Plumed Egret. Notophoyx novte-hollandiae. Blue Heron. Notophoyx aurensis.t Pied Egret Nctophoyx pacifica. White-necked Heron. — Six foregoing species noted. Dupttor flavicollis {D. f. goitldi). Black Bittern. — Building in a small paperbark {Melaleuca) hy the bank of the river. Dendrccygna javanica. Whistling Duck. — Noted; also pair of Green Pigmy-Geese {Ncttapiis puichellus) . Astur novae-hollandiae. Grey Goshawk.— Grey phase noted. Astur fasciatus. Australian Goshawk. — Nest in a tall paperbark, got the rope ladder into position by climbing an adjacent tree to throw the line over a suitable limb. Bird flushed on reaching the nest; three eggs. *Accipiter cirrhocephalus. Collared Sparrow-Hawk.— A nest was seen in a tall, thin paperbark about 60 feet up, but impossible to reach it. Another nest in a difficult position I reached with a long rod and scoop, the limbs swaying about 8 feet in a strong wind; three eggs. Saw a bird carrying a small goanna in its talons. Erythrctriorchis radiatus. Red Goshawk. — A fine bird sat in a tree and let me get very close to examine it. 108 WHITE, Trip to Cape York Peninsula. KocT Urcaetus audax. Wedge-tailed Eagle. — Nearing a nest I cculd see one cf the birds sitting on the edge of it, the other bird was just a speck in the blue overhead. Climb up; no eggs; nest lined with fresh branches and leaves of eucalypts, most of which only just picked. Haliastur leucoga.ster. White-breasted Sea-Eagle. — Noted. Halia.stur pphenurus. Whistling Eagle. — Sevei'al times noted. One bird was being savagely attacked by a Little Falcon. Milvus migrans (M. m.ajfinis) Allied Kite. — 8/11/21. — Single speci- men seen flying along river. Gypoictinia melanosterna. Black-breasted Buzzard. — Noted. Falco longipenni.s. Little Falcon. — A pair of birds were seen at a nest in a mountain ash (Eucalypt), when a Brown Hawk flew screech- ing into the tree and took possession of the nest. The Falcons tried to drive it away, but failed. I think the Hawk was the rightful owner. leracidea berigora. Brown Hawk. — A nest, 50 feet from the ground, in a bloodwood, contained one fully fledged young. Elanus axillaris. Australian Black-shouldered Kite. — Noted. *Nincx bcobook (Wb. macgilUvrayi). Cape Boobcok Owl. — Rapping the trees I flush a bird from a hollow 25 feet from the ground; climb and find two eggs. Flushed another bird from its roosting hollow; it was chivvied unmercifully by a crowd of Friai'-Birds, Honey- eaters, and Butcher-Birds until the Owl went into another hollow to escape the maddening crowd. Ninox ( ? sp.). — Saw a bird flying about after dusk and sometimes heard the call at night. *Trichoglossu.s moluccanus {T. »i. septentrionalis) . Northern Rain- bow-Lorikeet.— A pair flushed Irom a hollow in a cabbage gum, could net get at the nest. Two other nesting hollows were seen; secure two eggs. Psitteuteles versicolcr. Varied Lorikeet. — Numerous with other species of birds in the flowering gums. 29/1/22. — These birds are now all paired off; see eight pairs in- specting hollow spouts. One lot had enlarged the hollow by biting out the rotten wood. 2/4/22.— Find a nesting hollow 20 feet from the ground. The bird would not come out so I enlarged the hole and put in my hand. The bird bit a piece out of the ball of my thumb. Four eggs lying on a bed of finely chipped rotten wood and dead gum leaves with a few feathers. The dead leaves might have been part cf an old nest of a small Phalanger (Marsupial). 16/4/22.— Nest with four eggs in horizontal spout at depth of 12 inches. Three double handfuls cf chipped, rotten wood resting on lip of .spout, which had been scratched out by the birds. Another nest I cculd not get at, so made fast a rope; saw off spout, and lower to ground. Entrance, 2i in.; depth cf hole, 2 ft. 9 in. Eggs, four, resting en rotten wood with a few feathers of the bird, a green gum leaf and a couple of cases of bag-moth. At another nest the male was flushed, but the female climbed into a cavity above the entrance hole and would not come out; three eggs. On two occasions eggs were observed in nesting sites previously occupied by the Black Tree-Creeper (C. mclmwta). In one nesting hollow cf a Lorikeet the eggs were resting on a bed of green eucalypt leaves nipped into small pieces, which the birds THE EMU, Vol XXlt. PuATE XXXV. THE EMU. Vol. XXII. PLATE XXXVI Nest and Young of Red-winged Parrot {Aprosmictus erythropterus). Photo, by W. McLennan, R.A.O.U. THK KMr. Vol. XXff. PLATE XXXVII. ItTI Ti^Jfi7 CO nJ Z c ^'•"igi?" ] WHITE. Tnt to Cape York Peninsula. 109 had evidently brought. There was no decayed wcod-dust in the bottom of the hollow. [Dimensions in inches of clutch of four eggs: — (A) .87 x .73, (B> .87 X .72, (C) .88 x .74, (D) .88 x .73.— H.L.W.] Probcsciger aterrimus. Palm Cockatoo. — Noted. Cacatua galerita (C. g. qttcenslandica) . Little White Cockatoo. — Often noted nesting. Cacatua rcsiecapilla. Galah. — Often noted. A nesting hollow 40 feet from the ground contained four eggs resting on a bed of green gum leaves. The only place up north where this bird occurs on the eastern watershed. *Lcrius pectoralis. (L. p. macgillivrayi)-f. Red-sided Parrot. — Heard calling in the same scrub with Geoffroyus, but they often cease calling as soon as I enter the scrub. Eventually locate a flock of about eight birds. Being the rainy season, most of them are in a very ragged state of plumage; big gaps in the wing feathers and only one or two feathers in the tail. They fly off with discordant alarm calls, "Krrraark-krrraark." *Geoffroyus geoffroyi. Red-cheeked Parrot. — A single specimen first noticed winging its way across a gorge on the Macihvraith Range. In the scrub a bird flew away screeching, but came back. These birds have a habit of daily visiting and feeding in the same tree. Tommy made a squeaker out of a small bamboo, with which he could imitate the call; the birds replied. Aprcsmictus erythropterus. Red-winged Parrot. — Flushed a bird from a hollow 35 feet up. Tree appeared to be hollow to the ground, so cut a hole at 3 feet and find a fully fledged young one. *Platycercus adscitus {P. a. amathusiCB) . Northei-n Pale-headed Rcsella. — Nesting hollow found 25 feet from ground in mountain ash; five eggs. Another nest also had five eggs, resting on a bed of chipped, rotten wood. *P.sephctus chrysoptergius. Golden-winged Parrot. — 23/4/22. — A bushman first told me of the "Anthill Parrot," and said he knew of a nest. Go out with him eastward into lightly timbered country in places a bit boggy, and come to a flat, thickly dotted v/ith magnetic and tall, thin, spire-shaped termitariums (White-ant mounds). Locate the nest in one of the anthills, and the bird flushes while I am within a few yards. Can feel eggs with a light twig. Take several photos, then secure the eggs, which prove to be heavily incubated. Termit- arium 18 in. diameter at base, 6 ft. in height; entrance to nest, 2 ft. 6 in. from ground, and 1!J in. diameter; tunnel, 3i in. long, then en- larged chamber 7 in. by 6 in. deep, bottom being 21 in. below level of entrance. Hearing sti'ange Parrot calls, a pair of birds presently appeared, the male flying to the top of the anthill and the female to the entrance of the nest. I really expected to see P.pulcherrimus the Paradise Parrot, but they proved to be the very rare Golden-winged Parrot. Several old nests were noted in similar situations; then we found one where the birds were preparing, as the mound of dirt at base of anthill was quite fresh. By fastening a lighted match to the end of a twig the interior was illuminated. No eggs yet. 1/5/22. — Found a nest in which I could hear young squeaking. Another had five eggs, and one young bird just hatched. Take photo T According to Rothschild, the name of the dominant species should be Lorius roratus. Mull., vide Ann. & Mag. ix., p. 411. 110 W IIITI-:. 7V,> /., (•„/-.• York l\;nn.u,la. [Vst'oct" ami pati'h up tlu« hole anain. Four niilos furtluT on found that a Blaok-tailoil Kiiu-I\ HWfyliila otrot^yiiMlis) hnd Iniilt in a olianibor hol- lowoti out by a (loMon-winuvil Parrot; on lookinj^- in t\iuiul tho Tarrot had laid four orks i" tlio Kinoh's nost; found still anothor Psophotus Parrot's nost. \yhioh oontainod four frosh ou'^s. NunioiMus oli! nostin>r hoU's wcro notiootl, all in torniitariuins. Lator in tho month sovoral nosts wore oxnminod. whioh oontainod youjij:- in various staiios of dovoK^pniont. In tho floor of tho nostin)r ohanihor in ovory instanoo thoro was a roniarkablo oolony of soavan- )ror uriibs, tiio larvao of sonio moth, tlio spooios oi' whioh" has not yet boon dotorniinotl. [Soo furthor tliis issuo. dosoription of ou'.us, oto.. p. OS]. PcdarKus papuonsis. Papuan Fri>.muoutb. — Found a nost in a bifr paporbark with tho Inrd sittin.u; on attoniptiny: to olinib. tho bird tlushod, knookin.u- its o.u'.u' otV tlio llinisy nost to bo brokon cu tho ground bonoath. •PodnrRus stri>;o.idos {P. s. oi:\-nsis). I'apo Froiinunith. — After dark this bird is hoaril uttorinji" a oall of (wo syllablos of ovon tone, "Koo-hook" ("oo" as in fooU, tlio sooond sli>;litly louilor than tho first, ropoatod up to oi.iihtoon tinios in ton sooonds. Tlio tirst fow notos of tho oall aro vory faint, appoarin.c- to oonio from somo oonsidorablo dis- tanoo away, .u'r:>dually uottiiii;- loudor and oloaror; toward tho ond thoro is quito a vontriloquial otVoot. Onoo tlio bird uttorod a ditVoront oall. a sinulo "Guk" ropoatotl rapidly for a fow sooonds. Saw a frosh nost. [For photo, of nost in situ, see Emu xxi.. pi. 39.] •.l^jiot holes oristata (.1. c. Ifinvj^asttr) . Owlot Nightjar. — Found a sot of four whito oii,i:s in a hollow. 0\\ lookin.u- into tho hollow from horsobaok tho bird tlow out, brushinj;- my faoo. *Euryst. ^;(•.■V;<7/.^i Kroail-billod RoUor. — Flushed from a hollow 20 ft. up in a mountain ash; throo frosh o,njiS- Alcvono a/uroa (l. ii. f^uhlini). l^lrplo Kiniitishor.— Soon alone tho ri\ or. Synia toro(t)ro i>' t. //(/r/Vo.^/W.N). YoUow-billod Kiniitishor. — Noted. *I)aoolo loaohi. Bluo-win.uod Kookaburra. — Found a nost in the hollow trunk c( a jiiiarloil old bloodwood tFuoalypt) oontaiiiin.ir a re- markable sot of five oii\iis; subsequently took anothor sot of four from same site. Anothor nostin.c hole oontainod one ojiii-. toi;othor with one ej;\c of Northern Rainbow Lorikeet. .\ fow days afterwards there were two op:jrs of oaoh spooios. Climbed to a hollow, and found three small younjr; one tryinji' to swallow a younj; goanna about l> in. lonjt; about (? in. of tho reptile hanjiinir out of the youn.irstor's mouth. Send Jaok baok for special lens. By the time ho returns I J in. more of tho jroanna has ilisappoarod. Tho youn>r aro quito nakoil and eyes not yet open. •Paoolo )r>Ri>>< (l^ ,1.' '""•'<''>■ Little Kookaburra. — Saw two nosts. both in termites' nosts 20 foot up in trees; one oontainod four o.c'.cs- •Halcyon macloayi (H. m. Ninuirili). Northern Forest Kin.ctishor. — Found a bin! drillinjr a hole in a termites' nest 'JO foot from tho jrround. Later on I took five ejrps. whioh wore vory dirty, the result of the termites tryinjr to build over them. •Halcyon p> rrhopyRius. Rod-baoked Kinjriisher. — Soouroil one spooinioii. Halcyon sanctus. Saorod Kin.irtisher. — Noted several times. Tanysiptora sylvia. White-tailed Kinptisher.— Noted in tho scrubs. Merops ornatus. Rainbow-Bird. — Saw Tommy dijrjrin.ir out a hole, and asked if ho had .cot a iroanna. "No more coanna." said ho. 'I'HK KM I'. \'"l. XXII. PLATE XXXVIi Nesting site of Golden-bhouidered Parrot {Psephotus chry^ijUryinu:,) u. Meridian Anthill. Photo, by W. McLennan, KA.O.U. TIIK EMI-. ro7. XX IT. PLATE XXXIX. /'^i&i ^ Nc^-l ciinl liggs 1)1 Blue wiiiKc'd Koul<;ibuiia {PiUila hculu). Photo, by W McLennan. I< A.O.U. ^°'i9fi^"] WlilTK. 7V;> to Cape York Peninsula. Ill "Nest belcnga pretty feller bird." The nest had live white effffs. 22/2/22. — Flock cf Bee-eaters seen flying northwards. Ccllocalia francica. Grey Swiftlet. — Noted hawking overhead. Micrcpus pacificus. White-rumped Swift. — Noted in company with previous species. Cuculus pallidus. Pallid Cuckoo; Cacomantis flabelliformis (Cf. athertoni). Northern Fan-tailed Cuckoo; Cacomantis castaneiventris, Chestnut-breasted Cuckoo. — Noted. Cacomantis pyrrhophanus. Square-tailed Cuckoo. — Egg taken in nest of the Brown-backed Hcney-eater {Glyciphila modesta). Lamproccccyx (sp.). Bronze Cuckoo. — Noted. Eudynamys crientalis {E. o. cyanocephalus) . Koel. — Often seen and heard. A crowd of large Hcney-eaters frequently give a female Koel a bad time, fly at it, bear it to the ground, pecking and bufl"eting it severely. Once a pair of Grallinas (Magpie-Larks) joined in a chase, and, landing on the ground, pecked and buffeted the Koel severely. The Koel makes feeble resistance, and tries to escape to the bushes. Seeing a crowd of Friar-Birds darting at something on the ground, I rode up and found a female Keel, which made off", followed by its tormentors, their numbers being augmented on the way. I could hear the scolding cries for some time after they were lost to view. I have never seen a male Keel being chased by other birds nor heard an alarm sounded when one breaks cover. Found a nest cf Philemon citreogularis sordidus (Little Friar-Bird) containing an egg, of the Keel, and on the ground beneath was a broken egg of the Friar-Bird. Scythrops novce-hollandiae. Channel-bill Cuckoo. — Often heard call- ing after daybx-eak, but no eggs found, though I frequently examined the nest of Bell Magpies (btrepera) in the hope cf obtaining a Channel-bill's egg. Centropus phasianinus. Pheasant-Coucal. — Tommy found a nest with eggs heavily incubated. Pitta versicolor {P.v. simillima). Lesser Pitta. — Heard calling in the scrubs. Pitta mackloti. Rainbow Pitta. — Its mournful call could be heard in the scrubs. A nest containing three eggs was found in some low scrub grass. Microeca fascinans {M. f. pallida) . Pale Flycatcher. — Noted. *Microeca flavigaster. Lemon-breasted Flycatcher. — Found a nest which made a good subject for a photo. Another nest contained one small young, which one of the parents was covering, to protect it from the sun. *Smicrornis flavescens. Yellow Tree-Tit. — Found a nest 15 feet from the ground in drooping branches; the bird sat till I put my hand on it; two eggs. *Gerygone albogularis. White-throated Warbler. — Common and nesting. The male does not appear to take any part in building, though he generally inspects the work of the female, and constantly trills his sweet little song in and about the nesting tree. *Gerygone magnirostris. Large-billed Warbler. — Found nesting. One pair was building in a paperbark 4 feet over water. Gerygone palpebrosa (G. p. personate). Masked Warbler. — Nesting. Pcecilcdryas supercilio.sa. White-browed Shrike-Robin. — Seen several times, notably on the creeks. Pachycephala rufiventris (P. r. pallida). — Pale-breasted Whistler. — Noted several times. 112 WHITE. Trip to Cape York Pciiiusiila. Uut oT *Rhipidura leucophyrs. Black-and-White Fantail. — A homely bird; nestinj;. Rhipidura flabellifera (/?. / phasiana), Pheasant Fantail; Hhipidura rufifrons {R.r.kcmpia).), Cape Rufous Fantail; Rhipidura setosa. North- ern Fantail. — All noted. *-Myiagra rubecula (M. r. coiiciuna). Blue Flycatcher. — A nest was seen on a dry limb 20 feet from the pround. Myiasra ruficollis (M. r. latirostris). Broad-billed Flycatcher; Piezor- hynchus alecto { F. a. nitidus.) Shining Flycatcher. — Both noted. Mcnarcha trivirgata ( M. t. albiventris). White-bellied Flycatcher.— Heard calling: and often seen in the scrubs. *Graucalus nov,> to Catc York Peninsula. 115 Philemon yorki. Helmeted Friar-Bird. — Noted. *Philemcn citreogularis (P. c. sordidus). Sordid Friar-Bird. — Several nests found. A typical nest, composed of fine creeping plants and grass, bound with web and cocoon-silk, and lined with fine grass. Over all 5 in. by 3^ in. in depth; egg chamber 3 in. across by oi in. depth; eggs, two; sometimes seen from below through the nest. A nest in a bloodwood about 10 ft. from the ground contained an egg of the Koel Cuckoo. On the ground underneath was a bi'oken egg of a Friar-Bird (7/1/22). Steganopleura bichenovii. Banded Finch. — Found a nest 4 feet from the ground in a small bush. Dcnacola pectoralis. White-breasted Finch. — A small flock noted in long grass. ^gintha temporalis { yE. t. minor). Lesser Red-browed Finch.— Noted. *Pcephila atropygialis. Black-tailed Finch. — Three nests found in Pandanus palms. Tommy found one and gave me a hail, saying, "Got four hegg, door round norther side." I pulled it from its resting place, and found it contained nine. Tommy remarked, "What's the matter that feller; he only small feller." After that he always called the Finch the "nine-hegg bird." Pcephila personata. Masked Finch. — Several nests found in large stools of grass, three with six eggs in each. Nest outwardly com- posed of coarse wiry grass and lined with hair-like seed tops of swamp grass and a few feathers; a few pieces of charcoal were in with the eggs. Measurements: outside, 5 in. by 5 in., with spout 3 in. long; entrance, li in. diameter; egg chamber, 3 in. across. Both birds waited near by while I examined the nest, each with a piece of char- coal in the bill; saw one nest built upon an old Bower-Bird's nest. One of these Finches collected feathers about the camp to line its nest. Nest, a bulky mass of fine grass twigs and leaves of small plants, lined with hair-like seed, tops of grass; measurements, Sh in. by 7 in. outside; entrance, 21 in. by I2 in.; egg chamber, 3h in. by 2 in. deep. Later, when we got out into the anthill flats in search of Anthill Par- rots, we often found this species of Finch with its nest built right out of sight in the old nesting chamber hollowed out by a Parrot. The termites did not appear to repair the damage done to the ter- mitarium. On one occasion in a magnetic termitarium a Finch had taken possession of the Parrot's nest, and commenced to build. On removing the Finch's nest four Parrot's eggs were revealed. The Black-tailed Finch also builds its nest in a hollow spout of a tree. Pecphila gouldiae. Gouldian Finch. — Several birds noted. *Oriolus sagittatus (O. s. affinis) Northern Oriole. — Found a nest in a nondah plum tree. Oriolus flavocinctus. Yellow Oriole. — Noted. Sphecotheres flaviventris. Yellow Fig-Bird.— Some seen near Coen. On another occasion saw a nest 40 feet from the ground. Chibia bracteata. Spangled Drongo.— Found a nest containing two eggs situated 40 feet from the ground. Ailuroedus melanotus (A. m. maculosits). Spotted Cat-Bird.— Noted in the scrubs. *Chlamydera nuchalis (C. n. oricntalis) Queensland Bower-Bird.— Numerous. These birds feed largely on the seeds of the river wattle; bowers were noted; found a nest on a long horizontal limb of iron- wood; could see the single egg through the structure. Secured the egg with a rod and scoop. Another nest contained one young one, 116 WHITE, Trip to Cape York Pcmnsula. TisfocT not long: hatched, eyes open, head and body covered with long mouse- grey down. Saw another nest placed in a clump of mistletoe, and two in Pandanus palms — situations I would not have thought of look- ing in. These all had single eggs. I found a bird trying to build in the slippery three-pronged fork of Pandanus; a few twigs were in position, but enough material to make two nests had fallen to the ground. In another instance, a nest was prettily situated in a Coral tree. During November several two-egg sets were observed, notably in bc.\ sapling, Pandanus, ironbark, paperbark, and quinine trees. In the Pandanus tree there were no less than three old nests apparently of the same bird and two old nests in another tree 50 yards away. Ptilori.s magnifica. Magnificent Rifle-Bird; Phonygammus kerau- drenii, Manucode. — Both noted in the scrubs. *Corvus cecila?. Australian Crow. — Saw a nest in a tall mountain ash; birds frequently investigated the camp for what they could thieve. Blackboy, when watering the horses, saw a Crow chasing a small animal about a tree, and rescued it; proved to be a young ring- tailed opossum. These birds go out to feed in the mangroves. *Strepera graculina. Pied Bell-Magpie. — Numerous. Noticed a bird chase a Friar-Bird away from a big wattle (Acacia), which contained a large nest. Though it stayed in the vicinity, it did not visit the nest. This is the first easy nest of this bird I have seen; most of them are at the top of tall paperbarks 60 feet or more from the ground. They usually provide a good exercise climb. I observed sets of two, three and four eggs. [Description of nest taken at Coen. — Large open structure, composed of dead sticks and twigs of the Tea-tree (Melaleuca), lined with long thin plant stems and rootlets. Dimensions in inches: — Across overall, 14; depth overall, 5; e^g. cavity across, 6i; egg cavity deep, 2. — H.L.W.] Cracticus quoyi. Black Butcher-Bird. — Noted in the scinibs. *Cracticus nigrogularis {C. n. picatus). Pied Butcher-Bird. — Several nests found with three and four eggs. At one the birds savagely attacked me, repeatedly striking me on the head. [For photo, of nest and bird, see Emu, xxi., pi. 40.] *Cracticus mentalis. Black-backed Butcher-Bird. — Numerous. Watched a bird breaking twigs off a paperbark for building; it tried about fifteen before it got one to its liking, which it carried to the nest. A pair near the camp made very slow progress with their nest. I picked up 34 twigs, which had dropped in course of ccnstiiiction to the ground beneath. Found a nest in a cabbage gum containing four eggs. One of the birds attacked me. Another nest provided a good subject for the camera. The bird did not leave till I got within a couple of feet, but soon returned and settled on the eggs. Snap it. It then sat facing me en a twig a few inches over the nest. Secure another snap and the eggs, three. These birds feed largely on river wattle seeds as well as small birds. Saw a bird with a female Malui-us in its bill. *Gymnorhina (ibicen ( G. /. terrarcgina) Little Black-backed Magpie. — These birds are every bit as wild as those on Groote Eylandt. Have spent two hours following a party to try and get a specimen, but could not get within a hundrefl yards of them. Saw two nests about 40 feet from the ground, in one of which I observed three eggs. [Description of nest taken at Coen. — The usual large open struc- ture, composed of sticks, and neatly lined with grass, roots, and a few thin vines. This northern species does not use fur or hair in the lining of the nest. Dimensions in inches: — Across overall. 14; depth overall, hh\ egg cavity across, hi; egg cavity deep, 3i. — H.L.W.] TIIK KMV. ^■<)J. XXIf. PLATE XLI Nest and young (two) of Queensland Bower-Bird {Clilamychra iiiiclialis oricit/alis). Photo, by W. McLennan, K.A.O.U. TIIK KMT. \'<>1. XXIt. PLATE XLIIl Black-backed Butcher-Bird {Cractiats mentaJis) at Nest. Photo, by W. McLennan, R.A.O.U. ^"'i^'^"] D'OMr.kAlX. .1 Trip to the Rircr-Scrubs. 117 A Trip to the Northern River-Scrubs of N.S.W. By E. A. D'OAIBRAIX, M.I5., Member of Council, R.A.(3.U. When camped out in 1919 with the R.A.O.U. members at the Bunya Mts., Queensland, it was decided by a few of us that, all being well, we should pay a visit to the big scrubs of the Dorrigo ■district in the following spring. The party was to consist of Messrs. F. Morse, R. Hays, A. S. Le Souef, N. Cayley and the writer. Unfortunately, Messrs. Le Souef and Cayley were un- able to attend, but others were induced to make the trip in their I)lace. These were Messrs. A. Mawhinney, J. Bradley and W. I'urkiss. The plan was that the writer was to go to "Coocalla," Garah, the home of Mr. F. Morse, at the end of September, and after a fortnight's enjoyment of the hospitality of his host and hostess and the great pleasure and excitement of investigating the bird- life of the plains and swamps, including a camp-out by four of us at the Gwydir River, 'A\'atercourse" (a list of the birds found here was recorded in The Biini, vol. xxi., })art 1), a start was to be made east towards the coast and the Dorrigo Scrubs. At the end of the . second week in October, Messrs. Morse, Hays and myself, in the former's car, said good-bye to Coocalla, and, laden with camp gear of nearly every description, made a start for "The Prairie," the home of Mr. Mawhinney, where we were to pick him up, and also our cook, Jim, the latter a very necessary addition, as all who have put in a hard day in the big scrubs will admit. To arrive "home" tired out and have to set to and prepare and eat (the least troublesome), and wash up a meal means a tedious ending. Before leaving Coocalla there was much map-reading o' nights, and as there had just been recorded 5 inches of rain at Dorrigo great disappointment was in our hearts. Anyone who knows the Dorrigo roads, with their steep descents and equally stitT climbs, and the "hairpin" turns and bends, will realise that the risk to life is very great if rain in any quantity has fallen. Five inches ! We were indeed depressed. In addition, rain on the black soil plains of North Western N.S.W. means an absolute certainty of being bogged up to the axles, and staying where it happened, until the sun hardened things up, for no horses could pull us out if any were to be obtained readily. However, the rain did not reach very far west of the great tableland which divides the waters of the coastal rivers from those of the Western plains, and so we were enabled, going via Garah, to reach "The Prairie" without mishap. A hearty welcome from !Mr. and I\Irs. Mawhinney awaited us, and over tea such wonderful stories were related of the bird-life of "The Prairie" and some neighbouring belts of belah and other 118 D'OMI'.RAIX, J Trip to the Rkrr-Scruhs. \^^iET timber, that we decided to put in a day there and see for our- selves the mysterious "Cracking Thrush," as it was locally called. Here the Painted Honeyeater was to be obtained; here too, was a Whistler that needed inspecting, as he was very far north; here the Crimson-Wing Parrot was nesting, and Bell- Birds tolled their limpid notes. Accordingly, a very enjoyable lime was spent at "The Prairie,'" but as the object of this article is an account of the scrub birds, it must suffice to say that the Cracking Thrush is still sub jiidice, and that it seems to be a connecting link between Colluricincla hannonica and C. briinnca. It must be noted that we were close to the Queensland border. Alore is intended to be recorded about this bird at another time, and one must leave the birds of this region to Mr. Maw- hinney to record for readers of The Emu later. The various belts of timber and stunted scrubs were, however, very distinc- tive, each carrying its peculiar bird-life. Air. ]\lawhinney's car was called into requisition, and laden with tents, tucker, the cook's gear, and the cook, who was rescued from the arms of Bacchus and kept at "The Prairie" during "convalescence" ! Away the two cars started on their long trail over the tableland, and steep descent to the lower levels on the other side. An interesting journey followed from "The Prairie," by wa\' of roads and tracks across huge iiaddocks, and then on z'ia Delungra (which we only just managed to reach ere the rain had made the roads too boggy), to Inverell, where we stayed for the night. Much amusement was caused to the parly al the former place, where we pulled up for benzine for the engines, when the writer was mistaken for a shearer just "cut out" from his last shed. On to Armidale next day, where we added Alessrs. Purkiss and Bradley, in another car, to our ]iarty. Here the writer was mis- taken by Mr. liradley for a clergyman. .\fter the shearer ej)isode. the writer did not know whether to feel Mattered or otherwise. An early start was made from Armidale, and in view of the very disconcerting weather reports, after much consultation it was decided, on the advice of Mr. Purkiss, who was born in the Dorrigo district, to make for the Five Day Creek, Comara. Breakfast was eaten about twenty-five miles out from Armidale, at the Four Mile Creek, a most i)icturesc[ue spot. A ramble enabled us to list 31 species of birds here, many of them with nests or with yoimg Hying. A few feet from our fire was a nest of the \\'attle-P>ird about three feet from the ground. It contained two eggs, and the bird had used jiieces of rag and twine for nesting material. The birds seen were the commoner varieties found in \'ictoria and Xew v'^oulh Wales, and need not be enumerated. From here we journeyed on. up hill and down, till we reached the banks of the Macleav River, and followed its winding course ^°'i9lFj D'OMIiRAIX, J Trip to the Rizrr-Scnibs. 119 amongst the hills, along roads very well made and maintained, but with thrilling, narrow, hairpin bends cut out of the moun- tain side, with the beautiful gleaming and swiftly flowing Macleay down at the foot. With a constant dropping to the lower levels, we came at last to the river, passing on our right a reservation for aborigines on a flat bordering the river. On past Blackbird school, an ideal place for Satin Bower-Birds, which fact leads one to assume that the name doubtless was taken because these birds were evidently plentiful in the locality, "black" in this case meaning dark blue. Towards the end of the afternoon we reached Comara Store and P.O., and soon our guide, Mr. Purkiss, had decided where we should cam]) on the Five Day Creek, a swiftly flowing, large- sized creek, a tributary of the jMacleay. On our left rose steep hills, in the general tree-top colour of which could be seen darker and denser areas denoting big scrubs — i.e., those in which figs and vines and all the sub-tropical growths occur, places be- loved of Pigeons of several species. Pittas, Log-runners, and perhaps even the shy Scrub-Birds (Atrichornis), and who knew what bird treasures ! Soon ridge, and other tent poles were cut, and the tents erected on a shady, grassy flat, close to a small feeder of the Five Day Creek, from the opposite side of which towered a steep, scrub-covered mountain, which we hoped to investigate in due course. For the moment we could hear the calls of many birds, one of the first we noted being that of the little Crimson ("Blood") Honeyeater. As we ate our evening meal, the queer, monotonous notes of the Wonga-Wonga and the Brown Pigeon could be heard, and an inquisitive Coachwhip-Bird was making himself heard in a tangle of wild raspberries and scrub close by. Up early next day, the party split up and tackled the sur- rounding hills from various gully ends, and soon all found that we had happened on one of the most tiring and dangerous rocky ascents in tangled scrub — a queer combination — we could pos- sibly have selected. It was as though there had been a giant mine-shaft at the summit and all the huge slaty rubbish had been dumped down the hillsides into the gullies at the bottom. Of birds there was such a scarcity that it almost suggested bird ex- tinction, except that hundreds of feet up in the leaves of the fig trees a pigeon or some other fruit-eater would at intervals drop a purple fruit as it fed. Those ahead of one would slip on the shifting stones, which would come crashing down, a danger to those on the lower levels, and one was constantly slipping and falling and hurting one's ankles, etc. Also the heat was stifling, and there was not a breeze to cool one or drive away the sand-flies and mosquitoes. Tired, cross, and disappointed, all by degrees returned to camp, thoroughly disgusted with our non-success, and somewhat doubt- ful of our guide's knowledge of this bit of scrub at least. How- ever, we were determined to give the place a good "try-out," 120 D'OMBRAIX, ./ Trip to the Rker-Scrubs. [^^^toT and hoped for better luck around the river flats, where the paper- bark {Melaleuca) was in bloom. Here we found the Blood Honeyeater, together with the White-eared Uoneyeater. the Yellow- faced Honeyeater, and the Yellow-eared Honeyeater. One Flinders Cuckoo was seen, and what at first caused a lot of speculation as to species, the I>lack Bittern. Plenty of White-eyes (Zostcrops), an occasional j^air of Crested Shrike-tits, Blue Mountain Lorikeets, Australian Orioles. The c|uaint "four-line" call of the shy Black-faced Fly- catcher, produced almost like four short questions, was heard, and the birds seen. Rosellas, King Parrots, and Crimson Par- rots were about, looking for a handy place to drink, thus con- futing the theory popular amongst some, that I'arrots do not require water. In some scrub at the camj) the fluty notes of the Collared Butcher-Bird rang out, whilst Ravens were heard and seen overhead. Tree-Creepers, both the Brown and White- throated, were seen. (Jnly one species of the Hawk was noted, the Brown Hawk. Satin Bower-Birds were fairly numerous, and although keen search was made, and many a sapling climbed, no recent nests were found. Indeed from an oologist's point of view the whole ])lace was disai)pointing, and considering the long way we had come from North Western X.S.W. almost to the coast, we felt it more than we otherwise should. When evening fell we went off to the river, after tea, to try for perch and eels to be had there, but not being properly equipped the result was not any better than our luck with the birds. There were plenty of fish to be had, and next day on again trying with natural flies we caught some beautiful silvery herrings, which on cooking revealed more bones than we thought a fish capable of possessing. We decided to pull out of Comara, and going back on our tracks again, turning at an angle, on the Armidale-Grafton road, we made for what is known as Billy's Creek, a part of the big scrub once visited by Mr. Syd Jackson many years ago. It was a long trek, and the latter end of the journey was finished in the dark. The last hundred yards nearly provided an accident. Our cars had fo ford a creek and run up a stump-studded bank opposite. One of the cars, in trying not to collide with the one in front, began to run backwards down to the creek, and only a bit of luck and much hanging on by four of us prevented a dis- aster. However, no damage was done, and soon the cars were parked. "Jim" had a cheerful blaze a-going, tents were soon erected, and after a good hot meal, a tired party of "bird maniacs," as we were called, soon turned in to sleep soundly. Next morning saw us early astir, and we set oft' after break- fast to explore the big scrub beside which our camp was pitched, in a clearing at the foot of which ran a splendid stream of moun- tain water. This water is said to be the purest water possible. Giant trees of many kinds with a majority of coachwood— not very good fuel wood our cook complained — and a fairly dense ^°\m^^-] D'O-MBK.MX. ./ Trip to the River-Scrubs. 121 undergrowth was encouiUered, and in one of the guUies, all of which ran to the main creek (Billy's Creek), we found Lyre- Birds' nests, and lying at the foot of one a fine male bird, dead, and close by a young one. The cause of their deaths seemed mysterious, and we wondered if poison laid for rabbits by the settlers had been the cause. Our ears were ever on the qui vivc for the Scrub Bird {Atrichornis), and although 'in all our quests we were not for- tunate enough to find a specimen, yet later on, thinking over things and comparing notes, we came to the conclusion, in \iew of what we learned, that we had heard the call, but failed to associate it with the bird. It must be remembered that it was in this locality, years before, Mr. ."^yd. Jackson had located the birds. Soon we had found a Log-runner's nest, empty, and every- where the quaint call of the Small Southern Warbler {Gerygone fi(sca) was heard, and numerous examples of the pretty hang- ing nests were found. High up among the top branches of giant trees we found the Crested Hawk, a good specimen of which was secured before it was identified. The days spent there were full of interest, but always the chief object of our outings — the Atrichornis — was not recorded. However, we w^ere introduced for the first time to the Large- headed Shrike-Robin, and much excitement was evinced about it until we had finally "placed" the species, the writer spending many hours in closely observing the habits of this dweller of the quietest glades, and in securing photos of the bird on the nest, but about this it is intended to write later in detail. Night brought its Boobooks and another Owl with a weird call, w'hich species it was we were unable to determine. Cat- Birds "meowed" and Bell-Magpies (Strepera) called unceas- ingly from the tree-tops; Lyre-Birds gave us imitations, and Dollar-Birds chattered in the dead timber around our camp in the twilight ; altogether over 70 species of birds were listed. Our last day at this camp was occupied by an excursion in the cars to a splendid creek known as Cloud's Creek, where we were to "park" the cars near the site of an old saw- mill, and from which we were to follow a certain track into the hills into another "big scrub." The drive down to this creek was very fine, as very frequently the road was simply an avenue with huge vine-covered trees hundreds of feet high on either side. How-ever, after leaving the cars in a beautiful, clear space covered with very green grass, we somehow missed the right track, and after a long and hot walk had to return to camp. The clear space referred to was an ideal place for a camp, and we found that at different places in the big scrub these spaces existed and caused a lot of sur- prise to the party owing to the fact that they had not been cleared by artificial means, but were natural open spaces. There were the usual species of birds to be seen and heard, and we were much interested in Tree-runners (sp. ?) in the toj)- 122 D'OMIiRAlX, J Trip to the Rlzrr-Scnibs. RfS" most branches of llie tall trees. The call note was unfamiliar, and we consequently tried to secure a specimen, hut the best shots of the party failed to secure one owing to the great height. Here we saw the Red-tailed Black Cockatoo, mostly in threes, two adults and a young one. We thought this would be a good spot for the 1921 R.A.O.U. camp, but we decided it would be difficult of access. We returned to Billy's Creek, and next day left there, re- turning on our tracks along the head waters of the Xymboidea River (where we sighted a Koel and a Black-breasted Buzzard) for Dorrigo, a very long journey, necessitating some terrific hill- climbing, from the tops of which we had magnificent views of miles of forest stretching away to the Pacific Ocean. Passing through North Dorrigo, we came to Dorrigo township, and were now in the middle of the "cow country, ' thousands of acres of which a few years back were covered with dense vine scrub. Having laid in a fresh stock of provisions, we went on a few miles and made camp on some private i)roi)erty close to the long descent of winding road which leads down to the coast on the Bellingen River, which could be seen in the cleared river flats miles away, winding among the farms to the I>ellingen Heads. Soon we saw and heard the beautiful Rifie-Birds of Paradise. Again we heard the call of the Wonga-Wonga, and the red Pigeon, and here too the familiar Cat-P^ird call and the Satin Bower-Birds. Flock Pigeons were sighted, but in small numbers only. Swainson's Purple-crowned Pigeons were numerous, as also were the Green-winged Pigeons. Almost immediately w^e were at work reconnoitring our new surroundings with the eagerness of schoolboys, and some of us crossing the road, which was hewn out of the hill-side, essayed a descent to the deep gully below. This proved a most hazar- dous, if not dangerous, feat owing to the tangled growth and loose stones and precipitous slope, and the thick tree tops hundreds of feet above our heads almost shutting out the light. A scramble up through dense wild raspberry vines and Lan- tana brought us hot, tired, and dusty on to the road again, and all we had learnt w^is that in these dense, dark gullies bird life is scarce, whereas the birds we expected to find were away up in the sunlit treetojis, with the exception of some few ground dwel'ers, such as the Scrub Turkey, Log-runners, and the Sjiotted Ground-Bird. F(jr davs we worked the dense scrubs and gullies and climbed trees without number after Cat-Birds and Satin Bower-Birds, but mostly we looked out for Scrub-l')irds and l\ine-]'>irds. We were constantly finding nests of Cat-Birds and Bower-Birds, which were neither old nor new — that is, they ])resented the ajv pearance of being recently inhabited. The same with the Log- runners, and one of our party, though not an ornithologist, soon became so si^ecialised in finding the nests of these birds that it became alnir)st uncanny. AH or nearly all the birds seemed to us to have nested and hatched out their broods, and vet this was Vol. XXII 192-.' ] ir()MI5RAlX, ./ 7'r/> to the Rlvcr-Scruhs. 123 only early in October. The writer is of the oi)inion that follow- ing the break-up of the long drought, the birds at once started breeding, and threw the nesting season out of ste]). In no other way could we account for the finding of so many recently-used nests. From an oological point of view our excursion was a i)artial failure, but when we considered all the birds we had .seen and heard, and whose habits we had observed, we felt the outing was not in vain. For instance, one could never forget seeing the Log-runners a few feet away from us rooting u]) the ground like a domestic fowl scratching on a manure heap, all the while emit- ting most musical notes. One can see the fightmg and chasing of enemy species and hear the exultant notes of the victors : cheeky Honey-eaters and rival bush whistlers bursting into de- fiant song before the eyes of a demure female ; the piercing calls of the Tree-Creepers, and the early morning call of the VVonga- \\'ongas, and at night the eerie screech of the unknown Owl. Rain, the best gift to the man on the land, was responsible for a change in our plans, and for some interference with our out- ings, but the lack of this same gift has been also the means of somewhat spoiling the result of the R.A.O.U. Camp in Queens- land the previous year, and we consoled ourselves with the fact that the rain was better for the preservation of our birds than lack of it. All the same, (juite reluctantl\- we struck camp, and made our long run to Armidale, which we reached in a perfect torrent of rain, and here our party broke uj), with expressions of regret and a decision to meet again, if spared, for another outing in the future. The following birds were listed during the expedition : — Brush-Turkey {Aleditra lathami); Purple-crowned Pigeon (Ptilinopits superbits) ; Topknot-Pigeon (Lopholaimus antarcticus) ; Pheasant-Pigeon ( Macropygia phasianella) ; Peaceful Dove {Geopelia placida] : Green Winged Pigeon {ChalcopJwps chrysochlora) ; Wonga {Leucosarcio melanolctica): Man- grove Bittern (Butorides sfagnatilis) ; Grey Goshawk (Asturnovce-hollandia-): Australian Goshawk (Astitr fasciatus) : Black-breasted Buzzard ( Gypoictinia nielaiiosferna \ ; Crested Hawk {Baza subcristata) ; Brown Hawk {leracidea berigora); Nankeen Kestrel (Cerchneis cenchroides) ; Boobook Owl {Ninox boobnok): Owl (Sp. ); Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua); Blue Mountain Lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccannus) ; Red-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchiis banksi); King Parrot (Aprosmictus scapularis): Crimson Rosella (Platyccrcus elegans): Rosella (P. eximiits); Tawny Frogmouth (Podargiis strigoides); Australian Roller (Eiirystonins orientalis) ; Azure Kingfisher (Alcyone azurea); Kookaburra (Dacelo gigas); Fantailed Cuckoo (Caco))iantisflabdliformis): Square-tailed Cuckoo (C. pyrrhophanus); Narrow- billed Bronze-Cuckoo (Chalcites basalis) ; Broad-billed Bronze-Cuckoo (Lamprococcyx lucidus); Koel (Eudynarnys orientalis): Lyre-Bird (Menura novce-hoUandice); Noisy Vxtta (Pitta versicolor): Welcome Swallow (Hirnndo neoxcna) : Fairy Martin (Hylochelidon ariel); Jacky Winter (Microcca fascinans : YXame-hreasled Rohm (Petroica pboenica): Rose-breasted Robin (Erythrodryas rosea): Hooded Robin (Melanodryas cucullata): Southern "Bush-V^l arhXer ( Gerygone fiisca) : Large-headed Shrike-Robin (Poecilodryas capito): Yellow-breasted Shrike-Robin (Eopsaltria australis): Shrike-Tit (Falruncidus frontattts) : Rufous-breasted Whistler (Pachycephala rufivoitris); Golden-breasted Whistler (P. pectoralis): Fantail (Rliipidura flabellifera); 124 GILliERT, The Oraiu/e-zciiu/cd Trce-Runncr. ["^sfocT" Rufous Fantail {R. rufifrons); Spine-tailed Log-runner (Orthonyx tcmmhicki); Black-faced Flycatcher (Monarcha melanopsis) ; Leaden Flycatcher {Myiagra nibccula) ; Great Caterpillar-eater (EdoUisoma tnudrostris); €uckoo Shrike (Graucalits novr-holUmdirp); Australian Ground-Thrush (Oreocincla lunulata) ; Whip- Bird > Psopliodes oUvaceus) ; Thornbill {Acautliiza pusilla); Yellow-tailed Thornbill {Geobasileus clmsorr/ioa) ; Spotted Ground-Bird (Cinclosonid pioictatum) : Yellow-throated Scrub-Wren (Scriconiis lathami): Scrub-Wren [S. frontalis) : Large-billed Scrub-Wren (S. magnirostris) ; Blue-Wren Warbler (Maliiriis cvaneiis) ; Variegated Wren- Warbler (M. lamberti) ; Wood-Swallow {Artamus cyanoptcnts) ; Shrike-Thrush {Colluricincla harmonica); Magpie-Lark (Grallina cyanoleiica); Orange-winged Tree-Runner (Neositta clirvsoptcra} ; Brown Tree-Creeper {Climaderis picumna) ; White-throated Tree-Creeper (C. Irucophaea) ; White-eye (Zosterops lateralis); Mistletoe-Bird {Dica^ion hirundinaceum); Pardalote (Pardalottis striatus); Spotted Pardalote (P. punctatus); Crimson Honey-eater (Myzomcla sanguincolcnta) ; Spinebill (Acanthorlnnchtis tcnuirostris); Striped Honey-eater (Plcctorhynclia lanceolata); White-eared Honey-eater (Mcliphaga leucotis) ; Yellow-faced Honey-eater (M clirvsops) ; Yellow-eared Honey-eater (M. Icivini); Wattle-Bird { Acanthochcera' carttn- culata); Australian Pipit {Antlitts australis); Friar-Bird {Philemon cornicu- latus); Red-browed Finch {^^gintha temporalis); Australian Oriole (Oriolus sagittatus\\ Cat- Bird (Ailura'diis crassirostris); Satin- Bower Bird (Ptilon- orynchtts violacciis) ; Rifle-Bird (Ptiloris paradisea); Australian Raven (Corf«5 Coronoidcs) ; Currawong (Strepcra gracnlina); Grey Butcher-Bird (CracZ/cMS iorquatiis) ; Black-backed Magpie {Gymnorhina tibicen). The Orange -Winged Tree-Runner {Neositta chrysoptera) By P. A. OILI'.ERT. R. A.O.I'.. Lakemba, X.S.W. For several year.s, in a certain locality, two ])airs of (3range- winged Tree-runners have been under observation, bringing forth their successive broods. This pjace, which was once a secluded nook clothed with typical Australian brush, scrub, and trees, and frequented by numerous forms of bird life, is however, now shorn of its verdant beauty, to make way for the habitations of man, who.se advance into Nature's solitudes is characterised by a cold disregard for all life, animal or vegetable, unless, i)er- ha])s, it adds to his wants and desires. Notwithstanding this rather saddening concomitant of man's urban i)rogress, an ineffaceable mental i)icture was obtained of a bird whose life history is made uj) of the inconceivably minute detail of Nature, the adecjuate j^ortrayal of which baffles the art either of poet or painter. Recourse must be had, therefore, to a more i)edestrian muse, in describing 'this bird and its habits, in such a way as to render intelligible the accomj)anying i)h(^to- graphs. The length of this bird is l)etwccn four and li\e inches. The crown of the head is dark brown; while the rest of the dorsal feathering is more or less a duller brown, with darker streaks. The wings are dark brown with a rufous patch of a rich tone about the centre of the outspread wing, which shows up to ad- THE EMI'. Vol. XXI I. PLATE XLIV 'riii: KMT. Vol. XXII. PLATE XLV. The Oraiiye-wiiiyed TreeKunnei {iXtosithi clit\.^,>/>U>ti) calching sinallj black ants at Nest. I'holo. by K. A. Gilbert. K.A.O.U. ^'°'i^^^"j GILBERT, The Urcnujc-wUujcd Trcc-Runncr. 125 vantage when the bird is ll\ing-. The tail feathers are bkickish- bruwn, some of which are tipped with wliite. 'i'he under surface generally is a dull white streaked with light brown ; the under tail coverts are barred with blackish brown ; and the head of the female is slightly darker than that of the male. The nest is a neat structure closely resembling the branch on which it is built, enabling it to escape the notice of all but those acciuainted with the nesting habits of this bird. It is composed of flakes and scale-like pieces of tea-tree bark, or shreds of stringy bark and turpentine bark. An abundance of spiders' web is used to hold the materials together, such is the skill of this avian architect ; while fragments of lichen loosely laid in the b.'^ttom of the rece{)tacle, or worked in with spiders' web, make the only lining. .V rare specimen has ornamentations of lichen around the rim, and on the outside, giving it a handsome ap- pearance. August to December is the usual breeding period. Two or, more often, three eggs are laid for a sitting. The ground colour is bluish-white, over w^hich spots, speckles and blotches of glossy black and umber are spread. Many faint underlying markings of grey appear beneath the prominent sur- face markings. The coloration is thickest at the larger end. where it gathers together to form a conspicuous zone. The eggs take twelve or thirteen days to incubate. Cold weather hinders incubation, while warm weather hastens it. The young remain in the nest for thirteen or fourteen days. Oak (Casitarma), Tea or Paper-bark (Melaleuca), Ironbark {Bucalyptiis,} and Apple (Anyophora) trees are most frequently selected to build in. As the young grow from day to day, the parent birds are en- abled to leave them for considerable lengths of time. . Nature, in her many experiments, has taught the young the necessity of relaxing and exercising their wings before undertaking the risky move of leaving their nest. Many imitations of the flying movements of the wings are fulfilled by the young, which toughen and tighten their sinews, and develop their wing and body muscles. From all apearances, it is a time of great anxiety for the parent birds in keeping their young together once they quit the nest. Long after they have left the nest, they are waited on by the parents, who are tireless in their efforts to meet the appeals for food expressed by gapes and vibrating wings of their ravenous young. All kinds of insects in various stages of de- velopment are devoured by this species. One day while leisurelv rambling through the bush, two Orange-winged Tree-runners were met wdth, busily tearing and tugging at some loose Tea-tree bark. As soon as they had torn a i»iece of the requisite size, they hurriedly flew to another Tea- tree near by. It was ascertained that a nest was in the course of construction. They were so absorbed in preparing a home for their potential offspring, that one was able to approach quite closely and watch their movements without disturbing them. The energy with which they uttered their call was ample evidence that thev had warmed to 'their work. While one placed the 126 (^.ILP.ERT, The Oraiu/e-z.'iin/cd TrccRnuncr. U^i^^"" material in position, the other stood close by pouring out its sweet notes, "tzir, zit-zit, tzir-zit-zit, tzir,-zit-zat-zat." F^or the time being, further observations were informally interrupted. Several keen-witted bush boys ap])eared on the scene, who know this bird by the name of "Bark-tit" or "Bark-pecker." They were not long in finding out the cause of the observer's interest. A compact was entered into, that they should leave the nest intact, and neither disturb nor interfere with the birds or eggs. They did not touch the nest, but the smoothness of the trunk bore evidence as to the frequency with which it was reached. The birds deserted the nest when almost completed, owing, no doubt, to continual hindrance by the youthful observers. Later, this pair was found high up in a Stringy-bark tree building a nest. This time they were o])erating well out of the way of boy marauders, and eventually they brought forth a family of two. This bird will build in the same tree, spring after spring, until molested, when it abandons tliat tree, and selects one oi a dilter- ent species. At East Hills, X.S.W., on the 9/9/1917, Mr. H. Kean, R.A.O.U., and the writer saw seven of these birds engaged in building a nest in a swamp-oak tree. Two of the seven had a nest seventy-five yards away, which, later on, was occupied by three young. While ])hotographing these birds, four have been ob- served bringing in food for the young. As each bird fed a young one, it Hew to a tree in the vicinity, where all four gath- ered, and then flew off to collect food for the young in a second nest one hundred yards away. Often two birds have been de- tected feeding one sitting on a nest. This procedure is mis- leading, for, on climbing to inspect the nest, one exj)ects to see young, but in their place there are fresh eggs. If we follow uj) the various stages of development in the Orange-winged Tree-runner's life, we shall see that each stage suits its immediate environment — first, the adult bird upon the branch or trunk of the tree, on which it toils for the means of its existence; then the nest, which resembles the butt of a broken dead branch ; the eggs, that harmonise with the velvety lichen whereon they lie ; the young birds when fledged that agree with the nest wherein they crouch. All this wonderful unconscious mimicry suggests that the Orange-winged Tree-runner was evolved' in an age when birds of j^rey and tree-climbing pre- daceans were abundant, in consecpience of which, every variation that occurred in the direction of protective coloration, or adap- tation, conducive to greater security, was preserved. Lastly, the i)eculiar methods this bird adopts when searching for insects may be referred to. .\s it ho|)s down the branch, it throws itself from one side to the other, so that its downward inspection of the chinks in the bark, on both sides of the branch, is achieved in one descent. As soon as one branch has been ex- amined, it either continues its search in the larger crevices of the trunk, or flies to the to]) of another branch, in its endeavours to make its arboreal host yield up its stores of lurking insects. ■] SHARLAX!) \- CRAXK. lUrds of Hobart. 127 Birds of Hobart By M. S. R. vSHARLAND and S. W. CRANE, M's.R.A.O.U. Of the six Australian capital cities none is i)erhaps better than Hobart from an ornitholosjist's point of view. Situated on the banks of the River Derwent, backed bv the diabase Country within a five-mile radius of Hobart General Post Office. massif of Mount Wellington (4166 ft.) and flanked by well- wooded hills, the city is visited by a large number of birds, its surroundings offering nearly every class of country suitable for them. ]\Iany species frequent the more open country on the 128 SHARLAXD & CRAXE, Birds of Hohart. U^.toT eastern side of the river, and at times many sea-birds are no- ticed on the river itself. Comjjaratively speaking, Tasmania is rather short of birds, both of varieties and individuals of varie- ties, but, as will be seen from our list, the locality of Hobart cannot lay claim to the scarcity. In the compilation of our list we fixed on a five-mile radius from the General I'ost Office in the centre of the town, and recorded both the resident birds and casual visitors within that area (see map). Xo fewer than 88 species have been noticed. Those species breeding within the five-mile radius are signified by an asterisk. The following is our list : — Ccturnix pectoralis. Stubble Quail. — This species is fairly com- mon on the eastern side of the River Dei-went at certain seasons of the year. The birds do not, however, stay in one place for long. Synoicus ypsilophorus. Swamp Quail.* — Odd flocks move about the outskirts of the city and on the Queen's Domain, where cover is usually plentiful. This bird has also been observed in scrubby patches on the slopes of Mt. Wellington. Phap.s chalcoptera. Bronzewing.* — A fairly common species on the semi-open slopes of Mt. Nelson, and round about Bellerive on the opposite side of the river. Phaps elegans. Brush Bronzewing.* — Like P. chalcoptera, this species is common, but frequents denser country like that of Mt. Wel- lington, where they breed freely. We sometimes find their nests in gorse bushes two or three feet from the ground. A comparatively tame species so far as our experience goes. Fulica atra. Coot. — Occasionally the Coot may be seen in the River Derwent near Hobart, but is very shy. Eudyptula minor. Little Penguin. — Common in the River Der- went and at Sandy Bay. We have found odd birds hiding amongst rocks en shore in the process of moulting. Fairly large rookeries exist on Bruny Island, a few miles south of Hobart. Oceanites oceanicus. Yellow-webbed Stonu-Petrel. — This dainty and tiny little Petrel has been observed in the river just within the five-mile radius. It is, however, a rare visitor; but is common out- side the entrance to the Derwent. Puffinus tenuirostris. Short-tailed Petrel. — The "Mutton Bird,'* which provides a living for the islanders of Bass Strait, is a fairly common bird in the River Dei-went in summer and autumn, when it may be seen in large flocks, all wheeling and dipping at the water simultaneously. They are fast flyers, and are always zig-zagging about the river. They often come close to the steamers, thus allow- ing one a good view of them. Sterna caspia. Caspian Tern. — Generally to be observed slowly fly- ing up or down the river on the lookout for food. We have seen them a.s far as 25 mile.'' from the sea hunting over shallow lagoons. It is one of the most handsome terns. Sterna striata. White-fronted Tern. — Probably the commonest Tern about Hobart. May be seen practically any day in small flocks, and in company with the Silver Gull. Larus nova'-hollandia'. Silver Gull. — Of the various species of sea- birds fre(iuenting the River Derwent, the Silver Gull is the most familiar. It congregates in immense flocks, especially at low tide, along the beach or on reefs or mud banks. A fairly large rookery exists on Cape Frederick Henry, Bruny Island, a few miles south of Hobart. ^°iJi^"] SHARLAXD & CRAXE, Birds of Hohart. 129 Gabianus pacificus. Pacific Gull. — Like the preceding species, the Pacific Gull is very common about the harbour, often perching on the top of vessel's masts. Frequently seen in flocks of from 15 to 20 birds. Catharacta skua. Southern Skua. — A somewhat rare visitor to Hobart, but specimens have been seen in the vicinity of Bellerive. Lobibyx novae-hollandiae. Spur-winged Plover. — Common about Ho- bart and suburbs. May often be seen feeding in company with Silver and Pacific Gulls on mud banks at low tide. Frequently flies over the city at night. Zonifer tricolor. Black-breasted Plover.-^ — Common on the Belle- rive side of the Derwent, where it breeds. Last year we found three nests in a small paddock. We have noticed this species to be much more pugnacious than the Spur-winged Plover. Limosa lapponica. Barred-tailed Godwit. — During the summer these birds come down to Tasmania from Siberia, and in 1919 one visited a small lagoon on the outskirts of Bellerive. They have not since been observed so close. Notophoyx novae-hollandiae. Blue (White-fronted) Heron. — Occas- ionally odd" birds may be seen at Bellerive; but they are not common. Two years ago a pair nested along the river just outside the five- mile radius, but some local "sportsmen" found the nest, and being unable to climb the tree, shot the young birds from the ground. Chenopis atrata. Black Swan. — A rather irregular visitor. Usu- ally to be seen passing down the river Derwent in flocks of about half a dozen birds at the beginnmg of the shooting season, when they have been disturbed from their usual feeding grounds. Anas superciliosa. Grey (Black) Duck. — Frequents the upper reaches of the Dei*went, and occasionally may be seen within the five-mile radius, more especially during the evenings. Phalacrocorax carbo. Black Cormorant. — Fairly common birds about the river, frequenting the bays, where they take their toll of fish. Have also observed them half way up Mt. Wellington "fishing" at creeks, and have seen them perching on factory chimneys on the outskirts of the city. Phalacrocorax fuscescens. White-breasted Cormorant. — Does not frequent the harbour waters to the same extent as P. carbo. Microcarbo melanoleucus. Little Cormorant. — Fairly plentiful in the vicinity of the harbour, where they may be seen diving for their food. Sula serrator. Australian Gannet.^ — May occasionally be seen slowly flying up the river past Hobart, and sometimes reach about 30 miles from the sea. Breed on lonely Mewstone Rock, south of Tas- mania. Uroaetus audax. Wedge-tailed Eagle. — We have observed this splendid bird on the outskirts of Bellerive, and have heard of its ap- pearance on Mt. Nelson. Haliaetus leucogaster. White-bellied Sea- Eagle. — This fine bird may occasionally be seen up the River Derwent, often wmding up in great spirals till it resembles a small Sparrow against the clouds, Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon. — A common bird about Hobart, and pei'haps the greatest enemy of ovraers of homing Pigeons. These birds have been taken off the protected list, and rewards are paid for their heads. leracidea berigora. Bro^\^^ Hawk.* — By no means a rare bird in the five-mile radius. A few years ago they bred on Mt. Nelson. They ai-e common all through the Bellerive district. 130 SIIAKl.AXI) eK; CRANE, Birds of Hobart. Ti^focT" Ninox iiovae-zeelandiae maculata. — Spotted Owl.* — Common about the city at night. In the day time it retires to the adjoining ranges, where it may often be seen resting amongst the dense vegetation along creeks. Glossopsitta concinna. Musk Lorikeet. — These pretty birds periodic- ally sweep across Hobart, and enter every garden, park and reserve where the eucalypts are flowering, remaining here just as long as the honey is available. Their last stay was a particularly long one, Ap- pearing in March, 1920, they did not leave until April, 1921. They have not appeared since. At the approach of evening they congregate in big flocks in the trees, and pairing off, make love by "kissing" each other with their beaks, chattering incessantly during the process. Intruding bii'ds are often given a rough time. Calyptorhynchus funereus. Black Cockatoo. — The Black Cockatoo is not a resident within the five-mile radius, but may commonly be seen over Hobart and on the slopes of Mt. Wellington, especially dur- ing very wintry periods. Platycercus caledonicus. Green Rosella. This Parrot is confined to Tasmania and adjacent islands. Very common about Hobart and Bellerive, where it sometimes raids orchards. Platycercus eximius. Rosella.* — Probably the most numerous of the Psittacidd' about Hobart and suburbs. It breeds on the Queen's Domain close to the city. Podargus strigoides. Frogmouth.* — We have seen this bird on the slopes of Mt. Nelson, where it nests, and at Bellerive. It is fairly common, but is only animated during the night, when it sets forth on its quest for insects. Chaetura caudacuta. Spine-tailed Swift. — A regular annual visitor, appearing here usually about the middle of February, and leaving again about the end of March or first week in April. Immense flocks are sometimes seen tiear Bellerive. Cuculus pallidas. Pallid Cuckoo.* — A very common species about Hobart and Bellerive. Arrives about beginning of September, and leaves again end of March. Last year we added the Tasmanian Pipit {Anihus australis bistriatus) to the list of the Pallid Cuckoo's foster parents. Cacomantis flabclliformis. Fan-tailed Cuckoo.* — Tlie commonest Cuckoo about Hobart. Mt. Wellington is their favourite spot, while the open country on the eastern side of the Derwent is also fre- quented. These birds often call at night. Chalcococcyx basalis. Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo.* — In common with other species, this bird arrives from the mainland in September and departs about March. Chalcites plagcsus. Bronze Cuckoo.* — Like C. basalis this Cuckoo is a regular and very common visitor to the south of Tasmania. The Yellow-tailed Thornbill {Gcobasilcus chrysorrhoa) appears to act as foster-parent more than any other bird. Hirundo neoxena. Welcome Swallow.* — A common visitor, arriving somewhere about August or September, and departing again some time late in April. A few birds remain here all the year round. Hvlochelidon nigrican.s. Tree-Martin.* — In company with Swallows, the Tree Martin comes right into the city, and appears to remain here longer than the former. Nests are often found in hollow trees. Petroica multicolor. Scarlet-breasted Robin.*— A very common resident, nesting on Mt. Wellington principally. Petroica phoenicea. Flame-breasted Robin.*— At the approach of winter this bird moves to the lowlands from the mountains, return- ing again in the spring. They are very common. ^°'i4^"] SHARLAXl) eV CKAXE, /r,rds of Hohart. 131 Erythrodryas rhodinogaster. Pink-breasted Robin. '^^ — A resident of Mt. Wellington, where it may often be seen in the gullies. Amaurodryas vittata. Dusky Robin.* — A Tasmanian bird, very common about Hobart and Bellerive, where they breed. Open timber country is most frequented. Pachycephala pectoralis Golden-breasted Whistler.* — Very common on Mt. Wellington, where they breed. Pachycephala olivacea. Olive Whistler.* — Together with P. pect- oralis, this Whistler breeds on the slopes of Mt. Wellington, the nests often being made from long strips of the "stringy" bark (Eucalyptu obliqua). i{hipidura flabellifera. Dusky Fantail.* — Common birds about Ho- bart, and very tame. They nest on Mt. Wellington, Mt. Nelson, and on the eastern side of the River. Myiagra cyanoleuca. Satin Flycatcher.* — Arrives from the mainland towards the end of October, and departs again in March. The lower slopes of Mt. Wellington, where it breeds, are much frequented by this species. Graucalus novae-hoUandiae. Small-billed Cuckoo-Shrike.* — Arrives at Hobart during the summer, and breeds within the five mile radius. Known in Tasmania as the* "Summer-Bird." Cinclcpoma punctatum. Spotted Ground-Bird.* — Bellerive appears to be the favourite spot of this bird, where it breeds annually. They are very local, and a pair will occupy a certain spot for months. Calamanthus fuliginosus. Striated Field-Wren.* — This pretty little Calamanthus frequents the country near Bellerive, though it is not common. In the breeding season it has a very sweet song. Oreccincla lunulata. Ground (Mountain) Thrush.* — A common resident of the gullies of Mt. Wellington. Breeds here during July and August. Speaking from our experience, this bird is very tame, for on one occasion we had almost to lift the bird off her nest in order to photograph the young beneath her. Epthianura albifrons. White-fronted Chat.^ — An irregular visitor to Hobart, but fairly common on the outskirts of Bellerive. They sometimes move round in large flocks. Acanthiza pusilla diemenensis. Tasmanian Thornbill.* — A very common bird on both sides of the River Derwent; frequently the fos- ter parents of the Bronze and Fantail Cuckoos. Acanthiza ewingi. Ewing Thornbill.* — A fairly common bird on Mt. Wellington, where it breeds. Gecbasileus chryscrrhous. Yellow-tailel Thornbill.* — A very plen- tiful bird about Hobart and Bellei'ive. Sericcrnis humilis. Brown Scrub-Wren.* — Very common in the un- dergrowth en Mt. Wellington. Acanthornis magna. Scrub-Tit.* — A very shy bird, and not so common as S. humilis. Malurus cyaneus. Blue Wren.* — Very plentiful about Hobart and on the eastern side of the River Dei-went. Artamus cyanopterus. Wood-Swallow.* — This species is fairly plentiful on the outskirts of Bellerive and Lindisfarne, where it breeds. "The date of arrival varies considerably, much dependmg on the climatic conditions. Some years it aiTives early in August, and others not until mid-September" (Littler, "Birds of Tas."). Departs for the mainland from March to April. Colluricincla harmonica. Grey Shrike-Thrush.*— Fairly plentiful on both sides of the river. Locally known as "Whistling Dick," and is a great favourite. 132 SHARLAXD & CRANE, Birds of Hobort. C^iSocT Zosterops lateralis. White-eye.* — Large flocks of the White- eye fly about Hcbart. The bird breeds freely on the slopes of Mt. Wellington, and in suburban gardens. Pardalotus punctatum. Spotted Pardalote.* — A very common species on both sides of the river, breeding in holes which the birds drill into the sides of a suitable bank. Pardalotus striatus affinis. Yellow-tipped Pardalote'' — Common about the lower slopes of Mt. Wellington, and on the oposite side of the river. Pardalotus quadragintus. .Many-spotted Pardalote.* — Not so com- mon as the two preceding birds, but may often be seen in gardens at the foot of Mt. Wellington. A Tasmanian species. Melithreptus validirostris. Strong-billed Honey-eater.* — Plentiful on Mt. Wellington, frequenting the tops of the highest gums, and scarcely ever seen on the eastern side of the Dei-went. Melithreptus affinis. Black-headed Honey-eater.* — One of the foster-parents of the Pallid Cuckoo. Common on both sides of the river. Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris. Spinebill.* — Very plentiful on Mt. Wellington and round about Bellerive. Also frequents suburban gar- dens a lot. Meliphaga flavicollis. Yellow-throated Honey-eater.* — One of the commonest Honey-eaters within the five-mile radius, breeding on both sides of the Derwent. This bird is confined to Tasmania and adjacent islands. .Meliornis pyrrhoptera. Crescent Honey-eater.* — Frequents both the heavily timbered and open country in great numbers. . Meliornis novje-hollandiip. White-bearded Honey-eater.* — Appears to prefer thickly wooden tracts, such as the slopes of Mt. Nel.'^on and Mt. Wellington, where it breeds. Myzantha garrula. Noisy Miner.* — The Miner is common on the Queen's Domain near the city as well as on the eastern side of the river. A very noisy bird. Anthcchaera paradoxus. Yellow Wattle-Bird. — The Wattle-Bird oc- casionally comes within the five mile radius, and may sometimes be seen honey-hunting amongst the native fuchsia ( Conra speciosa i near the ground. Anthcchaera chrysoptera. Brush Wattle-Bird. — In the winter months the Brush Wattle Bird comes into suburban gardens in search of food, but is at no time plentiful. Anthus australis bistriatus. Tasmanian Pipit.* — Another foster parent of the Pallid Cuckoo. Breeds on the Queen's Domain and other places close to the city. Very plentiful on the Bellerive side of the river. Zonaeginthus bollus. Beautiful Fire-tail.* — I'he only Finch indige- nous to Tasmania, and not very common in the five-mile radius. Birds are trapped a lot, and get shy. Seen on both sides of the river. Corvus australis. Australian Raven. — May frequently be seen about Hobart, l)ut have not yet found it breeding here. Strepera fuliginosa. Black Bell-Magpie. — A common bird on Mt. Wellington. Often steals fi-uit from orchards, and is usually shot at on sight, especially as its flesh is very palatable. Strepera versicolor arguta. Hill Bell-Magpie. — The "Black Magpie," as this bird is called, is by no means a common visitor to the city, being almost entirely confined to the upper mountain regions. How- ^°'i9¥""] SHARLAXl) & CRAXE, J^irds of Hobart. 133 evei', (luring very cold periods odd birds find their way to the lower ranges, and in the winter of 1921 we saw a pair on the eastern side of the river near Lindisfame. Gymnorhina hypoleuca. White-backed Magpie.* — A common bird in the open country on the eastern side of the River Derwent. Cracticus torquatus. Grey Butcher-Bird.* — The "Jackass" as this bird is locally named, is fairly plentiful in the vicinity of Hobart and the suburbs of Bellerive and Lindisfarne. As a home-defender this bird is very pugnacious. We are informed on good authority that the following species have also been observed within the five mile radius: — Tnniix varia {^airited Quail), Circus approximans {Swam\:) Hawk), Stipiturus malachurus (Emu Wren ) . INTRODUCED BIRDS. Turtur ferrago. Indian Turtle Dove.* — Very common. These birds were introduced to Tasmania by the late Mrs. H. L. Roberts" of "Beaumaris." Carduelis carduelis. Goldfinch.* — Very plentiful about Hobart and suburbs. Breeds freely. Passer domesticus. House Sparrow.* — Very common. Sturnus vulgaris. Starling.* — The birds, at certain seasons of the year, gather in immense flocks and spend the nights in the oak trees in the city gardens. . Spinetailed Swifts in Tas.— The "tale of the Swifts" iCIuctiini caitdacuta) for the summer of 1922 is very soon told. They did not appear on our Xorth-West coast until 8th March, when at 3.30 p.m. some passed swiftly towards the west, flying rather low. Afterwards, a large number came from the direction of the beach (north), and, passing to south and south-west, stayed there for some time, many of them at a great height, and circling in their mazy dance. At 6.30 (about sunset) some more passed rapidly, singly or in pairs, to the westward. The day had been sultry, foreboding change, with great numbers of flying ants and other insects in the air; wind, first easterly, afterwards S.W., light ; sky mostly covered with alto-stratus cloud. The following day was very hot with north wind, and the second day there was a squally north-wester, with clouds of dust and a rough sea. On 28th March there was a solar halo at 9 a.m., and a solitary Swift appeared at a great height, flying within the circumference of. the ring, and making somewhat in a north- easterly direction. In the early afternoon the sun was exceed- ingly warm ; later the sky became overcast, a strong X.W. wind sprang up with heavy showers until early next morning. Thus were the forecasts of those two prognosticators of cyclonic disturbance, the halo and the Spine-tailed Swift, again fulfilled. This was the last of the birds seen on our coast, although Mr. H. C. Thompson recorded them as late as 15th April in Laun- ceston, which, being in a basin surrounded by hills, forms a more sheltered feeding-ground in late autumn than does the open coast. — H. Stuart Dove, F.Z.S., W. Devonport, Tasmania. 134 SAXDI.AXI) & ORTOX, Birds near Moora. fi^sfgcT List of Birds found Breeding in and around the Swamps near Moora, W.A., during 192 1 By P. T. SAXDLAXI). R.A.O.U., and O. L. E. ORTOX. R.A.O.U. Porzana pusilla. Little Crake. — One nest found among bulrushes and tea-tree containinfr three eggs, but when examined a week later the e^gs had disappeared. Porphyrio bellus. Blue Bald-Coot. — Four nests found containing 3, 4, 4, and 5 eggs. Nests always built on a fallen bough among bul- rushes and tea-tree. Rare. Fulica atra. Coot. — Very common. Nests principally in the swamps that are free of bulrushes. Number of eggs varies from five to fifteen, the latter number no doubt being a combination clutch. The breeding season lasts from August to January. Carphibis spinicollis. Straw-necked Ibis. — First occasion. Large flocks often to be seen during winter and early summer. A number of birds commenced building on tea-tree in Marrida Swamp. Several nests contained one and two eggs, but next time we examined them the eggs were broken and the birds had forsaken, although still living on the swamp. Platalea flavipes. Yellow-billed Spoonbill. — First occasion. Eight birds lived on the swamps all the winter. Two nests were found in Street's Swamp, built in paper-bark trees, containing three eggs. An- other in Blue Gum Swamp, with two eggs, and when this nest was examined a week later the eggs were hatched. This, 1 think, is the furthest south these birds have been recorded breeding in W.A. Notophoyx novte - hollandiae. White-fronted Heron. — Very common. After the Coots and Cormorants, it is the most plentiful bird found breeding round the swamps. These birds are often found breeding fully half a mile from water. Usual number of eggs four or five, in about equal proportion. Have found nests at all heights from 5 to 50 feet from ground or water. Ixobrychus minutus. Little Bittern. — Rare. Two pairs of birds bred in the Bulrush Swamp, on opposite sides. They are late breeders. On November 13th we observed two nests containing two eggs heavily incubated and four eggs not quite so far advanced. Something must have happened the first pair, as three weeks later we found a set of four eggs within 3.5 yards of the previous nest con- taining two eggs. The second pair was not found again. The nests are small, neat platfcrnis, abcut G to 7 inches in diameter, and about 2h inches deep, placed in each instance en a leaning limb among tea-tree and bulrushes. Nests were made on a foundation cf bulrushes, bent down on to a leaning limb, and then shoi't pieces of i-ushes were placed across and across, and Hned with shorter, finer pieces. Height above water, 15 inches to 2 feet. In 1918 we found two nests containing three and four eggs, and one nest was fully five feet above water. The birds were first seen on the swamp in Sep- tember, when they flushed easily; but, when they were nesting, they preferred to sneak away through the rushes. Botaurus poiciioplilus. Australian Bittern.— Rare. Two nests were found on October \'A\\ and KUh at Karo and the Three-Milc Swamp, some 45 miles west of Moora. The first nest was built in a patch of dense speai-wood, and contained three young and two eggs just chip- ping. The second contained four incubated eggs. A pair was heard ^°'i4^"] SAXDLAXl) cK: OR'lTjX, Birds near Moora. 135 calling in a dense thicket in cne of the swamps near Moora, but we could not locate the nest. The nests are roughly made platforms of sticks, placed en a fallen stick, just above water level. Chenopis atrata. Black Swan. — Five nests were found. The eggs in four had hatched out, and the fifth contained five heavily incubated eggs. One nest built of sticks, and lined with tea-tree, was in a tea- tree thicket, the others were merely platforms of bulrushes. The birds breed early in this district, as all these nests were found early in September. Stictonetta naevosa. Freckled Duck. — Rare. Two nests were found, the first contained seven eggs on the point of hatching, and the second contained two eggs when found, and five noted a week later. Both nests undoubtedly belonged to the same pair of birds. On De- cember 24th a flapper was shot by a third-rate sportsman on the same swamp. This Duck builds a nest of fairly fine sticks on a lean- ing limb in a thick, bushy tea-tree, just above water level. The nest is lined with finer twigs and tea-tree twigs and, of course, down. In 1918 a nest was noted with seven moderately incubated eggs. Nyroca australis. White-eyed Duck. — Fairly common, nests rare. Two nests were found, each with seven eggs, but one also contamed a single egg of the Musk-Duck. The nest is always placed in a thick, bushy, isolated tea-tree growing among bulrushes. It is composed of trodden-down rushes for a foundation, and then a deep stnacture is made of bulrushes and lined with down. This bird builds a much deeper and neater nest than either the Blue-billed, or Musk-Duck, both of which build in similar positions. In 1918 several nests were noted with seven and eight eggs usually, and in one instance ten. Oxyura australis. Blue-billed Duck. — Rare. Two nests were ob- served with five and six eggs respectively^ Nests are as a inile merely trodden-down bulrushes, in a thick, bushy tea-tree. In two instances eggs were taken from stick nests. The nesting bush always has a thick, bushy top. When among buhnishes and tea-tree, the nest always has a dome of rushes. In 1918, which was a wonderful year for Ducks, seven nests were noted. One nest contained eight eggs; four, six each; one, five; and one, three eggs. The three-egg clutch was the first found and was considered in mistake a Musk Duck's nest. Evidently five or six is the usual complement of eggs laid. Have given numbers of all nests yet noted by us, as both North and Campbell give smaller numbers. Biziura lobata. Musk-Duck. — Common. Although nothing like so common as the Gray (Black) Duck and Teal, more nests are found of this species than all the other Ducks together. Their tastes for nesting sites are much more cosmopolitan than those of the two pre- ceding species. The favourite site is a bushy tea-tree growing among buh-ushes. In the more open swamps any thick bush will do, and they are adepts at "jumping the claims" of other birds. Number of eggs, two and three, principally three, and in four cases, out of some 50-60 nests examined, we have found four eggs. Anas superciliosa. Gray (Black) Duck. Nettium gibberifron.s. Grey Teal. — Although so extremely plentiful, no nests were noted on the swamps last season. Phalacrccorax ater (Little Black Cormorant) and Microcarbo melano- leucus (Little Pied Cormorant).— There is a large colony of these birds in Street's Swamp, and a small one in Marrida. Nests are all built of sticks, and placed in paper-bark thickets in the deeper parts of swamps. The Little Black Cormorant usually prefers to nest near the top of the trees, and generally lines its nest with strips of paper-bark. The Little Pied Cormorant nests anywhere, and uses green fronds of papei'-bark tree to line its nest with. The number of eggs laid is either four or five. In the first week of September, 136 SANDLAXD & ORTON, Birds near Moora. [\'ltoT 1918, some nests contained large young ones, and others were in all stages from that down to building. Odd birds were still laying in January. Usually eggs can be seen from the end of August to the middle of November. Anhinga nova?-hollandiae. Australian Darter. — A few pairs usually about. Found breeding for the first time last season, when five nests were found, all containing four eggs. Nests were built of green tea- ti'ee twigs about a foot long, and were placed on leaning forks. One nest was found in the Cormorant rookery, the other four were in larger trees on the outskirts. Astur fasciatus. Australian Goshawk. — Rare. Two nests were found; one at Karo Swamp, containing two eggs, and another with three eggs in a large red gum in a watercourse leading to Walyerin Swamp, several miles nearer Moora. Several nests have been taken at odd times, and the eggs are usually smaller than eggs from the Eastern States. However, the pair seen at Karo are the largest I have yet seen. In 1908 I examined 12 sets of eggs of Astur fascinans in S.A., and retained two, the largest set, and the best-marked set. The above pair are larger than either of these sets. Hieraetus pennatus. Little Eagle. — Rare. One pair of birds nested near the Bulrush Swamp, and when robbed moved away about a quar- ter of a mile and nested again. In each instance only a single egg was laid. Have seen four other nests at different times, and twice a pair of eggs was laid. In each instance one egg was distinctly smaller than the other, although the ^ggs belonged to different pairs of birds. Have never known them to build their own nest. They patch up an old Crow's nest and line it with green gum leaves. Halia.stur sphenurus. Whistling Eagle. — Rare. One pair nested in a large dead white gum, near the swamps. This is the first record of these bii'ds in the district to our knowledge. Eggs were taken twice from the same nest. Among the nesting material was the backbone of a lamb, dried-up skeleton of a rabbit, and wing of a Musk-Duck. They laid two eggs the first time, and three the second. The second climb was made lively by a swarm of bees, which had taken possession of a hollow about 15 feet below the nest, and being a hot day, they were extra spiteful. Cerchneis cenchroides. Nankeen Kestrel. — Common. A pair nested in a hollow in same tree as the Whistling Eagle's nest, but only about 20 feet from the ground. Have never knowji this bird to nest in an old Crow's nest in this district, but always in a hollow. Three or four eggs form a clutch here, usually four. Ninox boobook ocellata. Marbled Owl. — Rare. While I was climb- ing to nest of the Whistling Eagle, Mr. Orton went round tapping trees with the tomahawk, and Hushed a bird within 150 yards. The nest contained three eggs, and ended a cjuest of years, as I had pre- viously only a single egg in my collection. These birds moved away about a quarter of a mile, and we found the nest later with newly- hatched young in it. Eggs are merely laid on wood-dust at bottom of hollow. Barnardius zonarius. Yellow-Banded Parrot. — Common. Nests hard to find as birds seldom flush, and don't gnaw round the hollow as most Parrots do. Found one nest containing five eggs, and two with young, judging by the chorus set up at the lirst stroke of the tomahawk. Five and six are the usual number of eggs laid, very rarely seven, and in one instance eight. P.sephotus varius. Many-colouretl Parrot. — Rare. One nest found contained young birds. This is the first known instance of their breeding so close to Moora. ^'°'i9^^"] SAXDLAXD &■ OR'POX, ir,nh near Moora. 137 Halcyon sanctus. Sacred Kingfisher. — Common. Numbers of these birds breed every year in any suitable trees. Five eg:gs is the usual number, with an odd example of six. Merops ornatus. Rainbow Bee-eater. — Common. Nestin^j tunnels may be found at odd intervals all round the swamps. Lamprococcyx plaRosus. Bronze-Cuckoo. — Common. The principal foster-parent for this Cuckoo is the Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler ( Gcobasilciis chrysorrlious ) . Cuculus pallidus. Pallid Cuckoo. — Common during spring. Foster parents usually selected are Wattle-Birds {Anthochaera carunculata) , Dusky Miner (Myzantlia obscura) , Tawny-crowned Honey -eater [Glycip/iila fulvifrons). White-naped Honey-eater (Mclithrcptus lunulatus), and the Black and White Fantail (Rhipidiira Icttcophrys) . Hylochelidon nigricans. Tree-Martin. — Common. Nests may be found in any old hollow trees during the nesting season, but usually quite safe on account of the rotten nature of the limbs. Rhipidura leucophrys. Black and White Fantail. — Common. Nests are found as often in paper-bark trees growing in the swamps as among timber on land. Seisura inquieta. Restless Flycatcher. — Not so common as the above species. Always nests in trees growing in the swamps. Acrocephalus australis. Austi'alian Reed-Warbler. — Rare until the wet years of 1917 and 1918; since then fairly plentiful. Nests among tea-tree and spearwood thickets in swamps. Nests are placed at all heights from one to eight feet above water. Lays three and four eggs in about equal proportion. Megalurus gramineus. Little Grass-Bird.— A few pairs breed in bulrush swamp. The nests are always placed in a thick, bushy tea- tree growing among thick bulrushes. Average height of nest above water about one foot. Three or four eggs form a clutch. Geobasileus chrysorrhous. Yellow-tailed Tit-Warbler. — Very com- mon. Nests in any and every suitable position, and rears at least two, and often three, broods in a season. Eggs may be found from July to December. Lays three or four eggs usually, five being extremely rare. Zosterops gouldi. Green-backed White-eye. — Birds common, nests rather hard to find, on account of the thickets they nest in. Number of eggs three usually, two occasionally, especially in the early part of the season. Stigmatops indistincta. Brown Honey-eater. — One or two nests are usually found each season. Two eggs are invariably laid. Anthochaera carunculata. Wattle-Bird. — Very common. Numbers of nests are to be found, but are not taken unless containing an egg- of the Pallid Cuckoo. Corvus cecilae. Australian Crow. — Common. Build in the tall paper-barks in the swamps. Four eggs is the usual number laid, five only found occasionally. They destroy quite a number of Ducks' eggs every year. Cracticus torquatus leucopterus. White-winged Butcher-Bird. — Common. Thi'ee eggs are laid almost as often as four. 138 TROMSO^^, Haunt of the Ihitcltcr Bird. Ti^fffcT In the Haunt of the Grey Butcher Bird (Cracticus torquatus) By DON ALU F. F. THCJMSOX, R.A.CJ.i;., Canterbury, \'ic. During the spring, amongst the army of birds that followed the plough or j)erched nearby on a point of vantage, to pounce upon the cockchafer grubs turned over by the mouldboard, was a pair of Grey Butcher liirds (Cracticus torquatus). For some time I watched them carefully without obtaining any clue as to the whereabouts of the nest I felt sure was close by. On October 7th, however, I was rewarded by .»eeing one bird fly ofif into the timber with a mouthful of grubs. I watched until it vanished in the trees, but hearing its loud echoing calls, I knew it had not gone far. After a short search I found the nest, about 20 feet high in a messmate or stringy bark sapling so slender and straight that I was afraid photography would be difficult. A second nest was discovered on the same day. It contained two newly hatched nestings, and one egg, already cracking, from which the bird was about to emerge. This nest was also about 20 feet high, but photography was practically impossible. The male, though calling in the locality, displayed not the slightest signs of alarm or annoyance as I climbed the dense Casuarina tree to the nest. The female, brooding, sat tight until I was w-ithin a few feet of her, when she quietly slipped off the nest. After examining the nest, I descended the tree ; the female went to a branch beside the nest, where she sat as if in great sorrow or dejection, and was still there when I left. It was remarkable, and intensely interesting. I noticed somewhat similar behaviour on the part of this species at a later date. The extraordinarily quiet and detached air of this pair of birds gave me an altogether false impression of the nature of the species. I spent the afternoon in building a strong staging ujion which to work the camera at the first nest. It proved a long job, and the lifting of the green saplings into position was heavy work. The birds, during the early part of my operations, were singu- larly silent and indifferent, remaining away from the locality for long intervals. Often, however, as I toiled at my staging, in the silence of the bush, one of the birds would swoop, like a bolt from the blue, with a swirl of wings and a horrible grating cry just over my head. More than once T received a scare, for, though these visitations were repeated at intervals, I was gene- rally caught unawares. I was somewhat taken aback, to say the THE EMM, Vol. XXll. PLATE XLVI. Upper— Male with a lizard. Lower— Female. Grey Butcher Birds {Cracticus iorquatus), nest and young. Photo, by D. F. F. Thomson, Canterbury, Vic. ^''''ig^"-] THOMSON, Haunt of the Butcher Bird. 139 least, after my experience with the second ])air at their nest, though the wicked, beady, black eye and hooked bill might have given me a suggestion of the true nature of the bird. It was not until I became intimately acquainted with this ]>ar- ticular pair of Butcher Birds, that I realised, and began to a])pre- ciate, the wonder of some of the notes of this bird. Admittedly, many of its notes are unmusical, nay, even harsh, but it has some of the fullest and richest notes, and the most glorious piping song I have heard from any bird. I now believe the song of the Butcher Bird at its best to be the finest song of any Australian bird which I know. To be fully ap})reciated, it must be heard in the deepest silence of the bush, and be uttered by both birds in tmison. Like many birds, I believe that the Butcher Bird sings its purest and best in moments of intense emotion, not only of hap- piness, but also of pain or sorrow. Certainly I have never been more moved by the song of any creature than when both birds burst into song in chorus, their heads held high, their bodies, down to the tips of their wings and tails, aquiver with the in- tensity of the song. Would that others could have heard it too; there would be more true bird-lovers amongst us ! On October 8th I visited the nest again, and the birds became a little less shy. Next morning I went early to the nest and placed the camera in position, lashing it to the staging. Owing to the tall, thin nature of the saplings to which the staging was lashed, the whole structure swayed when the wind blew, in regu- lar motion, like the roll of a ship. I used a long ladder to reach the staging from the ground. The birds daily became more confident, and no longer refused to visit the nest. As usual, I operated the camera without the use of any distance release, and so became the centre of a very lively situation. So much so in fact that I was obliged to put my iiead under the focussing cloth for protection. Through the trees they would come, with their direct flight, like winged arrows, shooting past my head and snapping their bills viciously. I was always thankful that my eyes were not in their tracks. At first, the female alone fed the nestlings; the male merely flying around, uttering his harsh alarm notes and attacking me from time to time. Later, however, he too assisted in the feed- ing operations. Though both birds fed the young, apparently the female alone brooded. On one occasion, whilst the female was brooding, the male arrived with a dainty morsel. The female, however, did not offer to move, but opened her own beak, whereupon the dutiful male fed her. Unfortunately, the light was too poor for photogra])hy. During the day heavy rain and hail fell. As the female returned to the nest to shelter the young, I was able to obtain a photograph of her, after a shower. 140 THOMSON, Haunt of the Butcher Bird. [The Emu L 1st Oct. broodin.E^. The rain (Inj])s may be seen glistenn\<,r on the twigs below the nest. After feeding the young, both birds would sit on the edge of the nest and look intently at the nestlings, sometimes gazing for several seconds at a time. So T)ugnacious did the male become during the day, that often, after feeding the young, he would pause on the side of the nest, suddenly launching him.self at the camera, shooting quickly past. Once, during the day, he struck my head and also my finger, even drawing a speck of blood. This was the first occasion upon which I had known a wild bird actually to touch me in defence of its young. Though the day was dull, and I could do practically no photo- graphy, yet during several hours spent a few feet from the nest, I learnt much of the intimate life and habits of the bird. In spite of heavy rain, I was obliged to leave the camera out, covered only by an oilskin coat, for many days and nights. On Wednesday, October 12th, I had a splendid day with the Butcher Birds. The day was cloudy at times, and exceedingly muggy and warm, but the birds were unaffected by it, being extremely bold and Jierce. All idea of feeding the young seemed to have left them when T first arrived upon the scene, but after a long wait, my patience was rewarded by several good pictures. At first the birds had fed the nestlings with insects, including many moths. To-day one dragon fly was brought, and small lizards were fed very freely. It was an interesting and ridicu- lous sight to see the waggling head of a nestling with the tail of a lizard hanging from its mouth, the protruding tail still writhing. The youngsters appeared to thrive on their reptilian diet, and were always ready for more. I obtained a photograph of the male at the nest with a lizard in his beak. As the day went on, the male became still more savage. He would suddenly flash into view, and, perching sidelong on a sapling as if to muster his strength and measure his distance, launch himself with a harsh note, or perhaps, with an ominous silence, broken only by the swishing of wings, striking as he shot past. His mate also joined him at intervals. I must confess that I breathed a little more freely when they had passed. Nevertheless, to have to shield my eyes all day, and continually dodge the birds, was rather a noNclty. It appeared that the birds did not feed the youngsters con- tinuously all day, but full-fed them at intervals. That this was the case was further suggested by the absence of the birds at intervals, for more or less long periods, whilst at other times they would join in an attack upon me instead of attending to their domestic duties. It was a uniciue [)leasurc and privilege to sjiend so many days in the home of this glorious songster and to study and j-hoto- graph his intimate home life. Vol. XXII. 1922 WOLSTEXHOLME, .Yotcs from Wahroouiiu. 141 Notes from Wahroonga, Sydney, N.S.W. I'.y II. WOLSTENHOLME, R.A.O.U. These notes are from observations of birds at Wahroonga, a North- Shore-Hne suburb, 12 miles from Sydney. They were made in the garden (or within 100 yards round it), largely from the verandah, which has trees and shrubs close by and a small bathing pool, hollowed out of a flat piece of sandstone, a fe\^' steps away in the shade of an apple tree. On three sides is al most virgin bush, with small areas here and there of tall euca- lyptus, left by the timber-getters of last century and still hap- pily untouched by the ruthless hand of civilisation. All the coun- try north of the North Shore railway suburbs consists of the Hawkesbury sandstone formation, usually hard and rocky, sterile in appearance, and supporting its characteristic flora of Banksias, Boronias, Heath (Epacris), Apple-tree {Angophora), etc., etc., that Honeyeaters love, and where the shy Ground-Wren {Hyla- cola pyrrhopygla) may sometimes be seen. The land falls away into gullies which are studded and flanked with irregular masses of weathered and waterworn sandstone, and grow deeper and wider as their streams wind away to the salt waters of Cowan Creek or Middle Harbour — plenty of cracks and caves for the Rock Warbler (Origina ntbricafa ) , and thick scrub and under- growth in places for the W' hip- Bird (Psophodes olivaceits) and the Lyre-Bird (Menitra novcr-hollandice) . There would be 100 or more bush birds about these suburbs on their northern side, beginning at Roseville, six miles from Sydney, and it is a matter of surprise and regret that, with this amount of interesting bird-life close to a city, there seem to be so few individuals that go out among the birds and hear and see them in their native haunts. Eurystomus orientalis. Dollar Bird or Australian Roller. — Very common in summer, small parties taking up a position in hijjh trees, preferably on dead branches and doin.e: short flying; stunts to and ±'ro as though practising or "showing off," pei'haps catching insects at the same time, ta an accompaniment of rough, hoarse notes from both performers and spectators. Good glasses are needed to appre- ciate their varied hues. They rarely come down low. Eurostopodus mystacalis. White-throated Nightjar. — At nightfall every fine evening in April one was to be seen in continuous strong and graceful flight of sweeping curves about the tops of the tall eucalyptus. Once only (April 16th) were two birds seen at the same time, when it was too dark to identify the species. Eudynamys orientalis. Koel. — Unmistakable "cooees" were heard on two summer evenings, and a few nights later (January 14th) a bix'd came into the tall trees in the back paddock and "cooeed" seve- ral times. The birds have not been actually seen here, but have frequently been seen nearer the coast at Pittwater, about 8 miles away as the Crow flies. Microeca fascinans. Australian Brown Fly-catcher. — Jacky Win- ters are very common indeed and great favourites. They have no 142 WOLSTEXHOLME. Xotcs from nc///roo;///o.[Ysf OcT" bright plumage to please the eye, but are so lively, friendly, and use- ful, and such sweet songsters in the warmer months; frequent com- panions to the gardener (but often in high timber, where their song is usually given), alighting familiarly round about on twig or post, and flicking the white-edged tail to this side and that side. Quiet and trustful, alert and wistful, gentle, yet they are marvellously quick. If a morsel is dropped it will be caught in the beak before falling 6 inches. On good terms with all other birds with the ex- ception of Cuckoos. Rather silent through the cool months, but they give prolonged "Peter Peters" in a variety of sweet tones and modulations in spring. Their chorus at dawn on a fine spring morn- ing is glorious — a daily joy to the early riser in these parts. We feed some every day by tossing up little bits of cheese to be caught in mid-air — a natural way for fly-catchers to obtain food — and they take them most wonderfully with the greatest ease. A few posts close to the vei*andah are for their special use. In the garden they will alight just at hand or hover above one's head, asking for a morsel to be thrown to them. Their shallow little nests, though so small and hard to see, may be found easily by watching the birds. Their were four last season within 70 yards along the road by the gate. Usually they are in a big eucalyptus and frequently are quite low. Gerygone albogularis. Bush-Warbler. — Plentiful. This little mi- grant fly-eater is here from spring to autumn. It is sometimes called the "Native Canary," having its breast a light canary colour, and possessing a beautiful song — a cascade of light liquid notes end- ing with a staccato note not always heard. It lives chiefly aloft in the big gums. The nest is of the Tit-Warbler (Acanthiza) type, very elongated, with a hooded entrance and a long tail. Eopsaltria australis. Shrike-Robin. — Very common indeed, and, like the Jacky Winter, most attractive, but very different. It is heavier, slower, inoi-e deliberate, often eyeing a piece of food for quite a little time before hopping down to it. Does not hover, and moves about silently in thick, scrubby and shaded parts (perhaps its large eye is to assist the sight in these places). Here one is almost sure to be seen in its well-known position, clinging diagonally to the vertical stem of a small tree, and never far from the ground. Some are usually in the garden. First to wake and last to sleep, their gentle and regular one-note whistle is (along with the bois- terous laugh of the Kookaburra) the earliest of bird-notes at day- break, and the latest at nightfall, but throughout the day it is not so much heard. The strong "Tchoo Tch.oo" is given in the nesting season only. Some of the birds are tame — friends of all the household — and take cheese perching on our hands. Two were given names — "Cheeky" and "Stumpy," he was minus his outer tail feathers for a while. Trustful, unassuming and joeaceful by general repute, and rightly so, yet. at times, quite otherwise. If food is being distributed, they are very jealous of the Jackies and try to keep them away, and occasionally they fight amongst themselves. At the bathing pool Robin is selfish anl exclusive. A Sparrow is usuallv thei'e. If Robin v/ants to go in, he just jumps at the S})arrow. Sparrow as a rule goes; if not. Robin jumps on him, and. applying his beak effectively, has the bath to himself. He objects to strangers, and rudely drives off Redheads ( Aegititha trmfioralis ) or other small birds. The nests about here are a uniform height, about 8 feet from the ground Falcuncuhis frontatus. Shrike-Tit. — Very numerous. Their queer chuckle or slow whistle is constantly heard in the eucalyptus trees. Young birds were often fed in the orange trees. In the quiet of the bush the presence of these fine birds is sometimes discovered by the crackling noise made in breaking and pulling away bits of dead 1922 ■] WOJ.STEXIK^L.ME, .Votes from Wahroouiia. 143 bark with their powerful mandibles, as they search for their insect food. At the bath one will flop down suddenly, causing a scare and a scurrying- away cf the bathers as thouRh he were a Butcher-Bird. He will splash about energ-etically, looking very alert and more hand- some than usual with crest and tail spread — formidable, no doubt, to the smaller birds that do not venture near while he is in poses- sion. A pair nested at the extreme top — 70 feet high — of a lanky blackbutt near the fence. Pachycephala rufiventris. Rufous-breasted Whistler. — These great songsters may be beard in all directions in spring and summer, ex- cept during a kind of midday siesta on hot days. Most of them go north in the autumn. They have many melodious notes. The chief one is heard at its best in the mating season, when the males are in competition with one another, and in their excitement at this time they have a curious habit of bowing or bobbing their bodies up and down. ThJs note is a rapid and confused blending of rich and resonant melody impossible to imitate. It is heard, too, when the nest is being made. The female bird attends to this, but whether she goes some distance away collecting material or whether she is at the nest arranging it, the male bird is never very far from her, making the bush resound with his approving outbursts and joyous song. That is his only assistance. But it must be recorded that later on he takes a turn sitting on the eggs, which many male birds do not. Other pleasing notes are the leisurely "Echews" and the short whip-iike notes. Then there is the loud single piping note oft re- peated— so many times frequently that one wonders when it will cease. When this is given it follows at the end of the commonest call. Any sudden noise such as the report of a gun, a clap of thun- der, blast at a quarry, always startles these bii'ds into song. The female is not seen as often as the male, and has not his bright colours or fine notes. Pachycephala .^utturalis. Yellow-breasted Whistler. — These are plentiful, but not so common as the Rufous-breasted. They prefer the scrubs and brushes of the gullies. A more handsome bird to look at, but an inferior songster, though he has some fine calls — one that is reminiscent of the well-known note of the Grey-Shrike Thrush {Collitriciiicla harmonica) and one with a whip-like swish at the end. The Whistlers are particularly fond of caterpillars, and may frequently be seen in the trees pulling out quite large ones from under the bark. One female bird used to come about the verandah and take bits of cheese that were thiown down. Its plumage is darker than that of the female nifivoitris, and has a green tinge. The nest of the yellow bird is more solid than that of the rufous bird, and, speaking generally, is nearer the ground. Rhipidura flabellifera. White-shafted Fantail. — Very numerous. Fearless and inquisitive (yet in a shy kind of way), fussy and rest- less as a Honeyedter, the peculiar little whistle may be heard all thi'ough the day in the nesting season, as they hop and fit about in the sci-ub and trees. Very quick and active in pursuit of flying in- sects, they dart or dive suddenly in any direction, making the flight sometimes appear jerky. Nests about here are very low — some only 2 feet from the ground. Rhipidura rufifrons. Rufous-fronted Fantail. — Not nearly so numerous; but they frequently come up from the gullies to the gar- dens and are sometimes seen hopping about in company with the White-shafted. They are similar in habit to the white-shafted species, but more beautiful in appearance — a study in rufous shades. Seisura inquieta. Restless Fly-catcher. — The Scissor-grinder is plentiful — a fine rnd interesting bird to observe with its lustrous 144 WOLSTEXHCJLME, Xotes from fra//roo;/f/a.['^,^f ^™" dark-blue (not black) head, on which the feathers can be erected into a little crest, and its under parts pure white except for a slight wash of rufous on the chest of the female. It calls so sweetly (though, perhaps, holding the while a large moth in its beak), "Tu whee, tu whee" high in the gums or on a telephone post, and gives the grating, grinding notes lower down among the fruit trees and vegetables. Close to the ground it flies along vei-y slowly, and at times hovers as it searches the ground for insects and spiders, sud- denly, maybe, drooping down on to them like a Kookaburra on to a mouse. In hovering it gets its body and tail into a more vertical po.^ition than Jacky Winter, and it*; head seems more pointed to the ground. The scissor-grinding sound end.s with notes at a higher pitch than those at the beginning. This effect is produced by opening the mandibles wide. It does not nest low and near houses like its rela- tive, the Willie Wagtail Fantail { Rhipiditra leucophrys ) , but usually high in a eucalyptus. Myiagra rubecula. Leaden Fly-catcher. — Not plentiful; but birds are to be heard and seen now and then in the high timber, never about the garden. The tail is not held up like that of the Fantails, but sometimes shows a slight quivering or trembling movement when the bird is at rest. The female differs from the male in having throat and breast lufcus, which in the male are of a greeny-blackish colour. Monarcha carinata. Black-faced Fly-caLcher. — Not common. "Why- you, which-you," heard two or three times, revealed the pi*esence of two birds in a thick Pittosponam (P. undidatum) on February 17th. They are singular looking birds as though wearing a black mask, the face and throat being in such contrast to the grey upper and rufous under parts. Odd ones also were seen on a few other occasions — one with face and throat grey looked commonplace in comparison with the black-faced birds. This was a female or immatui'e male. They keep in thic.v brush country as a rule. Psophodes olivaceus. Whip-Bird. — Fairly common a little way off, where there is thick undei'growth in the gullies. They come up to the shrubberies in the warmer months, and may then be frequently seen and heard near the ground among thick umbrageous shrubs in the gardens that border on the bush. They are veiy shy. Acanthizae. Tit-Warblers. — These lively and most useful little birds are very numerous in small flocks. About the ground, often among the vegetables and flowering plants, may be seen parties of A. chrysorrhoa (Yellow-tailed), and less often A. rcgidoidcs (Buff- tailed), active and busy feeding on aphis and other insect pests, and showing their yellow or buff upper tail coverts as they flit fi'om place to place. Going through tree after tree (particularly Acacias) in little com- panies, the Little {A. nana) and Striated (A. lineata) may be dis- tinguished, hard at work devouring insects. A. pusiUa (BroviTi), darker, and with spotted chest, is not so common; keeps more to the bush. MaUiru.s cyaneiis Blue Wren-Warbler. — The bright warblings of these lovely little birds are to be heard in every garden as they hop and flit about among the small plants and creepers. Some will come to the verandah, and take cheese thrown to them. It is surprising how many birds like cheese. It must be more nourishing than the outer parts of many insects. They nested twice in honeysuckle on a bush-house. The Variegated-Warbler ( M. lamhrrti ) of the same genus is fairly numerous, but sta/s in the wild undergrowth away from houses. Colluricincia harmonica. Harmonious Shrike-Thinish. — These are very plentiful and are great favourites about the homes. They are Vo\4^" 1 WOI.STKXHOKAIH, Xotcs from Wahrooiuia. 145 to be seen on the ground or among the trees and plants of every orchard and garden, rarely high even in bush timber. They live on grubs and all kin()s of insects, spiders, beetles, small lizards, and have been seen swallowing with some difficulty large centipedes. One bird conies hopping along every day with cheerful confidence on to anyone's hand tor cheese, and has been a family pet for a long time. It will hop about us as we lie reading, and sometimes wakes us up early by coming on to our pillows (two of the family sleep outside). This is quite an eld bird— a male with chest a clear blue- grey, not streaked like that of the female. Its nest was placed in the young growth from a Casuarina stump about 3 feet from the ground. One young bird only was reared which came to us like the old bird for a while, then disappeared. It had a rufous eyebrow and a generally li^^rhter colour. The rich, harmonious note for which these birds are famous is heard in the nesting season only. Necsitta chrysoptera. Orange-winged Tree-Runner.— These are plenti- ful. They go about in little flocks, which give mournful notes as they fly over. They feed, too, in small companies, running along the branches and the tree trunks, usually head downwards, probing with their sharp beaks every little crack and hollow in the bark or wood in their search for insects, and uttering a little "Chip, chip" all the time. One has to observe a little party at work in thick scrub such as Casuarina to see their pretty marking and coloration and their yellow legs and feet. One can get quite close: they are so hungry and so busy, and always seem in such a hurry — going like a flash from one tree to another and displaying as they go the band of colour on the wings, which is bright rufous rather than orange. A pair nested in October and in January (perhaps same pair) high in two eucalypts 20 yards apart in the back paddock. The nest is built en a perpindicular branch usually dead, at a junction, and is difficult to find unless the bird can be followed to it with the eye. Cliniacteris leucophaea. White-throated Tree-creeper. — Very numerous, especially in autumn. They live on the same kind of in- sect food as the Sittellas and obtain it in a similar way, creeping up (never down) the tree trunk spirally or winding round the main limbs and suddenly darting away to the base of a neighbouring tree to begin another s; scent, often giving loud and shrill piping calls and a pretty, soft, ratt.e note. Seen closely, they are beautifully marked (female having a clear orange spot near the ear); like the Sittella they show the rufous band on wing when they fly. Being rarely on the ground, they are awkward in an unaccustomed place such as the flat side of the bathing pool; on going in, the bird splashes and ducks and gives a loud cry between the splashings, which no other bird does. Dicaeum hirundinaceum. Mistletoe-Bird. — Though common, this exquisite little bird (the male) is not very frequently seen notwith- standing its bright red breast, being very small and keeping aloft, its shrill little chirp is often heard from the tree-tops or lower down from the clumps of the parasitic mistletoe ( Lorantbus ), whose berries are greedily eaten and look as though they might choke the bird in its efforts to swallow them. It comes down at times into the garden trees in search of small insects — its principal food. A male bird was observed, one day for quite a little while hanging by its feet from a clothes line head downwards like an acrobat. The male only has the gorgeous colours, female being inconspicuous and not much seen. The nest is made of light-coloured woolly-looking material ob- tained from various plants, and is sometimes decorated with small globules of red gum like rubies — a wonderful structure. ^^gintha temporalis. Red-browed Firetail. — Very plentiful during April. Commoner than Sparrows. They were all round in flocks and about the garden, where their sibilant whistling was heard all day, and little flocks were flushed where the grass and weeds were long. 146 WOLSTEXHOLME, Xofes from ]raliroo>n/a.[\^,^ E^^"" Many birds were not mature, being without any red on brow or bill; rump feathers just showing the red. They swarm round the bathing- pool. A party enjoying themselves there en a bright day is a pretty sight. Nests all round; they were still nesting in April. Honeyeaters (Family Meliphagidae) are very numerous. Near the verandah is a Coral-tree ( Erythriua), from which,, when in flower, the varied notes of different birds from the Friar- Bird or the Eeatherhead (Philemon corniculatus) to the Blood- bird or Crimson Honeyeater ( Myzomcla sanguineolenta) are heard, as they gather honey and insects, and flit hither and thither from blossom to blossom. It is remarkable that, among all the Honeyeaters in the coastal districts of Xew South Wales there are not many that have pleasing notes. There is no Honeyeater that, as a songster, can be compared with the Rufous Whistler or the Thrush {C. harmonica), the Australian Reed- \\'arbler (Acrocephalus australis) or the Jacky Winter. Many ha\e notes that are harsh or discordant — the ejaculations of the Gill Bird or Wattle-Bird {AcantJiochaera caritncitlata), the queer talk of the Leatherhead. The bright, insistent whistle of the Spinebill ( Acanthorhynchns tenuirostris), and the lovely "Tink Tank" notes, now close, now distant, of Bell-Miners (Manorliina mclanophrys), immortalised by Henry Kendall as being — "Softer than slumber and sweeter than singing," give great [)leasure to the ear; but these are the exception. Melithreptus lunulatus. White-naped Honeyeater. — These are very common, and are here all the year round. Their well-known notes, one plaintive and another with a sort of sucking or lisping sound, are continually heard from the tall gums, where they chiefly live and nest. They c( me in small parties to the bathing pool, where they are shy and timid, but are not much seen in the flower garden. They obtain their honey from the native trees. Smallish birds, clean- looking and with bright colour contrasts — the black head, the white chest, the bright yellow .green upper parts, and the little ring of vermilion about the eye. They are not fruit eaters. Melithreptu.s brevirostris. Brown-headed Honey-eater. — This bird is not so common as the White-naped, but is plentiful. It might be said to resemble b White-naped, whose plumage has become very faded and shabby — a little blue about the eye. They are often in small companies in the bush trees and in the garden, where they are very fond of the large blossoms of cannas and Bif^nonia fira>iiiiflora. Their commonest note is rather jerky and unmusical. The Black- chinned Honey-eater (A/, fjularis). of same genus, is like an extra big lunulatus, with blue instead of vermilion about the eye. It is not common. Myzomela sanguineolenta. Crimson Honey-eater. — This beauti- ful little fellow — about the smallest and the brightest in colour of the family — is plentiful roughly from October to February, accord- ing to the season — in some years more numerous than in others. Though their dimiuitive song may often be heard aloft in the euca- lypts, the birds themselves are hard to see until they come down to the flowering shriijs in the gardens, where they may nearly always be found on the fiowers of the Coral-Tree ( Erythriua ) or Native Bottlebrush (Callistcmon lauceolatus) , both largely grown in gardens, ^"'iS'"]\\OLSTEXHOLME. .Votes from llahroonr/a. 147 and both producing: bip- blossoms of a scarlet colour — a good example of protective coloration. Immature birds are sometimes seen with very little scarlet on the back. The female, as in the case of the Mistletce-Bird, has dull plumage and no song, but a chirp, and is rarely seen unless near her nest. About here they often choose a Turpentine tree (Syncarpia latirijolia) or a Sweet PiLtosporum {F. un- dulatitm) for their nests, which are frequently built very low. Acanthorhynchns tenuircstris. Spinebill. — This lovely bird is the best-known Honey-eater in the flower gardens. He likes the bright blooms of summer time, and looks very pretty as he flits from plant to plant and gracefully balances or hangs on a flower spike or hovers beside it, while he culls the honey and little insects from the blossom- depths with his long tongue. A pair, perhaps, is on the same stem (the female is the one with duller plumage), and it bends over, may- be to the ground, with their weight. Active and restless and fussy, swift in flight, making a "Frip frup" sound with his rapidly-moving wings as he speeds along, always in a hurry, even his calls — especi- ally the clear whistle, a single note repeated, given "tempo accele- rato" — suggest impatience. Not a finait eater, he is a genuine honey- eater and flower-lover. He often nests in small She-oaks (Casiiarina). Meliphaga chrysops. Yellow-faced Honey-eater. — This bird, one of the least attractive of the family to look at, is the most plentiful in these parts, and can always be seen in the native trees or about orchards and gardens. Inveterate orchard-robbers, they place a high value on their services as insect destroyers, when helping them- selves to their wages in the form of fniit. In company with the Lewin or Yellow-eared Honey-eaters ( M. leicini ) and Silver-eyes (Zosterops lateralis) they do great damage to summer fruits and to apples and pears. These are all so greedy, when busy feeding on the fruit, that one can approach and "stand within one or two feet (literally) of them without being noticed. The Yellow-faced is the most tameable or least wild of the family — the Soldier-Bird or Noisy Miner ( Myzantha garriila ) excepted. Some come for cheese, almost taking it from our hands. A pair fed a young Pallid Cuckoo (Cucuhts pallidus) four times their size, that took up a position in the nearest peach tree for two days on a liberal diet of cheese cnambs supplied by the household. They are almost as omnivorous as Sparrows, often feeding with them at the scrap- bucket on all kinds of refuse. One had a habit of coming into the kitchen, and was often found on the floor picking up morsels. Here, as elsewhere, they often nest in a bush or creeper quite close to a building. Their note is rather pleasant, but short. Meliphaga lewini. Yellow-eared or Lewin Honey-eater. — This Honey-eater is common especially in autumn — a finer bird in evei'y way than M. clirysops; of a dull darkish gi'een colour and with a large yellow spot by the ear. It is a robber of the orchards when the fruit is ripe, and, like the Oriole {Oriolns sagittatits) is veiy fond of figs. It also feeds on large insects and spiders, for which it will dart in under the verandah. These birds like thick leafy shrubs or trees such as Lillypilly {Eugenia smitliii) or Sweet Pittosporuni {P.ioidu- latum) for their nests, which are placed not high in the tree and are fairly large and solid and beautifully lined bottom and sides — often with soft, downy material obtained from the seed cases of various plants. The old birds are veiy brave and pugnacious when the young ones are in the nest. Their chief call is a prolonged quavering note, rather musical and pretty. Meliphaga melanops. Yellow-tufted Honey-eater. — These are not very plentiful, but companies are frequently seen — handsome bii'ds with projecting eartufts of a rich golden-yellow and dull yellow crown which sometimes appears to be ruffled. Their hoarse notes are 148 \\'C)LSTEXH(>LME. Xotcs from W'ahroon.ia.U^^lE^'' heard aloft in the eucalypts, where they jump and flit about as though playing: some Kanie, and are hard to observe. They come down to the gardtn sometimes and to the bathing pool. They have not been seen to take fruit. Like the Crimson Honey-eater, they are fond of the Bottle-Bush ( CalUstcmon) blossoms, among which, one bright summer's day, eight or ten were to be seen enjoying them- selves— a sight to be remembered. They form little settlements, confining themselves to a small area for nesting. A previous season near here, in an area of about three acres, some fifteei. nests (all 3 or 4 feet from the ground) were found in the young growth sprouting from the stumps of felled eucalyptus trees. Many of the nests had a little bit of paper fixed in their outer parts — a scrap of newspaper or torn-up letter. Meliornis novse-hollandiie and M. nigra. Yellow-winged and White- cheeked Honey-eater. — These two fine birds, alike in appearance, habit, and note, often come about in the spring and summer. The White-cheeked has white about the forehead and particularly the cheeks. Their home is not in timbered country, but in scrub near the sea, about creeks and lagoons, among the Banksias, Callistemons, etc., whence it is not far to the gardens in these suburbs. Both species were to be seen almost every day in summer in a Coral-tree and an Acacia-tree, next to each other and close to some natural scrubby undergrowth. Restless, fussy and selfish and somewhat slow of movement, having feasted on the Coral-tree blossoms, they would move to the Acaci.i and hop about leisurely, giving their not very pleasing notes, waiting for some excitement— the advent of a brother to be welcomed or a stranger to be hunted. The chief concern seemed to be to keep every other kind of bird out of that tree. They would hasten across and hustle out any innocent Thornbill (Acan- thiza) or Silver-eye ( Zosterops) seen on the other side. (It is a transparent tree.) They rarely visit the flower beds and are not fond of fruit. Both species nest not for from the ground in small bushes. Acanthiza albiventris.- 'Vhrow^h the courtesy of the Aus- tralian Museum, Sydney, I have recently had the opportunity of examininjj: the type of .Icanthica alh'rccntris. North, taken at Dubbo, X.S.W., August, 1876, Xo. 22917. The species is dis- tinguished from Gould by "rufous chestnut upper tail coverts and lighter under surface." (See "Aus. Mus. Cat.," Xests and Eggs, vol. i., p. 276.) Further and equally important differences have yet to be pointed out. These are the wider tail bar and the lighter tail base of albk'cutris. The colour of the upper coverts ("hazel," according to ^\^ Ridgway's chart) runs well down on the outer webs of the tail feathers, and as these webs are particularly wide, the area so coloured is large. The inner webs of the tail feathers (basal half) are drab tinged with hazel near shaft. These characters of tail and up])cr coverts cannot be confused with those of pyrrhopy(na, and constitute in my opinion a separate and distinct s])ecies, having a systematic ]K)si- tion between pyrrhopyi/ia, with the dark tail base and iiropyc/ialis with light and bright coloured tail base (cinnamon rufous). A coloured figure of what I take to be typical albivcutris appears in Mathews' "T'.irds of Australia," v()l. ix.. i>Iate 447 (1922), bottom figure. A. G. Cam i'HKLI,, Croydon, Victoria. THE E'SU', Vol. XXII. PLATE XLVll THE EMU. Vol. .TV//. PLATE XLVIII Vol. XXII. 1 1922 J Camera Craft. 149 Camera Craft Black Swan in New Zealand.— Uoih i.ictures were taken by me on March 2()th last, on a la<,M)on near the \^'airarai)a Lake, Lower \\ airara])a X'alley. As you are aware, the I>lack Swan was introduced into New Zealand, and now^ is found in most parts of New Zealand suitable to its habits. As the i)hotograph shows, the birds are cjuite plentiful on and near the Wairarapa Lake. There are a large number of lagoons around its borders. The nest, which was situated just inside the raujx) seen in the Nest of Introduced Black Swan {Clienopis atrata), N.Z. Photo, by R. H. D. Stidolph, R.'a.O.U., Masterton. N.Z. other picture, is probably one of the last of this season's. It had six eggs, much incubated. The photograph was taken from another Swan's nest ten feet away. The nests are built entirely of roupo leaves, and average at least three feet across. The water in which they were standing was about three feet deep. — RoRT. H. D. Stidolph, 28 Makora Road, Masterton, N.Z. Wild Mag:pies at " Belltrees."— Every winter wild Magpies, the black-hacked smaller s])ecies {Gyninorh'ma t'lbicen) are regu- larly fed at "Relltrees." The accompanying "snap" was taken within ten yards of Mr. White's office, where a staging is pro- vided for a' breakfast of choi)ped meat. The Magpies soon be- come trustful and tame, and make merry music at early morn and again at eve. \\'hen spring arrives the birds distribute them- selves over the broad acres of "P)ell trees" to breed, when they and their young devour hoards of noxious insects. 150 Stray Feathers. [^^toT The Peaceful Dove iCeopelia placida) was rather timid, and visited the nest only four times in three hours. Once in the nest, however, it was an easy matter to secure a ])hotograi)h. Wlien I approached the nest to change plates, the Dove would fly to a near-by rock and try to attract my attention by fluttering about and feigning a wounded wing. — Xokm.ax Chaffer, R.A.(3.U., A\'illoughbv, X.S.W. Stray Feathers The Name Nullarbor.— The note by Mr. H. W. Ford in the current (July) issue, page h(), interested me, as for some time 1 have been trying to get at the root of the matter in regard to the name "Nullarbor." The explanation given by Mr. Ford is the one which has been adopted by the Government in their hand- book to the East-West Line, but I cannot help thinking that there was a previous native name from which the modern one was altered to suit the bare aspect of the great plain. The Rev. John Mathew, of \'ictoria, well-known for his writings on aboriginal matters, told me that in Curr's "The Australian Race," to which he himself contributed, the name is spelt "Xull- abar" ; this work was i»ublished in 1880, and had been in i)rei)a- ration for several years. Curr says, "The W'onunda Meening tribe at Eyre's Sand- Patch give the Xullabar a very bad name, say it is beset with savage dogs, which on one occasion devoured some of their tribe, which entered on it. . . . The Yinla Meening tribe have their particular conception of the horrors of the Xull- abar Plain; it is the haunt of an immense serpent, which has ■devoured all the animals, grass, and trees which are sujtposed, ages back, to have grown on the now barren waste." The country of the first-named tribe was originally settled in 1877. and that of the second (the Eucla district) in 1872, only a few years before the publicatit)n of Curr's volumes, so that he is likely to have had the original name. Mr. Whitlock (in the January, 1922, Emu), after visiting the plain, and making en- (|uiries among the railway staff, favours the native origin of the name, and was told 1)\- a native born in the \icinit} that "P)Oora" means "wind." .\s the Great Plain is notorious for the high winds which race uninterrui)tedly across its wide spaces, we have here a likely clue to the original meaning; whatever "Xulla" may have meant in that district (there is still a "Xulla- W adder" not many miles from Eucla), it is improbable that it "nullitied" the meaning of the latter i)art of the name. I may also mention that Mr. Mathew suggests Olu])a. a Central Aus- tralian term for "wind," as one that might easily have become modified into "Xullabar," as the natives do not distinguish be- tween the sounds of ]) and b, and an initial vowel usually nnplies the elision of a preceding consonant. — H. Stiakt Di'Vi:. I'.Z.S., W . Devonport, Tasmania. Tin: EMU, Vol. XXII. PLATE XLIX. The Peaceful Dove {Gcopelia plocida) on Nest. Photo, by N. Chaffer, R.A.O.U. ^''hS''] Stray Feathers. 151 The Origin of Nullarbor.— Mr. W. 15. Alexander, M.A., CF.A.O.U., formerly keejier of Biology, Perth Museum, and now in charge of the prickly pear experimental station, West- wood, near Rockhampton, in a letter states: "Xullarbor should be spelt XuUabor. Sir John Forrest was the first to see the Xul- labor I'lains, and I heard him say that he was greatly amused that people should think he had made the name from the Latin nulla arbor (no tree) as he did not know enough Latin to coin such a word. It was an aboriginal name, probably connected with nulla-nuUa (a club). Magpie Cannibalism. — Mention in the April number of The Eimi of the ^Magpie (Gynuiorhina hyJ>olcitca) killing a Sparrow- recalls to mind two cases of Magpie cannibalism I have wit- nessed. Some years ago I noticed the Tasmanian lesser-white backed Mag])ie sitting on a post with a Sparrow m its beak, and on being disturbed, it dropped the unfortunate victim, which when ])icked up was almost dead. On another occasion a year or so later, I happened to be breaking down a patch of tall Scotch thistles when a Pipit flew out from beneath my feet, uncovering a nest of three dark-brown spotted eggs. In order to delude me, the bird feigned a broken wing for a minute, dragging itself slowly through the grass some }ards away. At that moment a Mag]Me flashed down and picked up the little bird before it could get away, and flying oft, stopped on a fence some distance away, where it killed and devoured its victim. — !M. S. R. Sharlaxd, R.A.O.U., Hobart. * * * The Mopoke. — One of the most famous bird cries in Aus- tralia is that of the Mopoke, and nothing has caused so much argument as the identity of the bird that utters it. Some orni- thologists give the credit to the Boobook Owl, a bird that has a distinct and equally famous note. Many people identify it with the Frogmouth (Podorgus), which does occasionally utter a semblance of the much debated call. This bird, in fact, is com- monly called Mopoke in many i)arts of the bush ; but the proper Mopoke in my native field, north of the Richmond River, is the Red Owl {Ninox hirida). The aborigines called it Mobok, whereas Ninox boobook was known to them as Boobook, or Buk- buk. In a great many cases the names given by them to birds were imitative of the birds' call notes. Many a night I have listened to the Boobook and the Mopoke calling in neighbouring trees. Both voices were a great pleasure to hear, but while the Boobook's notes were deep-sounding and quickly uttered, as though the bird were excited, the ]\Iopoke's had much of the quality of the Australian Cuckoo, a sweet, lingering, and far- reaching sound. Xiiiox lurida is variously called Night Hawk, ]\Iope Hawk, Hawk Owl, Red Owl, and Mopoke. Its cousin, the Winking Owl (Ninox connivens) also utters the Mopoke note. — E. S. SoRENSox, R.A.O.U., Sydney. 152 Stray Feathers. Tisfoc"?" Observations at Pittwater. -While walking,' up a steej) ^rassy >l()l>e. I Hushed a I'heasant-Coucal ( Ceiitropus phasla)n)ius), which Hew along the grass for some distance, alighting in the lower branches of a gum tree, and hopping by a series of jumps to the top. I was struck with the, what I believe is unusual, locality for such a bird. Though the grass was fairly long, there was no sign of any swampy ground within a mile or so.. These birds are, I believe, rather rare as far south as Sydney. I noticed a pair of Sacred Kingfishers (Halcyon sancfiis) [)erching on a dead tree, and was sur|)rised to see one dart mto the air, ca])ture a fly and return to its ])erch. I watched the birds for some time, and found them quite adepts at catching flies. I watched them for about twenty minutes, and only once did one miss a fly. They always returned to their i)erch before- eating their victims. There had been a fair amount of rain during the last few- weeks, and the tank, belonging to one of the week-end cottages, was overflowing. The large round hole in the top was uncovered. A Magpie Lark (CraUlna cya)wleiica) perched on the to]) of the tank, and, after having a drink, fluttered right into the water, where it floated for an instant in the fashion of a Sea-gull. It did this two or three times, finally sitting on the surface of the water and fluttering its wings to splash itself. It did not, how- ever, stay very long doing this, but came out of the water veiy quickly. I have also noticed these birds picking up their food and running along the sand or mud flats after the tide has receded. — Geo. \'. ScAMNrELL. "Melrose," ^liddle Hd. Road, Mosman, 21/^/22. * * * Buff = breasted Quail (Turnix oliyii). — In tlie latest coi)y of The limn a long and interesting article with coloured ])lates of this bird is reccjrded by A. J. Cam])bell, F..\.O.U., Melbourne. This bird is quite common in this locality, and I often shoot them when out Quail shooting. Usually found in pairs, and in some cases as many as six may be flushed in one lot by the i)ointer dogs. These birds frequent high ridgy country, and in sheltered pockets along the creek banks at certain times of year. In size, they are about ecpial to the ordinary Stubble Quail. — W. H. Ein\ AKOs. I\..\.O.l".. "Coongoold," Colosseum, X.E. Line. Q. Blue BudgeriK'ahs. 'Ibc iilue-plumaged form of Melopsittacns: uiuliilatiis, apparent!} is not rare in aviaries in England. Mr. A. lUngess, writing in Xatureland (vol. i., Xo. 2), states: — "1 find my Blue Budgerigahs \ery strong; in fact I sold two hens last year to a gentleman who has already twelve birds by the.se two hens only, and there are others now in the nest. I have twenty adults and eighteen \(tung lilues of 1020, so next vear mv runs will be full." ^^'i^"""] Stray Feathers. 153 Occurrence of Coot in New Zealand. — In the Hon. G. M. Tlioiuxin's exceediii.uly \alual)le hook, "Tlie Naturalisation of Animals and J'lanls in Xew Zealand," recently ituhlished, men- tion is made of two specimens of the Coot (Fiilica atra) being obtained in 1919 in the southern portion of the South Island. ( )ne \\ as taken in May at Kaitangata, Otago, and the other in July at Mataura Island, Southland. Sir Walter Ruller reported a specimen in julv. 1889, from Lake W'aihoia, Otago. — Robt. H. D. Stidoi.im'i, R.A.O.U., Masterton, X.Z. Royal Spoonbill in New Zealand. — A Royal Spoonbill ( I'lat- alca rci/ia), identified by a descr!])tion sent by Mr. \V. Leith, of i\Iartinl)orough, to the Dominicjn Museum authorities at Welling- ton, was recently observed on the Ruamahunga River, near ]\Iartinborough, \\'ellington. An effort was made to protect the bird, but it eventually was shot, a fate that awaits all strange birds. This species has been recorded in New Zealand on but three previous occasions — viz., 1875, movtth of Manavvatu River, Wellington; 1892, Buller River, Nelson; and 1905, Greytown, Wellington. According to the Rev. H. W. Williams, M.A., the IMaoris knew this bird by the name of kotuku-ngutupapa, a fact which shows that the bird was not imknown to them. — Robt. H. D. STiDOLPir, Masterton. N.Z. 23/6/1922. Numbers of our common House Swallows (///runafo neoxeno\ stay all through the winter, and camp on the beams of Dunlop's Building over the canal at Dight's Falls, Abbotsford. In the win- ter of 1919 we used to have thirteen birds come in to roost ever}" night. In 1920 only six birds stayed there. In 1921 some 20 to 30 Swallows camped with us. This year, the autumn being so mild, I noticed numbers of birds going under of an evening. 1 counted one night 59; next, 65; and following night (26/6/22), 70 birds went to roost by half-past 5 p.m. Unfortunately for them, the fireman went down to pump platform under the floor- ing with a light before daylight. This disturbed the poor little fellows, and they flew about, even resting on the man's hand. One 1 saw drowned in the morning. This so scared the birds that only two came to the old roost next night. \\'e have only got as high as 25 now (1/8/22). It was very interesting to watch them coming in. Just after the 5 o'clock whistle blew, a flock of 20 to 30 birds would come up over building and under to roost, and then single birds, and up to five kept coming till near dark. I went down, and had a look, and saw that they rested side by side close together on the three narrow cross-pieces. On 1/8/22 seven birds came in during the rain and thunder-storm betweeii 2 and 3 p.m., and shelterecl on their roosts. Later (2/8/22) 27 birds on the roosts this morning onlv. — H. W. Ford, R.A.O.U. 154 Stray Feathers. i'^i'lt oT Meliphaga fusca ( Fusc(ni> Honey Eaters). — These Honey- caters (Meliplia(/a fusca), liitherto regarded as purely bush birds that required, as a rule, some searching for high u|) in eucalypts, have this year (at W'ahroonga) come down to our doors. In the autumn (which was dry) they were observed at the drinking bath a little way from the verandah in company with White-naped Honey-eaters {Melithreptus lunulatus), at first one or two odd ones, then in increasing numbers and fre- (|uency until, through the winter, the bath was rarely without them. Both these sj)ecies are \ery fond of water. Perched on the edge of the bath and taking drink after drink, they hold the water in the bill, and oi)ening the mandibles a little, kee]^ niDving the tongue about, frequently beyond the end of the bill, evidently enjoying the feel of the water in the mouth. At other times, they indulge in vigorous splashings until the feathers are quite drenched. Later on, the fuscous birds took to coming to the ground just outside the kitchen door and picking up morsels of food. Here they were usually associated with Yellow-faced Honey-eaters (.1/. chrysops ). and soon acquired such a taste for this new diet that they were sometimes flushed out of the scrap bucket. Later still (in July), while the loquat trees were in flower, they were to be seen going over the trees gathering honey and insects. Here again with different companions — their beau- tiful yellow-tufted brothers (]\I. mela)wps) — vocal duets were frequently to be heard, [^leasing enough to bird-lovers, but not very sweet or melodious. In general appearance their colouring is quite dull — a grey brown above, light grey below with chest faintly marked. The olive yellow about the middle of the wing- quills (which are brown towards the ends) and the touch of the same colour on the side of the outer tail quills is not seen unless the bird is cpiite close, nor is the small pale yellow patch by the ear or the slight black marking about the eye easily visible. The bill is a clear light brown at base with a dark tip. They have typical Honey-eater notes — some cut short like those of the Yellow-faced; others rather ciuerulous, somewhat resemb- ling those of the Yellow-tufted, but not so rasi)ing. There is a marked dift'erence in the size of the birds — the females seem to be smaller relatively than is usual. — H. W'oi.stkniiolmk, W'ah- roonga, Svdney. * * * The "Lost" Paradise Parrot. -This bird was fairly numerous twenty-five years ago in parts of the Wide Bay district. I .saw many of them, also their nests, as described in your last issue. They gradually disai)peared. Possibly continual firing of the grass, heavy stocking, and ring-barking on a large scale deprived them of certain grass seeds essential to their natural existence. Further, being ground-loving birds, they would be an easy prey to wild cats, which during late years have become very plentiful, and one of the greatest enemies of many useful birrls. — W. H. Kdwakds. R..\.C).r.. ••Coongoold." Colosseum. X.K. Line. Q. ^°'iS"-] State Secretaries' Reports. 155 State Secretaries' Reports (JL'EEXSLAXI). Merops ornatiis, the so-called Bee-eater, has ai^ain been the subject of an attack by the (Queensland Bee-keei)ers' Association. A deputation from that body waited on the Brisbane and District Pests Board, and solicited support in requesting the Government to remove the bird from the protected list, and declare it a pest. Instances were given of cases in which, it was alleged, apiarists had to transfer their hives in order to have what bees the birds had left. The State Secretary of the R.A.O.U., who spoke at the invitation of the Mayor of Brisbane (chairman), presented evidence in the bird's favour, and suggested that the case was met by a clause in the new Animals and Birds Act that allowed owners of crops to destroy birds that were robbing them. The board reached a "half-way" decision on the question; they de- cided that as the bird was common and destructive it should not be protected, but that they could not advise that it be declared a pest. However, the Government with the advice of the chief entomologist, Mr. H. Tryon, R.A.O.U., settled the question by refusing both requests, and keeping the bird on the list of totally- protected species. Subsequently (5th August) representatives of "Pest" Boards for the whole State discussed the case oi Merops, and also those of the Crow (Raven ?) and English Starling. Again it was de- cided that the "Bee-eater" did not merit protection, but that it should not be proscribed. A motion to place a price on the head of the bird was withdrawn after the State Secretary had ad- dressed the conference. Delegates also rejected a motion to in- crease the bonus on Crows, and carried a motion to remove the Starling from the list of "pests." In the course of discussion one councillor said he did not agree with the placing of a bonus on the head of any bird. The boards would be well advised, he thought, to confine their attention to flying foxes (fruit bats). Another delegate laid it down that the flying fox was the only creature listed as a pest that did not have some redeeming quality. In any case, he considerd the whole work of the boards too suggestive of trying to bale the ocean with a bucket. Sir William Beach Thomas, a distinguished British journalist and naturalist, was in Queensland recently. He was welcomed by officers of the R.A.O.U. in Brisbane, and in the Central district of the State he was hospitably entertained by the virile Rock- hampton Native Bird Protection Association of Rockhami)ton, and by Mr. D. W. Gaukrodger, R.A.O.U., of Alice Downs, Blackall. :\Ir. W. B. Alexander, :\I.A., C.F.A.O.U., who is now stationed in the Rockhampton district, has developed a latent talent for lecturing, and has done much good work of late in 156 Reviews. ["^moa" speakin.^ lo public audiences and to school cliildren about Rock- hampton and Mount Morj^jan Most of Mr. Alexander's lectures have been delivered under the aus]Mces of the Central Queensland Bird Protection Association. Many of his slides are from the excellent i)hotographs taken by Mr.Gaukrodger. An agitation long carried on by Mr. E. J. Banfield ("The P>eachc(nnber" ) of Dunk Island, has been taken up in Pirisbane. with the result that the splendid Nutmeg (Torres Strait) Pigeon (Myristiciz-oni hicolor) is to become totally ])rotected for an indefinite i)eriod. The flights of this tine Pigeon have long been one of the features of the great coast of North Queensland, and it is not |)roi)osed to allow the bird to follow the Passenger Pigeon r)f America into extinction. A. H. CHPSHOLM. State Secretarv. Reviews ORXITIIDPOGICAL HISTORY. -Ml-. A. 11. Cliisliolm. lion. State Secretary, R..\.(J.U.. Queens- land, allhou,t;h a busy man, has found time to i)repare an excel- lent presidential address for the Queensland Naturalists' Club. The subject, an inspiration in itself, is "The Ornithological His- tory of Queensland." Queensland i)Ossesses the most brilliant and remarkable of birds, while the ornithological history is wrapped up with the romance of the early history of the State. I>y taste and talent Mr. Chisholm is well equipped to |)repare such an address, which appears in The Queensland Xatitralist, iii., ]). 66. It has also been issued as a "separate" in the hope that other States will write their own ornithological history, and thus complete the whole of Australia. Mr. Chisholm regretted that the following details arrived too late to be included in his address: — The history of the discovery of Ephtli'uuiura crocea and Zosterops a naturalist and the author of several excellent boc^ks on wild life in Africa and elsewhere, is t(j be congratulated on his enteri)rise in launching this journal, which appeals to all classes of naturalists, both in Britain and the Dominions. Each number is finelv illustrated by half-tone plates from photographs on art paper. The Editor's address is Bridge Mouse, Sale, Manchester, England. THE AUSTRAL AVIAN RECORD The Austral .Iz-ioi Record, vol. v., pt. i., is a most interesting number. In the "Additions and Corrections" of Australian bird names man}' additions are made to .synonymy, and two prior names are revealed in the part. Circus juxta Peale, p. 64, is figured on the prior plate, xviii. ; this may disj)lace approximans described on ]>. 64. Cliniacteris siipcrciliosa of North may be antedated by affiuis of Blyth, 1863. Two new genera are also proposed. Dipardalotus for Parda- lotits riibricatiis and Sinjowel for Myzomela niyra. Mr. Mathews is steadily approaching the limit of one species, one genus; the only ])oint on which Australians disagree with his fine work. rerhai)s the most interesting section of the present part is that dealing with "Thomas Watling, Artist." It includes well- executed re])roductions of seven of those famous "drawings" attributed to Watling. The Check-li,st Committee is in agree- ment with Mathews as to the seven names given. The plates are named Muscicapa cucnllata (the Hooded Robin), Gracula viri- dis (the Olive-backed Oriole), Lauius torqnatns (the Grey P>utcher-Bird), Titrdiis frivolus, Titrdiis teiiebrosus, Cuciiliis palliolatiis, and Tringa aurita; the four last names are not used bv the Committee. Obituary The Launceston papers recentl\ announced the death of Frank Mervyn Littler, after a .short illness ; no particulars were given. Mr. IJttler was one of our oldest members, and contri- buted a paper to the first number of The Ennt and numerous others afterwards. He comi^iled a very useful "Handbook to the P.irds of Tasmania," many of the illustrations to which were contributed by another Launceston ornithologist, Mr. H. C. Thompson. B.esides ornithology, Mr. F. M. Littler distinguished himself in entomology, and was a Fellow of the Entomological Society of Great Piritain and a member of the Society of Eco- nomic Entomologists of .\mcrica. His premature decease will be widely regretted. v°'i4^" J Library Notes. 159 Library Notes By F. ERASMUS WILSON. R.A.O.U.. Hon. Librarian. The foUowini,^ publications have been recenllv added to the R.A.O.U. library:— J>ritisli lairds, ])arts 3-12. Part 5 contains an interesting article on the "Great Auk," by W. H. Mullens, xM.A., LL.M. Proccedinfis of the Royal Society of Tasmania for 1921. Tlie ^k-iciiltiiral McKiaciiic. vol. xii., i)arts 7-12; vol. xiii., Nos. 2, v>. \'ol. xii. (11) contains an article on the successful breeding of the King Parrot in England bv M. Amslet,. M.B. Rcvuc Francaise d'Ornithologie, No. 150-156. J'ictoriau Naturalist, vol. xxxviii., Nos. 6-12; vol. xxxix., Nos. 1,2. Queensland Naturalist, \ol. iii.. No. 3. Condor, \ol. 23, Nos. 5, 0; vol. 24, No. 2. 23 (6) contains a splendid article on the Black-tailed Gnatcatcher by Robert S. Woods, which is accompanied by some beautiful photographic illustrations. 24 (2) contains a well-illustrated paper on "A Large Tern Colony in Texas," by J. R. Pemberton. Bird Lore, vol. xxiii., Nos., 4, 5, 6; vol. xviv.. No. 2. Nos. 4 and. 5 respectively have as frontispieces beautiful coloured plates of Grackles and the Canada Goose. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, vol. ii., ])art ii.. No. 17; vol. ix., Nos. 9-15; vol. x., Nos. 1-9. N'otcs on the Osteology of the Young of the Hoatzin (Opistho- comus cristatiis) and other points on its Morphology, by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt (author's reprint). South .'lustralian Ornithologist, vol. vi., Nos. 4, 5. No. 4. "Notes on birds met with during a visit to South- West Queensland," by A. Cheneiy, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., ■'Some Tasmanian Bird Notes," bv Edwin Ashbv, F.L.S.,. M.B.O.U. No. 6. "A trip to North-West Australia," by A. M. Morgan, M.B., B.Ch. "Notes on birds seen during a re- cent visit to the Western Darling, N.S.W.," by A. Chenery. Ibis, 11th series, vol. iii., No. 4; vol. iv., Nos. 1, 2. iv. (2) "On the sense of smell possessed bv birds," bv J. H. Gurney, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. 160 Library Xotcs. Tisfocr "Life History of Xorth .lincrican Culls and Terns." l)y Arthur Cleveland I'ent. A valuable acciuisilion t(j our library, as the author has most exhaustively treated with the subject. The illustra- tions, which are very numerous, are of a high order. Annual Report of the United States Xational Mitseion, iq2i. The Auk, vol. 38, Xo. 4. Report of the Smithsonian Institute, njnj. Proceedings of the Royal Society of J'ictoria. vol. xxxiv. Tnew series), part ii. rlustralian Zoologist, vo]. ii.. ])art i\-. Xotes on Tubinarcs, including records which aft'ect the A.O.U. Check-list, by Robert Cushman Murphy (author's re- print). A Critical Study of the Fossil Bird, Gallinuloides zvyoniingensis rastniaii. by Dr. R. W. v^huteldt (author's reprint). About Members -Mr. II. K. WHITE, OF "BELLTREES," HONOURED. The June nunil)er of "Stamp Collecting," a weeklv news|)aper for philatelists, published in Great Britain, contains a report of the o])ening at Piath of the Ninth Philatelic Congress of Great Britain, described as "the Parliament of Philatelists," at the tirst session of which (on June 20th) the following names were adopted for entry on the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists, these having been approved by the affiliated societies and by the con- gress, namely: Dr. Ricardo D. Elicabe (Argentina), Mr. Bertram McGowan (Great Britain), Captain H. R. Oldfield (Great P.ritain), Mr. Nils Strandell (Sweden), and Mr. Henry L. White (Australia). "These names," the recf)rd goes on to state, have accordingly been duly inscribed on the Roll ; and recognition was publicly accorded them at the closing session of the Congress on Friday last. The Roll now contains the names of forty-five dis- tinguished Philatelists, headed by his Majesty the King." For many years Mr. White has made the collection of stamjis, and especially rare stamps, one of his hobbies; and the presentation of his fine and unicjue collection, valued at about £20,(XX), to the Mitchell Library, some time back, has been the subject of much eulogistic comment in the world of Philately. Mcml)ers arc pleased to note the honour conferred on •)ur Honorary Life Meml)er. who is distinguished in (Ornithology as in Philatelv. THE EMU, Vol. XXll. PLATE LXXI THE LITTLE TREE-CREEPER Clinir()ken Ilill. Notes on the Pied Bell-Magpie (Strepera graculina) Tiy H. L. Wii rn-:. C.F.A.O.U., Etc.. P.elltrees, X.S.W. When Mr. Wni. McLennan was in the Cape York Peninsula, I recjuested him to pay jiarticular attention to a Sfrcpcra there, the eggs of which he secured. McLennan has sent some interesting material (now in the ■"H. L. White Collection," National Museum, Melbourne i, which tends to prove that this extreme northern l)ir(l differ^ from the typical .species, or, .say, birds from Belltrees, N.S.W., in having: (1) Darker or den.ser coloured plumage; (2) larger and more hooked bill; (v^) greater amount of white on the wings, and its larger size, which is contrary to the rule for northern birds. I described the eggs of this northern bird under the name Strepera (/racitlina rohiiisoiii, Mathews (see Hdui, vol. xxi.. pp. 164-5), and drew attention to the different construction of nest in Emu, \ol. xxii., ]>. 116. Since I ha\e received what I believe to be skins of S. //. rob'nisoni, taken at the type locality, which prove to be a smaller mountain form, apparently wedged in be- tween tyi)ical southern (/raculina and the larger Cape York bird. As the range of .S". (iraculino extends from the Grampians, Western Victoria, to the Cape York Peninsula, .some interesting work devohes upon students to work out the species. In the meantime, I furnish com|)arative dimensions, in millimetres, of tvpical birds, and of the two supposed northern forms. If after ; Cairns or Mountain form ( Oneensland ) (f Length, 415; Culnien. 58 ; Wing, V ,. 432; ,, 55: Hell trees or Typieal {Ne-.e South Wales) d Length, 49() ; Culnien, ST; Wing, 25.s : Tarsus, 51 9 ,, 457; ,, 52; ,, 254; .. 51 2()() ; Tarsus, 53 280 ; 55 254 ; 5] 240 ; Tarsus, 51 230 ; 4S Vol. XXII 1923 ] WHTTLOCK. Trip to fortescuc Rkrr 259 A Trip to the Fortescue River and Hamersley Ranges, North- West Australia Bv F. LAWSOX WHITl.OCK, K.A.O.U., Tudor, ria Albany. W.A. The F"ortescue River and Hamersley Ranges are intimately connected. Both run in the same direction — roughly E.N.E. to W.N.W. — and, generally si)eaking, in parallel courses some twenty miles a])art. The ranges, however, have considerable extensions to the southward, where they are connected with other, at present unnamed, ranges. Still further to the south lies Mt. Bruce, 4,024 feet, the highest point in Western Aus- tralia. Mt. Bruce lies immediately to the east of a large tribu- tary of the Fortescue River, known as the Lyons River, or Southern Branch. The length of the true Hamersley Ranges is about 150 miles. The course of the Fortescue River, where it is recognisable as a ri\er bed, is about 200 miles. The ranges proper have a width of from twelve to twenty miles. They rise abruptly from a ])lateau elevated about 1,400 feet above sea level. All their northern sloi)es drain int(j the Fortescue River. One of the highest mounts of the Ranges is Mt. Pyrton, 2,727 feet. In June, 1922, it was arranged that I should pay a visit to the Fortescue River and the Hamersley Ranges on behalf of Mr. H. L. White, of I'.elltrees, New Sf)uth Wales, who financed the trip. Of course, in a i)eriod of a few months it would not be possible to do more than run over such an extensive area of country, and with small chances of observing rare or secretive forms of bird-life. It was decided, therefore, that 1 should make for the most convenient point accessible from Roebourne. Outside the north-west, it is always difficult to obtain reliable information as to the character of any part of the country, and also as to the presence of drinkable water, unless one is lucky enough to run across someone who has actually lived in the area to be visited. Lately, Mill Stream Station has been much before the i)ublic eye in connection with cotton growing in the north-west, and the description in the press of the magnificent pools of water found in the Fortescue River, which passes through the run, decided me to make my headquarters there. I left Fremantle by the S.S. Muideroo, on July 16th last, and arrived at Point Samson some six days later. The voyage was calm and uneventful. The only birds met with of special interest being a few examples of the \\1iite-headed Fulmar 260 WHITLOCK. Trip to Fortescnc River [Tst^ApT (Ptcrodronia lessoiii), and a few petrels of dark plumage and smaller dimensions. The steamer, however, ran close to Xorth Sandy Island, in the Dampier Group, and with the aid of my field-glass I could make out a pair of Sea-Eagles, whose acquaintance I had made some three years previously. A short run by train took me to Roebourne, and on 25th July I travelled by motor to the Fortescue River, distant some eighty- five miles. The journey was more interesting as a motoring experience than from an ornithological point of view, as one attains a height of 1480 feet in a journey of a very few miles. This altitude is reached on what is known as the Tableland — an elevated tract of country which rises abruptly from the low-lying plains to the south of Roebourne. The most inter- esting bird observed was a single example of the Black Kite (Mihus Diigrons), which rose from the ground on being dis- turbed by the motor. The general appearance of the tableland is barren and treeless, the surface being covered as a rule with a spar.se growth of Spinifex (Triodia), but the rocky hills and steep gullies around and across which the road twists and turns, and the extensive views of the plain below are picturesque in the extreme. I reached the Fortescue River about 4 p.m., and decided to camp within view of Mill Stream homestead on the south side. The river was running freely, but the flow of water was divided into four or five streams. I chose a pitch on an elevated part of the river bank, out of the reach of a possible flood, and shel- tered by several River Gums {Bucalypius rostrata). Near at hand were three fine specimens of a species of fan-palm that I had never previously met with in the north-west. On the margin of the river was a fairly thick fringe of reeds and other aquatic vegetation, whilst Cajuputs (Melaleuca leitco- dendron), River Gums, and trees of smaller species were abun- dant on the various gravel banks and more elevated portions of the river bed. The surface of the ground was thickly car- peted with couch grass. My camp was sheltered from the strong east winds which often prevail in these latitudes by a steep flat-topped hill, the side of which, facing the river was almost preci[)itous, and much encumbe»-ed by fallen debris from above. The night proved to be very cold, and I was glad when the notes of Meliphatja carteri, Stupnatops itidistincta, and .Icroee- plKilus loiif/irostris ( W^estcrn Reed Warbler), warned mc that it was sunrise. Whilst erecting a camp I was visited by two parties of Purple-backed Wrens (Malurus assiniilis), the males being in full nui)tial plumage. In no part of this State I have visited, have I seen this species so common. I afterwards found it was jncsent in most unlooked-for places, where cover, which the Maluri favor, was conspicuous by its absence. THE EMU. Vol. XXII. PLATE LXXI '^°'i-923^"J WHITLOCK. 7-r/> to Fortcscuc Rhcr 261 The only other species of this genus noted during the trip ■vvas the White-winged Wren {Malurns leuconotiis). liut this species was comparatively rare, which accords with i)revious observations made in what may be termed the heart oi the true north-west. I saw more of this Mahinis later on in the ])lains near the foot of the main Hamersley Ranges, and I found two nests from which the young had recently flown. I may as well mention here, that the year had so far, unfortunately, proved a dry one. Up to the time of my arrival in Roebourne only three inches of rain had then been recorded. These con- ditions prevailed during the four months I was conducting my observations. Xot a single day occurred with a com])letely overcast sky. It was not until October that a few very local thunderstorms occurred, the fall of rain being meagre in the extreme. The natural result was that the necessary food being absent, birds, with very few e.\cei)tions, did not breed. My earliest efforts were directed to the country in the neigh- bourhood of the river, and to the plains of Spinifex (Triodia) and grass intervening between it and the ranges, distant some fifteen miles. It was not until the end of September that I camped at the foot of the latter. Bird life near the river was plentiful enough, though the numbers of species obser\ed was not great. Amongst the most cons])icuous were Magpie Lark (CraU'ma cyanolcnco) , Blue-winged K(xjkaburra {Dacelo leaclii), Sacred Kingfisher (Halcyon saiictns), with scattered pairs of Red- backed Kingfisher (Halcyon pyrrJiopyghis). Late in October a ])air of Sacred Kingfishers were flying in and out of a cavity in a large Cajuput, but I am very doubtful if they really nested there. The fawn-breasted birds were quite as noisy as usual, especially in the morning and evening. I found them in ])arties of three to five. T could detect no young birds amongst them, and saw no signs f)f pairs which had taken u]) their stations near hollow-limbed trees. The Dusky Miner t Mycanflui obsciira) was common among the river gums in parlies f)f five to eight. The Pdack- faced Cuckoo-Shrike ( Graiicahis novcc-Jiollandicc) was also present, and was one of the few species I found nesting. Three nests were observed, but all .in inaccessible situations, being placed in a small fork near the end of a horizontal limb of a Eucaly])t. A little aboriginal girl brought me a fully fledged young bird, when camped nearer to Mill vStream homestead in November. About that period the Cajuputs were much in- fested with a large grey grub. The Cuckoo-Shrikes re.sorted to these trees in small flocks, and they, with the assistance of the Crows, must have destroyed numbers of them. The Crow on the Fortescue, as far as I could make out, was exclusively the smaller Short-billed Crow (Corviis hcniictti). 262 WHITJ/JCK, Trip to Fortcscuc River [Tst^ApT They were plentiful enough arountl the homestead, but were educated to the appearance of a gun. They waited their opportunity, and as soon as I was at a safe distance from camp, swoo[)ed down on any scraps of food thrown away. A pair breeding at the foot of the ranges as remarkably wary, and though I tried to ambush one or other of them when they came to drink at a trough, they never gave me the chance of a shot. This pair was nesting a mile and a half from the bore \vhere I was camped, and came to drink several times a day. Their nest was fairly high up in a large River Gum. The Parrot family was i)oorly represented as regards species. This seems to be the case all through the heart of the true north-west. The Corella, or P.are-eyed Cockatoo {Cacatiia san ])lemiful at Mill Stream in good seasons, but owing to the dry weather I saw few of them. I questioned the more intelligent of the al)origines as to the presence of a Parrot breeding in tlie Spinifex, but all shook their heads. The\ had ne\cr hearcf of a Parrot that did not breed in a tree. Of the birds of jirey the Pittle Eagle (Hieractus iiiorph- noides) was the most common. I saw as many as three ])airs THE EMU. Vol XXII. PLATE LXXII voi-xxii.] WHITLOCK. Trip to Fortcscuc River 263 on the wing at the same time, over the Crossing Pool. This fine pool is over a mile long, and for some distance a hundred yards wide. The depth is considerable. Its margins are much frequented by Reed Warblers. An occasional Harrier {Circus assimilis) was also observed flying low over the reed- beds growing in the shallower parts of the pond. Odd pairs of Whistling Eagles {Haliastur splioutnis), too, were occasionally seen. The Wedge-tailed Eagle {Uroaetus audax), was not much in evidence at Mill Stream. Rut Mr. Reginald Cusack, of Tambug .Station — 40 miles to the East — told me that pairs had bred on the run, and that the young bird had been destroyed when the nest was accessible. The common Brown Hawk {Icracidea berit/ora) had also nested. j\Ir. Cusack kindly gave me a pair of eggs. He also gave me what he said was a Kite's tgg taken from a nest also contain- ing a young bird. The appearance of the egg confirms Mr. Cusack's identification. Of the smaller Hawks I noted a few ]>airs of the Western Kestrel {Cerchneis cenchroides iinicolor) — locally called the "Sparrow Hawk," and also the true Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter cirrhocephahts). An odd example of the (ioshawk {Astur fasciatxis) was seen in a Cajuput near my camp late in November. Owls were heard calling, when at a flying camp I had near the Crossing Pool. The night was bright moonlight, but for all that I could not distinguish either bird amongst the foliage of the River Gums. The note of one bird was distinctly lower pitched than that of the other. I shot a pair of what I took to be Xinox occUata near this camp. Their ])lumage was much paler than that of specimens of the Boobook Owl {Ninox boobook) from further south. The iris of one bird was bright yellow, the other hazel brown. I was told on good authority that other species of Owls occurred along the river. ]\Iagpies (Gynmorhina) were very scarce on the Fortescue, and I saw nothing of them in the Ranges. The dry season may possibly have temporarily driven them away. I identified only two pairs, both near Mill Stream homestead. One pair built a nest, but I never saw the female sitting. It was in a very big River Gum. .A Crow's nest was in a neighbouring tree. There were frequent squabbles between the two species. I am doubtful if either nest contained eggs. The Magpies ap- peared to be the Black-backed (C. tibicen). The Pied Butcher- Bird was sparsely represented too, but I heard this species whistling in the ranges at daybreak. Some birds appeared to build nests and then abandon them. This was the case with a pair of Magpie-Larks which built a nest near the Mile Stream spring. This spring rises suddenly in the bed of a creek, and has a flow of water estimated at 14,000,000 gals, every twenty- four hours. The water rises at a temperature of 82 deg., Fahr., 264 WHITLOCK, Trip to Fortescnc River j Ts "Apnl" and is wonderfully clear, and pleasant lo drink. The stream divides into four channels near the homestead, and after irri- gating the gardens, spreads out into the Hats towards the main river. The depressions in these flats com])rise large and almost impenetrable reed-beds, the haunt of several interesting si)ecies of birds. These comprise Reed Warblers (Acroccphahis aus- tralis longirostris), various Crakes (Porzana), Western vSwamp- Hens { Porphyria), W^ater Hens (Calliniila), and a species of Fantail- Warbler (Cisticola ). These Cisticolac were very in- teresting, and I think their plumage was of a paler tint than that of a typical specimen. I found them very silent, but they had a feeble call-note, which at first I took to be the note of of a nestling Crake. It was disappointing to see no signs of their breeding. They had a habit of getting up from the rushes almost at one's feet, and then dropping into the nearest dense cover, from which it was difficult to entice them. Occa- sionally they would perch in some conspicuous situation, show- ing but little fear at such times. The ])lumage of the ui)per parts was much striped. But in the s])ecimens ])rocured the nape was always greyish buff and unstriped. I could not get a view of the Crakes {Porzana) inhabiting the reed-beds, but the notes were identical with those of the Spotless Crake {P. plumbca), with which I am very familiar. I obtained, how- ever, a small Porzana I could not identify with certainty. It was nearer to the Lyittle Crake {P. pitsilla), and had greyish white stripes on the mantle. Another bird seen swimming on the Mill Stream spring was a small species, and appeared to have a shield on the forehead. Air. C. R. Irvine told me he had seen small Crakes running on the aquatic \egetation there, and that they had red eyes. The bird 1 saw had a feeble call, like the syllables "ik-ik-ik." 1 could not get a specimen of the Swami)-Hen (Porphyrio), but a little aboriginal girl found an egg near the main river. This was kindly given to me by Mrs. C. R. Irvine. It resembles an egg of the Western Swamp-Hen (Porphyrio bellus). I'airs of the Darter (.hihinija novcc-hoUandicc) were on the Mill Stream Creek, and also on all the pools of the main river. Their clattering cries often called my attention to them when other- wise I might have overlooked them, .\nother acpiatic birtl I occasionally Hushed when T went to the spring for water was the P.lack Bittern {Pitpcfor f^az'icollis). A pair of Little Grebes must have nested on ihe Mill Stream Creek, as I saw them with one very small chick. There was tpiite a fleet of this species of ("irebe on the I'alni Pool — so called from the proximity of many palms growing on its margins. This species of palm does not appear to be l)otanically known, and I was told on the best authority that it is indigenous, and i)eculiar to the Forlescue River. It is a water-loving species, and I never saw it more tiian a coui>lc of hundred vards awav from the TtlE £MU, Vol. XXI I. PLATE LXXIV. b ~' ^°'i^"] WHITLOCK, Trip to Fortcscnc Rhrr 265 river or Mill Stream Creek. It produces a round seed the size and shape of a sandalwood nut. The flowers and flower stalks are red. The seeds are swallowed by Emus, as they have a soft outer covering which an Emu can digest. These ])alms reach a height of nearly twenty feet — measured to the topmost frond. Pied Cormorants {P/ialacrocorax I'ariiis) occurred as stragglers on all the pools. I picked up a feather, referrable to the plumage of the Nankeen Xight-Heron ( Xycticorax cale- doniciis). IMrs. C. R. Irvine showed me a clever painting, exe- cuted by her daughter, Mrs. Roberts, of the head of a Mangrove Bittern (Butoridcs stau.sh Lark (Mirafra woodivardi ?) was not uncommon. During the heat of the day, for want of better shade, they cam]) on the lee side of fence posts. The Pipit (Anthits australis) was far from common, compared with other districts of this State. The Chats (Epthianiircc), owing to the dry season, were absent. The Crimson Chat (E. tricolor) was, however, well known as a regular visitor. Three other genera, common to most parts of this State, were also absent, z-iz. : Scrub- Wrens (Sericoniis), Thornbills (.lco»f///ro), and Grovind-Birds (Cinclosomo ). This is in accordance with my other experiences in the heart of the true north-west. A form of the Yellow Silvereye (Zosterops lutea balstoni) was present by the river, and was also found near the homestead at Mill Stream. This is the first time I have found this species far from the coast. Another species not previously met with by myself in the north-west, was the 266 WHIT LOCK, Tnr to foricscuc River [TstA^pTii' Western Fly-eater {Gcryyoiic culicifora). It was, however, distinctly rare, as was the Mistletoe-Iiird (Diccruiii hirundina- ceum). Mistletoe was growing plentifully on the Cajuputs and other trees by the river and in the ranges. Honey-eaters were not well represented as regards species. The Carter Honey-eater ( Mrlipluit/a carterl) was, of course, found in the River Ciums near water, and in searching a big gorge in the ranges for a spring, I came across a small party there. I did not find this spring, but from the presence of these Honeyeaters I think it was not far away. In November this species was feeding amongst the flower heads of bushes growing in the river. The Grey-headed Honeyeater (.1/. kcart- landi) was in scattered ])airs in the ranges, and in the tributary creeks to the river. I missed the familiar call-note "chee-toyt, chee-toyt," which seems to be uttered only when pairs are breeding. The Brown Honeyeater (Stif/niatops Uidistincta) was the commonest of the true Honeyeaters. Sj^ecimens varied much in size, and the song differed considerably from that uttered by this species in the south-west. Two species of Par- dalotes were present; I'lz., the Pallid {Pardalotus pallidiis) and the Red-ti|)ped (P. oniatiis), the latter rather rare. The Pallid Pardalote attempted to nest. I dug one out, and found only two incubated eggs. Other pairs started tunnels, and then abandoned them when half finished. The same thing hap- pened with the Kainbow-Bird (M crops oruafiis), which was common by the river. The White-shouldered Cateri)illar-eater (Coinpcpliufia tricolor) appeared in small ])arties in August. It was not till November that I saw individuals in full plumage. Three species of Wood-Swallows were present : The P>Iack- faced {Artanius cincrcus), the Little (./. iiiiiior). and the Grey- breasted (J. Iiyf^olciicits). It is the first time I have met the latter away from the coast. The Little Wood-Swallow occurred on migration by the ri\er in July. In the ranges I observed ])airs hawking about the rocky gorges. Occasionally one or other of a pair would lly into some inaccessible cavity in the cliffs, but whether or not they were really nesting, I cannot say. The \\'estern Fantail (Rhipidiira flahcUijcra f>ricssi) was very rare on the ri\er, but its congener, the black and white species. {R. IcHCOplirys ). was common e\erywherc. and a few pairs bred. Amongst the Pinches, the Chestnut-eared ( 'J'iioiiof^xi/ia castanofis ) , was abundant near the river, and near sheep- troughs. It was not breeding, which was a wonder. The beautiful Painted Finch {linihlcma f'icta) and the delicate Red- faced Firetail (Bathilda nificauda) were present in very .small numbers near the river, but in the ranges, near water, the Painted Finch was rather more jdentiful. Near Mill Stream .Spring a family party of Golden-backed Honeyeaters {Mcli- Vol. XXII 1923 WHITLOCK, Trip to Fortcsciic River 267 threptns Icct'wr) was tlittin^^ about amongst the huge Cajuputs, and in a gorge in the ranges I met with another ])art}-. The Crested Bell-Bird (Orcoica (/uttitnilis) was very rare^ and the onl)- i)airs noted were found in Spinifex country dotted o\er with larger bushes or small trees. At intervals between the ri\er and ranges were tracts of Snake-wood, with a rough growth, something between a large bush and a tree. This Snake- wood closely resembled the W'anyeo tree around Shark Bay, and also the Mulga of the East Murchison. A hand- book of the trees and large bushes of this State would he in- valuable to the field naturalist. Much confusion exists as to their \emacular names. In the same country inhabited l)y the Crested Bell-P)ird I found scattered pairs of the Rufous- crowned Emu-Wren (Stipitiints nificcps). They had much the same habits as the south-western species, and were difficult to entice from the large clumps of Spinifex {Triodia). Some birds were in moult and lacked their consi)icuous tail-feathers. I spent much time in a \ain search for nests. In climbing up to the summit of a big hill in the ranges in search of the play- ground of the local ]^)0wer-P)ird, T saw a pair of Emu- Wrens at a height of quite 2000 feet. 1'here was little cover on the sun-baked summit. .Another bird found in comj)any with the Emu- Wrens, was my old friend the Spinif ex-Bird (Hreinioniis cartcri). It was, however, distinctly rare, and only occurred where the friodia was growing in very large clumps. The males were not calling. The slopes of the rocky gorges in the ranges were clothed with innumerable clumps of Trif)dia, and in one gorge I came across a pair of Grass-Wrens ( Diaf^lioriUas). I watched them at intervals for about a week. They were evidently not breeding, as they shifted about so much. I there- fore secured the male. Wnting from memorw I think it is the Rufous Grass- Wren (/). i^'hitci). I had a glimpse of a second pair in another locality, but could not find them again. A third pair were reported in some hilly country on the northern side of the river. The male called a little in the evening, but his voice appeared to be feeble in comparison with that of East Murchison birds ; or perhaps its volume was dwarfed by the desolate surroundings. Both at the river and in the ranges, the cheerful song of the Rufous-breasted Whistler ( Pachycephala ritfiz-entris) was heard, and pairs of Shrike-Thrushes (Collitricincla sp. ? ) also added their music. A rare bird amongst the Snake-wood and dwarf Eucalyi)ts was Climacteric wellsi, the Allied Tree- Creeper. I obtained a single example near Tambrey Station, some forty miles to the east of Mill Stream. I'robably it had a mate, but a strong wind was blowing, and the ranges were almost invisible owing to clouds of dust. This will give some idea of the droughty conditions prevailing. Near the river, parties of Red-breasted I^abblers (Powatostomns rubeculiis) 268 WHITLOCK, 7>;> to Fortcscuc Rkrr [TsfApni* were present. I saw a number of old nests, and believe a tew pairs bred. The Hooded Robin (Mclonodryas cncuUata) was in scattered pairs all over the run, but the Red-capped Robin (Pctroica (joodenovu) was confined to the river. I saw one pair feeding a young one. Curiously enough I did not .see a single male in full i)lumage. Had this anytliing to do with the dry season? The \\'eebill {Smicrornis hrcvirostris) was com- mon enough in the dwarf Bloodwood Kucalypts, but was not breeding. The Welcome Swallow {Hirimdo )ieoxcna) was present, and Tree Martins ( Hylocliclidnii iiu/ricans) were present in the ranges, and more commonly by the river. I think occasional pairs bred. The notes of the Pallid Cuckoo (Cucitliis pallidus) were heard in all parts, but the smaller Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo (Clialcitcs basalis) was almost absent. This was no d(nibt due to the dry season. Xight-Jars were heard, but not identified, exce]>t the small Owlet Nightjar {JEgotheles cristata). This species often called from the hole it was roosting in during the day. Mr. R. Roberts, the overseer of Mill Stream, rei)orted putting up a pair of "Ghost-Birds" ( Eiirostopodus .sp. : i but was not able to get a specimen. The Pheasant-Coucal (Coitropiis pliasiaiiiiiHS) was not un- common by the river, and a pair lived in a reed-bed near the homestead. Some years ago Mrs. R. Roberts, when out riding, flushed a female from her nest in the Spinifex. The eggs were brought home ; they were at once put under a hen and hatched out in a week into very ugly nestlings. The hen promptly abandoned them, but they were successfully reared by hand. As ])ets they j)r()\ed undesirable, and two were sent down to the Perth Zoo. The third was liberated, and for some time got its living in the homestead gardens. It might be reasonably exi)ected that Ducks would be abun- dant on the fine ])ools in the river. This was not the case, but in a better season things might be diiYerent. Perhaps a truer explanation is that the ])()ols, owing to their great depth, do not contain a sufficiency of the necessary food to suit ducks. The magnificent "Deep Reach" pool, which is two and a half miles long, attains an average depth of fifty-two feet. Sound- ings up to sixty-one feet have been made. .\11 these ])ools con- tain an abundance of edible fish. I separated six distinct species, but could not name any of them, except in a general way. T identified the common Civey (Black) Duck {.hias supcrciliosus), and saw another tlock of a smaller species, with much white on the flight feathers (Xyroca aiistralis ? ). Kimberley Ccese, T^lumed Whistling Ducks {Doidrncyiina cytoiii), I was told, occur at certain seasons of the year. A bird common enough on the Coongan and the Grey Rivers, i-ic, Black-fronted Dotterel (Charadrius inclanof>s), was rare on the ^°'l&^"] WHITLOCK. Trip to Forlcscuc River 269 P'ortescue. I saw only one small parly. vSoutheni Stone- Plovers (Biirhinus inagnirostris) were heard calling at night, but none was seen during daylight. On the ])ools were a few Black Swans (Chenopis atrata). At wells and at the springs in the ranges the little Diamond Dove {Gcopelia cumeata) was very common indeed. On the river its place was taken by the Peaceful Dove {G. placida). I saw but one P>ronzewing (PJiaps chalcoptera). This was near a spring in the ranges. Quails were rare. Only one or two were seen. They looked like the Little Quail (Turuix velox). Parties of £mus (Droniaius novcr-hoUandice) were occasionally seen in the country between the river and ranges. At one of my camps, three came regularly to the troughs to drink. A white specimen was reported on Mount Enid i-un, a station to the north-west of Mill Stream. Other species of birds were seen at too great a distance to be identified with certainty, and single individuals of the two Song-Larks, viz., the Brown Song-Lark {Cinclorhamphus cruroUs), and the Rufous Song-Lark (C. rufescens), were noted. One of the chief objectives of my trip was to see if I could not locate a Bower-Bird in the ranges. Mr. Tom Carter, a few years back, found a new sub-species at Yardie Creek, near the North-west Cape. Still further back I saw a single bird on the Taiga River, near its junction with the Coonyan. This bird was so close above my head, that I dare not shoot at it with a twelve bore gun. The bird eluded me, in a subsequent chase. A few weeks later, I recognised a party by their flight on the de Crrey River, and a local naturalist told me he had seen play-grounds on the neighbouring Ridley River. The result of inquiries at Mill Stream as to the presence of a Bower-Bird in the neighbouring Hamersley Ranges did not give me much encouragement. However, I accidentally came in contact with Air. T. Brown, a teamster. He had camped in different parts of the ranges, hunting dingoes during slack times. He told me that Bower-birds visited the springs for water at several of his camps. He gave such an accurate description of the bird and its habits that I had full confidence I should find the information correct. Mr. C. R. Irvine told me at the same time of a gorge which he knew contained a spring within five miles of a bore, where I could camp. On 23rd September he very kindly motored me to the spot, and also conducted me to the mouth of the gorge. The following day, leaving camp very early, I went in search of the spring. The going was very rough, the bed of the creek being much encumbered with rocks of all shapes and sizes, which had fallen from the precipitous sides of the gorge. 270 WHI'H.OCK, Trip to fortcscuc River fTst^Apd" Crowinj,' scruh and HockI debris als(. added to my dithculties. The flies, too, were savage. I was told I should find the spring surrounded by a growth of Cajuputs, and naturally looked for trees of this s])ecies. This led me to overshoot the mark, and after tramping six miles or so, f turned l»ack to where T had seen a number of Ground Do\es, Red-plumed or S])inifex Pigeons (Lopliophaps fcrru(/inea) and Painted Finches. These birds led me to the spring, the cajuput trees being nothing more than bushes with .1 white pai)ery bark, and cpiite ;i dififerent foliage from tlial of the river-side species. The appearance of the spring itself was discouraging. A feeble stream of water was slowly oozing from the bank of the creek into a black-looking depression choked up with decaying vegetation ; the whole surrounded by a growth of rushes. There was only one thing to do, and that was to clean it out, as I intended to establish a flying camp there, .\fter an hour's work rejteatedly baling out the ])olluted water, things looked better. I retired to the other side of the creek, and sat down to wait. Many Do\es and Finches came to drink. Pre.sently, in a eucalypt overhead, 1 heard the well-remembered, raucous notes. I looked up, and there was a veritable Piower P>ird. This was presently joined by three or four more. They hopped lower and lower until one was \^-ithin a few feet of my head. T could see the beautiful i)ink nai)e and his glossy, velvety plumage to perfection. T sat (|uite still and watched one after the other drink and bathe at the si)ring. They were much interested in my appearance. I'robably T was the first white man they had seen, as these ranges are seldom visited by prospectors or kangaroo hunters. After a time this i)arty of P)0\\er-Birds cleared out. They seemed to go to the north. I still waited, and presently other birds came. Their behaviour was much the same, and after drinking they flew away quietly, but not before T had noted that they (lisa])])cared in an ()j)positc direction to the first party. T followed as well as T could, (^nc bird almost dcccixcd me with a nearly ])erfect imitation of the ringing notes of the ( K)l(len-backed Honey-eater. The ground being so diflicult, I e\entually lost sight of them, and returned to the spring. Xo more birds came during a further wait. ] returned to the spring a day or two later to arrange for a flying camp, and saw the Hower-i^irds again. ( )n .>Oth Sep- tember T carried rugs and camping utensils with a supply of food to a pitch I had chosen. The birds came as usual, but only once during the whole day. Indeed, few birds came to irds came until about '>.30. Observations <|uite satisfied me that there were two and possibly three distinct parties visiting the spring. Tt \\a< easier, owing to the gorge THE EMt', Vol XXII. PLATE LXXV. Grassy tlals, vegetalion and rocky walU ut gorges Photo, by F. L:iwson Whillock. K.A.O.U. Vol. XXII. 1923 ] WHITl.OCK. Trip to Fortesnic River 271 being clearer to the south, to watcli the jiarly which llew away in that direction. The gorge at the spring was contracted, and witli very steep slopes, capped with precipitous clilifs. These cliffs were formed of horizontal strata of what looked like ferruginous (|uartzite, capped with great masses of ironstone conglomerate. The strata were much laminated, and between the ])lates wild hgs (Ficiis piihcrcida) and other hush-like trees managed to main- tain an e.xistence. One of the birds I was watching flew to- wards a large wild-fig tree near the summit of the cliff. A search along the slo])es of the gorge for a nest or ii]a\gr()und proved fruitless. It was a sultry day, with distant thunder. This set me thinking. If a rain storm came all rock holes might be filled with water and I should have small chafice of locating the liower-Birds under such conditions. I resolved t<^ secure a pair of specimens whilst I had the chance. This was easily to fortcscuc River 273 play-j^roLind again. I succe.s.sfully climbed the cliff at a nearer point, in the neighbourhood of another wild tig tree. This tree was in fruit, and as 1 s;i\\ a IJower-Bird tly to it, I presume they were feeding on the fruil to some extent. 1 tasted one myself and found it very insipid and dry. When I reached the ])lay-gr()und there were three birds there. I watched for a long time in hopes of getting a clue to a nest, but with no success. The wild 'n^i, tree was nearing its last days, and gave but little shade. I could see it had been at one time the host of many Mistletoe [)lants, and also of climbing vines, the scars of which were plainly visible around the main trunk. The heat and ants in the end tired nie out, and as I had lost hope of finding a ncsl I sacrificed two of the attendant birds. It went much against the grain to do so, but I reflected how rarely an ornithologist visited these inaccessible ranges, and that the specimens I secured would be put to a better use in the H. L. White Collection than in furnishing a meal for some lurking Rock Python. I returned to the spring, and was packing up, when a Bower-Bird suddenly appeared from the north, in a bush just behind me. I was fortunate enough to shoot this, as it proved to be the only female out of the five specimens I got. This is curious, as Mr. Tom Carter secured four females and one male out of the same number, and is exactly the reverse of my experience. On dissection this female proved to be fully adult, with ovules the size of No. 6 shot. Like the males, she showed signs of moult. The pink nape was very little in evi- dence in this specimen. This agrees with my last East Mur- chison experiences. The aborigines told me Bower-Birds are seldom seen near the Fortescue River, though wild fig trees grow in the adjacent cliffs. They know the bird as the Tarra-dee. I returned to Mill Stream Spring October 11th, after vainly attempting to locate other springs in the ranges. The abor- igines are acquainted with them, but could give but little idea of their distance away — "perhaps four mile, perhaps eight mile" \vas all I could get out of them. For the remainder of the trip I worked near the river. In spite of all my efforts I could find neither nests nor young birds. I resolved to return home. I left my very kind friends, Mr. and Mrs. Irvine, on 14th Novem- ber, and I taice this opportunity of acknowledging the innumer- able kindnesses in the shape of hospitality, advice and assistance I received at their hands, and also for the readily granted permis- sion to camp and collect on any part of the run I liked. I am also indebted to Mr. Kenneth Cookson, one of the owners of Mill Stream, for the interest he took in my work during a brief visit he paid to the station. I left Roebourne 21st November, and landed at Fremantle a week later. 274 AlcGTLr. Bh-ds of Lake Frame District. [T'tApd" Birds of Lake Frome District, South Australia Hy j. XEI]. McGILI', R.A.O.U., King's Park, Adelaide. Part II. I'halacrocorax carbo, Cormorant; I»halacrocorax fusce.scens, White- breasted Cormorant; Phalacrocorax ater. Little Black Coniiorant; Microcarbo melanoleucus. Little Pied Cormorant. The two small Shags are found throughout the year on stock tanks, bore streams and springs, yet no recoi'd of its breeding has been made. The two large Shags come in company with more of the smaller species in good seasons, when lakes are full, but certainly do not breed here nor remain long. Anhinga nov.v).- residents, numerous; breed according to season, but prefer springtime. Usual Artamus nest of grass and roots lined with root- ^°m3^"] McGIIJ'. nirds of Lake Frame District. 285 lets placed at varying: heights in trees; clutch, 3 or 4 eggs, which vary greatly in markings; rarely seen in flocks like the two preced- ing species. Artamus cyanopterus. Wood-Swallow. — Rare visitors in good seasons, about October, only in small parties; not known to breed in districts, but dees so in hilly country a few miles south of district. Cclluricincla harmonica. Shrike-Thrush. — Common in creeks with timber; breeds freely; builds typical nest; clutch, 2 to 3 eggs. Cclluricincla rufiventris. Western Shrike-Thrush. — Rarely noted in timbered creeks and hills; not residents; only one record of breeding; a nest with three eggs being found on 12th August, 1920. The nest was placed in a hollow broken-off stump a few feet above ground; it was more neatly made than that of C. harmonica, and measured across the egg-cavity hardly 3^ inches; it was nearly 3 mches deep, composed solely of strips of bark. The eggs marked with black blotches and spots are somewhat smaller than typical eggs of (C. hartnonica). Grallina cyanoleuca. Magpie Lark. — Common along bore streams and creeks with water; nest freely; typical cup-shaped nest of mud and grass. It is an expert dodger on the wing, and though often chased by Falcons and other birds of prey, I have never seen one captured. Both birds feed young, which take on a dull adult plumage from nest. Young males can be distinguished from young females with ease; breeds from August to December; in good years at least two broods are reared. Very often nests of the Black and White Fantail are found in the same tree as this species. Aphelocephala leucopsis. Whiteface. — Very common; breed freely in all manner of situations such as in hollow spouts, old Kingfishers' tunnels, clefts in rocks, under verandahs and in parasitic growth in tea-tree. Nest typical, snugly lined with feathers and fur; clutch, 3 to 4 eggs; both parents feed young. Aphelocephala nigricincta. Black-banded Whiteface. — Found in fair numbers in sandhill country. For further notes read Emu, vol. xxi., part i. Young have adult plumage from nest. Writer presented ycung birds to S.A. Museum. Sphenostoma cristatum. Wedgebill. — Not common; breeds in dis- trict; one of first birds to call in early morning, locally known as "Daylight Bird"; has a beautiful call. Nest an open cup-shape, made of small sticks, lined with grass and rootlets and placed within hand's reach in thick scrubby bushes; clutch, 2 beautiful eggs, green colour with comma-like markings. Breeding commences about July, but is regulated by rainfall. Eggs have been noted in December; only nest measured gave, external diameter 5^ inches, depth 21 inches, egff cavity 2i inches diameter, by nearly 2 inches in depth. Neositta pileata. Black-capped Tree-Runner. — Odd parties visit district, but do not stay more than a few days in the timbered country in hills. Climacteris picumna. Brown Tree-Creeper. — Occasionally noted, probably visitors only. Fairly numerous 50 miles south of district, where, I am informed, they sometimes breed. Zo-sterops lateralis (?). White-eye. — A small flock noted in Octo- ber, 1920, evidently migrating as not seen again; only record. Dicaeum hirundinaceum. Mistletoe-Bird. — Common when mistletoes are in fruit; no nesting record; arrive about May and depart October or Novembei". Pardalotus striatus. Pardalote. — Very common in eucalypt coun- try; breed freely. A nest of strips of bark is built in a hollow spout 286 Mc(,lLl\ Birds of Lake Fromc District. ITst^ApT of gum tree or in a tunnel into bank. The nest is a complete dome- shaped sti-ucture of finely shredded strips of bark, no lining'; clutch, 3 to 4 eggs; bird sits closely to eggs or young, often remam- ing on nest till hollow or tunnel is opened out; breeds from August to December, early or late in accordance with season. Pardalotus rubricatus. Red-browed Pardalote. — Not plentiful; breeds in tunnels into banks; no record of a hollow tree being used. Instead of the typical domed nest one would expect to find, this bird simply makes a cup-shaped nest in an enlarged chamber at end of tunnel. The nest is made of strips of bark, and lined with grass. Bird sits so closely on eggs that it is nearly always captured on nest when tunnel is scratched out; clutch, 2 to 3 eggs; breeds late; eggs only found in November to January; cup-shaped nest measured 3i inc]ies external diameter by li inches deep. Plectorhyncha lanceolata. Striped Honey-eater. — Few visitors in good years; probably does not breed. Myzomela nigra. Black Honey-eater. — Visits district in good num- bers in favcuiable seasons. No record of nesting. Glyciphila albifrons. White-fronted Honey-eater. — Visits district about June to September; no record of its bi'eeding; its loud metallic note can be heard in creeks and timbered country; very shy birds. Certhionyx variegatus. Pied Honey-eater. — Generally a few resi- dents throughout year, largely increased in numbers from June to September; no record of breeding other than of young being fed by parents in October, 1919. Meliphaga vire.scens. Singing Honey-eater. — Very numerous, resi- dent; breeds freely, laying its 2 or 3 pink eggs in an open cup nest made of roots, stems of plants and grass matted together with wool and cobweb, lined with rootlets, wcol, and hairlike tendrils, meas- urements, overall diameter 4\ inches, cup measures diameter 2\ inches by almost li inches deep; nest suspended by rim to small branches; usually placed within 10 feet of ground. Meliphaga ornata. Yellow-plumed Honey-eater. — Visits district in fair numbers, but some usually remain during year; prefers eucalypt, and have much same habits as the White-plumed Honey-eater; not found nesting, but probably does so. Meliphaga plumula. Yellow-fronted Honey-eater. — Not common; found only in malice country in district; found breeding only oc- casionally. One nest measured overall diameter scarcely 2:,' inches, and just over 2L inches deep, the egg-cavity was almost 2 inches in diameter by 13 inches deep; nest made of bark finely shredded, cob- webs and cocoons, lined with flower down. It was suspended by rim in drooping foliage of a low mallee, about 6 feet up from ground. Two eggs formed the set, which was incubated about a third of incu- bation period. Meliphaga penicillata. White-plumed Honey-eater. — Very com- mon in eucalypts. It is (M. f>. Iri/aralrnsis);hree(\9. fr^iely; nest typical of dominant sub-species; clutch, 2 to 3 eggs; breeds in accordance with season, usually from July to October, but odd nests with eggs may be found throughout the year. Moliornis nov:r-hollandia'. Yellow-winged (New Holland) Honey- eater. — A few birds noted during each winter, but they do not rcmam long; no record of breeding. Myzantha flavigula. Yellow-throated Miner. — A common bird, which appears to be gradually increasing in numbers; breeds accord- ing to season, though most nests arc found from July to October; typical nest; clutch, 2 to 4 eggs. Time after time one finds its nest either in same tree as a nest of the Black-backed Magpie or in the ^°'i9^23^"] McGILP, nirds of Lake Fromc District. 287 adjoin inj? tree, and both birds rearing younp; in the same tree. A large quantity of wool and horsehair is used in the nest if such is available. Acanthagenys rufogulari.s. Spiny-cheeked Honey-eater. — Com- mon; breeds freely at any period of year when conditions are suit- able, but generally from June to December; probably rears two or more broods a year. The nest is rather a crude one; first a rim of green plant tendrils is attached to several twigs, usually of a tea- tree, then tendrils are passed over and the ends worked into the rim, allowing the centre of tendril to loop down; this method continues until the tendrils cross and recrcss like a basket, but nothing is put on in a horizontal manner except the rim. Into these tendrils is worked wool and cobweb, and when completed the nest has (juite a woolly appearance. So much variation in size occurs that measure- ments ax'e of little use; an average nest measures about 4', inches diameter by 2 to 3 inches in depth. The inner cup is usually about same size, diameter 3 inches by neai'ly 2 inches in depth. The gut- teral call of the "Spiny Cheek" is more often heard during nesting- time than at other periods of the year. Both birds assist in con- sti-ucting nest, aiid feeding young. Anthus australis. Australian Pipit (Ground-Lark). — Very com- mon, and in drought years is often the only bird visible on the open plains; breeds freely; 3 or 4 eggs to clutch. Taeniopygia castanotis. Chestnut-eared Finch. — In thousands; our only Finch; breeds all the year round according to season; seldom build new nest, an old one is repaired and relined; clutch, from 4 to 7 eggs. Usually found only close to water in summer time; a number of nests often found with eggs or young on same shrub; sometimes eggs are laid in an old nest, and the repairing continues for some time afterwai'ds. Corvus cecilae. Australian Crow. — Not as numerous as the Short- bills. Destructive to ewes and lambs; breeds freely; typical nest and habits as elsewhere; clutch, 4 to 5 eggs; down smoky grey. Corvus bennetti. Short-billed Crow. — Very numerous; breeds freely; spends most of their time searching after grubs and insects and pre- fer open plains to timbered country; typical Crow's nest; clutch, 4 to 7 eggs. Cracticus nigrogularis. Pied Butcher-Bird. — Only one pair of these beautiful birds noted, evidently visitors; better songsters than our own "Coollady" or Grey (Collared) Butcher-Bird. Cracticus torquatus. Grey (Collared) Butcher-Bird. — Fairly numerous in hilly country, but no record of its breeding in district. Gymnorhina tibicen. Black-backed Magpie. — Common, and without doubt increasing; breeds freely, nesting in tall trees when available; clutch, 3 to 5 eggs. The eggs are often covered with fur when bii'd leaves nest, but whether she covers them or whether the fur rises up as she gets off nest I am unable to record. Odd nests are not lined with fur. Sparrows and Starlings. — Former in fair number, two or three of latter. Note. — It will be observed that I have not dealt with the birds sub- specifically, except in a few instances. Many of the birds in district have been made sub-species, but the writer claims that conditions of season alter the colour of the birds to a certain extent; for in- stance, a Yellow-tailed Thornbill taken in drought time has the rump of a much paler colour than one taken during a good season. Leigh's Creek, a locality quoted by Mr. G. M. Mathews, is not far from the Lake Frome District. 288 ROT',KR'I\S. lUnis of the Cramtc Belt \'\stA^ti The Small Birds of the Granite Belt iiy Or. SI'EXCER KDP.KRTS, R.A.fJ.U.. and HUBI{RT JARVLS. Assistant Government Kntoniologist, Stanthorpe, Qld. Durinj^ recent months the attention of the authors of this article has been focussed upon insects and insect control, and many side issues, amongst them birds, have cropped up and been under discussion. One of us is a professional entomologist, the other an amateur dabbler in ornithology and entomology, with a strong leaning to applied and comparative anatomy. So if we ride our hobby horses overmuch at times, we ask indulgence. We happen to be working in an area which we both think highly interesting from our points of view, and one of us (S. R.) brieHy outlined in The Emu of April, 1922, the geography of the place. Too much detail is to be discouraged, and yet certain topographical facts must be put clearly. This Granite Belt, as it is termed, is the meeting point of the Dividing Range of South Queensland, covered for the most part in sub-tropical vine scrub, and of the Xew England highland, mainly granite, and a cold country. Further, it is in relation.ship of an intimate nature with the eastern waters of N.S.W., a humid, moist climate, and the great western country of Queensland, a dry hot plateau. So it draws upon all these diverse sources for bird and insect life, besides having some peculiarly its own ; but only the hardy may remain, as it is a bleak and inhospitable country for a great l>art of the year. And just as too great detail is to be depre- cated, so with thinking aloud. Xe\ertheless the main ideas which have guided the de\elopment of our article should be stated. We have been profoundly imi)ressed by the heat and chaos in regard to the i)rinci])les underlying classification and ntjmenclature ; by the former term meaning generic and suchlike distinctions, and by the latter those pertaining to i)riority and its attendant evils. So it has come about that our study has commenced with the Small Brown Birds with which we meet, giving each the name in the R.A.O.U. Check-list (Draft of Second Edition), with details of their general habits, their nesting, food, and superficial features. If the Eskimo, from his hard food and i)eculiar taste in treating hides by chewing them, can modify his facial skeleton, so, we argue, Sniicrornis hrcvirostris may develop a facies of his very own, if he does similar strange things. And we also bear in mind that for a century, and until comparatively recently, male and female of certain jiarrots were separated as distinct species, even distinct genera, and that the first field workers to state they were one and the same met with, to put it mildlv. disbelief. ^'°'iS"] ROr.KKTS. r>irds of the Cnwltc Jh'lt 289 What, now, are tliese Small lirown Birds which in the field are so much alike? Here they happen to be — (1) Sniicror)iis brevirostris (Brown Weebni) ; (2) Acanthiza I'mcata (Striated Thornbill or Tit) ; (3) .Icanthica piisilla (Brown Thornbill); (4) Geohasilcns chrysorrhous (Yellow- tailed Thornbill) ; (5) Geobasileiis retjnloides f Buff-tailed Thorn- bill) ; {()) Ccrycjouc alhof/iilaris (\Vhite-throated Warbler); (7) Gcrygonc ftisca (lirown Warbler), and (8) Chthomcola .uu/ittata ( Speckled Warbler ) . The grouping of them together may seem ludicrous. lUit it is asked that this may not cause even the skilled ornithologist to deride us. We said happen to be advisedly in introducing our subjects. J^et the skilled man ask himself does he know a piece of bush where counterparts of all may not be found in associa- tion? Perhaps A. nana takes the place of A. lineata, but on the whole they are similar ; he will draw his field glasses, focus them, and still be in doubt. Recall any piece of bush road with the undergrowth cleared up by stock, the near-by paddock rung, but suckering. Chrysorrlwus will be on the road, and the others, except perhaps Fusca, which wants thicker stuff, will be in the suckers. Brevirostris and Lineata are in the trees, rapidly flying hither and thither searching the leaves. Albogularis moves rather lazily amongst the twigs, and Piisilla darts from the low bush. Reg 111 aides potters about the ground, but Sagittata seems almost to creep. Fusca is an inhabitant of the only piece of vine scrub which we have, but is legitimately introduced as a type, and his habits are most like those of Brevirostris. Will they be scattered over the feeding grounds? More likely than not the whole assemblage will be found in a small sector, and this asso- ciation is undoubtedly a striking feature. They seem to range systematically their whole feeding ground, whatever the other insect-hunters may do. Here immediately, then, is our association, and a grouping utterly foreign to a strictly systematic view. What brings about this assemblage in the first place? It may be thought that perha])s so great a crowd will disturb and make visible the insects, but more probably it is for purposes of pro- tection, the warning note of all being the same. As regards food they are remarkably homogenous, which will be seen by a glanco at the tables given later. They do not seriously compete wdth the Honeyeaters, who derive most of their in.sect food from prying int(j deeper bark crevices and from true-blue flying insects, caught on the wing with a wonderful display of "stunting" ; their spare time they spend peering into hollows and chattering at the sleepy owl, as though they did not know he was there ; nor do they compete with the swift-flying Pardalote, who has a much greater range and is a more venturesome customer in the big timber. These vou will know bv their silhouettes, colour and 290 ROBERTS, Birds of the Granite Belt ITs'Apdi' flight; but not so our small brown fry, who pursue the more slow-moving, heavily camouflaged insects and proclaim them- selves only by the very intimate signs which they make to one anotlier. Brevirostris has a tiz-tiz (which is a human palate sound), but in addition has a loud song-like whistle (|uite unmistakable; the former he uses as he feeds amongst the leaves, sometimes hover- ing for a few seconds, the latter he utters when he has flown to a fresh tree and wishes to proclaim it to his mate. .Ubo(/iilaris you will know by his sweet song, his dash for the flying insect with snappiufi beak, and his peculiar tail movement. Lineata has a dental tiz-tiz and nothing else (E. J. Christian, Mathews' B. of A., ix., p. 446, notwithstanding) ; but he puts uncanny meaning into it when in flight, and it then sounds like the flight- call of the Red-browed Finch. He clings and flutters and braves any wind. Rcguloides is the plodder of the party, but he is Hkewise the most numerous and ubiquitous, and surely he must be brainy; in fact, he looks a wise, worried old thing. His forehead seems to have wrinkles in it, and his washy white eye completes the picture. He has a short friendly note, and a little song; but further, he is the first dealt with to have a distinct tribe mark, a widely shovi^n bufif rump in flight. Piisilla usually sits in dark ])laces, with his tail slightly erect, his wings drooped, brown, alert, and with an air about him ; sometimes he even seems slightly to erect the feathers of his forehead. As a rule in two's and three's, at times in the winter he collects his friends to feed up amongst the cypress and bottle- brush husks ; but more often he will be found close to the ground. He has a tribe call, and a rather harsh angry song. If the nest with young is approached, the ])arents will come tpiite close, and the bird will frequently utter a note like that of the "S'ellow Robin, but whether this is accidental or not we do not know, as we have never heard him imitating other birds, though we are aware it has been recorded. Chrysorrlious everyone knows; his twitter and song, the black line from the gape to the eye, and the lovely spotted head which appears to be covered in a close-fitting cap of Venetian lace; his yellow rump is widely dis{)layed in tlight. Saijittata is a camouflage artist ; let an alarm note be sounded, and he at once, without Cf)mmotion. merges into his surroundings. He is as (juiet a mover as the ( iround-Iiird (Ciiieloso)iia), but his gait is a short inconsi)icuous jump unlike that of the larger bird, which walks or runs. (Otherwise his full breast and whole bearing is like some miniature of that bird. Hut at times he takes to the trees with strong flight, and sitting there sings more sweetly than any other small bush bird. fusea hovers in front of a bunch of leaves more often even than Brex'irostris, spreads the tail to show the white spots, and after a real bird's-cyc \icw proceeds to gather up his observations. THE EMU, Vol XXli. PLATE LXXVI. ■^ o 3 T3 .S 111 - ss 0) '^ Vol. XXII. j ROIUCRTS, lairds of the Craiiitc Belt 291 In numbers the birds would be : Rcgiiloidcs 0, Liiicaia S, Chrysorrlious 3, Brcvirostris and ^llboyularis 2, Pusilla and Sagittata 2, Fusco — and we have thus far pictured them at a normal time, the more numerous in flocks, the less in pairs. As the nesting season approaches a pair of Brcvirostris anchor them- selves, become fierce and pugnacious, whilst the courting display is very beautiful for so small and sombre coloured a bird; he ruffles his head and cheek feathers, his dull coloured eye takes on a sheen, and he literally hangs by his toes with out-s])read wings and tail, .llhoguloris, too, anchors himself, and tlie song is very sweet; in fact, this seems to be the male bird's contribu- tion to the nesting. Pusilla becomes more than ever the stern, silent fellow. Regidoides, Chrysorrlious and Lineata still wander considerably, and their courting is of the nature of a si)arrow fight ; nor do they seem to mind others of their kind prying round their nests. As regards the nests, it is surprising that each sjjecies has such individualistic ways of building. Smicrornis builds either in a hanging or an upright bunch of twigs, but always starts with a cup, the hood and dome being added as a sort of afterthought, and not attached to the twigs of the tree. Ikiilding is very prolonged in this species and we have seen the birds carrying lining after the full clutch was laid. The nest is beautifully built from the green needle-like leaves of the dog-wood woven, but usually fastened in addition by the egg-containers and webs of spiders. It is lightly lined with feathers and soft things, and is quite diminutive. "This least of the Australian birds," as Gould puts it so beau- tifully, lays a tiny egg. Alhogidaris, on the other hand, first sus- pends by its top a hollow almost shapeless mass of bark fibre, taken from the inner layers and consequently khaki in colour. It hangs from a point where two or three twigs branch out, and act as an anchor, is heavily woven, and, in addition to fastenings from the useful spider, resin from the trees is used as a binding and maybe waterproofing material, for it is usually concentrated on the upper surfaces. This mass of bark, etc., is shaped by putting in of stiffeners on the inside, and the bird, in doing this, leaves her hindquarters protruding from the nest, an action which is almost characteristic. The result of this bulging of the centre is that the completed nest is shorter than the incom- plete. Lineata builds high or low, and the nest is a gem when finished. It is usually suspended from a single slender twig, and anchored by a leaf ; pear-shaped when viewed from its front, but square from the side, the entrance in the long axis of the suj)- porting twig, the whole thing is beautifully modelled, and the selection of material — brown bark fibre, white bark fibre, green spider egg-containers, and so forth — is worthy of the sha])e. If one w^atches the bird to find the nest it is immediately apparent, to your sorrow, how far it will go for material, as it often flies 292 ROBERTS, Birds of the Craiiitc Belt [Tst^Apdi' out of sight. Pitsilla is intensely interesting on account of the suspension. The nest is placed a few inches from the ground usually, in a low bush, and attached to a twig which, in many cases, is loose, and has fallen from al)()\e; this was the case in the nest illustrated (Plate Xo. Ixxviii.). It is built on long bark with a small amount of sjjiders' web, and immediately calls to mind a cheap suburban house which is all front; the entrance is ornate, but the living chamber is a rough structure woven into the back of this front, and supported by the twigs of the bush, but tiot woven into them. So it is often possible, as in the plate mentioned above, to lift the nest out without breaking a twig. The birds love to use brightly coloured feathers as a lining. Regiiloides builds a "humpy" of short bark just anywhere, the fork of a tree, the end of a spout, a piece of hanging bark, or the top of a dog-wood sufficing. It is ne\er woven to anything, the dome is a true piece of thatch and in the case of the nest in the dog-wood freciuently gets lopsided; .so he maintains his rejtu- tation as a happy-go-lucky, lovable old chap. Everyone knows the bulky nest of Chrysorrhons, with its double chambers, the one open, the other hooded. It is most fre- Cjuently in a hangmg bough, but is often in a thicket with its main support a thick limb behind or on one side. She owns to her kinshi]) by sometimes laying a spotted €:gg in her white clutch. Sacjittata is still the artist at concealment; he is truly a master, for of all the common birds, his nest is the most diffi- cult to find. A hole is scooped in the ground and the nest of rotting short gras, with a hood and dome of recently dead material to imitate the surroundings, is buill in tliis. We can but gaze in wonder at the pure art colour of the three chocolate- coloured eggs. So we pass from the ])leasant out-of-doors to considerations which can be followed to a conclusion only after scenes which we hate to look back upon. Our object, hitherto, has been to characterise rather than to differentiate, and the task of collect- ing these notes has been one of many pleasant hours. The e.xam- ination in a systematic way of nestlings has suggested itself to us, and we are seized by its imjxjrtance ; but the difficulty of doing so in hooded nests will be api)arent, more especially to those who ha\e done field w(jrk. .\nd we would beg to be excused. On a critical examination of the stomach contents of these birds, one cannot helj) being impressed with the i)art they nuist play in aifling the control of insect pests and also maintaining a balance of nature. They wage ceaseless war against small insects of almost every order, and though at times they may take toll of some which are beneficial to man, the harm they do is surely balanced by their good work so far as one can judge; their numbers, nimbleness and uhii|uit\ icndov them a factor Nvhich must be considered. Vol. XXII. 1923 ] KC^nKRTS. ninis of the Cranifc Belt 293 Smicroruis hrcrirostris has a fondness for leaflio])pevs (Jas- sids, Fulf^orids). The insect which escapes its bright eye must be well concealed indeed. Alany insects, such as small Diptera (two-winged tlies ) and Hymenoptera (four-winged flies) must be caught by him on the wing. The various species of Eucalyp- tus when flowering yield him a rich harvest of small beetles, etc. Acayitluzo Vuicato confines himself apparently to an insect diet. Hardness of shell (wing case) appears to be no bar to him ; down goes the insect whole, and it may, when recently swallowed, be found in the stomach in this state. .Icanthica pusilla has \ cry similar taste to the ])recc(ling, but in addition includes in his dietary a cpiantity of vegetable matter and a few seeds. Cicohasilcits clirysorrlioiis has an insatiable ap])etite. All is grist that comes to his mill ; every order of insect is represented in his daily menu, and spiders do not come amiss. Geohasilcus rcijitloidcs has developed seemingly a penchant for eating ants, and must devour a large cpiantity during the (la\-, in addition to the general run of insects. Gerygone albogularis is a terror to all insect life, attacking boldly quite large insects, and his strong beak ensures him quick victory. He is probably one of our most useful birds, destroy- ing, as proven, numerous small weevils and plant-eating beetles. Chthonicola sagittata must be also very useful, his diet being composed chiefly of scale insects, leafhop])ers, and other economic pests, but there is in addition a small ([uantitv of seeds and vegetable fragments. We would not dogmatise on the point as to whether the stomach contents show positively that the birds live on the ground or in the trees, but the examination of many stomachs of the species dealt with would lead us to conclude that the food can In a measure be taken as a guide to the habits of the indi\idua] species. TABLE OF STOMACH COXTBXTS. Si)iicrornis hrcrirostris. — Insects: Coleoptera. fragments of small beetle, sp. undeterminable ; Hymenoptera, several small wasps, also ants (Dolichoderus sp.), very numerous fragments; Diptera, large quantity of wings, heads, etc., undeterminable ; Homoptera, fragments of leaf hoppers (Fulgoridae, etc. ). ^'ege- table Matter : A small quantity. vSeeds : None. Acanthiza lineata. — Insects : Coleoptera, one small plant-eating beetle (Fam. Chrysomelidae), 3 Chrysomelid beetles (Calonicio sp.) ; Hymenoptera, several ants, and one or more Chalcid wasps ; Diptera, one vSyrphid-fly, many fragments of Diptera un- determinable ; Homoptera, one Fulgorid, and fragments of leaf- hoppers undetermined. Vegetable Matter: None. Seeds: None. 294 ROBERTS, Birds of the Granite Belt [Tst^ApHi" .icanthiza pusilla. — Insects: Coleoptera, several plant-eating beetles (Chrysomelidae) ; Orthoptera, one or more small earwigs (Forficulidae), one small cockroach (arboreal species) ; Homop- tera, leafhoppers Jassidae, Delphacidae (numerous fragments), one small Cicada (Melampsalta sp. ?) ; Lepidoptera, four or more small moth caterpillars; Thysanoptera, one Thrip (Idolothrips spectans). Vegetable Matter: Fragments of flowers. Seeds: One or two seeds of weeds. Geobasileus chrysorrhous. — Insects : Coleoptera, two Tene- brionid beetles, large quantity of fragment of small ground w^eevils (Curculionidae) ; Lepidoptera, two or more small moth caterpillars ; Homoptera, two or more Jassidae and numerous Psyllid fragments ; Hymenoptera, several small ants, species un- determined ; Orthoi)tera, fragments of immature grasshopper (CEcanthus sp.) ; Hetero])tera, one spined i>lant bug (Tingidae) ; Diptera, several wings and fragments undeterminable, Arach- nida : One spider. Vegetable Matter : None. Seeds : None. Geobasileus rcauloides. — Insects : Coleoptera, one small Longi- com beetle, three or more weevils ; Hymenoptera, eight or more small ants; Lepidoptera, three or more Moth larvae; Hemiptera, small bug, fragmentary condition; Homoptera, leafhopper (Ful- gorid sp.). Vegetable Matter: None. Seeds: None. Gerygone alboffularis. — Insects: Coleoptera, one Staphylinid beetle, three small weevils, one fairly large Chrysomelid beetle, one Longicorn beetle, one Tenebrionid beetle; Lepidoptera, several moth caterpillars in fragments; Orthoptera, one earwig; Hymenoptera, numerous small wasps in fragments, one large flying ant and large quantity of small ants ; Homoptera, numerous leafhopper fragments ; Diptera, a few wings and fragments un- determinable. Vegetable Matter : None. Seeds : None. Clithonicola sa(jittata. — Insects: Coleoptera. one weevil (Amy- rictinae), one plant-eating beetle (Chrysomelid), large quantity of beetle fragments; Lepidoptera. three or more small cater- pillars; Homoptera. leafhoppers. Jassids, etc.. one small cicada, scale insect fragments, one mealy bug (Coccid) ; Hymenoptera, one small ant; Orthoi)tera, one immature grasshopper. Vegetable Matter : A fair quantity. Seeds : A few. As we are of opinion that it is probable, almost to the extent of a certainty, that difi^erent species of Passerine would not inter- breed under any native conditions, and that sub-.sjiecies of the same type should do so if given suitable surroundings, the matter of nesting habits seems most important, Tho.se building dis- similar nests could not be of the same .species, whilst those build- ing similar nests might be. Approaching the matter from this standpoint no detail is apparently too trivial to be overlooked. In Mathews Birds of Australia, vol. ix., Pusilla is the first Acanthiza treated, and this .species is illustrated on three plates THE EMU, Vol. XXIf. PLATE LXXVII. Vol. XXII 1923 ] ROBERTS. Birds of the Cranite Belt 295 containini^- in all nine lis,nn-es ; in the letterpress many pages of detail are i^iven as to colour and synonymy; habit is to a certain extent considered, and likewise habitat. For it all we can only express the utmost admiration without reservation. The more closely it is studied, the more illuminating it will be found. It is, however, a matter of regret, so far as we are concerned, that nesting is not more fully considered from the point of view which \\e have taken. P>ut it is realised that, though Mr. Mathews has magnificent material to work upon, this aspect of the subject may not have presented itself to him through, curiously enough, lack of material. A hope that our study may to some extent rectify this is expressed; and although the framework of this article was constructed prior to 1922, and plans laid for building in the detail, we take pride in the fact that in July, 1922, this eminent authority wrote : "Also more stress must be laid upon bird habits in con- nection with classification than hitherto. The best way to arrive at such results will be the study of small groups by local workers, as instance the relationships of Gerygone and .Icanthica in their widest sense and then the inter-relationship of the species. It may prove that the most different superficially are really the most allied, and vice versa" (preface to vol. ix., B. of A.). That there is doubt, at least, of the inter-relationship of species which he speaks of, is amply proven by a comparison of his work and the Check-list of the R.A.O.U., both of this year of grace, 1922. The R.A.O.U. Check-list lists among the Acanthisa the follow- ing as distinct species : Apicalis, Alhiventris, Ewingi, Hamiltoni, Kathcrina, and IVhitlocki, whilst Mathews makes these sub- species of Pusilla. Further, such well-known names as Diemen- ensis and Pyrrliopygia* to take some at random, disapjiear from both lists, evidently being merged into Pusilla by both authorities. We have already indicated sketchily the nests of the subjects chosen; but it is necessary to make a closer study if essential differences are to be found. Smicroriiis begins with a cup mostly attached to its supports, which, as already mentioned, may be upright or hanging by its lips and sides, and adds a dome and hood, which are unattached to the supports. This attachment to either upright or hanging supports is interesting, and is always accomplished in the same manner. Albogtilaris begins with a hollow collapsible mass suspended by its top. The three accepted Acanthicnid species (for Chrysorrhous has for long been placed outside this genus) pass from the magnificent structure of Lineata, solid yet swaying to every breeze, through the roughly woven nest of Pusilla, with its rudimentary suspension to the bark hut of Regnloides devoid of any suspension and innocent of adornment. Detailing of structure requires the use of two terms which must be defined: Homologous meaning having a similar origin, * A. pyrrhoppgia—a preoccupied name— is replaced by A. hamiltoni. Eds. 296 ROBERTS, Birds of the Granite Belt ITs'a??]" analogous meaning having a similar function. The dome of .llbo- (jnlaris and of Lineata are, it will be seen, even on reference to the plates, analogous to the side of Brcvirostris and to the front of Pusilla. In the case of the two former the nest is a true hanging nest, and its mode of attachment is by producing the sides uj)wards, enclosing in this sweep the dome, which becomes rudimentary, whereas in Brcvirostris the sides are not produced upwards, and the dome is fully de\eloped and exposed U) view. Pusilla is most interesting, and there is evidence that the nest is transitional. In one illustrated, and this is typical of the nest built in a fairly open bush, there is distinctly one point of sus- pension, but in the other (an assurance is given that it is abso- lutely accurate and made without exaggeration, a photo, being useless on account of lack of detail), in which there are appar- ently several points where weaving into the supports has taken place, it will be noted that these points are all derivates of the front, which is apparently "slipped" upwards and as well slightly overlapped the sides. So it will be seen that the "dome" in the ordinarily acce])ted term of the word, of Lineata and .llbogularis are homologous; they are not homologues of the dome of Pusilla, and none are homologues of the dome of Smicrornis. In Regit- loides the dome is apparently a true dome, in that it is a derivative of the top of the nest. In Sagittata's case the dome is, as in the case of the Malurns group, a derivative of the back of the nest. For the sake of more accuracy we would suggest, therefore, in scientific descriptions, that some prefix should be given to ""domed" indicating its origin. The true domed nest of Regidoides might be termed domed, Lineata lateral-domed, Pusilla anterior- domed, Sagittata posterior-domed, and Brevirostris domed but laterally suspended. It is not wished to labour any points, but the difficulty in the matter of the anterior-domed group we are the first to admit ; these with us are all built by Pusilla, and present a certain amount of divergence and variation which war- rants some elaboration. We would define as anterior-domed those nests which are suspended above from one or more i)oints situated higher than the nesting chamber and in which the sus- pension points converge to form a lower lip to the opening of the nest, thus forming an anterior sling for the nest. Now, what emerges from all this? Simply, apart from ipso facto, that it may be the key in certain cases as to what are species and what are sub-species: as an instance take, .say, the points in dispute in regard to the .Icantliizae (Mathews v. R.A.O.U. Check-list). All the species agreed upon by both build nests which should each be recognisable by an expert : those in dispute are lumjied by Mathews under rusilla, which pre- supposes that their nests are similar to an extent ec|ual to the similarity in the birds themselves; if this supposition is correct an impartial judge would award the case to him; if the nests do not conform to the derivation of the anterior-domed nest given THK EMU, Vol. XXII. PLATE LXXVIll. O ^ ^5 '^°il3^"-] R( )BB:RTS. nirds of the Granite Belt 297 above, we would suggest that a separate species is justified, a contingency provided for by Mathews in these words (B. of A., ix., p. 434, re Pusilla) : "We see here the process of the formation of species, and that in more generations we should have three or four distinct representative species .... whereas now the definition is indistinct." v'^o it seems to us that as the bac- teriologist by looking through a microsc(jpe at organisms would not classify on this alone, but would turn to culture methods, su the cabinet ornithologist should not, without equivalent cultural details, but simply on appearance, dogmatise as to species and sub-species. We admit we have no theory to offer as regard Chrysorrhous in connection with the evolution of the nest. Does she stoop to concpier? Is it because it is a puzzle to the cuckoo that it is an enigma to the human ? But we record this one case. .\ pair built in the garden out of reach of the small boy; suddenly the birds deserted, after sitting for a time, and built close by. This first nest was examined, and found to contain a Cuckoo's egg in addition to the clutch of Tit's eggs. But woven into the upper nest and in full view was a mummified Spotted-sided Finch. It is not suggested that it was actually used as anything more than a mass of feathers, nor do we insist on forcing some sig- nificance from all that comes before us. It is simply recorded as a sign at most of the mentality of the bird, a further proof of which is its adoption of human beings wherever opportunit} ofifers. In approaching the subject of external features two points have to be borne in mind : First, that, as a zoological class, birds with thirty orders roughly, do not in the aggregate muster as much diversity as many a single order of Amphibia, Fishes, or Reptiles, and second, as a corollary, that almost microscopic at- tention has been paid to macroscopic features in dividing the ^ arious orders into genera. In fact, any recognisable modification in beak, wing or leg has certainly been thought to warrant, at least, generic differentiation. All the species here treated have bristles surrounding the mouth to guide the erring insect into the right path ; as would be ex- ])ected, the ground-feeding species have these less developed than those which pursue insects amongst the leaves and twigs. The shape of the beak itself is governed chiefly by two factors: the use to which it is put and the necessity for a minimum space to house the nostrils. If the bird requires a stout beak, as in Brei'irostris, there is no necessity for the provision of .special space for the nostrils : it is already there. If on the other hand the bird requires a sharp beak, as in the .Icanthizae, a basal ex- pansion is required for the nostrils. At times it is necessary that the heavy beak should have a sharp point: a typical case is the Parrot, and it is obtained by inserting a notch a little way from the tip. Exactly the same occurs in Albogularis. even to the 298 ROBERTS, Birds of the Granite Belt ^^t.^^fx slightly decurved point, and also in Brevirostris, but in this case the tip beyond the notch is not decurved. In many of the other species this notch is also represented by a greater or less number of serrations. At times, too, a heavier underbeak is required, and this is got by various modifications; in Clithonicola and yllbogidaris it has the shape of a miniature cricket bat, looked at from the side, and laid face upwards, but in Brevirostris it is obtained by reinforcing the edges. In Pusca the beak is as broad as it is high at any given jjoint. In regard to the wing, much is made of the wing formula, and particular attention has been paid to the length of the second primary compared with the secondaries. In order to make clear which are primaries and which are secondaries a plate is given of the wing of a young pigeon which has recently shot its quills. Let it be said at once that of all the external differences this is as debatable as any, for it is really in many cases a hard matter to detect the ditTerence, which is only a fractional part of an inch. And their meaning and application anatomically is com- plicated by the fact that the last two j)rimaries are undergoing atrophy in the majority of birds, and the reason is this. The secondaries are attached to the bird's fore-arm, the primaries to the rudimentary hands and fingers; of these latter there are three — two having a single joint, and one, two joints. The second joints of two have disappeared, but in the other it is still present, though undergoing degeneration : hence the structures which it carries, and these are the last two primaries, are also undergoing degeneration. In some birds the process is complete, and the bird has nine primaries instead of the usual eleven. As an exami)le of a nine-primaried bird, the swallow may be cited, so that although use is a factor, no one can say where the atrophic inherited element ends and the hypertrophic from use begins. For the jnirpose of clearness of e\j)ression the ala sf>iiria is neglected. Certainly we are willing to admit that the second primary of . \lbout L'lncata has smaller feet and legs for grasping purposes, and a larger tail for balancing, and in regard to the small grasping feet we would instance the fore-feet of the monkey as analogous. And so it goes on ad uifinitiini! lUit it may be asked where does this virtual negation of all these external features lead to? We would answer, it is simply by its negative exaggeration our plea to take the bird in the field as a whole, and to attach to this whole an importance at least equal to that which is attached to the individual features taken separately. Is it correct that the shapeless cabinet specimen gives the only true picture, and that the bird in life on its native heath, if examined with interest, will not add something? Em- phatically no ! From this standpoint, then, we would place in a pigeonhole of its own, Smicrornis, Fiisca, Albogularis, and Chthonicola, and, presuming we knew no other, make a type of each without indicating any inter-relationship or systematic position. And we would place Lineata, Pusilla, Chrysorrlious, and Regidoidcs together. They are diverse in habits of feeding, song and nest-building, but this very diversity has a gradation about it which cannot fail to impress. From the field-worker's point of view they are divisible into species which feed and live chiefly upon the ground and others. And this same is expressed by systematists by differentiating them into two genera — Geohasilcus and Acanthiza. The former includes Chrysorrhous and Regidoides, and considering them for a moment as types dif- fering from Acanthiza, it is interesting to glance at the differ- ences and see how they work out. Take the Yellow-tailed Thorn- bill from the point at which he is first seen feeding on the ground. The shorter tail and stronger feet and legs have already been referred to ; on taking flight he spreads his tail, and to show the expo.sed rump, the tribe-mark, to his mates, presumably on the ground, he drops the point of his tail and seems to fly slightly erect. One way to counteract this fractional displacement would be a fraction the greater wing area with the increase as far as possible from the displaced part. What more natural than that the tip of the wing should be produced by lengthening the second primary, the first being beyond hope? If it is considered by the Check-list Committee that differentia- tion is really called for, we will not for a moment question that it is wise. And further, we recognise, and it is equally important, that those interested in the bird world require, like England, tranquillity in order to do good work; for many a promising recruit retires before the wordy storm, and it is often the man of limited scientific attainments who plunges into it. We would wish, however, that the spirit of those old English Naturalists who chose the original names could always be with 300 ROBERTS, Birds of the CranUc Bcli (JilSr us, for lliey liad a beauty of ex])ression far exceedinjj; that in our own hard-workinj,^ matter-of-fact world, thouj,di we person- ally do not mistake literature for natural hist(jry. Everyone knows that the (lold Finch is a thing of gold when he breaks into glorious Right ; so, surely, this must have been a thought behind the mind oi Vigors and Horsheld when they, in 1827, looked u])on Rc(/itloides and chose the classical name .Ikanthis, a Gold Finch, for their genus. Verily it must i)ain their spirit to have their gold-coloured idol bearing the name Gcobasileus. king of the world, coined in 1851. And even in these days their poetic souls are so misunderstood that no man has, to our know- ledge, contradicted the statement that Regulits means nothing more than "a staff." Was it not also given to Relack-backed Albatros.ses and Cape Hens. Xov. 14th. — Two or three Wandering ( ?) Albatross and a few Cape Hens. Many small Prions ( ?) greyish blue above and white below. These latter birds, often .seen subsecpiently, kept well away from the ship. Nov. 15th. — Many Wandering ( ? ) and two Black-backed Al- batrosses. Many Cape Hens, Giant Petrels ( ?) or Great Skuas ( ?) but only a few small Prions. I saw a large Albatross flying^ 302 CARTER, Birds Observed at Sea [Tm.Si close round the steamer at 10.30 p.m. The moon was about full that night. Nov. 16th. — Not so many Albatrosses, but many more Cape Hens, Silvery-grey Petrels, and two Cape Petrels. ( Xo Prions were seen this day.) Nov. 17th. — A few Wandering ( ?) Albatrosses, and more Black-backed Albatrosses. C/reat numbers of Cape Hens, but only a few Prions. Nov. 18th. — A few Wandering ( r ) and I Hack-backed Alba- trosses, and greater numbers of Cape Hens. A few dark brown Petrels, and one small blackish Petrel with white rump (about midway between Cape Town and Albany, Western Australia). Nov. 19th. — l>irds not nearly so numerous. Three large Wan- dering ( ?) Albatrosses, two P)lack-backed .Mbatrosses and a good many Prions. Nov. 20th.— A few Wandering ( :) and I '.lack-backed Alba- trosses and a few Ca])e Hens; not many Prions (none .seen after this date). Nov. 21st (1800 miles west of Albany). — Saw three Wander- ing (?) Albatrosses, a few (twelve) Cape Hens, and no Prions. Nov. 22nd. — Three Wandering Albatrosses, only a few Cape Hens, and four full-plumaged Daption capensis, also several that seemed to be immature Daption capeiisis. They were dull grey above, with white patches on primaries, brown head and chin, and under tail dark. Nov. 23rd.- -Fewer birds yet seen. .\ few Wandering ( ?) and Black-backed Albatrosses. Very few Cape liens, but a good many of the Petrels like imm. Cape Petrels. 1 saw one of these immature birds go out of sight under the sea in the shijj's wake, after scrai)s of food thrown overboard. Nov. 24th (800 miles west of Albany). —Saw six Wandering Albatrosses; no Cape Hens; a few of the mottled Petrels as seen Nov. 22nd. Nov. 25th. — Several large Wandering (?) Albatrosso, six Cape Hens, and a few of the "Mottled" Petrels. Nov. 26th. — About twenty large Wandering ( 'r) Albatrosses; two dark brown Petrels. Nov. 27th. — A few Wandering ( ?) Albatrosses, and two dark Alutton-Birds, i)robably the Fleshy-footed J^hearwatcr ( Putjinus carucipcs), as far as Bald Head, near Albany. I was much amused one day on the above run to hear one of the passengers call out to his son to come (piickly and .see such lots of "Hying fish" over the sea. We were much too far .south for any of tliem, but the gentleman had mistaken the numbers of small Prions flying some distance from the ship, and (lashing their white underparts as they turned, for living lish. I ne Black-backed Albatross. June 5th. — A few Wandering (?) Albatrosses (530 miles out). June 6th. — A few Wandering ( ?) Albatrosses, one I'lack- backed Albatross, one Skua. June 7th. — One adult Wandering xVIbatross, one Black-backed Albatross, and one fair-sized Prion (1000 miles out). June 8th. — Two large Wandering (?) Albatrosses, with no white wing patches, and one large Black-backed Albatross. June 9th. — Two brown Wandering ( ?) Albatrosses and one Black-backed, also one large Wandering Albatross with black primaries and black terminal half of wing, remainder of plumage all white. June 10th (1900 miles out). — Two large Wandering ( ?) Alba- trosses, with black wings; one small dark Petrel, and one Great (?) Petrel. June 11th (2200 miles out). Long. 73 deg. — Two great Wan- dering (?) Albatrosses, one large Sooty Brown Albatross, and one adult Cape Petrel (Daption capensis). June 12th. — Three Wandering ( ?) Albatrosses, one dark brown Albatross, one small Prion. June 13th. — Three large AVandering (?), three dark brown Albatrosses, and one Prion. June 14th (3000 miles (Hit). —One large Albatross, all dark brown above excepting white head and nape; underparts all white. June 15th. — About fi\e large Wandering Albatrosses. June 16th. — A few W'andering and Brown Albatros.ses, also a good many Prions, some distance from ship (long. 45 deg.; Madagascar about north of us). June 17th (-K)00 miles from Fremantle). — Seven large Wan- dering Albatrosses, and several Prions. June 18th (150 miles from Durban at noon). — Xo Albatros.ses seen until midday, then saw three. No other birds noted. A few Cape Hens seen after 3 p.m., the first seen. Then one hun- dred miles east of Durban a good many Prions also seen. 304 CARTER. IVirds Ohscrred at Sea [\stA^^ Birds noted June 20th to June 23rd, 1922, between Durban and Cape Town ; in sight of land nearly all the way. June 20th. — Xo All)atro>ses observed, hut >e\eral Cape Hens^ some Gannets and Gulls. June 21st. — Off Cape Agulhas. — Good many Black-backed Albatrosses, some with orange bills, and distinct white stripe above eye; great numbers of Cape Hens, and some large dark brown Petrels, with wings mottled with whitish patches. These Petrels were about the same size as Cape Hens. A few Prions- were seen. June 22nd. — About three Albatrosses (Wandering ':), a few Cape Hens, and some Brown Petrels (about same size as Cape Hens), with a whitish stripe along i)rimaries. Apparently these birds are the same as those seen on my outward jiassage. and with whitish patches on upper side of wings. June 24th, north of Cape Town in South Atlantic. — About fifteen large Wandering ( ?) Albatrosses, and a few Black-backed with orange bills. Also one speckled with white on upper side of wings, and dark brown beneath. Saw some very tame Petrels with wedge tails. A few Prions. June 25th (550 miles X. of Cai)e Town). — Saw three large ^^'andering ( ? ) and three Black-backed Albatrosses, with black bills, black tail, and white rump. One I^rown Petrel with white marks on wings. June 26th (850 miles X. of Cape Town). — About six Alba- trosses. Five of them Wandering (?) and one black-billed and -backed. C)ne large Gannet. (Entered tropics this evening.) June 27th. —Only one large \\'andering .\lbatross, brown ])lumage. (This was the last .Mbatross obser\ed, about 1200 miles^ north of Cape Town, and about same distance from Equator.) Xo birds were seen on June 28th. One Prion (apparently") was seen on June 29lh and .^Oth. and no birds were seen on July 1st. 2nd, and .^rd. October ;\ 1922. Emu Skins for New Zealand. — Owing to l)eing particularly numerous and being a menace to the prickly pear districts, an open season has been declared for Emus, as they certainly want reducing in numbers in i)ur north-west (X.S.W . ). The Dominion Museum are anxious to dress an imitation of the Moa, using^ certain Emu feathers for the i)urpose, and they have asked our (lovernment if they can procure 50 skins, and as this number can easily be procured, and will make no difference to the species, we will undertake to ])rocure the skins and ship to Wellington. — A. S. Ek Souef", C.M.Z.S., Taronga Park. Sydney. Vo'jXX"- LORD, Kent Island Scnih-Wren 305 On the Nest and Eggs of the Kent Island Scrub- Wren (Sericornis frontalis gularis, Legge) By CLIVE LORD, F.L.S., the Tasmanian Museum, Il(jl)art. The Kent Island form of the mainland White-browed Scrub Wren (Sericornis frontalis, Vig and Hors.) has always been an interesting species to the ornithologist. Owing to the limited area (jf its range, and the fact that the Kent Group is so seldoni visited by natural histoty workers, the species has not had a very great deal of attention i)aid to it. Some information was gathered when the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria visited the Kent Group in 1890, and in the Victorian Naturalist, vol. xiii., p. 84, Colonel Legge proposed the specific name of S. (/itlaris for this form. Mr. A. J. Campbell ("Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds," p. 245) refers to the differences which are to be found in the insular form, but does not describe the nest and eggs separately. Recently I wrote to Mr. Campbell on the subject, and in the course of an instructive reply concerning the species he stated that he believed the nest and eggs were undescribed to date. Recently Mr. Hollingsworth, of Glenorchy, asked me to describe the nest and several clutches of eggs of this species,, which he had obtained some time ago. He also supplied me with the date, etc., concerning the time of taking the eggs. The general appearance of such specimens as I have for com- parison tends to show that the Kent Island eggs differ somewhat from the mainland S. frontalis — in fact, in some cases they tend towards the appearance of the eggs of the Brown Scrub Wren (S. hiunilis) of Tasmania and the Bass Strait Islands, but it would need a longer series of specimens of each species than I have at my disposal before this could be accepted as a true general characteristic. Another point is that the Kent Island variety appears to lay but two eggs in each clutch, whereas with the mainland S. frontalis the usual clutch is three. The exact position of the species or sub-species needs to be determined, but this requires further material than is available at present. The following brief description of the specimens submitted by Mr. Hollingsworth may prove of interest : Nest: Of the Sericornis type, roundish, compact-looking, in spite of the fact that it is loosely constructed of grass woven together with very fine twigs and small roots. Lining composed of fine grass and a thin layer of feathers. External dimensions : Vertical diameter, 160 mm. (6.{ inches) ; entrance, 30 mm. (1^ inches). Clutch: Apparently two, stout oval in shape. The general colour being very pale buff with spots and blotches of umber. 306 LORD, Kent Island Scrub-Wren 'h^a^^ and purplish brown ; in most cases the markings are pale, but are more pronounced near the apex. In some cases the apex with the exception of the extreme point, is generally purplish to umber in general coloration. Dimensions in millimetres of four clutches : — Clutch A. Clutch B. Clutch C. Clutch D. <1) 23 X 17 mm. (1) 23 x 17 mm. (1) 22.5 x 17.5 mm. (1) 24.5 & 17 <2) 24 X 17.5 mm. (2) 23 x 18 mm. (2) 22 x 18 mm. (2) 24 x 17.5 The specimens were collected by Mr. T. McGuire, who sup- plied the following information, which Mr. Hollingsworth for- warded with the specimens : — "I have the pleasure of informing you that I have been suc- cessful in finding the five clutches of eggs and the birds. The first nest was found on the 9th September with two young birds, and on the 14th with two young birds. And the second nest was found on the 15th, with two eggs in, and another one on the 20th and 25th September, and October 6th and 13th, all with two eggs, so I think they lay only two eggs. They were found by my eldest son. Jack. "I am sending you two birds, one old and one young. The young one is this year's. They were found north-east of the jetty in some scrubby grass, and low bushy trees." Turquoise Parrot in the New York Zoological Gardens. — With reference to my letter some time ago to your valuable Journal on the Turquoisine Parrakeet {Neophema pulchella), which you so kindly printed, I have just come on a most inter- esting note on this beautiful Parrakeet (now called the Turquoise Parrot) in the vSeptembcr, 1022, issue of the .Ivicultural Maija- zinc. Tt is written by Mr. J. B. Housden, and is entitled "My First Visit to New York Zoological Park, Bronx Park (Winter Season)." "Of this splendid collection, there were two birds certainly that the writer coveted (although I have stuflfed speci- mens, I have not seen a living specimen for many years), one a beautiful male of the nearly extinct Australian Tiu-quoisine Parrakeet. the other a male Cock of the Rock." Mr. Chisholm in his article in the July Emu quotes my letter of 1013, but he goes on to say that no response came to my question, so I take it the bird is almost extinct in Australia. It is therefore very strange that one should have turned u]) in the Xew Work Zf>o.* — W. H. Workman, M.B.O.U., Belfast. * Since this latest letter from Mr. Workman arrived, I have made fui-ther inquiries reprardinjr the beautiful Turquoise Parrot, but with little success. Mr. A. S. Le Souef, who recorded in "The Emu" the re-appearance of a small company of the birds near Sydney, under- stands that one or two of these were captured and sent abroad, and that at least one other was held as a call-bird. The whole business poes to show what urgent necessity exists for puardinjr the vanishing Ncophcnta and Psrfyliotns Parrots, both inland and at the seaportst— A. H. Chisholm, Sydney. tSee "Notes from Stanthorpe," p. 320 (Eds.) Vol. XXII. 1923 THOMSON, 77/r Tawny f, ■or/mouth 307 Notes on the Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus stngoides) By DONALD F. F. THOMSON, R.A.O.U., Canterbury (Vic.) Perhaps one of the best exami)les of protective coloration and mimicry by Austrahan birds is afforded by the Tawny Froj^mouth {Podargus strigoides). Though its characteristic pose and its simulation of a broken limb are well known to all bird- lovers, probably many people have never noticed the bird at all, except for a glance, as it faded like a ghost through the shadows of the night, passing it by with the slightest suggestion of a shiver, as an "owl." The owl has always been regarded as ghostlike and sinister — as a bird of ill-omen, but the Podargus is not an owl. No doubt, however, the strikingly protective coloration and pose of this bird have had much to do with its survival in the struggle for existence, and with the fact that of all our nocturnal birds the various species of the Podargidac are the most num- erous and widely distributed. One cannot but notice the wonderful provision of nature in the adaption of this bird in a country where insect life is extraordinarily abundant in species and numbers. Probably there is no other bird so entirelx' useful, from the ])oint of view of man, as the Podargus, nor one which does so much to preserve the "balance of nature" of which we hear so often. Not only is the Podargus thus one of the most economically valuable of all our birds, but it is perfectly adapted for its "work" — the capture of its insect prey — as well as for its own survival. A truly nocturnal bird, it is active just at the close of day, W'hen myriads of insects come forth to disport themselves in the evening air. Though quite large — about 24 inches over all — the Podargus {Podargus strigoides) is v^ery light in weight, and has the same facility for silent flight which characterises Owls at night. The beak, from which the bird derives its name of "Frogmouth," is large, very broad and gaping when open, and serves the double purpose of providing a big surface for the capture of flying insects on the wing and also of in- creasing the resemblance of the bird to a broken and jagged limb when the creature is at rest. As if the bird were conscious of this, when in repose it will often select the broken part of a limb, and sitting upon it, thrust its head up at an acute angle. In any case it is one of the most difficult birds to detect, and very often is found only by tapping the tree, thus causing it to fly. The bird which was photographed, though not so well concealed as is often the case, was only discovered by ■chance, being on a box tree at no great height from the ground. L 1st April The greyish mottled plumage matched the dark, drab grey of the box bark admirably, and the bird took no notice of my presence until, after exposing the plate, I knocked the tree, when it immediately took to flight. Though often very reluctant to fly, the Podargus does not appear to be nearly so stupid in the day time as most other nocturnal birds, possibly owing to its being accustomed to slee{)ing in exposed positions, often in sunlight, instead of in the dim liollows so much frequented by other night birds. Though usually found singl\- (jr in pairs, last season I was much interested to observe four Frogmouths — all apparently adult — sitting together on a limb. Probably, however, it was a family grouj) — t\vO adults, two grown young. The nest, which is scarcely more substantial than that of a pigeon, is composed of more (jr less fine twigs placed on a broken limb or in the fork of a horizontal bough, or some similar position, often at no great height from the ground. Here, with no other lining, two, or rarely three, large white eggs are laid. When brooding, the bird will often sit motionless, with its body almost flat along a horizontal limb; and, as the nest is also very inconspicuous, the bird is hard to see. Though the female sits fairly closely, a knock on the limb of the tree usually causes her to fly ; sometimes, however, the bird will not leave until actually pushed off the nest. It was on the evening of December 30th, 1921, while roaming in the bush on the foothills of the Dandenong Ranges — one of my happy hunting grounds — that the dog nosed something near the ground, and passed on. Investigation revealed a young Pod- argus apparently patiently waiting "for something to turn up." It was a rather curious fact that the dog — a big deerhound — though a fierce hunter, learnt, quite of his own accord, never to harm a bird, and, in fact, often accompanied me when photographing. Placing a box, which happened to be handy, over the young bird, I left him for the night. Next morning, December 31st, T returned, and spent about two hours exposing the accompanying four plates on this youngster. The morning was bright and warm, and he was very, very sleepy. Sitting sideways on the limb, wings drooping on either side of the perch, he matched the dull bark of the Eucalyptus beautifully. In color he was of a dull grey on head and body, mottled with darker grey and fading to black .on the wings. His beak was very .short and broad, and his mouth large. Though he was actually very small in body, he was covered with a great amount of feathers, being peculiarly light, and little more than a fluffy ball. When he slept he would hold his head up and gradually his eyes and beak would fade away amongst the feathers until THE ExMI . Vol. X\n. PLATE LXXX. THK EMU, Vol. XXn. PLATE LXXXl ^°'il?"] THOMSOX, The Taxi'uy Frof/nioutli 309 they practically disappeared in the long, downy fluff. I was not able to get a photograph of him really asleep, for he would wake up just as I endeavoured to get to the camera to e\]K)se a plate. The first i)icture shows him just dozing, and as nearly asleep as he could be induced to go while I remained near. Immediately on being approached he would wake up, open his mouth wide, and stretch his neck to its full e.xtent, ruffling his feathers and going through the most alarming contortions imaginable — well calculated to inspire an enemy with fear. The series of four pictures illustrates stages in his weird antics. Finally he would crouch low on his perch, his whole body low- ered, wings drooping, as if about to spring, his great eyes ablaze with a blue light, and almost starting out of his head. Xo doubt these fearsome antics are the means of protecting the harmless young Podargus from many enemies. Though he opened his beak widely, it was iirobably either as a demand for food, or more probably for intimidation. Certainly he could not have done much damage with it. He apparently disliked being ])icked up, and exjiressed his resentment with a squeaking, wailing cry — the only note he uttered. After studying the protective attitudes of the adult, it was very interesting to note the development in the young bird. Thovigh harmonising with his surroundings in the bush, and de- pending for protection principally upon this, the young bird, being unable to take to flight if discovered, evidently depended on "bluffing" his enemies by the most amazing evolutions and contortions that I have ever seen performed by a bird. It was one of the most charming features in my experience of wild nature, and the faith of the tiny creature in the success of his antics accompanied by that blue glint of his eye, which I sus- pected was more of fear than of defiance, was not untouched Avith pathos. Interesting Conduct of the Southern Stone-Plover (Burhinus magnirostris) Communicated by Dr. W. MACGILLR'RAY, C.F.A.O.U., v'^ometime President R.A.O.U., Broken Hill. A station owner and his wife living in Central New South Wales had tamed a Stone Plover, or Bush Curlew (Burhinus magnirostris) which, given the name of "Fraser," proved to be an extremely intelligent bird, and appeared to be strangely sensitive to certain things and i)eople. One man who used to visit the station had evidently attracted Fraser's attention to a pair of 310 MACOILLI\'RAV, Southern Stouc-Plover Tst^Apd" new leggings that creaketl wlien he walked, as new leather some- times does. Whether Fraser took this to be an unknown bird hidden away one cannot say, but whenever this man came to the house Fraser exhibited every sign of frantic rage, and would follow him about screaming and trying to peck his boots. This bird, after a residence of many years, fell a victim to a marauding fox. 'Pwo more I'ush Curlews took up their abode in the station garden, a sweet old-fashioned one, full of lovely old trees, hedges, and shrubs. It seemed an idyllic sanctuary for the following little bird romance. The two birds, "Lady Douglas" and "Fraser" — so called after the earlier one — were ])articular mates. One day there came in from the w ilds a strange Curlew, of a very aggressive type, and he usurped the ])osition of Lady Douglas's mate, and straightway they hunted Fraser to a solitary existence under the orange trees, while they assumed the lordship of the tennis court, and took up their abode under an olive tree. Fraser dared not approach the tennis court, and he was literally hunted off their territory. One day, much to everyone's interest, an tg^ was laid in quite an exposed i)osition on a patch of grass imder the olive tree, and the fiercest guardianshij) was displayed over that egg by both ])arents. If you a])proached the egg as though to take it, the father ran about uttering harsh cries of anger, dragging his wings along the ground like a "gobbler" does in the i)oultry yard, while the mother bird wf)uld attack you, pecking savagely. In due time, when the baby Curlew hatched out, the ])ri;) lo make a gallant efiort \.o ^°'i923^"' CI 1 1 S 1 1 () I , M . Private Collccfiinj 315 wipe out a race of rare I)uUertlies. It is this that persuaded a collector in Borneo (as Professor Skertchly assures us) t(i burn a jungle in the noble atleni])! lo create a monopoly of a certain rare orchid. What more need be said to indicate that the acquisitive disease of the average private collector — in so far as it affects a ])eople or a country — is the same unlovely thing that it was in the days of Dives and Shylock? The cpiality of mercy, we are told, is twice blest; if that be so, its antithesis (the ac((uisitive cpiality that blasts and kills) must be doubly cursed. It is doubtful whether space is available to discuss Mr. Ashby's opinions of protective legislation. Shortly, I agree that this is not always effective, but I know from personal experience that it has been productive of much good, and this particularly in a direction cham])ioned by the South Australian veteran, to wit, the setting apart of sanctuaries. But education remains still the primary and most weighty factor in the work of conserving and studying birds. Such education, I submit, is beyond the province of the private collector. That there are able and sincere men among collectors is obvious enough ; and I would not go so far as to say (as has been suggested more than once) that these should be judged by the company they keep. I say only that such men are warping their finer sensibilities, and that their best efforts are, nearly always, rendered negative by the force of a bad example. To protest against the taking of new birds or eggs would be foolish. It would also be absurd to object to enriching the collection of the R.A.O.U. or the semi-national collection at "Belltrees." (So far from doing this, I have repeatedly been instrumental in securing material for these collections). But the average ])rivate collector is a relic of barbarism and a perversion of civilisation. He is more; he is a relic of sin, masquerading under the honoured name of Science. He gives no "thanks to the human heart b}- which we live"; he lives for himself alone, on the lore of the dead and the petrified. I say, again, that the I\..\.O.r. must recognise that the l)ad element, ever present, among private collectors makes it utterly unwise to encourage the study of dead birds or egg shells outside the legitimate limits of scientific institutions. Correspondence To the Editors of "The Em it." Sirs, — I have read with interest Mr. Edwin Ashbx's ])ai>er on "Private Collections and Permits," and without critici.sm of the pai)er itself, I wish to make certain comments in relation to I'rivate collecting and bird-protection. 316 Correspondence. TsfApT In the interior of our continent there is undoubtedly still a limited amount of research work to l)e done in CJrnitholoi^y, hut how many "promising hona fide workers" will be in a ])osition to visit these places to collect specimens. The majority of ornithologists have their homes in the cities. In museums and in i)rivate collections rdready in existence, there is, for reference jjurposes and study, a \ast quantity of skins and eggs. The issue of further ])ermits to young students would be a menace to our rarer birds, and, in public ojjinion, a set-back to the cause of bird-protection. Mo.st of the work of these men would be confined to an area within a "week-end" radius of the city in which they lived, and like collectors of the present day, in an effort to enlarge their collections, they would concentrate their attention on rare birds and their eggs. In such cases when the collection reaches a certain number of species, it is possible to add rare species from other States only by an exchange of rare si)ecies. A permit is supi)osed to restrict the holder to a limited numlier of bird skins or sets of eggs, but with the majority of collect(ns the limit is reached only when the last set of rare eg^?^ that is found for the season, is — to u.se a favourite collecting ])hrase — "lifted." The ])ublic are becoming aware of this, and it doesn't forward the cause of genuine bird ]>rotection. There is plenty of research work for the student without his becoming a general coU.ector. In Economic Ornithology alone there is a large field for study, but that need embrace only common species whose usefulness to the farmer is in doubt. There is no occasion to shoot, say, a Lyre-Bird or a Helmeted Honeyeater to discover what food they eat. I contend that the methods adopted by the old school of ornithologists, where a bird had to be shot to be studied, have, in so far as the settled portions of Australia are concerned, oullixed their utility. The main objective of Ornithological Clubs for the future should be the ])reservation of bird-life. The education of the ])ublic, par- ticularly the agricultural conununity. by i)ropaganda and illus- trated lectures, should be a strong plank of the I\..\.( ).r. As Mr. Ashby i)oints out, sanctuaries must be an important factor in the ])reservation of wild birds, but a sanctuary without a warden is almost useless. The enthusiastic "egg-lifter" \ October 7th there were three young birds in the nest, but on the next day the young Cuckoo reigned supreme. 1 secured six photos, only one being a failure. The accompanying photo is the best of the five. The Honeyeaters, which were very tame, visited the nest in turn, and supplied the gluttonous Cuckoo with food. The nest was situated in a small shrub alongside a gum sapling. By bending the sapling out of the way, I obtained a good light, had the nest free from shadows, and avoided the risk of a too dark back- ground. There were several pairs of Honeyeaters chasing a Cuckoo, which had evidently made the paddock her nursery. ( )n several occasions I visited this place, intending to attempt a picture of the Cuckoo laying in a Honeyeater's nest, but al- though I spent many afternoons watching, as far as possible, both the Cuckoo and Honeyeaters, I was unsuccessful in finding a nest. That there were several nests, and that the Cuckoo used them, I feel quite sure. — Marc Cotix, R.A.O.U., P.endigo. ;): * * Silver Gulls — While in South Australia last year. Air. H. i). Fletcher, from the Australian Museimi, Sydney, and I visited one of the Adelaide beaches, and noticing a fairly large flock of Silver Gulls on the sand decided to try and obtain a picture of them. They api)eared tame, so we ]HU-chased some sponge cake at a neighbouring tea-shop, and sitting down on the beach dis- tributed it over the sand in view of the birds. Presently they realised it was food, and the whole flock commenced gobbling it up as fast as they could. We remained quite still, and over- coming their shyness, the birds came very close to us, ate up the crumbs close by, and literally asked for more. \\'hen they were about four feet away a couple of exposures were made. The l)icture depicts them waiting for more cake to be thrown. — M. S. R. Sjtaklaxd, P.A.O.U..' Plobart. * * * The Red-kneed Dotterel (Eryt/trof/onys cinctus). — During vSeptenihcr, 1''22. I spent a week-end at Bendigo as the guest of Mr. Marc Cohn, a new member of the Union and an enthusi- astic photographer. The i^revious year T obtained ])ictures of the Black-fronted Dotterel (Charadriits niclanops), and in the hope of further obser\ ing these interesting birds we walked along the pebbly margin of the Bendigo Creek at Golden Scpiare. Not more than two hundred yards from the tram-line we found several Dotterels feeding along the creek, but Mr. Cohn was first to notice that there were three or four pairs of birds of a difTerent THE EMU. Vol. XX H. PLATE LXXXV. The Yellow-tufted Honeyeater (McUphaga niclanops) at nest Photo, by Marc Cohn. R.A.O.U. rnE EMU, Vol. xxu. PLATE LXXXVI THE EMU. Vol XX U. PLATE LXXXVil. Vol. XXII. Camera Craft. 319 species amongst them. Not long afterwards a ne.st was di.s- covered among the pebbles, and between two dry weed-stems. One could not fail to notice how these weeds were chosen with due regard to the protection of the eggs. h\ colour and form the ch-y stems harmonised with the marking of the eggs, and the shadow thrown by the stems across the nest heightened the effect. The cameras were focussed at a distance of twenty-four inches from the eggs, and fifty feet of thread was used to release the shutter. The presence of the camera appeared to cause the female bird little concern from the beginning, but, if either of us showed liis head in order to note the progress of the subject, she departed hastily. At this stage the male bird would usually forsake his friends further along the creek, and walking directly behind his mate appeared to drive her back to duty. A few^ large stones placed near the nest served as a screen, and the sitting bird became more confident. But the stones also prevented us from seeing when the subject was in a satisfactory position. So that it was small wonder that the pictures obtained on this day were not good. The next day, however, matters had improved considerably, and the bird showed little fear. So the stone screens were dispensed with, and pictures w^ere easily obtained. It was then that a curious habit of the Dotterel became apparent. As she approached the eggs she paused a couple of feet away, then care- fully and deliberately shook her feet, first one and then the ■other." I came to the conclusion that the idea was to dry her feet after walking in the mud and water before she sat upon the «ggs. Like the black-fronted species, the Red-kneed Dotterel makes a great pretence of being injured in order to lead the intruder away from the nest. But the acting of this pair was most elaborate. They placed the head almost on the ground and raised the wings and tail until one almost expected the birds to overbalance. This action was probably intended to coun- teract the protective colouring of the plumage and so draw attention more effectively to the apparent injury. — R. T. LiTTLEjoHNS, R.A.O.U., Melbourne, 27/1/23. Wood Swallow Notes. — On several occasions T have had good opportunities for observing and photographing the female White-broweci Wood Swallow at close quarters. Until recently, however, I never could induce a male of the species to pose before the camera. The birds are naturally shy and susjiicious, and a really tame pair are difficult to find. The bird reproduced w-as one of a pair whose nest T located in the Moorabbin (Vic.) district. The male, much to my satis- 320 Camera Craft. ist^Apdr faction, was a most attenti\e ])arent, and gave ii^ood opportunities for [)hotojiraijhy. F^urinj^ the last season three si>ecies of Wood v^wallfAvs were nesting in close proximity to each other in this district. It was noticed with most of the nests found that small clutches were the general rule. The nests of the W'hite-brovved and Masked species contained in most cases one egg only. This unusual occurrence was attributed to a scarcity of food. The birds were feeding the yomig on a large .species of beetle which were greatly affecting the green trees in the locality, in many cases nearly stripping them of their foliage. — S. A. L.xwKKxcE. Caulfield. \-ic.. 16/3/23. A Southern Stone - Plover {Burhmus macinirostris), lived at Wahroonga, on the Xorth vShore Line at the home of Mr. Doyle. The bird has the run of a large grass paddock, and nests among the grass and stones. Two eggs were laid, but as there is no male bird, the eggs were, of course, addled. Tn one photo the bird is cautiously sneaking uj) to the nest, and in the other, is using its protective powers. Atiioi. V. D'0^rHR.•\I^•. R.A.O.U. Stray Feathers Notes from Stanthorpe (S.Q.)"The Turquoise or Red- shouldered Grass I'arrakeet, Xcophcma pulchella, has lately been the subject of certain discussions in the Emu. And in view of the fact that it was for long thought to be extinct, and that it has been recorded on one or two occasions only of recent years, it is interesting to note that a stray male paid us a visit in the winter. It was not a resident bird, so far as I can gather, in the l)ast. Due west of our Granite Belt, and at a distance of about fifty miles lies Texas, at the foot hill of our range and on the threshold of the great Western Plateau ; from here lately T ha\ e had a specimen of the Swift Parrot, Lathaniiis discolor. Mr. Morse, of Moree, at a similar distance west, again, listed the birds of his district in the Emu of July, 1922. He did not include this bird, but on incpiiry of him he informed me that it was noted bv him for the first time about the date my specimen was obtained, but too late for inclusion in his list. It seems likely, therefore, tliat it was making a northerly move in search of its food. In this connection it is interesting to confirm Batey's note (Emu, vol. 7, i)age 13, 1907) : "Seems to diet extensively on the white waxy scales that abound on tlie leaves of the yellow box. These scales have a sugary taste : a small soft insect is concealed under them." Mr. H. Jarvis. Government entomologist, has kindly examined the stomach contents, and rei)orts: "Insects. Group I-|fimoptera : Kam. I'syllidae: numerous scales of the "sugar-Ieri»" i'svllid ( St(^inlyllaspis, sp. ) ; J'c;/. .Matter: Large tpiantity of the THE EMU, Vol. XXII. PLATb LXXXVIII. '^^J/^f 7 B^ >'*v'm ' \i.'ilKv^MMiM^^I The White-browed Wood-Swallow (male) feeding young in nest Photo, by S. A. Lawrence, R.A.O.U. 'I'lii; i;.Mi'. \»i. \.\if. PLATE LXXXIX. wjgm^ Female Southern Stone-Plover {Burliinus magniroslris) Upper — Approaching nest and eggs. Lower— On nest Photo, by A. F. D'Ombrain, R.A.O.U., Sydney ^«'i9^:]'"- Stray Feathers. 321 seed of Kucalyi)tus (sp.?). It may not be unprofitable to .e^ive a short review of the Parrots, other than the ubiquitous Honey- eaters, which bear relation to, or inhabit this district, the j^eogra- phy of which was referred to in detail in the Eniu, vol. 21, page 242; 1922. It is the home of the IMack Cockatoos, both the Yellow-tailed {Calyptorhynchus funereiis), and the Red-tailed Cockatoo (C. ba}iksi), but the White Cockatoo is a rare visitor. From the south we get many Red-headed Rosellas { Platycereiis exiniiiis), but this species does not go .far north, west, or east, being known on the Darling Downs as the Stanthorpe Rosella. There its place is taken by the Pale-headed Rosella (P. adscitus). From the east, following the Dividing Range, which bounds the Downs on the south, we get the King Parrot (Apros- mktits scapularis) , and the Crimson Rosella {P. elec/ans). The former is found on the north and east boundaries only, and does not penetrate our belt proper, whereas P. elegans is very abun- dant, but does not go further west. Neither are at all plentiful on the Downs to our north, and really skirt that district, follow- ing the P>unya IMountains and the scrub-clad ranges which fringe it on the south. The common Parrot on the Downs is P. adscitus\ with a sprinkling of Red-wings (A. erythroptcrus) , Quarrions^ or Cockatoo Parrots ( Leptolophus liollandiciis) , and to a much less degree, of Budgerygahs (Melopsittacus iindidatus). In former years here, too, was found that gem of the Psephotus group, the Paradise Parrot {P. pidcherrimus) , long thought to- be extinct, but recently re-discovered. This, mark well, to our north ; but, as one goes west the Psephotus group becomes strongly evident, and the Red-backed Parrot {P. hccmatonotus) is very common, and in a lesser degree the Blue-bonnet (P. hceina- to(/aster) round Texas. It is from this latter district, if any, lying at the foothills, and yet in the western country, that one will exi)ect further news, if it ever comes, of those rare species — the afore-mentioned Tur(|uoise Parrot (Neophema pidchella) and the Paradise Parrot {P. pidcherrimus). The following conclusions can therefore be arrived at so far as Stanthorpe and its Granite Belt is concerned, whether it is regarded simply as a given point on the New South Wales- Oueensland border, or as the north-west passage from the interior into Eastern New South Wales : — It is the point of contact of the Ked-headed and Pale-headed Rosellas. The King Parrot and Red Lory do not go past it after reaching it from the east ; it is therefore their western limit on this particular line. The Psephotus group stops short on its western limits after reaching- it from the west. It is the bar on which the surge of Galahs, Cockatoo Parrots, Budgerygahs, Red-wings, breaks from the west and north, and fails almost to wet with spray. The wash goes north ^nd south, but never over, and these, like the voyageurs of old, find the North-west Passage impassable.— Dr, Spencer Roberts, R.A.O.U. 322 S/rur J-rat/ii'is I The Emu L 1st April Some Birds of the Kosciusko District — A 4,neat wealth of bird life is to be seen on the fcjothiils of the mountains that surround Kosciusko. The valley of the Thredbo, and the beautiful terrain leading back into the ranges ui) the valley of the v^nowy River is alive with bird life. The actual forest that so thickly clothes the stee|) mountains that rise on all sides, contains compavalively few birds, but an interesting exception is the Satin Flycatcher (Myiagra cyanohuca), which inhabits the (|uiet \alleys at an elevation of about 5000 Young Dusky Wood-Swallous {Artiimus cyatiuptcrus) in nest Photo, by A. S Le Souef. C.M.Z.S. feet. Se\eral i)airs were noted, which were very local, their varied and distinctive call notes making beautiful music through the silent glades. The peculiar habii of shaking the tail later- ally is very characteristic of this species. In the open forest, apparently feeding on grass seeds, were noted se\eral I>lue-winged (irass Parrots iXcophcma clirysos- toma). These little birds are very (juiet, and when disturbed flew up into the low bushes, where, sitting qiute still, with their backs toward one, they were exceedingly difficult to pick out from the foliage. .V i)air that were disturbed on the river bank rose (|uickly to a fair height before making off to the feeding ground. I saw no indication of their nesting, and they had probably finished for the season. Their note was the sharp little ■"tink" that is characteristic of this genus. On the mountain ''''\ir] S/ray /rat/wrs. 323 proper the only l)ir(ls that were noted above the tree Hne were an undetermined species of Quail and the Pipit {.Inthiis aus- tralis). The Friar I'.ird, a small .Icanthiza, and the Flame- breasted Robin \entured up as far as the trees went, but the open grass and heather, although filled with an amazing amount of insect life, was not attractive to the birds, probably on account of sudden snow storms that occasionally sweep down, even in midsummer, and the very low' temperature after sundown.— A. S. Le Souef, C.M.Z.S., Taronga I'ark, Sydney. The Moult of the Blue Wren.— The idea that the Blue Wren (Mahirus) throws off his coloured plumage m bruary and March. While the moult is taking place, the male is very shy, "skulks" a lot behind shrubs or bushy plants, and makes a dash for his bath when he thinks no one is looking, while his wife and family come out cjuite boldly and chase each other in and out of the tin with prodigious splashing. — H. Stuart T)o\i;. F.Z.S., I\..\.O.U., W. Devenport, Tasmania. * * * The Yellow-throated Scrub=Wren as a mimic. — Among Aus- tralian birds there are many that imitate the call notes of species other than their own. The male Lyre P>ird (Meniira novcc- hnllundi(C) is pre-eminent as an imitator, and may be justly called the king of mimics, his mimetic ability going beyond the notes of his own class. The bird, however, that is to be specially mentioned now is the Yellow-throated Scrub-Wren (Sericornis latlunni). The male of this species is a charmingly sweet warbler, but he, too, is also an exact mimicker. A few years ago, at (Xirimbah, N.S.W., the writer was first attracted by his melodious notes. A nest with young had been found, and, while waiting to make observations, to listen more intently to his song, the notes of other birds were discerned. When moving about damp gullies overgrown, with dense and luxuriant sub- tropical trees, or proceeding along the banks of creeks fringed with Lillipilly, Callicoma, Coachwood, and the like, the call notes may be usually heard trilling from beneath their .sombre shade. "Pit-pit-pit" the male and female call to one another, as they hop along side by side, or within easy distance of each other. Ever and anon he will pause to give his \aried and tremulous song, while his companion joins in with a subdued warble. If they are nesting, or if they arc about to commence that operation, and a pedestrian is approaching their appointed site, the male changes his usual song, inter|)olating it with notes of other birds. Tlie song of the Eastern Spinebill (.Icaii- thorhynchns tenitirnstris) is one he regards with favour, then he will change to the notes of the Silvereye {Zosterops lateralis) ^°'i4''"-l -V/z^n' Irathn-s 325 with ])erfection ; very often a few notes of the Golden-breasted Whistler {Pachyccphala pectoralis) are inserted, while some- times the call of the Brown Warbler (Cerygojie fiisca) is easily recoj^nisable. These are birds with which he is associated thronjjhout the year. After the intruder has withdrawn from the precincts of the nesting site, the male resumes his customary song, with renewed vigour. Since the mimetic capability of the Yellow-thr(jated Scrub-Wren was first noticed, it has been amply detected in other parts. Investigation may reveal that (|uite a number of our scrub birds interpolate their song with tlie notes of other birds with which thev associate. — 1*. A. Gimjekt, R.A.O.U., Lakemba, X.S.^^^ White=shouldered Caterpinar=eaters — I was watching the other day, the stages in the construction of the White-shouldered Cateri)i11ar-Eater's nest. The first nest I found was robbed by some boys, but immediately the birds started another nest in the next tree. All the material of the first nest was used on the second, and sometimes the male, after placing some material in position, would rest for half-an-hour or so on the nest. This, however, was not so with the female. She rarely appeared, and if she had some material she would give it to the male to place in position. She did the greater part of the sitting, however, and was fed by the male while on the nest. Both birds would fly swiftly past any intruder, snapping their beaks; but although they came very close they never hit one. — Master C. Austin. Cockatoo Hybrids. — Two hybrids of a Galah and Pink Cockatoo (Major Mitchell) were noted by me this year, and some years ago a Little Corella (C gymnopis, or rather C. sanguinea) and Galah (C. roseicapilla) hybrid. These all hap- pened in a state of nature, and in good seasons, when food was abundant and all available nesting holes occupied. The Galah ( C. saiiQ^uinca) was in a Galah's Nest with two young Galahs. The other two were trapped birds. — W. MacGillivrav, R.A.O.U.. Broken Hill. * * * Note on the Frog^mouth and Apostle Bird. — I acquired a Podargus recently; he is becoming (|uite sociable already, and makes no bones about gulping down a whole mouse, dead or alive ; he does not wait to kill it, like the Kookaburra. This is about the fifth that I have kept, and none of them ever "moi)oked" their note, and the note of all the other species of Podargus in my experience is totally unlike that of the "Boobook Owl." My Apostle Birds (Siriitliidea) are nest building; the female does all the graft, and the male is clerk of works. — Dr. W. MacGili.ivk.w, R.A.O.U., P>roken Hill. 326 Subscribers and Members, R.A.O.U., 19^3 Kt^ApT Subscribers and Members, R.A.O.U., 1923 Any nieniher whose address is incorrect should notify the H(jn, Secretary (// once. Street numbers are desired in all cases. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. HORNADAY, Dr. W. T., Director, Bronx Zoological Park, New York,. U.S.A. RIDGWAY, Prof. ROBERT, Curator Division of Birds, National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. SALVADORI, Count TOMASSO, Zoological Museum, Turin, Italy. SHUFELDT, Dr. R. W., 3356 Eighteenth St., Washington, D.C.^ U.S.A HONORARY MEMBERS. CAMPBELL, A. J., C.M.B.O.U., F.A.O.U., "Bulgaroo," 18 Welling- ton R(l., Box Hill. Vic. KENDALL. H., Milan St., Mentone, Vic. LE SOUEF, D., C.M.Z.S., Zoological Gardens, Parkville, Vic. MACDONALD, DONALD, Black Rock, Victoria. 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FINLAY, G., 110 Collins St., Melbourne. FISHERIES AND GAME DEPT., Chief Inspector, Queen St., Meib. FORD, H. W., 9 Freeman St., North Fitzroy. FORSTER. Rev. P. L., 312 Station St., Box Hill. GATES, Wm. F., M.A., "Cullymont," Selwyn St., Canterbury. GRAHAM, G., Scott's Creek. GRAY, Z., 2 Temple Court, Melbourne. GREENWOOD, Dr. E. F., 91 Collins St., Melbourne. GRIMWADE, GORDON, Cliveden Mansions, East Melbourne. GRIMWADE, W. R , 342 Flinders Lane, Melbourne. GUTHRIE, RALPH, Arthur St.. Oakleig:h. HALL. .TAS., 17 Queen St.. Melbourne. HAMER, W. A., 21 Jones Lane, Melbourne. HAMILTON. J. T., 772 Heidelberg- Rd.. Ivanhoe. HEALY. T. V. (Mrs.), 71 Barkly St., St. Kilda. HEDDING, .IAS., "Toowong-." 39 Monomeith Av., Canterbury. HEWETT, Miss E. I., c/o National Bank, Kew. HILL. J. A.. "Correa." Wakeham St., Stawell. HOOD, R. A. D.. "MerranR," Hexham. HOOK, C. C, "Cotswold," Sale. HOPE. Dr. W. W.. "Elliminook," Birregurra. HORNE, Dr. G., 61 Collins St., Melbourne. HORNE. Mrs. G.. 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Carmichael St., Ivanhoe. LAWFORD. W., Benalla. LAWRENCE, S. A., 8 Kelburn St.. Caulfield. LEGGE, Vincent, "Brooklyn," 50 George St., Fitzrov. LeSOUEF. Cecil J., Zoological Gardens, Parkville. LEWIS, Dr. .J. M., Boundarv Road, Burwood. LINDNER, J., Murphy St., Wangaratta. LINDSAY. Mrs. James, "Quamby," Woolsthorpe. LINDSAY, W. S., "Quambv," Woolsthorpe. LINTON. A. F., "Kirri Kirri," Maffra. LISCOMBE, H. G.. 53 Queen St., Melbourne. LITTLEJOHNS. R. T., "Kiewa," Holroyd Av., E. St. Kilda. LONG, C. R.. M.A., Education Department, Melbourne. LONG, Dr. W. J., "Carrick," 89 Short St., Bendigo. LORIMER, J. E.. Boronia St., Canterbury. MANN, F. W., "Motstone," 176 Walsh St., S. Yarra. MANN, John G.. "Harbury," Frankston. MANN, S. F., "'Lawrenny," Caramut. MATHESON. N. McD., "Moranghurk." Lethbridge. MATTINGLEY, A. H., C.F.A.O.U., 42 Canterbury Rd., Cambeiwell. MENZIES. J. L., 89 Queen St.. Melbourne. MOLESWORTH, J M., "Ballart," Morrison. MORRISON. Scott. 19 Cambridge St.. Hawthorn. MURTON, L. M., E. E. Tel. Co., Collins House, Melbourne. McARTHUR, Dr. A. N., "Kuungil," Boundary Rd., Toorak. McCARTIN, L., Leongatha. MacCASKILL, Allan (Jnr.), "Spion Kop," Coleraine. MACKENZIE, Capt. H. P., Trawalla. MacLEAN, C. W., "Devon." Merton Av., Elsternwick. MACLEAY, E. P., 57 Dundas Place, Albert Park. McLENNAN, Miss Rebie. "Ellisland," Pira. McLELLAN, W., "Claremeade," Casterton. NICHOLLS, Dr. E. Brooke, 61 Collins St.. Melbourne. NICHOLSON, A. E.. 26 Rosella St.. Murrumbeena. OSBORNE, E C, "Kergunyah," Cardinia. PARKER, C.. Tivoli Place, South Yarra. PATTERSON, Mrs. G. S.. "Caupaul," Dergholm. PEEBLES, N. G., "Fashoda," Aberfeldie St., E.ssendon. PURNELL, H. A., "Kiwi," 34 Buckland Av., Newtown, Geelong. PYE. H.. Agricultural College, Dookie. RHIND, Miss Mabel C, "Chevy," 22 Trafalgar R.I.. Camberwell. RIBBONS. R. G., Panitya. RICARDO. E.. "Thurla," Avalon Rd.. Armadale. ROADKKIGHT, A. H., 71 Aberdeen St., Geelong. ROBERTSON. Miss Shiela M., "Mooramong." Bav St.. Mordialioc. liOSS. J. A.. 54 Claremont. Av., Malvern. RUSSELL, .1. K., "Barunah Plains," Hesse. RUSSELL, N. K.. "Barunah Plains," Hesse. SARGOOD, IAN D., "EgcJeen," Clendoi: Rd., Toorak VoijXXii.j Sitbscrihcrs and Members, R.A.O.U., 1023 329 SCHULTZ, B., "Hillcroft," Sheep Hills. SCOTT, Andrew, Elmore. SIMPSON, H. W., Agricultural College, Dookie. SIMSON, C.E., "Roseneath," Casterton. SLANEY, H. B., "The Ranch," Moorooduc. SPENCER, Sir Baldwin, K.C.M.G., National Museum, Melbourne. STEPHEN, W. J., 28 Robinson's Rd., Hawthorn. STONE, A. H., 152 Olinda St., Bendifio. STONE, Miss D., "Stroud," 71 Tivoli Rd., S. Yarra. STONE, Miss H., "Stroud," 71 Tivoli Rd., S. Yarra. STUART, Leslie, 250 Flinders St., Melbourne. STUBBS, Mrs. E. G., Beaconsfield Parade, South Melbourne. STUBBS, Miss L. L., 21 Lojian St., Canterbury. SULLIVAN, A. M., 34 Finlayson St., Malvern. SUTTON, Dr. C. S., 683 Rathdown St., North Carlton. SYMONDS, E. U., "Nunga," Gordon Cres., Black Rock. THOMSON, D., "The Cottage," Oak St., Canterbury. THORN, L. B., 69 Wattletree Rd., Malvern. TIPPETT, Rev. W. C, "Shenton," Ryrie St., Geelong. TRAVERS, Lieut. R. E., Metung. TREGELLAS, Tom, "Wandai," 75 Fitzwilliam St., Kew. TRESCOWTHICK, C, 324 Hoddle St., Collingwood. VICTORIAN SOCIETY PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS, 200 Swanston St., Melbourne. VOEGE, Roy, "Roseneath," Casterton. WALTERS, Rev. W., Church of England, Murrayville. WARRNAMBOOL MUSEUM, Curator, Warrnambool. WATSON, H. J. L., 344 Latrcbe Terrace, Geelong. WIGHTON, J., 53 Yarra St., Geelong. WILKIE, A., Zoological Gardens, Parkville. WILKINSON, Dr. W. S., 156 Collins St., Melbourne. WILLIAMSON, H. B., "The Grange," Waverly Rd., E. Caulfield. WILSON, C. W., Scott's Hotel, Melbourne. WILSON, F. E., "Jacana," Darling Rd., E. Malvern. WILSON, Major H. W., B.Sc, O.B.E., 630 Inkerman Rd., Caulfield. NEW SOUTH WALES. ANDERSON, C, Australian Museum, College St., Sydney. ANDERSON, GRAEME, C/o "Kinniel," 18 Gower St., Summer Hill. ANGUS & ROBERTSON LTD., 89 Castlereagh St., Sydney. AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, Librarian, Sydney. BARRIER FIELD NATURALISTS' CLUB, Broken Hill. BAUER, C. J., Boys' High School, Fort St., Petersham. BEEGLING, G., "Thornycrcft," Goulburn. BETTINGTON, B. C. J., "Terragong," Merriwa. BETTINGTON, J. H., Sen., "Terragong," Merriwa. BRADLEY, JOHN, C/o H. W. Curtis, "Brooklyn," Armidale. BRENNAN, WM., "Clooree," Boston St., Moree. BROWN, R. E. D., 177 Castlereagh St., Sydney. BULL, C. C, "Tarbert," Moree. BURGE, G., "Palo Alto," Inverell. BURRELL, Mrs. EMILY", 19 Doncaster Av., Kensington, Sydney. BURRELL, H., 19 Doncaster Av., Kensington, Sydney. CAMERON, L. D., 34 Prince Albert St., Mosman, Sydney. CARTER, H. J., "Garrawilla," Kintore St., Wahroonga. CAYLEY, N. W., 89 Pitt St., Sydney. CHAFFER, N., Victoria Av., Willoughby. CHENERY, Dr. A., "Yampa," Wentworth. CHISHOLM, A. H., C.F.A.O.U., C/o "Daily Telegraph," Sydney. CHISHOLM, C. W., "Myreno," Woodward Av., Strathfield. CHISHOLM, Dr. E. C, Marrangaroo. 330 Subscribers and Members, R.A.O.U., 1923 [Ts^aS CLEE, T. H., Chester St., Moree. COLES, C, 47 CastlereaKh St.. Sydney. CROFT, H. M., Salisbury Court, Uralla. DOBBYN, Dr. G. H., Cummins St., Broken Hill. D'OMBRAIN, A. F.. Dudley St., Roseville, Sydney. D'OMBRAIN, Dr. E. A., 205 Macquarie St., Sydney. DUNBABIN, T., 19 MusKrave St., Mosnian. EDWARDS, H. V., Tathra Rd., Bega. ENRIGHT, W. J., West Maitland. FALKINER, J., Singleton. FALKINER, Mrs. OTWAY, Widgiewa Siding, North Boonoke. FERGUSON, Major E. W., "Timhebougie," Gordon Rd., Roseville. FERGUSON, J. A., 167 Phillip St., Sydney. GIBSON, C. G., "Maltorendi," Grosvenor Rd., Wahroonga. GILBERT, P. A., "Dacelo," Colin St., Lakemba, N.S.W. GOGERLEY, J. F. H., "Ellorslic," Wallis Lake, Forster, via Taree. GOLDFINCH, G. McA., "Lyndhurst," Salisbury Rd., Rose Bay, Syd- ney. GOULD, LEAGUE OF N.S.W. (H. W. Hamilton, Sec), "Kent," Park Rd., Hurstville. HANSCOMBE, S. A., Kearsley. HARDIE, H. G., "Wyoming," 175 Macquarie St., Sydney. HAYS, Mrs. E. M., Sentry Box, Bundarra. HAYS, R. G., Esrom House, Armidale. HOPSON, J., Jnr., "Dalkeith," Eccleston. HORDERN. ANTHONY, "Retfield Hall," Darling Point. HORDERN, Miss A. C, "Babworth House," Darling Point. HORDERN, Miss D., "Babworth House," Darling Point. HORDERN, Master HERBERT E., "Mona," Mona Rd., Darling Point, HORDERN, Master HENRY M., "Mona," Mona Rd., Darling Point. HUGHES, Dr. S., 173 Macquarie St., Sydney. HULL, A. F. BASSET, C.F.A.O.U., Box. 704, G.P.O., Sydney. JACKSON, S. W., C/o "Belltrees," Scone. JERVIS, R. H., Moss Vale. JONES, Mrs. J. WALKER, "Bettuv-y-Cora," Harris St.. Harris Park. JOSELAND, H., 7 Greenknowe Av., Potts Point, Sydney. KATER, Mrs. H. E., Mt. Broughton, Moss Vale. KEANE, H., 20 Austral St., Penshurst. KEMP, A. P., "Boonanghi," Quirindi. KINGHORN, J. R., Australian Museum, Sydney. LANE, E. H., "Cotehill," 1!) Anson St., Orange. LAWRANCE, Mrs. B. G., The Grammar School, Glen Innes. LE SOUEF, A. S., C.M.Z.S., Taronga Zoological Park, Mosman,. Sydney. MAWHINEY, A., "The Prairie," Ashley, N.S.W. MAWHINEY, H. A., Master, Cranbrook School, Edgccliff. MIDDLETON, F. R., "Warrah Station." Willow Tree. MITCHELL LIBRARY, Librarian, Sydney. MORSE, B. S., "Bindaree," Yenda, N.S.W. MORSE, F. C, "Coocalla." Garah. MORSE, J. N., "Esrom House," Armidale. McCALLUM. F.. Forest Lodge, Goulburn. MACGILLIVRAY, Dr. W., C.F.A.O.U., Broken Hill, N.S.W. MACKAY, J. J., "Giro," Gloucester. McKEOWN. K., "The Hydro," Leeton. MacMEIKAN, D., Master, South Grafton. MacMEIKAN, K., Ramornie Works, South Grafton. McPHEE, E. A. (Mr.), C/o "Belltrees," Scone. VoJ. XXII. Subscribers and Members, K.A.O.U., ip2^ 331 MACPHERSON, Dr. J., "Wyoming," 175 Macquarie St., Sydney. NORTON, Mrs. ALFRED, "Tenynham," White St., Tamworth. NUBLING, E., ;:!8 Macleay St., Sydney. PEIR, P., Taxation Department, George St., Sydney. POTTER, J., "Houghton," Carlton Parade, Carlton. PRICE, F. W., "Baroona," Whittingham, N.S.W. PURSER, Dr. C, 19:^ Macquarie St., Sydney. RAFFERTY, A. J., Top Creek, Upper Macleay, via Armidale. RAMSAY, J., 317 George St., Sydney. RICKMAN, E. C, Sentry Box. Bundarra. ROBERTS^ S. L., Bolivia Station, Bolivia. ROLIN, F. L., Castlereagh House, Castlereagh St., Sydney. SANDILANDS, J. B., "Roumalla," Uralla, N.S.W. SAVIDGE, G., Copmanhurst. SCAMMELL, G. V., "Melrose," 18 Middle Head Rd., Mosnian, Sy(hiey. SEEKAMP, O. H., Electrical Co.. 304 Kent St., Sydney. SHERRIE, W.. "Land Office," 7 O'Ccnncll St., Sydney. SLOANE, J., Mulwala Station, Muhvala, N.S.W. SLOANE, W. H., Savernake Station, Savernake, N.S.W. SORENSEN, E. S., 104 Sydenham Rd., Marrickville. SPENCER, B. G., "Gundamulda," Barraba. THOMAS, J. F.. 19a Elizabeth St., Sydney. THOMPSON, CHAS.. Kulkyne Station, via Euston. THROSBY, Dr. H., 194 Miller St., North Sydney. TROUGHTON, E. Le G., Australian Museum, Sydney. WALKER, Miss E., C/o T. Worry, Wetherell St., Croydon. WENZ, P., "Nanima," Cowra. WENZ, Mrs. P., "Nanima," Cowra. WESTCOTT, A. E.. Vincent St., Cessnock, N.S.W. WHALLEY, R. P., "Menadool," Moree. WHITE, A. H., "Belltrees," Scone. WHITFIELD, J. A., "Lyncroft," Beaccnsfield Parade, Lindfield. WOLSTENHOLME, H., "Maybanke," Junction Rd., Wahroonga. WYNNE, R. 0., "Wynstay," Mount Wilson, N.S.W. QUEENSLAND. AGRICULTURAL V. AND STOCK DEPT., Brisbane. ALEXANDER, W. B., M.A., C.F.A.O.U., "Sebastopol House," West- wood. BANFIELD, E. J., Bramo Bay, Dunk Island, via Townsville BARKER, G. H., 22.5 Albert St., Brisbane. BARNARD, C. A., "Coomoobcolaroo," Duaringa. BARNARD, Mrs. G., "Fairview," Talford St., Rockhampton. BARNARD, H. G., Rio Station, Edungalba. BARNARD, W. B., The Range, Toowoomba. BERNAYS, E. C, Margaret St., Toowoomba. BERNEY, F. L., Barcarolle Station, Longreach. BLACK, Mrs. A., Pajingo Station. Charters Towers. BLIGH, A. C. v., Condamine Plains, Brookstead. BRENAN, J. O'NEIL, Immigration Agency, Brisbane. CENTRAL QUEENSLAND NATIVE BIRDS PROTECTION ASSO- CIATION (P. V. Maloney, Sec), C/o W. Munro & Co., Rock- hampton. CHIPPINDALL, A. H., Bourbon St., Bundaberg. CHISHOLM, J. R., "The Plains," Prairie Tableland, N. Queensland. COLEMAN, W. H., Yungaburra, via Cairns. CORNWELL, E. M., Box 152, Mackay. COWAN, J., Boys Grammar School, Brisbane. CUMMINS. Dr. R. H. La B.. 242 Edward St., Brisbane. DORNBUSCH, C. C, "Avalon," Wanvick. 332 Subscribers and Members, R.A.O.U., 1923 iTstApri" DRAIN, D. S. A., B.A., Box 87, Pittsworth. EDWARDS, Rev. C. C, "All Saints' Rectory," Ayr, N. Queensland. EDWARDS, W. HARRY, "CoonRoola," Colosseum. FIELDING, J. W., Australian Institute Tropical Medicine, Hospital, Townsville. GAUKRODGER, D. W., Alice Downs, Blackall, Qld. GEARY, N., Mt. Pleasant, Dalby. HALL, LESLIE A., "Baranibah," Goomerri. HARVEY, W. G., "Marwood," xMackay, Qld. Rev. Father LEO HAYES, "St. Mary's," Ipswich. HITCHCOCK, L. F., "Willoata," Kedron Park Rd., Wooloowin, Brisbane. HOLMES, T. C. J., Myall Park, Macalister. KENNY, Dr. F. H., Crow's Nest, Queensland. LONGMAN, H. A., Museum, Brisbane. MAYO, Mrs. W. M., "Hinemoa," Roseberry St., Hiffhffat* Hill, South Brisbane. McCRAE, J. K., "Lanjrdale," Lonpreach. MACKENZIE, E. P., "Coolabah," Jondaryan. MACKENZIE, Rev. J. W. A., "The Rectory," Aramac. McLEAN, C. N., "Durham Downs," Tharsomindah. Sir MATHEW NATHAN, Governor, Government House, Brisbane. NIELSON, H., Alfred St. East, Mackay. PRICE, Mrs. H. C, "Geeumbi," Herries St., Toowoomba. PRICE, Dr. T. A., "Geeumbi," Herries St., Toowoomba. ROBERTS, Dr. SPENCER, Stanthorpe, Queensland. ROBINSON, S., Harriman Park, Cunnamulla, Queensland. ROGERS, C. M., Toorilla, Rockhampton. SCHOOL OF ARTS, Rockhampton. STEVENS, H. C, State School, Goombungee. TILLEY, Miss D. M., "Boolillival," Rose Hill, S.W. Railway. TRYON, H., Agricultural Dept., Brisbane. TURNER, Dr. A. J., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane. WHITEHEAD, G., Charters Towers. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. ABBOTT, Master H. L., Henley Beach. AISTON, G., Mungeranie, via Marree. ANGEL, F. M.. M Fullarton Rd., Parkside, Adelaide. ASHBY, E., "Witunjra," Blackwood. BAILEY, J. F., Botanical Gardens, Adelaide. CANTWELL, E., Warwick St., Walkerville. CAVE, W. A., 57 Northcote Terrace, Medindie, Adelaide. CHRISTISON, Mrs. JOHN, Clare. CLELAND, Professor J. BURTON, University, Adelaide. CROMPTON, A., "Huron," StatcnborouRh St., Knightbridge. FRANCIS, Rev. A. M., Pinnaroo. HAWKER, JOHN, "Anania," Clare. LIBRARY, Adelaide. LIENAU, C. H. A., "Newbury," 23 Victoria Av., Unley Park. MELLOR, J. W., "Mellor Park," Lockleys. MORGAN, Dr. A. M., 20G North Terrace. Adelaide. McGILP, J. N., "Orignia," 184 Napier Terrace, King's Park. McGILP, Mrs. J. N., "Origma," 184 Napier Terrace. King's Park. OSBORNE, R. E. P., Clarke & Co., Grenfell St., Adelaide. PARSONS, F. E., 87 King William St.. Adelaide. RUSSELL, C. H., "Lynwood," Halidon. SANDERS, S., Warradale P.O., Sturt.' SANDERSON, Miss H. L., "Killingsworth," Strangways Terrace, North Adelaide. SHIELDS, H. D., "Brooklyn," Melrose. ^"•'i^^"] Subscribers aud Members. R.A.O.U., ajj^ 333 SOMERVILLE, J. D., Port Lincoln. SUTTON, J., "The Bungalow," Fullarton Rd., Netherby, Mitcham. VAUGHAN, Mrs. C, Cross Roads, Glen Osmond. VOHR, Miss I. M., 27 Watson Av., Rose Park. WAITE, E. R., F.L.S.. Museum, Adelaide. WHITE, Mrs. S. A., "Wetunga," Fulham. WHITINGTON, E., Register Office, Adelaide. WEST AUSTRALIA. DRAPER, Mr. Justice T. P., M.B.E., 8 King's Park Rd., Perth. FISHERIES DEPARTMENT, Perth. GLAUERT, L., Curator Museum, Perth. HIGHAM, J. B., "Manutarra," Alexandra Rd., East Fremantle. LAWRENCE, F. G., C/o L. Samson & Son, Cliff St., Fremantle. LEAKE, B. W., "Cardcnia," Woolundra. LE SOUEF, Major E. A., B.V.Sc, F.Z.S., Zoological Gardens, South Perth. LOARING, W. H., "Lawnbrook," Bickley. ORTON, C. E., Petworth Park, Moora. PACKHAM, J., Jun., Doongin Peak, Tammin. PARLIAMENT HOUSE (Librarian), Perth. SAXDLAND, P. T., Burrabidgy Station, Moora. SANDOVEK & CO., Hay St., Perth. SERVENTY, Master D., Maddington. SHEARMAN, Dr. C. H., Public Health Dept., Perth. TUBMAN, E. A. W., C/o "Cooralya," Carnarvon WALTON, Miss A. E., Infants' School, East Fremantle. WHITLOCK, F. L., "Chiltern," Tudor, via Albany. TASMANIA. ANDERSON, Dr. B., Westbury, Tasmania. ANDERSON, Dr. G. M., Franklin. ATKINS, W. N., "Lorraine," Glenorchy, Hobart. BURBURY, C, "Inglewood," Andover. BUTLER, A. L., 126 Collins St., Hobart. CHAPMAN, A. D., 105 Macquarie St., Hobart. CRANE, S. W., Union Bank, Hobart. CROWTHER, Dr. W. L., D.S.O., 180 Macquarie St., Hobart. EVANS, Col. T. M., Flint House, 41 Pirie St, Newtown, Hobart. FLETCHER, Miss J. A., State School, Woodbridge. GIBBIN, Dr. W. W., 142 Macquarie St., Hobart. HALL, R., C.M.B.O,U., "Rest Harrow," Bellerive, Hobart. HARRISON, J., Wynyard, Tasmania. HARRISON, M. W., Orford East Coast, Tasmania. HEYWARD, S. H., "Rowella," West Tamar, Tasmania. LEGGE, R. W., "Cullenswood House," Cullenswood. LORD, C. E., Museum, Hobart. MAY, W. L., Forest HHl, Sandford. M'DONALD, Miss E., Beaconstield. ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA, Museum, Hobart. SHARLAND, M. S. R., "Mercury" Office, Hobart. SWINDELLS, A. W., "Ronwood," 2 Patrick St., Hobart. THOMPSON, H. C, 12a Stone St., Launceston. TRAVERS. Miss CICELY, "Garstang," Lower Sandy Bay, Hobart. NEW ZEALAND. BATHGATE. Dr. D. A., 327 Highgate, Maori Hill, Dunedin. COCKCRAFT, T., Bank of New Zealand, Te Aro Branch, Wellington. COTTRELL, H. S., 24 Hastings St., Napier. 334 Suhscrihcrs and Mcnihcrs, R..I.O.U.. 192s [TsfA^pTn FALLA, R. A., 41 Callipoe Rd., Devonport, Auckland. GUTHRIE-SMITH, W. H., Tatira, Napier. HAEUSLER, H. R., Box 36, Taneatua. HANSEN, A., 95 Northland Rd., Northland, Wellington. ICK-HEWINS, Dr. T. J., Leeston, Canterbury. MYERS, J. G., Biological Laboratory, 71 Fairlie Terrace, Kelburn, Wellington. McKAY, Dr. WM., 45 Guinnes.s St., Grcymouth, Westland. OLIVER, W. R. B., F.L.S., F.Z.S, Museum, Wellington. SMITH, W. W., New Plymouth. STIDOLPH, ROBT. H. D., 28 Makora Rd., Masterton, Wairarapa. SUTHERLAND, R. S., F.Z.S., Lighthouse, Cuvier Island, C/o Collec- tor of Customs, Auckland. TURNBULL LIBRARY, Librarian, Bowen St., Wellington. WILKINSON, A. S., Sclway, Masterton. ENGLAND, ETC. GARTER, TOM, M.B.O.U., "Wensleydale," Mulgrave Rd., Sutton, Surrey. COCHRANE, Capt. H. L., R.N., "The Chase," Whaddon, Bletchley, Bucks. DEIGHTON, BELL & CO., 13 Trinity St., Cambridge. EVANS, A. H., 1) Harvey Rd., Cambridge. MATHEWS, GREGORY M., "Foulis Court," Fair Oak, Hants. PARKIN, T. M. A., "Fairseat," High Wickham, Hastings, Sussex. REED, J. H., C/o John Terry & Son, 7 Great Winchester St., Lon- don E.C. 2. SMITH, C. HORTON, Woodvale, Syddal Park, Bramhall, Cheshire. SETH-SMITH, I)., Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, London. N.W. 8. TEAGUE, R. M., "Holmcroft," Ewhurst, Surrey. REGISTRAR (Jas. Rafter, M.A.), University, Bristol. WITHERBY, H. F. & G., 326 High Holborn, London. W.C. WORKMAN, W. H., M.B.O.U., F.Z.S., Lismore, Windsor Av., Belfast, Ireland. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, Regent's Park, London, N.W. 8. BENNETT, A. G., Customs Officer, Port Stanley, Falkland Islands. JULIUS, SYDNEY, Julius & Creasy, Colombo, Ceylon. McGILL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, 65 McTavish St., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. TUCKER, W. A., J.P., Assistant Commissioner, Sangar C.P., Indic> BELCHER, Judge C. F., M.A., M.B.E., Zomba, Nyasaland, Africa. EUROPE. DELACOUR, J., President Chateau De Cleres, Seine. Inferieure, France. EINKAUF STELLE DES BOERSENVEREINS, 19 Tauebschenweg, Leipsic, Germany. G. L. VAN DEN BERG, 87 Rapenburg St., Leiden, Holland. ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM, Christiana, Norway. ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Stockholm, Sweden. Dr. RUDOLF SODERBERG, Stenstorp, Sweden. ^°'i923^"-] Subscribers aud Members, R.A.O.U., 1923 335 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ETC. LIBRARIAN, United States Dept. Ag:riculture, Washington, D..C. •CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Ithaca, New York. DAWSON, WM. LEON, Director Museum of Comparative Oology, Santa Barbara, California. LIBRARIAN, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road, Chicago. LIBRARY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, 77th Street and 8th Avenue, New York. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES, 1974 Broadway, New York. NORRIS, J. PARKER, Jun., Room 694 City Hall, Philadelphia. OBERHOLSER, Dr. HARRY C, Museum of Natural History, Wash- ington, D.C. OVEKINGTON, P. BRUCE, 7606 Leiper St., Frankford, Pennsylvania. REDICK, L. L., Newington Center, Connecticut. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Library, Berkeley, California. WETMORE, Dr. A., F.A.O.U., C/o U.S. Biological Survey, Washmg- ton, D.C. ZIMMER, J. T., 42nd and Holdrege Sts., Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A. BIRD DEPARTMENT, Zoological Park, Bronx Park, New York McGregor, R. C, Bureau of Science, Manila, Philippine Islands. Notes "Type Descriptions and the International Code."- — At the end •of the article by A. J. and A. G. Campbell {Emu, ante, p. 192), it should be explained that the three- fold resolution there men- tioned was carried unanimously at the Adelaide Session, and re- ferred to the Council for further action. Habits of Cuckoos. — In his recent book "The Cuckoo's Secret," Mr. Edgar Chance describes and illustrates in most complete manner the egg-laying methods of the Cuckoo familiar in Great Britain (Cucnliis canoriis). With the object of stimu- lating further interest in the habits of Cuckoos generally, Mr. Chance offers to wager any amount up to £500 that any parasitic bird in any part of the world lays its eggs direct into the nests of its victims, and never inserts the tgg with its beak. Now, Mr. Chance has made such a close study of the Cuckoo that there may be little likelihood of anyone qualifying for the £500. But the interest of the subject is such that Australian observers should endeavor to solve the mystery as regards our own Cuckoos as conclusively as Mr. Chance has done with the European bird. Notes on the habits of Cuckoos will be wel- <:omed by the Editor of this journal. 336 A^oh-s f ist^Apri" Members will be ])leaseci to learn that our old Western Aus- tralian friend Mr. Tom Carter, now of Surrey, England; Dr. W. MacGillivray, of Broken Hill, a Past President of the R.A.O.U. ; and Mr. A. H. Chisholm, formerly the successful State Secretary for Queensland, but now of the "Daily Tele- graph," Sydney, have been awarded the honour of Corresj^onding Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union. We congratulate them on their well-deserved recognition by the ornithologists of America. * * * Members will be pleased to learn that the African section of the long-e.xjiected Systcwa .Iv'niin has been completed, though not yet published. Mr. Mathews has now submitted proposals to the Check-list Committee that will probably enable unanimity to be reached on all points. It is hoped that the Australian list will soon take its i)lace as a section of the great Systema * * * A ])roclamation has been issued by the Minister for Customs prohibiting the e.xport of any birds except those named in the ])roclamation. The Minister retains power to allow export for educational purposes. The request of nature-lovers that no ex- port for private y)rofit should be i)ermitted was well received, and seems likely to be adopted. * * * Suggestions for the Annual Congress and Cami)-out in Tas- mania next spring are now being considered by the Council. Many entpiiries have been received in connection with the pro- posed visit of the K. A.O.T. to Mactiuarie Island next January. * * * Members whose subscriptions are outstanding are earnestly re(|uested to send .same promi)tly to the Hon. Secretary. Z. Gray, 2 Temple Court, Melbourne. * * * The Subjects of the Monthly Meeting of the R.A.O.U. are: May 2nd, at S i).m. . at .\ational Museum. — ".Mbatrosses and Petrels." June 6th, at S p.m.. at K..\.().r. Rooms. — ' "Cockatoos." July 4th. al S i).ni.. at R. .O.r. Rooms. ' "Finches. * * * The sale of the Valuable Index to the lirst 20 Volumes of '/'//< linni, kindly donated by H. L. White. C.F.A.O.U.. is proceeding steadily. Members who require the same .should coninuinicate at once with the Honorary Secretary. * * * Tlic date of i)ublication of this part of Thf liniii was .\pril nth. l'>2.^ •*t-i. „ Ir TIIK EMU, Vol. XXI I. PLATE L. THE RUFOUS GRASS-WREN Pl(if>litin/I(js irliitcl THE DARK GRASS-WREN D. finnu'lli The Emu Official Organ of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union " Birds of a feather. Vol. XXII. 1 1st JANTARV, 1923. fP.^RT ,v Two Australian Grass -Wrens, Diapborillas purnelli and D. ^whitei By A. J. CAMPBELL, C.M.B.O.U., F.A.O.U., Sometime President, R.A.O.U. Box Hill, Vic. At the recent Adelaide Conference of the R.A.O.U, a work- able amount of material was examined, including specimens at the local Aluseum kindly placed by the authorities at the disposal' of the Check-List Committee. The Committee was also fortun- ate in having the advice of the Hon. Ornithologist, Dr. A. M. Morgan, R.A.O.L'. After inspecting the material available, in- cluding that in the collection of Capt. S. A. White, C.M.B.O.U., the Committee accepted ten species and the genus Alaf/namytis for D. Iwitsei and D. woodivardi It appeared that the fine dark variety of the "tcxtilis" series, named D. purneUi by G. M. Mathews (A.A.R. H., p. 99), and found in the interior of the continent, was sufficiently differen- tiated to stand as a full species. Fig. (lower) pi. 1. For former remarks by H. L. White, C.F.A.O.U., see Emu, vol. xx., p. 190, pi. XX. Of the "striata" series, another interior bird, D. whitei, Mathews (Bull. B.O. Club, xxv., p. 34), also appeared a good species, of which D. ozveni, Mathews, and D. rufa, Campbell and Kershaw, are synonyms. Fig. (upper) pi. 1. Former remarks on these birds will be found in Emu, xviii., p. 8L pl- >^v., and the description of the nest and eggs of D. whitei, by H. L. White, Esq., of "Belltrees," N.S.W., in Emu, vol. xiv., p. 157. The photographs are from specimens in the "H. L. White Collection," National Museum, Melbourne. The birds were mounted bv kind direction of the Curator, Mr. J. A. Kershaw, F.E.S. 162 M.\a)\\AA\l<.\\, .lustralia,, J'clicau. Tisffan" The Nesting of the Australian Pelican (Peli- canus conspicilldtus) By J)R. W. .MACGIIJJX RAN', liioken Hill, Sometime President, R.A.O.U. Owing to the gradual dessication of the interior the Darling River does not receive any water on its western side from the 30th degree of latitude, where the Warrego River enters it, near Bourke, until it joins the Murray River at about the 34th parallel. The waters of the I'aroo find iheir way to ihe Darling only in years of exce]jtional rainfall, usually losing themselves in vast flats and lignum (Muclilenhcckio Cunnincihami) swamps before reaching it. The Bulloo waters only find their way over the Queensland border for a short distance to be sopped up in similar areas, and most of the creeks that take their origin from the eastern side of the Barrier Range share the same fate. It follows, then, that the Darling depends for its periodic floodings, which Aaiy greatly in extent, on the rains which fall in South-eastern Queensland, and North-eastern New vSouth Wales. The river itself has a broad and deep channel, with its banks bordered by fine old red gums { Eucalyptus rostrata), an area of varying extent on either side subject to inundation and supporting an arboretum of box (E. hicolor mostly) and Acacia stenophylla. Connected with this are old channels of the river, and a system of lakes. One of these old channels, known as the Talyawalka, courses down on the eastern side at distances of from 5 to 40 miles out from the river itself. Passing Wil- cannia at about 10 miles out, it soon increases this distance, filling a series of lakes in succession, such as Teryawynia, Vic- toria, Brommeys, Ratcatchers and Boolaboolka Lakes, and then finding its way by one or more channels into the river again. On the western side a channel runs out just below the town of Menindie, and immediately fills a large depressed area of about 76,000 acres, known to the aboriginal inhabitants as Min- andichi, but now called I^ake Menindie. This is connected by a tortuous channel, the Wooriarara Creek, about 12 miles in length, with Cawndilla Lake, which has an area of about 1(^,000 acres. T'oth lakes and creek are enclosed by sandhills, from which they are separated by box flats. The centre portion bor- dering the creek and more depressed than the rest, is known as Mortonboolka Swamp, as it is more often under water than the rest of the flats, only high floods covering these and reaching to the foot of the sandhills. When the river falls, most of this water runs out again, and serves to keep up the level of the river for several months below where the creek enters it. THE BMV, Vol. XXII PLATE LI ^°\S^^] -MAC(;iLlJ\k AV, .lustralia,, Pcliam. 163 'Ihe Uaiiing is usually a runnin^^ stream, hut may in very dry limes be reduced to a series of waterholes. Small floods, which do not rise to the top of the channel, usually occur every two or three years. Floods which overflow the banks and fill the lower flats to a greater or less extent occur at longer intervals. Exceptional floods which cover all the flats and run the out- lying channels to the filling of the larger lakes only happen once or twice in an ordinary lifetime. Such large floods took place in 1864, 1870, 1890 and in 1921. and it is of the nesting of the Pelican (Pclicaiuis conspicillotus ) during the last big floofl that these notes are mostly concerned. Boolaboolka Lake, the terminal one of the series of lakes filled by the Talyawalka, has not been filled since 1890. Last year water poured into it for three months, but did not fill it, in spite of the fact that most of the others had been filled tweh'e months before. Whenever a flood of sufficient extent to overflow the banks and to isolate numbers of trees and lignum bushes occurs, water- fowl of many kinds start to nest, Swans, Ducks, Coots, and W aterhens being the earliest, with wading birds, such as Herons, Spoonbills, and Ibises. Pelicans, Darters, and Cor- morants do not nest unless other special conditions obtain, and these have relation to food supply and protection. When the river is low or reduced to a series of holes, the smaller and naturally more prolific of its fish fauna have their numbers kept in check by the Cod, from which dominant species they have little or no chance of escape. Their ova and small fry are also more easily preyed upon by crayfish, birds and tinile. When, however, the waters spread out over large flats and lake areas, these adverse conditions are removed, and these species increase enormously, and one finds that Pelicans, Darters and Cormorants do not attempt to nest until these areas have been filled for tw^elve months or more, and the fish have been given time to multiply. The Cormorants and Darters choose trees standing in water, on which to place their nests ; the bulkier Pelican, however, re- quires an island where its eggs may be incubated and its young reared free from molestation by marauding animals for a period of from 5 to 6 months or more. At Boolaboolka these condi- tions have not obtained since 1894, when the last breeding took place. Last year it was the last lake to receive the flood waters and then not in sufficient amount to form the required island. The last nesting of Pelicans in this district was at Cawndilla in 1904. At Teryawynia Black Swans (Chenopis atrafa) nested freely on some of the islands during the winter and early spring of 1921, but the Pelicans took charge of several islands isolated by the flood waters at the end of the year, and have had possession ever since. 164 MACGILLI\'RAY, Australian Pelican. [\^st faT Four species of Cormorant — Fhalacrocorax carbo, P. ater., P. variiis, and Microcarbo nielanolcKCiis — have also nested freely on Menindie, Cawndilla, and Teryawynia Lakes right through the spring, summer and autumn months. I have heen able to make frequent excursions on to the Men- indie and Cawndilla Lake areas, owing to the courtesy shown and assistance rendered me by Mr. Allison, the manager of the Kin- chega holding, on which the lakes are situated. The manage- ment is centred at Kars v^tation. about 40 miles out from Broken Hill on the way to Menindie. An account of a visit to these lakes in January last, supple- mented by observations made on previous visits in the spring and summer and on several (occasions since will serve to give an idea of the bird life to be met with. On the 28th January last, accompanied by Dr. Finlayson and my son, Ian, I started out for Kars station at 5.30 a.m. At about twenty miles out the road descends from the Barrier Range, and runs through open saltbush plains to cross Stephens Creek, a few miles below where Sturt first camped on it on his memor- able expedition into the interior in 1844. Xear the turn-off to the station we flushed three fine Bus- tards from a tract of country where a little green herbage has resulted from an errant summer thunderstorm. These birds are only odd ones, this species not having appeared here in numbers since 1911, when the interior and Western Queensland were devastated by a drought and better conditions obtained hereabouts. Arriving at Kars in time for breakfast, we found the mana- ger, overseer and a boy as cook ready to accompany us to the lakes. Another thirty miles, at first through scrub consisting princi- pally of Mulga (Acacia aneiira) and Xeelia (.Icacia loderi), amongst which are interspersed "Dead finish" (Acacia tctrac/ono- phylla), Bullock Bush (Hctcrodcndrou oleofolinm), Sandalwood (Myoporuin platycarpiini). Leopard Trees (Flindcrsia niacu- lata), a few Quandongs (Fusanpis acuniinatus), and Black Oaks (Casitarina lepidopliloia) out on to spear-grass country, through a few dry cane-grass swamps, and over the sand rises on to the box flats bordering the lake area and from which the flood waters have recently receded to the level of the creek banks, we jnilled up near where the creek comes out from Menindie Lake. Here we leave our car; the station Ford trolly loads all our gear, and in charge of Mr. O'Halloran. the overseer, and the cook goes on to make a camp near tf) where the creek connects with Cawndilla Lake. The rest of us take to the station boat, which is kept at a boundary rider's hut on the creek, and row up towards Cawn- dilla. Keeping to the stream for half a mile, we enter Morton- i)oolka Swamp to cut off a large bend of the creek and to inves- tigate the bird life of the swamp. .\ few Ducks are on the water. THE EMU, Vol. XX U. PLATE Lll. ^"S"! .AIACGILLIVRA^', .litstraliau Pelican. 165 mostly I'ink Ears {Malacor/iyficliits iiiciiibrcDiaccits) , with broods of young of various stages of growth ; this species has been nest- ing since early spring. Here the nests were mostly in hollows of trees usually at a low elevation from 1 to 6 feet from the water, occasionally as much as 20 feet. . 'J'he clutches are always moderate, from five to eight, and the eggs well enveloped in down. Teal {Virago (jibberifrons) are next in point of numbers, and have also young of all ages. Their nests range to a greater elevation than those of the Pink Ears, and the clutches are slightly larger, rarely more than ten or twelve. A few Grey Ducks (Anas superciliosa) and Australian White- eyes (A^yroca austral is) w'ere also noted. Maned Geese were more plentiful than earlier in the summer, and in flocks the loud "Gnaroo" call of the female moix frequently heard than the subdued tones of the ganders. Early in the sjiring, Dr. Chenery and I met with a number of Freckled Ducks (Sticfonetta ucevosa) paired for breeding pur- poses on Menindie Lake. These birds were wonderfully tame, swimming round about our boat without showing any fear and allowing a close inspection. The male is larger than the female, and further distinguished by a crimson patch across the base of the mandible. Both sexes have a small top-knot or knob on the head. They prefer to nest in lignum or cane grass, and left Menindie Lake to nest elsewhere wdien the rising waters sub- merged all the lignum. The White-eyed Duck also prefers lignum or cane grass to nest in, and usually lays larger clutches than any other Duck. Dr. Chenery and I found them nesting in the flood waters of Cooper's Creek in 1920 with large clutches of 15 to 18 eggs: we saw one young brood of 25, and several of 15 to 18 w^ith their parents. Since then Dr. Chenery has verified this obser- vation on some swamps on the Darling. Continuing through the swamp we flush at intervals White- necked Herons {Notophoyx pacifica) and W^hite-faced Herons (Blue) {N. novcc-hoUandia-) from nests containing either eggs or young birds. All through the sw'amp and along the creek Darters (Anhinga novcc-hollandicn) have their bulky stick nests draped with overhanging gum leaves placed on horizontal green or dead limbs. Most of these nests contain from three to five young birds. Naked when hatched, they soon acquire a covering of creamy white down. Older birds sitting bolt upright in their nest with wing and tail feathers sprouting are still clothed in creamy down with head and neck fawn-coloured. These larger young are suspicious of us, and flop out of their nests into the water, where they disappear to put up head and neck only, about 30 yards away, and disappear again immediately. Wlien all danger is passed, they climb out on some sloping tree trunk or snag, where their wants are attended to by the parents; several young birds were seen by us in such situations. The old birds are on every dead tree or snag sunning themselves with out- 166 M.\C(]llJA\k.\\, .luslralian Pcllcau. r?st faT stretched wings or curiously eyeing us, and readily take to flight. They leave their perch rocking behind them from the impetus of their jum])-oft". The sexes share in the task of incubation, as we flushed both repeatedly from nests. Wending our way through the swamp, we espy a Great Crested Grebe {Podiceps cristatus) swimming (jft' in its stately way. Its nest is floating, and anchored to a clump of lignum ; no eggs are visible till we remove the ample covering of water weeds for photographic i)urposes. The nest was about a foot in diameter, with an egg-cavity of 6 inches, and the highest part of the nest 4 inches above water level. It contained four eggs. Numbers of Nankeen Night Herons (Xycticorax caledonicns), mostly adult birds, with a few dark ruddy-brown or spotted im- mature ones were disturbed from their camping places in the denser foliaged trees. White Egrets (Egretta alba) were perched on trees or searching the shallower spots. The nests of all these water birds that build in trees, con- spicuous when first constructed of dark-coloured twigs and green or dry branchlets and leaves, are soon so whitewashed by the excreta of the birds as to become almost invisible in the bright sunlight. Pelicans begin now to pass overhead in larger numbers, the bigger flocks flying in the V-shaped formation common to so many water birds, the apex of the letter being in advance, and the limbs altering in length with changes in the direction of flight of the flock. The bird at the ai)ex is in this way freciuently changed. The L'ied Cormorant (/''. vorius), the Little Pied {Microcarbo mclanolcucus), and the Little Black (P. atcr) were quite nume- rous, either in the water, perched on some point of vantage, or flying overhead ; the last-named being in point of numbers far ahead of the other two. The large black Cormorant {P. carbo) was more numerous in Menindie Lake, where it was nesting. Along the shallow margin and on the numerous small islets formed by the falling waters are Red-Kneed Dotterel (Erythro- gonys cinctus) and fewer numbers of the Black-fronted species (Charadrius mclauops). Near our destination for the day. we came across a .small rookery of the Little Black Cormorant iP. a/rr) occupying two or three trees on the margin of an island in the creek; most of these nests cr)ntained young birds. After our eight-mile pull, we welcomed the camp, where a meal awaited our arrival. We are soon in bed. and go oft' to sleej) lis- tening to the churring calls of the Owlet Nightjars {.Egothclcs cristata) as they hawk for insects amongst the trees, and the harsher notes of the Night-Herons fishing along the creek. We are all astir at daylight, and disturb a flotilla of Pelicans that had been busy cornering a shoal of fish in the creek by the camp. Numbers of Water Hens (Microiribonyx zrntralls) were THE EMU. Vol. XXII. PLATE Llll. ^°'i^"] MACGILLIVRAY, Australian Pelican. 167 along the shore or feeding out from it on the green herbage. When thus engaged the tail is carried in a horizontal i)osition, but when alarmed and on the alert or running, ii is held erect, giving the I)ird the appearance of a bantam hen. A \\ hite Ibis (Thrcskioriris molucca) was busily engaged stir- ring the shallow water with open bill, going back and forward and from side to side fossicking amongst decaying branches or tinder logs and making occasional rushes when somethmg which his efforts had disturbed tried to escape. Coots {Fulica atra) are plentiful on the water where they are thoroughly at home or walking along the edge in their clumsily erect fashion in marked contrast with the more active and grace- ful Water Hen (Microtrihonyx veutralis). Galahs (Cacatua roscicapilla) are numerous, and there are odd pairs of Sulphur- Crested Cockatoos (C galerita) in the trees. Greenies [Meli- phaf/a pcuicillata) busily searching the leaves and branchlets for food are in numbers. On the previous day we had seen a pair feeding young in an almost invisible nest pendent in a gum branchlet near the hut on the creek. Brown Tree-Creei)ers (Climactcris picuiiuia) run up and round the trunks of the box trees, the rough bark making their progress easy and supi)lying a meal from the insects and other creatures hidden in its crevices. After breakfast all but the cook take to the boat and proceed upstream towards Cawndilla Lake. We soon come to a small heronry of Egrets {Bgretta alba) that we had examined a month previously. Most of the nests now contain young birds. The old birds fly anxiously around, uttering their harsh croak- ings as we proceed to a closer view. The nests are built wholly of sticks, and average about 1 foot in diameter with a depth of 6 inches, some being more compactly and substantially built than others. Further on we again disturb Night-Herons from the trees in numbers, and every few yards either Blue (White- faced) Herons, Spoonbills or Darters from their nests, and flocks or broods of Ducks from the water. We come to where the creek blends with the water of Cawndilla Lake. A fair wind is blowing, and we can see and hear the waves breaking on the shores and surface of the lake. The trees bordering the creek thin out, and we land on a small island off the right bank, Mr. .\11ison remaining to bale the boat, whilst the rest of the ])ariy wade out in the shallow w^ater to exaniiine some scattered iio.N trees. Two Darters' nests are first met with, one contain- ing Ave large downy young standing bolt upright on the nest, the other silhouetted against the sky shows the old bird sitting on it. Our efforts to photograph these are frustrated by the large young birds flopping into the water, and the old bird fly- ing off before we are near enough for our ])urpose. The second nest contained newly hatched young as yet naked. Several other trees of this group support nests of the Little Black Cor- morant. 168 MACG^JJVK.\^•. .lustraHan Pelican. Tisfjan" On our return to the boat, we are informed that many of these birds have been flying on along the creek carrying sticks in their bills. We soon come to their nesting trees, several large red gums being covered with nests. Many birds are busily constructing their nests; other nests contain eggs at all stages of incubation or young from the newly hatched to fully feathered birds. In this colony were a few nests of the Pied and of the Little Pied Cormorant. About 100 yards further on a group of trees is occupied by nesting Egrets, mostly Bgretta alba, with a few E. c/arzetta. The larger nests of B. alba contain three to four eggs, occas- ional ones five; some only one or two, and many nests are in- complete. The nests of the Little Egret were higher up in the trees, and were not examined. The birds returned to the trees whilst we were underneath or flew round above, or made uneasy short flights from tree to tree uttering their harsh croakings. By our binoculars we made out a host of Pelicans about a mile and a half out towards the other shore, where an island was gradually being formed by the subsidence of the waters. We start over as the wind has fallen, and the surface of the lake moderating. W^e pass more Cormorant trees, the three last being covered with the nests of the Pied Cormorant, with a fewer number of those of the Little P)lack. These nests con- tained eggs and young at all stages. The egg clutches for both species consisted of from three to five eggs, the three clutches being mostly incomplete or broken. The water to our left and right was occupied by Ducks, Coots and Swans. Over in the shallow water near the shore are hundreds of Avocets (Rccur- virostra novcc-hoUandicc). Along the water line Red-capped and P)lack-fronted Dottrels are feeding, and on the shore are hun- dreds of Water-Hens {Microtnbonyx roitralis). On nearing the Pelican island, we see that it is thickly covered with these great birds, whilst the water on either side is occu- pied by large flotillas of them. A long narrow bank running out from the centre of the island towards the centre of the lake for about (|uartcr of a mile was also closely packed with them. The island itself was narrow and roughly crescentic in sha])e, about ."^0 yards in width, and nearly one-third of a mile in length The nesting birds did not attemjit to leave the island till we were quite near, and then only those occupying the end near our landing place left. When, however, we advanced along the island, the air was soon full of birds, but those on the water in several large flocks were swimming backwards and forwards or making out from the islands, the flocks passing one another, but the individuals of each flock all acting in unisr n. When we examined the nests we found that they were placed about one yard apart, and occupied the whole island from shore to shore, the more recent being near the margin on ground froni which the water had onlv recentlv receded. Manv of the new THE EMU. Vol. XXII. PLATE LrV. V ^jBI ■k. ' ^B ^ ^^R m^ l^;p' it IP- jj en < < 5 ^*"i™] MACC.II-LIXKAV, . lusiralian Pelican. 169 nests contained only the hrsi egg, and were merely depressions scraped in the sandy soil ; a number contained no Qgg at all. These scraped-out depressions were about 12 inches in cliameter, and 4 to 6 inches in depth in the centre, the first egg was laid in this, and the nesting material was gathered as incubation pro- ceeded (usually from whatever material was close at hand). 'J'his consisted merely of sticks of dead tobacco bush (Nico- tiatia glauca) ; the hairy rhizomes of the rushes that grow on the island, water-weed dragged up from the water, feathers and even an occasional dead and dried Water-Hen were comman- iieered for the purpose. Some of the birds had i)lucked and carried green branchlets from the three or four red gums (Eucalyptus rostrata) that graced the island. Some of the nests were quite imposing structures, and others showed that they were owned by careless and slovenly indi- viduals; a few sticks only sufficing to encircle the original scrap- ing. The larger nests when complete were from 18 to 20 inches in diameter with an egg-cavity 12 inches in diameter. By far the greater number of nests contained two eggs, from 5 per cent, to 7 per cent, contained clutches of three, and oc- casional ones four. Most of the eggs were at this time fresh, or at an early stage of incubation. Only on the highest part of the island, which had been uncovered about six weeks pre- viously, were there any hatching eggs, and none of these had been hatched for more than a day. These newly hatched young were naked except for an indica- tion of whitish down across the lower dorsal and femoral re- gions. The skin is of a fleshy-pink colour, with a salmon-pink gape, with legs and beak fleshy-pink. They had their eyes open before they were free from the shell. The irides were either brown or silvery white, and the pouch was well developed. These small young uttered a little barking chirp. Alongside many of the nests were small heaps of disgorged fish, mostly Murray or Macquarie perch, varying in length from one to six inches. Some of the heaps contained as many as 75 fishes, and others any number between that and a dozen. Some consisted of fish in size and appearance like Whitebait, and partly digested; these were evidently intended for the newly hatched chicks. Some of these latter were capable of helping themselves from the heaps, and were constantly making attempts to swallow their nest mate's beak or stumpy wings. I visited this island again on the 12th February, on the 4th March, and the 9th of /Vpril, and another nesting place on Terya- wynia Lake on the 11th June. On my second visit fourteen days later, the island had enlarged considerably, and the nesting Peli- cans had kept pace with it ; many new nests on the damp sand were either being just scraped out or contained one egg only. Many more eggs had hatched out ; several of the three clutches had brought out all three, and the earlier nests had been built up with more material. There was little or no disparity in size 17U .MACGILLIXRAY. Australian Pelican. [^sU^aT between the young in the same nest, leading one to infer that the ei;!;g<, of a clutch were laid on successive days. The young birds hatched on the 29th January had now, a fortnight later, grown to the size of large domestic fowls, and had the whole of the upper surface covered with very short white down uj) to the occiput, and their skin had become whitish in colour. These birds were beginning to leave their nests and to huddle together in small lots of si.\ or seven, and to waddle away on their tarso-metatarsus when apjiroached, uttering protesting harsh barking or grunting cries. The adult birds rarely call at all ; only on rare occasions does one hear a flying bird give out a hoarse grunt. The young were now in sufficient numbers to show a good deal of variation in colour of the bill, face and irides. Typical young have the soft parts of the face like the rest of the body, a fairly bright fleshy-pink becoming dull white as they grow older, the iris is dark brown, but occasional birds of this type have silvery-white irides. A number have the face, bill and space round the eye more or less black or blackish brown, and with these the irides may be either brown or silvery-white also. The mas.ses of disgorged fish have increased greatly in num- ber and some larger ones up to 8 or 10 inches in length are amongst them. The adult birds do not carry fish in the pouch, which is only used for ])urposes of ca])ture. All fish is brought from the fish- ing ground in the cro]). When the adult bird is flying or walking or swimming, the jiouch is always tucked up; only when standing idly on the land is it relaxed; it may be seen in young of all ages and adults flap])ing with the res])iratory movements. The young feed by putting head and neck down the parent's throat by the angle of the l)ill, and heli)ing themselves from the contents of the croji, which are regularly regurgitated uj) to them bv the f)arent. They are, however, even at earliest age capable of helping themseKes from the heaps of small fish left on the nest. In stretching up their necks and heads as though soliciting food or prcitesting at our intrusion, they dilate the rami of the mandible and so widen the opening of the pouch. They have also the habit common to the young of many water birds of dis- gorging their stomach contents by way of a peace oft'ering. Several Silver tiulls (Lams novcr-hollandicr) were about the island on the look-out for a broken egg or a weakly or unpro- tected young one, and a few Ravens {Corx-us corouoidcs) had found their way o\er from the adjacent mainland. Man\- ("lull-billed Terns (Gclochclidoii uilotica) and Marsh or Whiskered Terns (Chlidotiias Icncoparcia) were hawking over the water f)r perched on a small bank out from the island. Cas- ])ian Terns { Hydro protjuc casf^ia) frccpicnt these inland waters in odd pairs, as I ha\e identified them at close (|uarters and handled shot sjiecimens. THE EMU, Vol. XXlt. PLATE LV. o > b c ^7f ^i: ' kj^ THE EMU, Vol. XXlt. PLATE LVI. ^°\g"-] y\.\i:()\\A.\\'\<\\. .lustraliau I'dlcan. 171 Leaving the island we row back past the Cormorant colonies, and find the heronry of Egrets had been extended since our last visit, as also that of the Little Black Cormorants. Numbers of the nests of the latter species were on small saplings bordering the creek, and the birds themselves were perched all over se\eral dry trees. It was soon after this that a White-breasted Sea Eagle (HaliacUis leitcogaster) flew across the stream in front of our boat. This is my first record of this species hereabouts, though Dr. Chenery has recorded it •from the Murray Ri\er not far from Wentworth. Three weeks later, I again visited the Pelicans. After cam[)- ing on the creek, Mr. Allison and I were ferried across and walked along the margin of the lake, whilst the rest of our ]iarty proceeded by boat. When opposite the island we sat down and listened to the continuous groaning noise coming from it, caused by the multi- tude of young birds calling in their harsh tones for food. The island was a scene of busy and ceaseless activity, old birds con- stantly arriving and departing from the mass of birds on the island, where there seemed to be little or no standing room left. The water on either side and for a distance out from the island swarmed with the birds . The sandbank extending out at right angles to the island had dried ofi^, and was fully occupied. Seve- ral of the birds were i)erched on the red-gum trees. The odours wafted to us by the breeze had heightened since our earlier visits, and the increased number of young birds here made the place a noisy one. The older chicks, from four to five weeks old, were covered with .short down, and showed dark sprouting feathers on the scapular tracts and over the humerus w'ith the primaries just indicated. These young were now massed in mobs of anything from 10 to 40 or 50. On being approached they waddled off together with unsteady gait, balancing themselves with their featherless wings, and tumbling over all obstacles in their efforts to escape in droves, or crowded together in a closely ]Kicked mass, in which each bird was making frantic efforts to get .to the centre of the mass, as in a Rugby football scrum, or they are huddled all together at the water's edge, afraid as yet to take to the water, although they seena to recognise it as their safest refuge. Many have over- come this, and are sw-imming out either singly or in small and compact companies. The gregarious instinct seems to assert itself so soon as the chicks leave the nest. Many nests were still being found, and numbers of old nests that had been vacated by the earlier hatched young were reoccupied, and contained fresh clutches. The long, narrow bank before mentioned had several com- mencing nests on it, and also two nests of the Black Swan, each containing six eggs. 172 WXCGWAAVRW. .htstralicu, Pclicau. [\^', fT When 1 visited the island attain on the 9th April, it had dried off and enlarged considerably. It was thickly occupied by birds, with a few Ravens and Whistling Eagles {Haliasiiir sphenurns) prospecting it for tit-bits. The groaning of the young could be heard half a mile awa\-, like the continuous mur- mur of surf breaking on a reef. The old birds rose in a vast Hock when we waded (JUt. Many young birds were huddled together; the flocks larger than on our [)revious visits consisting of any number up to one hundred and more. The oldest young are now about two months old, with feathers sprouting all over their bodies with the dark sca])ulars and primaries showing well. There were young at all stages, and all the old nests contained eggs again. These are not second clutches, but the nesting of birds that could not find room earlier. The old birds are fairly nervous, and do not allow of (tur api)roachinij nearer than 10 yards without taking to flight, which is i^receded by a short run and some vigorous flapj^ing. They do not as a rule rise high, flying out and settling on the nearest water; they soon return to their nests. There are, howexer, always a number in the air, some sailing round at a great height and others l(jwer. Occasionally one half closes its wings an(i ])lanes down to the water, Init more often they come d(jwn gradually. Occasionally the old birds on the water would take alarm, and all rise together, tilling the air with a rushing round; they rarely rise high and soon settle again. There are many young birds with the old ones (nit on the water. On the 10th June, being anxious to comj)are the breeding places established by the Pelicans on Teryawynia Lake with the one on Cawndilla, 1 set out per motor with three C(jm]ianions We crossed the Darling at Menindie, being ferried over on a j)unt ; took the u])-river track to Henley Station, where the mana- ger, Mr. AlacDonald, put us on the road to Teryawynia, which is an out-stati(jn on a lake filled b}- the flood waters that come down the Talyawalka, and about 40 miles out from the Darling. Our road took us through box flats, open grass lands and a little scrub ; skirted a flne tree-bordered lake, whose surface was covered with Duck, Swan and other water birds. Several Kangaroos {Macropus rufiis) were seen, and a few mobs of Emus, mostly last year's broods. We disturbed two flocks of Rlack Cockatoos (Calyptorhyjicluis banksii) that were feeding on the i)lains. These birds seem cajiable of i)icking up the smallest seeds from the ground, as I have found their crops full of .seed no larger than the smallest grains of gunpowder. Red-backed Parrots [Pscphottis lucmatonotus ) were numerous, and in flocks; these birds kee]) to the river country, and are never seen out back where their place is taken by the Many- colored Parrots (/'. t'oriits). A few White Cockatoos iCacatua (/(ilriilii) in ay of Plenty, New Zealand. My more inliniate knowledge of the strange ways of the Kiwi began at Kinpaka (North Auckland), when a neighbor's dog caught a young bird in the bush adjoining the settlement. It was unfortunately very badly hurt as a result of the dog's rough treatment, but as there seemed to be a possibility of saving its life, 1 decided to take it home and attend to its injuries. Already at this, our first meeting, the little fellow showed an unusually savage disposition, for, although weak and evidently in great pain, it fought like a little demon, with legs and bill. I managed, however, to pick it up and carry it home, but all my attempts to administer first aid failed. My young patient proved to be so unmanageable, and so vigorously resisted all attempts to treat its injured parts, that I had to give up the idea of doing any amateur doctoring for the time. Hoping that it would be- come more tractable with better acquaintance and complete rest, and that freedom from worry would help it on the road to re- covery, I placed the little Kiwi in a yard fenced in with .wire netting, and with a good-sized box for a house. Here it made itself quite at home, but it, nevertheless, rejected all my offers of friendship, and showed its vicious temper at every opportunity. In these decidedly unpleasant circumstances an event happened which promised to bring about a much more satisfactory state of things. Another Kiwd appeared on the scene. It was a veiy old and remarkably quiet bird a dog had caught in the locality, which had been the home of the young bird. There was every reason, therefore, to expect thai the newcomer would receive a most cordial welcome, but to my great surprise and disappoint- ment this was not the case. • No sooner did it notice the new arrival in the yard than the young bird made a furious rush at it and began to strike and pick at it in a most extraordinarily vicious manner, accompanying its blows with deep growls like those of an angry dog. The old bird, curiously enough, did not .show the least sign of surprise or resentment. It took, in fact, absolutely no notice of its madly excited aggressor, although some of its kicks must have been sufficiently hard to cause considerable pain, as I could judge from personal experience in a tussle with my young captive. Instead of doing so, and of teaching the youngster better manners, it calmly began to explore its new^ quarters, walking round and round, and carefully examining the wire netting with its bill. The tw^o birds never became friends, the younger ])ersisting in its hostile attitude, the other completely ignoring the other occupant of the yard. Only once did T notice the old bird knock the smaller one head over heels with a mighty kick. 176 HAEUSLER. Xotes on the Kkci 1st Jan. It was curious to notice that although the old bird was so un- sociable where one of its own species was concerned, it very soon made friends with me. It became, indeed, so tame that it let me stroke its head or neck and back, and lift it up and carry it about in my arms without showinj^ the least sign of fear. The (|uestion of food-supply jiresented far less difficulty than I had anticipated. Earth-worms were, of course, their favourite food, but raw meat and also cooked meat, and all sorts of scraps from the table formed a considerable part of their diet. Owing to their unwillingness to leave their dark hiding place before dusk, it was at first very difficult to observe their food habits. After a while the younger bird, although as a rule so shy and wild, ventured out into the yard in broad daylight to look for something to eat. At last, also, its companion made its appearance, but always very reluctantly as long as the light was bright, whenever I whistled or rattled the wire-netting as a signal for feeding time. Their manner of feeding was very curious. The mcxst notice- able feature was that they did not seem to make much use of their eyes when in search of food. They did not, indeed, notice the food when it was placed in the ground right in front of them, and even allowed the earthworms to crawl away without making any attempt to pick them up. Their sense of smell also seemed to play a very unimportant part, although the far-forward i)osi- tion of their nostrils and the manner in which the birds used their bills seemed to indicate that they were to a consideral)le ex- tent guided by it. It could, however, often be noticed that the tips of their bills came almost within touching distance of some good-sized morsel without the birds becoming aware of it. When hunting for their food both birds invariably began tap- ping the ground in all directions with the tip of their bills, as a blind man does with his walking stick to find his way. It seemed (juite clear that in these operations the bill acted as a highly sen- sitive organ of touch, for as s(Jon as the tij) came in contact with somclhing edible, the birds would -invariably seize it. Consider- ing the sensitiveness of their bills, it was certainly remarkable that other parts of their bodies were almost insensible to any kind of impressions. Earth-worms could often be seen crawlijig over or under their toes without attracting attention. After a good deal of coaxing the old bird learned to take its food from a plate held in my hand. Even in this case, when it seemed impossible not to see what was offered, it did not pick up anything excei)t what it found by tapping in the manner indi- cated. In time it couhl be taught to feed from the outstretched hand. Its first attempts were (|uite amusing. .\s usual it began by tapping. When by so doing it touched the skin of the hand, it immediately withdrew its head, uttering angry grunts of dis- pleasure, and remained for some time {perfectly molionless in that uncomfortable position. (Juite suddenly it became, as it were, alive again. .-ukI with (|uite a "pleasant expression" resumed it? Vol. XXII. 192.? H.VEUSLER, .Vo/^.s- on flic Ki Ml search by la[){)inij. The young hird could ne\er be teni[)ted to take its food in this manner. Tn searching for earth-worms they showed a consideral)le de gree of ingenuity. The Imnt opened with the usual ta])i)ing. When by this means the bird discovered the burrow of one of these worms it set to work at once enlarging the opening, using its bill as a workman uses his crowbar. When it had formed a funnel-like depression, it in.serted its bill and took a good hold of the worm. With a steady ])ull it often succeeded in bringing its victim to the surface. When it was not able to do so, it cea.sed pulling, as continuing to do so would have resulted in tearing the worm and losing the greater part, and leaning well back re- mained in the same position, waiting, without the faintest move- ment of any part of its body, until the worm, tired out by its A Kiwi taking a steady pull at a Worm exertion, momentarily relaxed its hold. Then with another steady pull generally drew it out of its burrow. When this .second attempt failed, it would repeat the same performance until the worm was finally dislodged. It was only when searching for food under the thick clumps of grass or under heaps of dead leaves that the process of tapping was modified or altogether dispensed with. In this case the birds followed the more familiar habits of Ducks. Kiwis are blessed with a remarkably healthy appetite. The (juantity of food which they could dispose of at one meal was truly astonishing, yet after a short time they were ready for an- other feast. Once firmly held the food was conveyed to the ali- mentary apparatus by means of a succession of peculiar jerks, neck and bill being held almost horizontally during the process. Even very large pieces of meat were easily and quickly de- spatched in this manner. As the old bird showed a great dislike for the wire netting, 1 178 H AKUSLER, \otcs on the Kkcl ["^isfS" tried the experiment of tetherinj,' it with a fishing line outside the enclosure, K'iving it an (jld barrel for a house. The bird was €\ idently pleased with the change. It was in fact so quiet and contented that I soon let it go <|uite free in the vegetable garden Here it spent most of its life sleeping under some shady bushes or amongst the P'rench beans. Towards evening it left its hiding place, and could be .seen strolling about as if lost in deep thought or looking for food in likely places. When the birds were startled by a sudden noise or in any other way they instantly assumed a i)erfectly motionless position, be- coming in fact as rigid as stuffed specimens, however awkw'ard and difficult the position in which they were at the moment of surprise may have been. In this state, in which they remained for a surprisingly long time, they seemed to be quite dead to most impressions from outside. Neither loud whistling or shout- ing, nor ])ushing or |)()king had any effect upon them. Only when violently shaken or when lifted from the ground did they begin to show life again. After a short time they walked away looking for a dark corner, where, with their heads turned to the corner and their bills touching the ground, they remained standing perfectly still for a very long time. It is in this state that the birds show in the most striking manner their perfect adaption to the nature of their immediate surroundings, for in size and shape of body, colour and texture of plumage, even colour, size and shape of legs they are so per- fectly in harmony with the varied masses of living and dead vegetation, that even in daylight it is not easy to distinguish their outlines. Towards dusk they become altogether invisible. The same remarks ai)]tly to some extent also to the position in which the birds go to rest. When they have selected a suitable dark and well-hidden place they settled down after the manner of a broody hen going liack to her eggs. Maving settled comfort- ably, they stretched out their necks, turned their heads round, and thrust their bills into their feathery coats at a place w^here in a former stage of their evolution their wings used to be. For some reason or other this is evidently a most important matter, for it w\is only after several attempts that they found a position which they considered satisfactory. Having decided on thi^ point the birds went at once to slee]). They now appeared as fluffy, greyish balls, which were almost indistinguishable from parts of their surroundings, .\mongst the moss covered stum]»s of trees, ferns, or boulders, clumps of native grass, etc.. they would have been invisible even to a jiractised eye. Kiwis are remarkably sound sleepers. Xo ordinary noise awakens them. When awakened, my birds would cjuietly march off and look for other sleeping cpiarters. v^t range to say. they did not immediately settle down to sleep in the usual way. but took up a position similar to the one already described, standing quite ^■"'isi^"] HAEUSLER. Xotes on the Kkci 179 motionless, lej^s apart, head turned towards a dark corner and I>ills touching the ground. 'J'here can he no douht that some of the peculiar habits of Kiwis are means of protection from natural enemies. New Zealand possessing no indigenous mammals or birds which could possibly do harm to birds the size of the Apteryx, these habits, as well as the protective colouring, must be looked upon as survivals from a long distant past, probably from the time when these islands formed a part of a vast continental mass of land. Nothing very definite is yet known on this subject, but some conclusions may perhaps be drawn from the unusual be- haviour of the birds in ])resence of domesticated animals, the cat and the dog. Of my cat, the two birds which form the subject of this paper took no notice whatever. Of this fact the cat was soon so well aware that he often invited himself to dinner, taking for his share the best pieces of meat within easy reach of their bills, without being in the least interfered with. Neither did the birds take any notice of my dog, a full-grown Collie, while he on his part seemed greatly interested in their strange doings. When they were both in their yard he would often sit near the wire and watch them as they i)assed and repassed him in their usual tour round their yard. Although they often passed almost near enough to touch him, they did not show any sign of alarm. This utter absence of instinctive fear may be an indication that the natural enemies, which preyed upon the ancestors of the Kiwis, were not representatives of the order of carnivorous mammals. An Ascent of the Blue Wren. — When near the River Mersey on the morning of 28th July, I noticed a male Wren (M alums cyaneus) in full plumage sitting upon a gum stump. When I was within a few yards he suddenly rose vertically into the air to the height of 16 or 18 feet, singing the while, like a miniature Skylark. He then descended in a slanting line to a near-by fence, from which he rose in a minute or two to repeat the per- formance. This trait in our bird was new to me, although it is. of course, an almost everyday sight to see one singing on top of a spray of tea-tree or other scrub in early spring. Sometimes the female will suddenly mount to a similar point of vantage and sing a hurried strain. The morning when the ascent occurred was very fine, with brisk south-east breeze, and this no doubt contributed to the Wren's unusual winter display. The .same day, about noon, near Latrobe I noticed another Mahirns in brown and grey, but with a mottled appearance about the cheeks and mantle, as if the colour was just breaking through; this I took to be a voung male just coming into his tints. — H. Stuart Dove, W. De'vonport, Tasmania, 23/8/1922. 180 DAVIS, Notes from Willis Island [The Emu I. 1st Jan. ^°mF^] DAVIS, Notes from JrUIis Island 181 Bird Notes from Willis Island By CAl'TAIX J. K. DAVIS, Coinmonweallh Director of X.-ivigation, Melbourne. Communicated by A. II. Cbisholm, State Secretary, (Jueen.sland. Willis Island, in the Coral Sea, is 250 miles N., 81 deg. E. of Cairns. It is the southern of a group of three islets, being larger and higher than either Mid Islet or North Cay, which lie N.N.E. four and ten miles respectively. The group was surveyed in 1800 by H.M.S. Herald, Captain H. M. Denham, R.N., F.R.S., but very little information was obtainable, up to 1921, as to its climate or the nature of the reefs surrounding the central land mass. The necessity for a cyclone- warning station on an island in the Coral Sea had been urged for years by meteorologists and by the inhabitants of Queensland. Recently the Navigation Act, of 1920, requiring all ships over 1600 tons to be equipped with wireless, had come into operation. The question to be answered was, "Is it safe for a party to remain on the island during the hurricane season, considering its size and the height above the sea." "The information recptired to answer such a question," writes Captain Davis, in a report recently presented to the Common- wealth Parliament, "could only be obtained by an observer re- maining on the island during the season of bad weather. Con- siderable doubt had been expressed as to the island being safe during the season of bad weather. I had formed the opinion that such apprehension was not well founded ; still, it did not appear right to recommend that others should go and reside there during the cyclone season until an attempt had been made to obtain definite information. As I was aware of the great value it would be to shipping, I strongly recommended the establish- ment of an experimental station for the season 1921-1922. I offered to undertake the work, and to remain on the island (for the first season) as meterological observer. Approval was given for the establishment of a wireless station on Willis Island, and I was instructed to make all necessary arrangements to ensure that it should be in operation as soon as possible." Cai)tain Davis arrived in Brisbane, en route to Townsville and Willis Island, during October of 1921. While he was in Bris- bane, the attention of Ca])tain Davis was drawn to the ornitho- logical possibilities of the lonely little outpost in the Coral Sea, and he was asked if he would make observations and collect specimens. While difiident about his ability to carry out this work. Captain Davis readily agreed to do what he could. He was then furnished with a text book and brief directions regard- ing skins and eggs. How well the Director of Navigation carried out the additional obligation which he took upon himself is to become apparent. It should be remarked that the devotion of Captain Davis to this work was no more than was expected of 182 DAVIS, Notes from WUUs J slum! ["^isfS"' a man holdinj; liis fine reccjrd i)i exploratory serxice with v^hackle- ton in the j^reat Antarctic. Moreover, lie simply lived up to the traditions of his great calling — to the exami)les of sympathy with science and natural history disjjlayed in Australian waters hy such other notable naval oflicers as Captain IJlackwood, of the Fly, Captain Wickham and Cajitain Stokes, of the Bea(/lc. and Captain Owen Stanley, of the Roftlcsnakc. On little Willis Island, a "s])eck" only 583 yards in length and 212 yards at its greatest width, Captain Davis and his assistants remained from. 15th October, 1021, until U)th April, 1922. Re- turning to Bri.sbane, the Director left here a large box of bird- skins and many specimens of eggs, together with an informative diary compiled from day t(j day on the island. After examina- tion, the specimens were sent on to Mr. A. J. Campbell. C.M.IkO.U., who was courteously granted permission b\- the authorities of the Xatif)nal Museum to comi)are them with the skins in the C(jllections there. The notes which follow are from Captain Davis's dian-. Scien- tific names have been added according to the R.A.O.U. Check-list, second edition. Sula dactylatra. Masked Gannet (called by Davis "White Gan- net"). — Nestinpr-time, October and November. They nest on the beach, and lay one epcK- Specimen No. 1 picked up on coral beach. Gannet sittinj; at time. No nest apparent. Taken from noi'th side of island; fresh when blown. The birds number about 75. Forty were counted in a rookery on the eastern beach. The White Gannet is all white except winjr and tail feathers, the beak yellowish stone colour, eyes yellow. The only difference observed between male and female is that the male has blue-trrey feet, while the female has stone-yellow feet and also a briji:hter yellow beak. The Gannets do not leave the beach, but having selected a portion for a rookery, always return to it. The younK are covered with down at birth, and have a firey or black beak. They ji'radually fledge, becominji- covered with bluish g-rey feathers, which eventually turn white. The youn^ are about four months gettinjr this Rrey plumage, and by this time are able to fly, althouprh they are still fed by the parent, and do not stray very far from the particular spot where they were born. The White Gannets appear to live chiefly on flyinjr fish. One of them, while being: pursued by a Frigate Biid, vomited up a flyinjr fish, which I aftei-wards measured, and found to be i:^ in. from head to tip of tail. March 26th, 1922. — The younjr Gannets born in December are now fully fledfjed and just able to fly. They are still fed by the parent birds. April (>th, 1922. — The White Gannets have been separating from the rookery in pairs during the last fortnight, and selecting: positions on the beach. To-day I found a couple with an ejrtr. There was no nest. The CKR is just laid on the coral beach sand about hijrh-water mark. This is the first (Jannet's ckK I have seen this year. April 13th, 1922. — I observed a White Gannet sittinjr on two eggs to-day. This is the first time I have seen more than a single egg, which appears to be the usual number. Sula leucogasler. Brown Gaiuiet. — Nesting time, October and No- vember. Nest on the grassed portion of the island, and on its upper slopes. Nest consists of pieces of coral, and twigs laid loosely on the grass. Lays one or two eggs. Specimens obtained on March 2()th, THE EMU. Vol. XXII. VVallis Island Wireless Station. PLATE LX Wallis Island anchorage and steamer. photos, by Capf J. K Davis, R.A.O.U. ^'''i92:f"] D.WIS. \ntcs from inilis Island 183 1922. Number about 50. They have no settled rookery like the White Gannet. The Brown Gannet is of a rich brown plumage, with a stone-coloured beak; breast and abdomen are white; feet whitish yellow, same colour as beak. On the beach they are to be seen some- times in company with the other birds at the north-west end of the island, at sunset, or on top of the island with their chicks. The younjr when bcrn are covered with white down, which gi'adually gives place to feathers. When about four months old they are covered with brown plumage, except the breast and abdomen, which are of a rusty white colour, a yellowish grey bill and yellow feet. They are able to fly at this stage, but do not leave the spot where they were born, being fed by the parent birds on an average twice a day. At this stage they evidently possess a healthy appetite, and thrust nearly the entire head down the parent birds' throat in an endeavour to satisfy it. They live on fish caught at sea in the same way as the White Gannet. The beak of the male is of a darker colour than that of the female, which is light stone colour, the male slate. They are not as numerous or as tame as the White Gannet, being difficult to approach closely. March 26th, 1922. — A chick born in December is now fully fledged and able to fly, although still fed by parent bird. The colour of the breast is a dirty brown, instead of white as in the adult bird. April 4th, 1922. — Brown Gannets are arriving at the island in num- bers, and nesting on the lower slopes of the island. They lay one or two eggs. Several nests contain two. Sula sula. Red-legged Gannet. — One of these birds was seen on December 17th, and since then they have at intervals been seen. There are generally a couple of them to be seen after north-west winds. Puffinus pacificus. Wedge-tailed Petrel. — There is a considerable number of "Mutton Birds" on the island, and they have riddled it with burrows. The birds are more like moles than birds. The nest or burrow is easily found, as there is always a small heap of sand on the grass at the entrance, which has been excavated by the bird. The young are covered with a grey fluff", and are only seen when dead. Several were noticed half eaten by the hermit crabs, which are often seen in the Mutton Bird's burrows. I have never seen a young Mut- ton Bird about in the daytime, although the old birds are often in the burrow all day. These birds are either very tame or very stupid, as it is difficult to avoid walking on them at night-time. An egg was taken from a burrow that had fallen in, the bird flying away at the time. Apparently only one egg is laid. Egg moderately fresh. Taken at north-west end of island. There are probably 100 to 150 of these birds. March 23rd, 1922.— These birds leave the island during March. There are only a few to be seen at night time now. March 25th, 1922. — Observed a young Mutton Bird, half fledged, in one of the burrows at the south-east end of island. They are covered with black fluff", and the beak is black. Sterna fuscata. Sooty Tern. — Probably the most numerous variety on the island. They alight on any sandy patch within the grassed area, but do not frequent the beach. They apparently lay in Septem- ber, as on our arrival here the ycung were partially fledged (October 15th), and they leave the island, or at least the rookery where they are born, about December 15th. On our arrival the young were just beginning to fly, and appeared very helpless. The old and young- birds keep up an incessant screaming noise at night time, which can be heard from the anchorage half a mile off. There is a heavy mor- tality among the young birds, but from what cause could not be determined by us. Eggs were not obtained during 1921. As soon as the young birds were able to fly, about December 15th, the 184 DAVIS, Notes from inilis Island ['"il^rjan!" sand patches on the hij2:her parts of the island were suddenly deserted, and the Terns apparently migrated. On February 8th they were back again at night time, flying over the island and making the shrill, screaming noise which distinguishes them. Shortly after, one of these birds broke a wing flying at night time against the living quarters. Since the nesting season none of these birds has been observed on the island, although they have been seen flying over it. Number impos- sible to estimate. There are more of them than any other kind. March 12th. — The Terns when they do come to rest at about mid- night settle down on the beach. I observed a great number of them asleep there on a moonlight night, although at the same time a num- ber were still screaming overhead. March 25th, 1922. — These birds are to be seen in greater numbers in the daytime. To-day, for the first time, they are perched on the beach in a big flock. April 4th, 1922. — Terns observed on top of island for the first time. They are apparently going to nest immediately. April 8th, 1922.— First egg obtained to-day. April loth, 1922. — The Sooty Terns are now nesting all over the island; they keep an incessant chatter, and settle down in flocks of a hundred or so, fighting and screaming like a mob of angry bees. Several eggs, I notice, have been broken, and the contents gone; this is probably the work of the Rails, which are seen darting about in the long grass close to the Terns' nesting places. Anous stolidu.s. Noddy Tern. — Resembles a pigeon. All brown plumage with black on wing and tail coverts and a little white on forehead. Has black legs, feet and beak. These birds are similar in size and appearance to the Mutton Bird, but closer observation re- veals many diff"erences. They are more graceful, and I consider them the prettiest birds on the island. They assemble in large flocks on the edge of the beach, just above the level of the sea, and apparently live on small food they obtain on the shore. They are always seen together in flocks, and form a black mark on the coral beach like a thunder cloud. They nest on the grass some distance from the beach, but on the lower ground. Their nests are built of a few bits of coral and seaweed grass, merely a litter laid on the grass. Speci- men egp; No. 2 was taken from the nest, the bird sitting only one egg. Egg fresh when taken, November 25th, 1921, north side'. On December 10, 1921, a chick of this bird was observed, which had apparently just been born, covered with feathers rather than down. On January 31st, 1922, the young bird was fully fledged and just able to fly, although at the same time there are other birds still sitting on eggs. February 19th. — The bushes on the island have grown to a height of 2 ft. 6 in. These birds during the day time frequently perch on the branches of the bushes in preference to congregating on the beach at the water's edge. March 7th. — There appear to be more of these birds about lately. In the morning many of them are to be seen perched, sometimes singly, other times in groups on the bushes. I have also observed them flying with loose pieces of grass in their beaks, but what object this serves I do not know. Possibly it is the mating season at present. March 12th. — Number varies. At present there arc at least 150 of these birds on the island. March 17th, 1922. — The birds are now nesting, the nest being built on top cf the dwarf bushes about 2', in. high, which are scattered all over the higher parts of the island. The nest is of grass and pieces of dry coral (Monflpora). I obtained an egg from one of these nests to-day quite fresh. There are more of these birds on the island at THE EMT', Vol. XXII. PLATE LXI. Beach scene, Wallis Island. Wallis Island Sea-birds nesting. Photos, by Capt. J. K. Davis. R.A.O.U. ^°'iS"l DAVIS, Notes from HHIIs Island 185 present than have been seen previously. The previous egg- specimen was taken on November 25th, 1921. Only a very few of these birds were nesting at that time, possibly a dozen; now there are consider- ably over 100. March 26th, 1922. — Further observation makes it necessary to modify above. Some of the nests are built on the tops of bushes, but the majority are on top of the grass en the lower ground at the two ends of the island. During the last week I had an opportunity of obsei-ving these birds closely. They are a light fawn coloured brown, with white markings on the upper part of head and neck, which blend into the brown — no sharp line. The bii'd has a white eyelid (lower) and a small white round mark en the upper lid. The tail feathers are a very dark brown or black. The only difference I notice between sexes is that the male bird has a bigger head than the female and apparently does not work. The female works very hard transporting material for the nest, which I have observed to consist of bits of grass, wood, shell, coral and brown paper. It is remarkable how much material may be transported from the beach to other parts of the island in this way. The male bird sits on the bushes during the morning, but apparently goes fishing in the after- noon. He is net seen then, although the nest-builders are still at work. I noted that the birds readily steal material from an un- watched nest, and was much impressed by the soldier-like attitude of a female, which, having completed a fine nest on the bushes, mounted guard close to it and made a terrific din when any other bird came near it. March 27th, 1922. — A small eg^^ was taken from a Noddy Tern's nest at the N.W. end of the island. There was nothing in the ap- pearance of the nest or bird to attract notice cr to account for the curious, appai-ently malformed egg. When blown, the egg had not a yolk. These birds are all laying at present, eggs being visible all over the island. 30/3/22. — An ordinary egg is now seen in this nest. March 29th, 1922. — There is a wonderful variety of nest common with this bird; some are most elaborately built with great care on top of a bush, others ai'e just a few straws laid on the grass; others again noted for the first time yesterday on the coral beach, the bird just sitting on the egg surrounded with coral rubble. Fregata ariel. Lesser Frigate-Bird. — The Frigate-Birds do not ap- parently nest on this island, but are generally to be seen about in pairs, flying at a considerable height, watching the White Gannets upon which they prey, swooping down on them and pecking at them until the Gannets disgorge the contents of their stomachs. The Frigate-Bird often catches the fish vomited up before it reaches the sea or ground, as the case may be. They are very swift on the wing. Waiting until a Gannet is observed returning home, they swoop down on this unlucky bird with incredible swiftness. They only attack birds on the wing, and apparently the only chance of escape the Gannets have is to land, which for some reason they seem very re- luctant to do anywhere but at the rookery, although they are often chased down into the sea. In this case the Frigate hovers around until the Gannet rises. Very few escape surrendering their fish, and several have been observed with nasty wounds, apparently caused by the beak of the Frigate-Bird. The Frigate-Birds never land on the ground, but perch on poles, wireless masts, or wind vanes. They do not apparently catch fish for themselves, but live entirely by preying on the Gannets. There are as many as 15 of them to be seen at times, but usually about four. 186 D.WIS. Xotes from Uillis Island fisffan.** Hypotaenidia philippensis. Buff-banded Land-Rail. — A few Rails are to be seen on the island. They are apparently unable to fly, but dart about in the lonjr jjrass, and have been observed coming out of the Mutton Birds' burrows. The Rails apparently nest in holes in the sand, but a nest has not been seen. Two younj^- Rails were born in December; the nest bein^ situated under a water tank, was unget- atable. These birds have become much tamer during: our residence amongst them, and frequently come into the hut and pick crumbs frcm the floor. Number about twelve. March 20th: — One of the small Rails found drowned in water cask, which is kept outside as a precaution in case of fire. March 22nd. — Another Rail found drowned in water cask. We have been without rain for six days. Skin preserved as far as pos- sible for specimen. ••STkAXCICKS" AT THE ISLAND. [ii addition lo wliat Captain I)a\is lias had to sa}- in the fore- .i^oing notes, he made less detailed observations upon xarious other l)irds which he describes as strangers that visited the island dur- ing his stay. Where these have been identified the names are given in brackets. Tlie notes are as follow : — No. 1. — Several birds resembling Gulls observed during February, flying in flocks of a dozen or so, and keeping up a shrill, screaming noise. They have grey wings, yellowish beaks, and white necks, above which is a curious black or topknot. April 4. — Six seen to-day. They lay the e^ff on a bare sand patch on top of the island. There is no nest other than a scooped-out hollow. (Crested Tern, Sterna bergi) . No. 2. — Small bird found dead on beach on February 8th. (Roseate Tern, Sterna doitgalli, immature bird.) No. 3. — Body of bird with a long bill, like a Snipe, found dead on beach, December 2nd. It had been dead for some time. (Bar-tailed God wit, Ltmosa Uipponica). No. 4. — Body of strange bird, with yellow legs, found on beach. This bird had been seen flying about the island since early in Janu- ary, after the north-east winds began. (Oriental Cuckoo, Cuatlus optatus) . No. 5. — Two very small birds, with greenish-sheeny wings, red- dish under throat, and light greyish breast and body. April 11th. Silvereye (Zosterops). No. 6. — Brown and grey bird, with long legs, something like pic- ture of Banded Stilt, observed standing on old tree on beach. It flew ofi" when I approached. March 27th. (Query.) No. 7. — Several small birds flying about beach; very difficult to get near. The lower half of the body is white, and the wings and tail black, with white markings like a bar across wings and down back. Legs in one case seen closely, about the size of those of a Sparrow, were red. March 4th. (Query.) No. 8. — A new kind of Gannet, resembling a Red-legged Gannet but with brown plumage, blackish beak, whitish brown head, chest and abdomen; wings and tail feathers light brown, and feet a brown stone colour. This bird is alone, and evidently is accustomed to perch on trees; it perches on the stays, etc., like the Red Gannets,. not frequenting the beach. February. (Query.) ^"'ig^:?"] CAMI'l'.FJ.I, an, second ])aragraph : "if a type were originally estab- lished for the said genus." These certainly infer, if they do not affirm, .something definite. Rut the Code docs not define What is type genus!' or. What is original type? Vol. XXII. 1923 1 CAMI'P.KLL and SON. Tyl^c Descriptions 189^ Perhaps we can jjalher what was in the mind of the committee framing the Code by perusing some of the articles. Art. 2S. "The vahd name of a genus or species can be only iIkU name under which it was first designated on the condition : — (a) That this name was published and accompanied by an indication, or a definition, or a description ; (b} That the author has applied the principles of binary nomenclature." Art. 21 "The autlior of a scientific name is that person who first ]uiblishes the name in connection with an indication, a definition, or a description . . ." As a sidelight there are four recommendations ijublished under Article 30 — in reference to selecting a type. These excerpts make it reasonably clear that the Code assumes or intends an original type specimen should be associated with every scientific genus and species (including sub-species), and that the type shall be that si)ecimen (or part of a specimen) first described by the author of its valid name. We can proceed to the type descriptions and the types them- selves, on which obviously the whole structure of nomenclature exists. Some of the earliest naturalists were navigators or explorers, possibly more intent on discovery of new lands and peoples than they were upon natural history collections, certainly often taken up with attention to food and water and their own daily cares. Their descriptions of bird life were often casual and not at all descriptive unless the author launched into an appreciative sen- tence of some striking colour or habit. Such descriptions* were not always taken from a particular individual specimen, in fact, there is no evidence that the author ever did more than see the bird in the bush. This is no type description in the modern sense, but nevertheless such description is accepted by the Code on the basis of being an "indication" of type ("indication," ac- cording to the dictionary, being "an act of pointing out"). Then came another chapter in Australian ornithology, when men like Quoy and Gaimard, Vigors and Horsfield (1830), left their mark in bequeathing to us descriptions of sterling scientific worth. They did science and themselves the honour of describ- *Narrative Voy. Capt. Cook, Ellis, 1782, p. 22. "The birds are various though not numerous and some of them very beautiful, par- ticularly a species of parraquet and a small bird of the niotacilla genus with a bright blue head which we on that account called mota- cilia cyanea." (Adventui'e Bay, Van Diemen's Land.) This is the familiar "Blue Wren." Journ. Voy. N.S.W., White 1790, p. 257 (Type description of Acanthiza pusilla) Motacilla fiisca suhfus pallida, caitrfa pro- peap'cem fascia )j4sca (Brown Warbler underneath pale, tail near tip with brown band). 190 CA.MI'BEIJ, and SOX, Type Dcscriptiojis [\^,t f^"" ing their specimens well with colour drawinj^s and types for use of students for all time. True, they made mistakes, but no one can say their type descriptions were not reasonably descriptive, and the species recognisable therefrom. The pinnacle of ])erfection was almost reached by John Gould, who, in "I'irds of Australia," 1840, set a fine standard of excel- lence in hand-coloured, often life-size, drawings, and complete descriptions of specimens. None of these authorities, how ever, attaches to the type descrip- tion a number or other sign to identify it with an individual bird- skin, the specimen which shf)uld be known to science as the ty[)e specimen. Most, hut not all, of Gould's types of Australian birds are in U.v^./\. Indicati(jn, definition, (lescri|)tion : good, better, best are stages of comparative worth. E\ idently an "indication" was accepted in the Code to include the ancient authors back to Linne (1758), the accepted starting ])oint of scientific nomenclature. -J definition, according to the dictionary — "a description of a thing by its characters" — is a better standard which can and should come well within the re(|uirements of the case of being reasonable and recognisable. A description as used in the Code, is something better still. Probably diagnosis is the proper word in translation of the original. The word diagnosis is used twice in the Code (English version), and then (^nly in some recommendations coming under Art. 28, but in each case it is used as an interchangeable term with descri]>tion, indicating that a description is intended to be something more than a definition. Gould's work was of that complete nature re])resenting the full meaning of the word diagnosis : — A complete description or specification to a standard accom- panied by measurements and drawing of the type specimen, all of which must be identified together in unmistakable manner. There is further light thi'own upon the matter by some of the recommendations in the Code under Article 2'8^, where the rule is formulated tf) deal with the union of genera (or species and sub- species), then (a) "A generic name acc()mi)anied by specification of a tyi)e has precedence of a name without such s]iecification. If all or none of the genera have types specified, that generic name takes precedence, the diagnosis* of which is most pertinent." ( /) ) "\ specific name accomi)anicd by both description and iigure stands in i)referencc to one accomjianied only by a diaynosis or only by a figure. ♦Diagnosis according to Murray is a distinctive characterisation in precise terms. Vol. XXII. CA.M1>BELL and SOX, Ty^c ncscnf>tions 191 It .should he clear from this tliat in such circumstances a "diaji^nosis" takes precedence over a "definition," and hoth take precedence over an "indication" -fivitli no reference to priority. If this precedent were in the minds of the framers of the Code apphed under Art. 2^, why could it not he applied with equal justice under .\rt. 21 ? v^uch a rule would not roh old authorities of any name, and it would ohviously force some present-day sys- tematists to hring tlicir work u\) to, at least, the standard of a "definition." That there is need for an accurate standard for students is a point that should not rec|uire provinj.^. The very ohject of nomenclature as an introduction to ornithology would he de- feated were no standards set to i)rovide reasonable grounds to recognise species and sub-species. So recently as 1912 in Novitatcs Zoolof/ica-, vol. xviii, p 350, the following purport to be ty[)e descriptions of sub-species of certain Australian birds : — "Acanthica nropyqioUs rutherglcni subs]). n. differs from A. u. uropygialis in its paler rump and basal half of tail, and darker on the flanks and breast. Type: Victoria (Rutherglen)." "Acanthiza uropygialis mellori subsp. n. differs from A. u. riithergleni in its greyer upper coloration, only the head and lower back being greenish. Type: Eyre's I'en., South xAus- tralia." "Acantliica iiropygiolis oiigusto subsp. n. differs from A. u. mellori m having a lighter back and under tail-coverts. Tvpe : Port Augusta." " Acanthiza uropygialis nea subsp. n. differs from A. u. mellori in lacking the green on the head and lower back. Type : West Australia ( Rurracoppin) ." Numerous other similar instances can be quoted.* In such so-called type descri[)tions it appears as if the author has been operating to the lowest standard, an "indication" — if standard it can be called. Not only are such indications con- fusing, not to say misleading, but they lack the reasonable com- pleteness and the thoroughness of a scientific type description. To be practical, if a ruling were obtained that the Code never intended "an indication" to apply to modern nomenclature, it would possibly prevent further unscientific work, and be of greatest assistance to students. fFor further remarks on "indication" see "Science," 5th July, 1907. '■"Take, for example, Geobasileus hedleyi Mathews, Austral Avian Record, I., p. 78, the type description of which reads: — "Differs from Acanthiza iredalci morgani in having a much lighter rump and darker upper surface." 192 CAMPBELL ami SOX, Typr Descriptions ^fS" Lastly the \alue of type specimens cannot be o\er-estimated, and they should be deposited in national collections. f "That the R.A.O.U., recog^nising the value of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Berne, 1904, is of opinion that : (a) For new Type Descriptions (see Article 21), the use of a mere "indication" is not the intention of the Code. (h) Nothing but a good description of any new genus, species, or sub-species of Australian birds will be ac- ceptable to Australian students. (r) That for such 'Py[)e Descriptions a standard be set to a specified schedule based on descriptions, such as are used in British Museum Cataloijues of Birds." Acanthizae or Thornbills A. G. CAMPBELL, J. P., R..V.O.'J., Croydon, Victoria. (Read before R.A.O.LI^. Annual Congress, Adelaide. 18th October, 1922.) In tropical regions of Australia with over -K) inches rainfall per annum Acanthizae are not generally found, their place being taken by Gerygonc, which are closely allied in structure and habit. From 40 to 30 inches mark the most favoured portions of the Continent, many of the highlands and most of the heavily timbered coastal areas of the east being in that position. From 30 to 20 inches represent ai)jiroximately the temperate portions and more open forest regions of the south-east and south-west as well as the elevated ])astoral regions of the east beyond the coastal fringe. While from 20 to 10 inches include the lightly timbered lowlands, most of them e.xtremely flat, and all the wheat belts, subject to periodic drought. Below 10 inches per annum, rainfall is erratic, and conditions are und(jubtedly eremian or desert. The stronghold of .Icanthizae is in the normal region of 30 to 20 inches, with strong tendency toward the regions of lower rainfall. This distribution in the luain also represents the true range of the Eucalyptus forest from heavy to light timber and dwarf varieties. The close altinity between the fauna and llora of south-eastern and south-western Australia leads to the belief that they were once connected by a direct land belt of somewhat similar condi- tions; that is. the continent once extended a considerable distance tSee Chapman. "What arc Type Specimens." Vic. Nat., vol. xxix. p. 59. ^°'i9™] CAMPP,ELL, .\. G., Acanthhac or Tlionibills. 193 south of Cape Jveeuuin and that portion was joined to the east- ern extremity of Austraha, whicli tlien included Tasmania as part of the mainland. In the study of geolo.s:y the vast changes that may occur are an im])ressive lesson, and time only was required for the Great Australian Hii^ht to ai)pear and work its way, assisted, no doubt, by various earth moxements, acrf)ss the timbered belt of good conditions. In the south-west there was no indigenous Kookaburra or Lyrebird, to name two well-known species. They must have arrived in the south-east after the appearance of the barrier. On the other hand there are certain passerine birds which show an intimate connection, east with west, namely, Pachycephala and Atrichornis, and in particular .Icanthiace. It is reasonable to assume that these were well established in east and west before the break occurred. Pachycephala shows little or no alteration western to eastern form. Atrichornis, from its strictly limited habits, shows a very marked difference both in size and coloration, while the /Icanthiccr are at a very interesting stage of evolution; eastern and western forms have become sufficiently differentiated to warrant specific rank, while new races or sub- species are developing in conditions that are considerably drier than those in which the original stock lived. Another geological fact we must notice at the outset. In Tertiary times a great portion of southern Australia was sub- merged, namely, a great basin extending from about Portland in Victoria, eastward to near Corowa on the Murray, round in a great semi-circle to Broken Hill and down near Adelaide. Another great area extended from Spencer Gulf well inland around the head of the Australian Bight and back to the coast near Esperance Bay. This subsidence must have had a most marked effect on the distribution of bird-life generally, and it will be noticed as we proceed with examination of the AcantJiizoo that it is an important factor in the distribution of that genus. All the eastern and southern highlands, the Mt. Lofty Ranges, the country north from Tarcoola to McDonnell Ranges, and most of West Australia, stood out around those Tertiary seas and probably the forests of those parts and their bird inhabitants were not very different from each other. They were the immediate ancestors of all our present species, and perhaps more which have passed out of existence. When the Tertiary seas retreated and left exposed those bound- less plains, what a wealth of new country awaited population! On account of a low rainfall the central area at the head of the Bight is now a "desert," and a very substantial barrier to further east-west movement of bird-life. That part between the coast- line and Musgrave Ranges is the most desert-like tract inhabited \>y AcaniJiiaa:. 194 CAMPBELL, A. G., Acanthhae or ThornbiUs. ["^^f Jan." Geological change has been more violently retrograde in this portion of y\ustralia than in any other part. This is the cause, which, in efifect, produced the pallid and desert forms of the genus. Possibly the region became diy gradually, and birds steadily adapted themselves to the harder conditions. The other Tertiary area, embracing, as it does, the whole of the Murray basin, consisting of more than two-thirds of New South Wales and about half of \^ictoria, though extremely flat, is a land of i)lenty, well covered with light to medium forests, well watered, and in the southern half, with a good rainfall — real "Australia Felix" harbouring a great variety of birds of all classes. The hypothesis is that on the higher lands in East- ern, South, and Western Australia the direct descendants of the original stock of Acanthica will be found, while on the flat inter- vening country the sub-species, or later varieties, occur. WHAT LS A SPECIES ? This is the next cjuestion.* If intergradations can be found between west and east forms, these intergradations occurring in intervening localities, then it is obvious that the species is one and the same throughout. If intergradations are found in one and the same locality, this fact should be still more obvious. But if complete intergradations cannot i)e found (or have not yet been found), or, if two species, even though grading toward one another, are yet separated by a reasonable gap, we must conclude they are worthy of separate specific rank. A species in scientific classification is a group of individuals of similar nature and constitution. A species may vary within reasonable limits. Reasonable limits being — (a) One species must not intergrade with another species, connecting links may have existed in the past, but have all died out. (h) The gap between two closely allied species must be consistent and wide enough to be easily recognisable. Two or more species of a genus may occur in any one locality. A species may collectively be formed by two or more sub- species. A sub-species is a local race which, owing to change in en- vironment or geographical location, differs consistently from the race first discovered. Sub-s])ecies may grade into one another. Sub-species should exhibit some recognisable and consistent characters in the normal average, though a much narrower margin of demarcation be allowed than with species. *Sct' Tho .^iik, vol. xxxix., p. 147. ^'°'i923''"-] CA^TPBELL, A. G.. .Icanthhac or ThoruhUh. 195 Only one sub-species oi a species can normally occur in any one locality. Sub-specific characters are more variable than specific charac- ters, owing to the fact that the inter- variations are now in pro- gress between sub-species which have passed out of existence between species. For the same reason, specific characters are more variable than generic, intergradation of the latter being lost in anti(]uity. A^VRIATION. It is remarked by even a casual observer that birds of one species may vary in tone of colour according to their surround- ings. There is the influence of heat and cold, light and shade, humidity and dryness, the matter of food supply being co- related. It is plain that under such external stimuli the living bird reacts or adjusts itself to the requirements of the case. This gives rise to variation, and under the influence of its en- vironment a bird may become brighter or duller, lighter or darker, larger or smaller than the type.* A. — Individual Variation. It is a fundamental fact that no two individuals of any one species from one locality are identically alike. Little individual variations occur within certain limits, however small they be, that make it necessary for the observer to have several speci- mens before him in order to obtain the average or typical characteristics. This, the first step in variation, does not necessarily constitute a specific difference because it may not be sufficiently fixed to stand the experience of a movement in the reverse direction, when it finds itself in alternating conditions of drought and plenty — essentially phases of the Australian climate in the interior. B. — Regional Variation. This is a further stage, Avith an important bearing upon the question of sub-species. Where variation has been in progress for a long period of time in two localities that have some marked difference in geographical environment, then the two branches of original stock each take on some character or characters that apparently apply, or belong to that particular region. And, if. two such regions become separated from one another by some natural feature, such as sea or desert, preventing an interchange of stock, then regional variation may exhibit marked and per- manent differences worthy of being classed as sub-specific. Many *Type is the first specimen of that species to be described and named. A typical specimen is different, being one of average appear- ance. 196 CAMPBELL, A. G., Acanthizae or Tliornhilh. ["^^f F^eb" instances will be (luoted in their proper place throughout these notes. What that difference is which will be considered worthy of separating sub-species is a point to decide. If ornithologists cannot agree upon common rules of working and accept them as foundation principles, then the whole study must remain in a state of chaos, each worker a law unto himself. These sug- gestions arise from a desire to start from something known, and therefore definite, which should be the basis of ornitholog}^ at all events. C. Sl'ECII'IC \'AkI.\TIOX. Specific variation is the next stage in adaptation to environ- ment, when sub-specific diff'erences have become so far estab- lished, probably in opposite directions from a common starting point, that complete intergradation cannot be found. A gap exists where some have died out and two more or less closely allied species are the result. A clinching argument in favour of fixation of a species is when two allied species are found in the same locality due probably to some subsequent movement of one species overlapping the range of its ally. What constitutes a specific difference* in Acauthiccc is another point to decide. Will a difference of tone in the same colour or system of colours be acceptable? I think colour tone is a good and serviceable means of fixing a standard, that is, if it can be agreed what variation of tonef constitutes a difference. I am prepared to suggest that a difference of at least three tones (Ridgway) be accepted as a standard of variation in Acanthiza sufficient to warrant specific rank when a change of tone is noted in any i)articular part of the plumage, provided this variation is supported by at least one other noticeably different feature in the bird's plumage, or in its life-history, and provided always that no intergradation is found in the parts selected. AcanthizcE are notoriously "small fry," and for that reason are both difficult to handle and liable to escape observation ; never- theless they have their colour schemes, in a small way, just as important as colour arrangement in larger birds. Our observa- tions and systematic research so far are confined to outward and visible characters chiefly of plumage, and do not extend to anatomy, where obviously there is a wide field for research. *Exaniple. — Acanfhiz(F inornata can be looked upon as the western form of A.>Hi>ia irom which all trace.s of citrine on the upper surface and of yellow on the under surface have disappeared. Both are now distinct species. The same applies as between Gcoha^iUus toiuirostris and G. reguloiclcs, the former having almost lost the buff base to the tail, which is well developed in the latter. fSee "Color Standards and Nomenclature," Ridgway. Vol. XXII. CA.MI'P.ELL, A. G., Acauthicac or ThonihUls. 197 D. — vSi'oKT OK Casuai, Variation. Independent of A, B, and C, which are ordinary common types of variation, there is this sportive variation not arising from any obvious natural reason, and often right across the track of ordinary variation. I refer to such variation as a red rose appearing casually upon a white-t^ovvered bush ; many similar cases in the animal world can be called to mind. Whether this is a throwing back, or variation due to the appearance of char- acters belonging to some distant progenitor, or whether it is entirely casual and without reason, is a question with which we are not now concerned. But it is affirmed that this kind of variation is not sufficiently taken into account when dealing with the distribution of birds. I believe that Acanthiza ewingi, for instance, of Tasmania, is a sport, and proof will be offered in the notes dealing with that species. * * * * To further illustrate : Geobasilcus chrysorrhous has yellow upper tail-coverts. G. uropygialis has coverts and base of tail tawny. G. regidoides exhibits a colour (buff) which may be said to lie between these two extremes. Can we honestly consider this a link, or intergradation, and say that all three must be lumped into one species? The idea is absurd. Though they may not show much difference otherwise, yet the contrast in colour between yellow, bufif and tawny is obviously distinct and specific. Again, Geobasiletis squamaiiis, from North Queensland, has upper tail-coverts yellow, like G. chrysorrhous, and base of tail bufif like G. reyiiloides. Is this an intergradation? \Ve are nar- rowing down to finer points, but when we see that squamatus has under surface citron yellow, which neither of the others has, its specific difference is maintained. Take another example, A. pusilla and A. pyrrhopygia (Gould). The former may be termed the coastal species of browner mantle and duller rump, the latter the interior species of greyer mantle and brighter rump. Is A. apicalis of W.A. a link between the two, with its brown mantle and bright rump? To casual ob- servers all three may seem alike, but close examination is re- quired to bring out the facts. Since Gould's day mv'ch material has been procured across the whole width of Australia. Many interior, far interior and desert races have been brought to light. I confidently assert that these three species stand distinct and separate, as do the Geobasilcus already referred to, but proof is too lengthy to be offered here. W'hat constitutes reasonable sub-specific difference may be illustrated with Geobasileus chrysorrhous, a very common bird, whose range extends over nearly the whole continent. Taking the colour of the under tail-coverts as a guide, we find yellow, buff, or white. This is a small feature, but not unimportant. Yellow under-coverts are found in birds of the northern half of 198 CAMPP.ELL, A. C, .Icanthicac or ThnrubUls. [ The Emu 1st Jan. New South Wales and in Queensland, go directly west through Central Australia, and are found near the coast in W.A., 150 miles north of Perth. Buff under-coverts are found largely in southern New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania. White under-coverts appear in South Australia, and are found exclu- sively in south-western Australia. These points, together with two essential differences in the markings of the crown, give the key to at least six races. Intergradations, however, existing be- tween them, they rank as sub-si)ecies, not species. Only a tyro in ornithology would think there are no races or sub-species among Acanthizcc. The study of sub-species, the de- fining of their main characters and their geographical limitations is just as important as the study of species. This branch of ornithology has not yet been .seriously attempted. The material in existing collections, both public and private, requires tabulating and co-ordinating, and it is scientific research of this kind that now awaits students. Of these small birds there are at least two genera. Gould fol- lowed Cabanis in separating them into Ccobasilciis and AcautJiiza. Present day observations support this. They resemble each other only in size and in having brightly coloured upper tail- coverts. They differ appreciably in wing formula, and in the arrangement of colour pattern, especially in the tail. The following table compares the main features : — Acanthiza Geohasileits Habit Lives in thickets and Feeds largely upon the ground Wing formula . . Second primary less Second primar\- more than twice length of than twice length first : fourth longer of first : fourth than third by about longer than third 2i mm. by about 1 mm. Shape of tail Rounded : outer fea- Squarer : outer fea- thers about 5 mm. thers about 2 mm. shorter than central shorter than cen- tral Dark band Dn tail ..Narrow and sub- Wide and covering terminal about half the tail Base of tail Dark in colour and Light or brightly not like upper tail- coloured like up- covcrts per tail-coverts Throat Usually striated with Plain or minutely black fringed with brown Upper tail coverts . . Dark tones of brown Light tones yellow to tawny Tirc EMU. Vol. XXII. PLATE LXII. '^°'i9§'""]CAMrP.ELL, A. G., Acanthizac or ThornhUls. 199 The throat striations of ^Icanthiza are unic|ue. Each feather has two edges black but not the tip. As the feathers overlie \one another the effect produced is a series of bold black striations. These, however, are movable and rearrange themselves as the feathers are moved from side to side. The markings are en- tirely different from those of Hylacola pyrrhopyu'ia (first called Acaiithica pyrrhopyc/ia by Vigors and Horsfield), which consist of a black central stripe on each feather. A marked peculiarity of Ccobasileiis is that the two outermost tail feathers have a white, or buff edging on the outer web, distally, for at least half an inch. There have been listed ten species and no less than 7?> sub- species*— total 83. I submit there are 17 species and 43 sub- species— total 60. My notes and criticisms where they touch upon the work of others are intended to be constructive, building vtpon the foun- dations already laid, or at most a rearrangement of certain parts of the material already in hand. For the examination of the bird-skins and literature I am chiefly indebted to the trustees of the National Museum, Mel- bourne (per favour of Mr. J. A. Kershaw, Curator), in which is the "H. L- White Collection" of skins. I am also indebted for material and assistance to the R.A.O.U., to Mr. Edwin Ashby, Adelaide, and to Mr. A. J. Campbell, Melbourne. The Annual Congress and Camp-out of the R.A.O.U. The twenty-first annual congress was held at the Royal Society's rooms, Adelaide, on October 16th, 17th, and 18th (three sessions daily), and the camp-out was held at Mt. Remarkable from October 19th— 24th. Lectures illustrated by lantern slides were given in the Royal Society's rooms and at Melrose, Mt. Re- markable, by Dr. MacGillivray, Captain White, Messrs. Cayley and Bellchambers. The proceedings terminated with committee meetings to clean up the check-list on \Vednesday, October 25. This "majority" congress ranks amongst the most important in the history of the Union. Delegates were ])resent from all the States except Western Australia. South Australia, the home State, of course, had the largest representation. Tasmania and Victoria had four delegates each ; New South Whales had two, *See "List of The Birds of Australia," 1913, G. M, Mathews, and additions thereto. 200 R.A.O.U. Congress ["utf^T and Queensland one — the President, C. A. l^>arnard, wlio started from half a day west of Rcjckhampton, and travelled far to dis- charge his duty as president and show his interest in the R.A.O.U. and ornithology generally. The minutes of the previous congress were read and conhrmed. Apologies and greetings were received from Messrs. l>arker, Chisholm and Cornwall, and Dr. Spencer Roberts (Q.) ; Messrs. Kinghorn, A. S. Le Souef and H. L. White (N.S.W.) ; R. Hall (Tas.), and Mr. D. Le Souef and Dr. llrooke Xicholls (\'ic.). Mr. Ashby reported an interesting visit to the I>.O.U., and regrets that members were unable to make it convenient to attend. Mr. Elves, F.R.S., Pres. B.O.U., sent warm greetings direct. As the R.A.O.U. had now reached its majority it was decided that the President should send loyal greetings to their Majesties the King and Queen, who have been royal co-patrons since the inception of the Union. A satisfactory acknowledgment was received later. The text of the cable and rei)ly are as follow : — CABLEGRAM [copy] 16/10/2. The King, London. — Rcjyal .Vustralasian Ornithologists' "majority meeting," Adelaide, sends loyal greetings Their Majesties. — Leach, President. Reply received through Governor-General.— -"Please convey to the President of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union Their Majesties' thanks for loyal message sent on the occasion of the celebrations in Adelaide." The annual report and l)alance-sheet, both of a highly satis- factory nature, were received and adopted without amendment. The librarian's and editor's reports were received and adopted. Substantial progress with the Union's library and cpiarterly journal The Emu were revealed. The sum of £508 had been absorbed in the publication of The Emu. Members expressed themselves as well satisfied with the journal, which was well worth the money it cost. It was decided to recommend the Council to widen the inHuence and increase the circulation of The Emu as nnich as [)ossiblc. In hon(jur of two noted ornithologists. Messrs. 1'". I\. Zeilz, Ornithologist, Adelaide Museum, and Frank M. J^ittler, F.E.S., Launceston, author of "The P)irds of Tasmania," members stood in silence after ordering that letters of condolence should be sent to the relatives. THE EMU. Vol. XX n. PLA-!-F LXI Upper. Uaeen Mary (then the Duchess of York) at Fernshaw. (Vic.) 1901. Lower.— Royal Steamship " Ophir " off Port Melbourne. This vessel brought the Duke and Duchess of York (now King and Queen) to Australia, 1901. Photos, communicated by A. J. Campbell, C.M.B O-U. tup: emu. Vol ixii. PLATE LXIV. Chas. A. Barnard Esq. Retiring President, R.A.O.U. ^'°'i,i^:f"] R.A.OM. Congress 201 The election of officers resulted as follows: — Co-Patrons: Their Majesties the King and Queen. President: Dr. J. A. Leach, C.M.B.O.U., C.F.A.O.U. (Victoria). Vice-Presidents: Major E. A. Le Souef, B.V.Sc. (Zool. Gardens,. Perth), Mr. E. Ashby, M.B.O.U., C.F.A.O.U. (S.A.). Hon. General Secretary: Mr. Z. Gray, L.C.A., 2 Temple Court, Col- lins Street, Melbourne. Hon. Assistant Secretary: Mr. H. F. Clinton. Hon. Treasurer: Dr. Brooke Nicholls, 2 Temple Court, Melbourne. Hon. Editor of "The Emu": Dr. J. A. Leach, C.M.B.O.U., 2 Temple Court, Collins Street, Melbourne. Hon. Assistant Editor: Mr. R. T. Littlejohns, R.A.O.U. Hon. Librarian: Mr. F. E. Wilson. Hon. Press Correspondent: Mr. A. H. Chisholm, "Daily Telegraph"" Office, Sydney. Curators: (a) Skins: Mr. D. F. F. Thomson, (b) Eggs: Mr. J. A. Ross, (c) Photos, slides, etc.: Mr. S. A. Lawrence. Hon. Auditors: Mr. Jas. Barr, F.C.P.A., 42 Temple Court, Mel- bourne; Mr. J. Hedding, Monomeith Avenue, Canterbury. State Secretaries: Mr. N. Cayley, R.A.O.U., Pitt Street, Sydney. Mr. G. H. Barker, Albert Street, Brisbane. Capt. S. A. White, C.M.B.O.U., Wetunga, Fulham, South Australia. Mr. B. W. Leake, Woolundra, Western Australia. Mr. C. E. Lord, Mt. Nelson Road, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania. Mr. W. R. B. Oliver, F.L.S., R.A.O.U., Dominion Museum, Welling- ton, N.Z. Council: Victoria.— Mr. C. L. Barrett and Dr. G. Home. New South Wales.— Dr. E. A. D'Ombrain and Mr. A. S. Le Souef. Queensland. — Messrs. W. B. Alexander, M.A., and A. H. Longman. South Australia.— Mr. E. Ashby, M.B.O.U., and Prof. J. B. Cleland. West Australia. — Mr. Justice T. P. Draper, M.B.E., and Mr. P. T. Sandland. Tasmania.— Mr. H. Stuart Dove, F.Z.S., and Col. T. M. Evans. New Zealand.— Mr. R. H. D. Stidolph, 28 Makora Road, Masterton, Wairarapa, New Zealand, and A. G. Smith, N.Z. Ex-Prcsidents (ex officio members). — Sur.-Gen. Sir C. S. Ryan, Messrs. Chas. A. Barnard, R.A.O.U., A. J. Campbell, F.A.O.U., A. H. Mattingley, C.F.A.O.U., D. Le Souef, C.M.Z.S., R. Hall, C.M.B.O.U., J. W. Mellor, R.A.O.U., A. B. Hull, C.F.A.O.U., and Dr. W. Macgil- livray, R.A.O.U. Check-List Committee (not subject to re-election). Mr. W. B. Alexander, M.A., C.F.A.O.U., Mr. C. L. Barrett, C.M.Z.S,, Mr. A. J. Campbell, C.M.B.O.U., Mr. A. H. Chisholm, R.A.O.U., Mr. R. Hall, C.M.B.O.U., Mr. A. F. Basset Hull, C.F.A.O.U., Dr. J. A. Leach, C.M.B.O.U., C.F.A.O.U., Mr. W. H. D. Le Souef, C.M.Z.S., etc.. Dr. Macgillivray, R.A.O.U., Mr. G. M. Mathews, F.R.S.E., Mr. A. H. E. Mattingley, C.M.Z.S., Mr. H. L. White. C.F.A.O.U., Captain S. A. White, C.M.B.O.U., C.F.A.O.U. 202 R.J.O.U. ConrprSS Tlsffan" The presidential address was well received. The burning question of the export of live Australian birds produced a vigorous discussion, which resulted in the carrying of the following resolutions: — (1) That no export of Australian birds be allowed for profit; (2) That no export of any bird in danger of extinction be permitted ; (3) That no export without adecjuate inspection be allowed; (4) That a board be constituted to control the necessar}' ex- port and exchange of birds for scientific and educational purposes; the board to consist of two representatives of the R.A.O.U. and (a) one representative of the University and learned societies in each State; (b) one representative of State natural history and animal ])r()- tection societies; (c) one representative of the Zoologi- cal Society in each State; and (d) one representative of the Museum in each State. The Congress ordered the following telegram to be despatched to the Minister for Customs, Hon. Rodgers : "Request prohibit totally export Australian fauna i)ending receipt scheme adopted by Conference." It was decided to co-operate with the vVustralain Veterinary Association in securing adequate inspection and control of export of Australian birds "owing to the important role played by in- sects in the transmission and causation of disease in live stock." Mr. Cayley submitted a fine report of the establishment and activities of the N.S.W. State branch of the R.A.O.U., in affilia- tion with the Royal Zoological Society. Mr. Edgar R. Waite referred to the death of Mr. F. R. Zeitz, late Ornithologist to the S.A. Museum, and to the loss that had been sustained therel)y. The Hoard of Governors had decided not to fill the vacancy for the present, but had appointed Dr. A. M. Morgan, hon. curator in ornithology. Dr. Morgan would be in attendance daily, during the session, from 4 to 5 p.m., when the reference collection of bird skins and eggs would be available for inspection by members. Mr. Waite said that Dr. Morgan had associated with liim in an unofficial capacity, Mr. Sutton, and he was (|uite sure that when the next annual report was submitted to the Board the \alue of Mr. vSutton's services would be duly recorded. The late Mr. F. S. Smith, who also was a member of the R.A.O.U. for many years, died at a comparatively early age on the 4th February last. His work for the Argus was of the greatest value indirectly to the Union. He helped to develop that interested public opinion and appreciation which ha\c jilaced the Union in the strong position it now occupies. v°M"] R.A.O.U. Congress 203 The report was received, and it was resolved to ask each State secretary to submit a report on State activities for publica- tion in each issue of The Emu. In pursuance of notice of motion Mr. Ashby moved, atid Mr. Campbell seconded, that the seven clauses dealinj^ with permits and collection agreed to at the previous conference be rescinded. After a free discussion, in which many took part, the adjourn- ment for lunch took place. After lunch Mr. Ashby, with the consent of his seconder, withdrew his motion, and the following was inserted instead of clause 2 : — That real students be en- couraged and that the granting of permits to promising boua fide workers under reasonable restrictions be recommended. On the motion of Messrs. A. J. Campbell and C. A. Barnard, the seven clauses were then adopted as the official platform of the R.A.O.U., as regards permits and private collections. 1. That recognised ornithologists, pursuing some definite course of research, should be allowed to continue to collect specimens under statutory permit, with a view to the ultimate donation of such specimens to a public institution. 2. That real students be encouraged and that the granting of permits to promising ho)ia fide workers under reasonable restric- tions be recommended. 3. That ])romiscuous collecting, or the formation of any new collection, be discountenanced, and that any collectors, other than those coming under recommendation No. 1, be advised to donate their collections to some recognised public institution. 4. That any member found guilty of collecting without a per- mit or in a sanctuary, or of any other breach of the Statutes relating to Bird Protection, shall be dealt with under the Articles. 5. That the State authorities be asked to consult the Union before granting any permit to collect birds or eggs. 6. That foi-eign collectors be recjuired to describe any new species in an Australian scientific publication, and that the type specimen shall be deposited in a museum of the State in which it is taken. 7. That the Customs Department be urged to prohibit the ex- portation of the plumage and eggs of any Australasian bird. On the motion of Mr. E. Ashby and Captain S. A. White, it was decided to request each State Government to set apart in all future surveys of townships a reserve of not less than 300 acres, and recjuest that this area should be left in a state of nature, and that all farmers be urged to save some natural shelter for insectivorous birds. 204 R.A.O.U, Comjress KfT The scheme for distinctions for members submitted by Mr. A. H. Chisholm was referred to a svib-committee consisting of Messrs. Alexander and Chishohn (Q.), Butler (Tas.), Hull (N.SAV.), and J. A. Ross (Vic), for early consideration and report to the Council. It was decided, on the suggestion of Mr. A. S. L,e Souef (Director Sydney Zoological Gardens), to recommend to the State Government that the forest reserves of each State should be declared sanctuaries, and that if possible special sanctuaries should be declared for species in danger of extermination. It was decided that enquiries be made into the truth of a report that seabird eggs are being taken by Japanese from the T^arrier Reef area. Mr. A. J. Campbell, C.M.B.O.U., F.A.O.U., read a valuable paper on "Naming Birds, Type Descriptions, Etc., According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature." It was well received, and all agreed on the desirability of full and ade- quate description according to the recognized code. Mr. A. G. Campbell, J. P., R.A.O.U., sent a valuable paper, summing up the results of several years' study of the Acanthizae — a difficult Australian group. Mr. Campbell advocated 2 genera, 17 species, and 63 sub-species, as against 6 genera, 10 species, and 80 sub-species recommended by Mr. Mathews. The paper was considered op{)ortune and valuable to the Check-list Committee. Mr. Neville Cayley, author of the forthcoming work on The Birds of Australia, explained a colour chart embracing the 200 colours needed to describe Australian animals. It was expected that copies would be available at a moderate price. This is a modification of Professor Ridgway's well-known colour chart. The chief item of business — the Official Check-list, second edition — was reserved for last place on the business paper, so as to peiTnit inspection by the committee of material in the Adelaide Museum. Dr. Morgan, Hon. Ornithologist, S.A. Museum, assisted the committee to a decision on several knotty points with his well-kept and well-arranged specimens. The re- port of the committee showing that finality was being approached was adopted. A sub-conunittee consisting of Messrs. \V. B. Alexander and A. J. Campbell, and the convener (Dr. J. A. Leach) was authorised to complete the list and to arrange for publication as soon as convenient. Two scientific names, Dacclo (fujas and Gcryijoiie olboi/ularis, whose priority was not certain, were made the subject of a reference to the International Commission on Scientific Nomen- clature with a request that these names be retained on the Aus- tralian list. '^''\S''] R.A.O.IJ. Conf/rcss 205 Many vernacular names were discussed and popular favf)urites like Jacky Winter for the Australian I>r(nvn Flycatcher, Chow- chilla for the so-called Logrunners and Sittella for the Nuthatches or Tree-runners were accepted. The recommendation was made to the committee that wherever possible vernacular names apply- ing to more than one species should all be (|ualified. Thus .Irta- miis cyanoptcriis would be known as the Dusky Wood Swal- low, not the Wood Swallow, and Plafycerciis cximius as the Common Rosella. A resolution was ordered to be entered in the minutes expressing satisfaction with the work of the com- mittee, with special mention of the work of Mr. A. J. Campbell and Dr. J. A. Leach. Captain White exhibited a series of skins of the Adelaide Rosella, showing that it was a form of Platycercus elegans, the Crimson Rosella, and not of P. flaveolus, the Yellow Rosella. Tt had green young, like those of P. elegans, while there was no green stage in the life history of P. flaveolus. It was decided that the Congress of 1923 should l)e lield at Hobart. Votes of thanks to all who had contributed to the success of the congress, and the retiring office-bearers were carried. One incident indicating the good public feeling developed in the community and the good work done by the Education De- partment in its schools, under the direction of Mr. A. G. Edquist, nature study organiser, in the formation of Bird Clubs, must be recorded. At Booleroo Centre, a few miles from Mt. Remark- able, the lively strains of "Australia Will be There" reached the delegates as the train drew up. The school Bird Club, led by the school band, with big drum, side drum, fifes and tin whistles, presented an address of welcome to the ornithologists. The President, Dr. J. A. Leach, Capt. White (S.A.), C. A. Bar- nard (Q.), and Neville Cayley (N.S.W.), acknowledged the address, and wished the Bird Club and the head teacher (Mr. D. D. vSmith) success. The band gave several selections in a creditable manner. HONORARY SECRETARY'S REPORT FOR YEAR ENDED 30/6/1922. 2 Temple Court, Melbourne, 14/10/22. Ladies and Gentlemen, — I am pleased to report that the afifairs of the Union have o o -cpg o C(M tjco g-C CQ t*-^ p ^ > -^ o ..^ .. 1^ '-' r"^ C^ S^ S '-'^ C ^ ^ \ g!>iOiH 2 gw «ir:>icc ,_^ OOOCJ iCin rH 2j ^ oco CO O CJ Ci ^ o «« to C/D <^ < m lO ■^ h H O "S '■ ' rH ] in CO o o C<1 Tl" 1-1 O CO OJ T-H ^' w < « « o n o cr; N CQ 208 R.A.O.U. Con;/rcss Tisffan" The members on roll now number 483, made up as follow : Life, 6; ordinary, 469; honorary, 10, distributed over — Victoria 176 Tasmania 24 New South Wales .. 112 New Zealand 15 Queensland 50 England 30 South Australia .... 27 P'oreign 23 Western Australia . . IS Honoraiy 10 and with exchanges 19, making a circulation of 304. We print 350 copies of Emu, the balance being on hand for sales. Sixty-three new members and 2 life members have joined during the year; 10 have been removed by death, and 40 have dropped out through resignations, etc. The heavy cost of printing The Emu is still a matter of serious concern, and last year amounted to £308, including £43/19/6 for reprints. The following generous donations have been very helpful, and our sincere thanks are due to the donors : — Purple Cross Service £50 0 0 Late Dr. Geo. Hurst 2 2 0 "Anonymous," for blocks 13 17 10 Executors late T. Tindale . . The Emu, vols. 1 to 20 A good result has already followed the steps taken at the New South Wales Congress last year to secure atftliation of the New South Wales branch of the R.A.O.U. with the Royal Zoological Society of New South Whales. Regular meetings are held, and a good stimulus has been gi\en to the field study of birds. The Council records with satisfaction a healthy development of public opinion in favour of a much better protection for our Australian birds. With the demand from learned societies that no species should be allowed to become extinct, the Council is in full agreement. A recent deputation to the Minister for Customs asked that control of export should be secured. The deputation was very .sympathetically received. The Council takes the view that no export for private profit should be allowed, and that there should be no export whatever of rare species in danger of extermination. In conclusion, may I again ask for the loyal iielp and earnest co-operation of all members and well-wishers to further our aims and objects. Yours faithfully, Z. GRAY, Hon. Secretary, R.A.O.U. ^°\^^"] R..1.0.U. Co„;,rcss 209 Some Impressions Bv A. J. CAMPBELL, R.A.O.U. The Adelaide nieetinarts of South Australia. Vet Mt. Remarkable has a hea\ier rainfall than most places north of Adelaide. The birds observed during se\eral outings around the mount, and during the day the members undertook the stitif climb to the top, are as follows (the nomenclature of the new check-list is followed as far as ])ossible ) : — The Emu was once i)lentiful ii\ the district, but sad to say they are all gone now. Stubble Ouail THE EMF. Vol. XXIt. P-ATE LXV Upper — Some of the party approaching the summit of Mt. Remarkable. A stiff climb. Lower--Stepping stones in the creek at the foot of Mt. Remarkable. Vol. XXII 1923 ] S. A. WHT'I'E, R.A.O.U. Congress 217 {Coturnix pectoralis) ; Peaceful and Diamond Do\es {Gcopelia placida and cuncata) ; Bronzewing {Phaps chalcopfcra) ; Crested Pigeon (Ocyphops lophotes) ; Black-tailed Xative Hen (Tribonyx ventralis) ; Spur-winged Plover (Lobibyx novcc-Jiollandia:) ; White-necked and White-faced Herons {Notoplioyx pacifica and novcc-Jiollandicr) ; Black, Little Black and White-breasted Cormor- ants [Phalacrocorax carbo, atcr, and fuscesccns) ; Spotted Har- rier {Circus assimilis) ; Australian Goshawk (^Istiir fasciatus) ;. Collared Sparrow Hawk {Accipiter cirrliocephalus) ; Wedge- tailed Eagle {Uroaetus audax) ; Whistling Eagle (Haliastur sphenunis) ; Brown Hawk (leracidea ber'ujora) ; Nankeen Kes- trel (Cerchneis cetichroides) ; Boobook Owl {X'uwx boobook) ; Purple-crowned Lorikeet (Glossopsitta porphyrocephala) ; White Cockatoo (Cacatiia galerita) ; Galah (C roseicapilla) ; Mallee Parrot (Bariiardius bariiardi) ; Adelaide Parrot (very light form), (Platyccrcus adelaidensis) ; Red-backed Parrot (Psepho- tus ha-niatoiiotiis) ; Tawny Frogmouth (Podaryus strigoides) ;. Laughing Kookaburra {Dacelo gigas) ; Rainbow Bird {M crops ornatus) ; Pallid Cuckoo (Cncitliis pallidus) ; Fantailed Cuckoo- {Cacomantis flabcUiforuiis) ; Welcome vSwallow (Hirimdo neox- ena) ; Tree Alartin {Hylochelidon nigricans) ; Fairy Martin (//. arxel) ; Brown Flycatcher (Microeca fascinans) ; Scarlet Robin (Petroica multicolor) ; Red-capped Robin (P. goodenovii) ; Shrike Tit {Falcunculus fontatus) ; Rufous-breasted Whistler {Pachycephala rufiventris) ; Black and White Fantail {Rhipidura leiicophrys), nesting; Restless Flycatcher (Seisura inquieta) ; Cuckoo Shrike (Graucaliis novcc-hollandia-) ; Caterpillar-eater- {Canipepliaga tricolor) ; White-browed Babbler (Poiuafostonnis- superciliosus) ; Black-breasted Song Lark {Cinclorhamphus cruralis) ; Rufous Song Lark {C. niathezvsi) ; Wrens (sp. ?), all' brown birds, but there is little doubt that they are Malitrus assimilis; \Miite-fronted Chat (Epthianura albifrons) ; Yellow- tailed Thornbill (Acanthica chrysorrhoa) ; Masked Wood- Swallow (Artamits personatus) ; Dusky Wood-Swallow {A. cyanopteriis), nesting; Grey Shrike Thrush (Collitricincla har- monica) ; Magpie-Lark {GraUina cyanoleiica), nesting; White- face (Apheloccphala leucopsis) ; Brown Tree-creeper (Climac- teris picumna) ; Mistletoe-Bird (Dicaeiitn hirnndinaceiim) ; Par- dalote (Pardalotiis striatiis) ; Black-chinned Honeyeater (Meli- threptiis gularis) ; Spinebill (.Icantliorhynchus tennirostris) ;■ White-fronted Honeyeater ( Glycipliilo albifrons) ; Yellow- plumed Honeyeater {Mdiphaga ornata) ; White-plumed Honey- eater (AI. poiicillata), nesting; Xoisy Minah (Mycantha gar- rula) ; Yellow-throated Minah (A/, fiavignla) ; Red Wattle-Bird" (Anthochaera carunculata) ; Australian Pipit (Anthiis aiistralis) ; Diamond Firetail (Zonaeginthiis guttatus) ; Australian Raven (Corviis coronoides) ; White-backed Magpie (Gymnorhina Jiypo- letica) ; and the following imported birds: Starling, House Sparrow, and Goldfinch. 218 WHITE, Most Extensive Ormthological Tour Fi^rfan" The Most Extensive Ornithological Tour ever Accomplished in Australia By S. A. WHITE. C.M.P..O.U., C.F.A.O.U., Sometime President R.A.O.U. An expedition to cross Australia and back by motor cars was promoted by the McCallum Brothers, of v^outh Australia, and the writer of this paper was aiTorded the opportunity of joining the party. The members of the expedition, six in number, were the Hon. Thos. McCallum, M.L.C.. Messrs. Donald McCallum. H. Crowder (of the S.A. Lands Department), cousin to the first- named gentleman, Murray Aunger and Cecil Aunger, expert motorists and mechanics, and the writer. ]\Ir. ]\Iurray Aunger had been over some of the country 14 years previously, when he, with Mr. H. H. Dutton, of South Australia, had made the attempt to reach Darwin in a car, which was overtaken by tropical rains. The party had to aliandon the car and retreat over swollen water- courses on horseback. Returning the following year with another car, they took both through to Darwin. On this expedition three "Dort" cars were used. Every inch of space and every ounce of weight was conserved. Hoods, wind- screens, mud-guards, lamps, doors, self-starters, in fact, every- thing that could be dispensed with without interfering with the efficiency of the cars was strijiped off. As would be supposecj, many spare parts and gear of many contrivances to meet con- tingencies over a rough and trackless countiy had to be carried with us. Twelve hundred (1200) feet of inch and f-inch Manilla rope was wound round two drums in No. 1 car, and many other things took up much s])ace, cutting down our personal effects to a minimum, and this sorely handicaps a naturalist. The bodies of the cars had a neat chemical-duck covering. We wore rubber coats, which were suiii)lie(l by the liarnet Glass Rubber Co., and were a great comfort in cold and wet weather; still they did not prevent great discomfort when sitting all day long in water, as sometimes happened. Cold winds were dealt with by placing paper round the body inside our vests, and the rubber coats outside of all. A great deal of organisation was required; stores and petrol had to be sent on from Oodna- datta — the head of the line in the south — by camel convoys to be placed in depots along our route for the better part of a thousand miles. From the northern end the same had to be done, and petrol and stores came out for 200 miles from Darwin by rail, then by bullock and horse teams, to link up with the chain of depots from the south ; this had to be done three or four months ahead; even then the line had not been linked up, and the last camel team was over a hundred miles short of its depot when we overtook it. Stores and petrol had to be sent VoijXXii.j ^VHITE, Most Hxtcusivc Ornitliolonica! Tour 219 out from the railiieads in Oueensland, where all went to tlie east, and then all the way down throu^di the liack country of (Queens- land and New South Wales the railheads had to he touched for stores and fuel for our cars and ourselves. On the 9th of May, 1922, the three cars moved off from the Adelaide General Post Office at the stroke of ten a.m., and amidst the cheers of a great crowd we headed to the North — a course we followed for two thousand miles and more. Stopping for a few minutes on the outskirts of the town to say good-bye to our friends, rubber coats and goggles were ad- justed, and the cars settled down to their 25 to 30 miles per hour. The agricultural areas were nearly left behind by the time we pulled up in the driving rain after dark at Gladstone that night. All through the night rain continued to fall, and in the morning the country was drenched. We moved off at an early hour, and found the roads in a bad condition, but by the time we reached Quorn we were out of the wet area, and the mud guards were removed from the cars. We reached Oodnadatta after dark of Friday, 12th, and left again next morning at 9.15. From now on the trials of the big trip began. W'e passed out over a vast gibber plain, with its mass of broken stone, with here and there weird table-topped hills plainly showing the great erosion which has taken place over a great length of time. By 9.50 a.m. we had reached a creek known as "The Swallows," named from the locality being so frequented by the Fairy Martin, which build their retort-shaped mud nests under the rocky ledges of the bank. At 35 miles we reached the dreaded Alberga Creek — a broad shallow watercour.se filled with very loose sand. We lunched, and then made the crossing, the first time a car has done this en its own power. The Stevenson River, another dry sandy watercourse, was crossed at 36 miles, and numbers of the Yellow- banded Parrot (Barnard ins zonarins) were seen along the river in the Red Gums {Eucalyptus rostrata) which lined the banks. We had been ploughing through loose sand for miles, and by 4 p.m. at 46 miles we pas.sed the ten-mile bore. Willow Well was passed by 4.30, at 52 miles, and I saw marks of my old camp of the previous year. We camped a mile east of Hamilton Bore. Reached Hamilton Bore next morning at an early hour. Boobook Owls {Ninox boobook) were calling loudly during the night, along the timber which lines the banks of the Stevenson, and out on the tablelands the Curlew, or Stone- Plover (Biirliinus }iiac/uirostris) was calling. I'icking up stores and ])etrol at the bore we were off again, keeping along the eastern bank of the Stevenson, so strongly marked by the timber (Red (kmis) grow- ing along either bank. We reached P>lood's Creek at 11.45, when we had our lunch. All along the dry course of the Stevenson the Yellow-banded Parrot was met with, as well as the Yellow Weebill (Tree-tit) (Smicrornis flavescens), an occasional Pipit {Anflius australis), small flocks of Chestnut-eared Finches 220 WHITE, Most Extensive Ornitholor/ical Tour ["^isf S"* (Tcciiiopyyia castaiiotis) , as well as other common species. Leavini,^ Blood's Creek at 1 p.m., we left the main track and went to the west, where we soon overtook a train of 66 camels on their way to Hermensburg Mission Station, situated on the upper waters of the Finke River in the MacDonnell Ranges. Many of the animals had huge sheets of black iron on either side, the iron being used in the construction of tanks; others had long sections of water troughing lashed up and down on their packs. We were now travelling over the open undulating tablelands or Gibber Plains. An occasional Australian Dotterel (Peltoliyas aitstralis) was met with, and two small parties of Gibber- Birds {.Ishbyia loi'ensis) were seen. We crossed the boundary line into the Northern Territory at 4 p.m., and arrived at Charlotte Waters telegraph station soon afterwards. We were on the move again at 6.30 a.m. next day, and reached New Crown Point Station, 19 miles, at 8 a.m. Very heavy sandy track. We re- mained here onl\' a few minutes to speak with the manager. It was here that most of our party had their first sight of the Finke River. The cars were running well, and we were soon on the northern side of the deei> sandy bed of the Goyder River, where the strange green flowering i)ea ])lant (Crotolaria ciiumniiJianui) was found growing on the sandy country in pro- fusion. There was a good deal of saltbush {Atroplex) here, as well as Mulga {Acacia aneura) and Broad-leaf Mulga (.i. kem- peana). We now had heavy sand and gravel ridge in between, till we reached the Finke again, and crossed at the wonderful Yellow Cliff, where the great ice-striated boulders are to be seen protruding from the river bank. Crossing the sandy river-bed again, we pulled uj) at Old Crown Point to have our lunch. Then we followed up the timber along the bank, when a flock of Red- Breasted Babblers (Poinatostoiiuis niheciiliis) were noted — the furthest south that I have observed this bird. I'assing the won- derful mount — "Crown Point" — the cars charged the loose sandy bed of the Finke, and a high sandbank on the far side (up which we laid matting to give the wheels a grip. Proceeding up, the bed of a watercourse strewn with water-worn boulders, we passed through Cunningham's Gap at 3.J>0 |>.m. Sonn Mt. Musgrave showed out to the west, and later on we passetl right under Mt. Squire — the strange sister hills being to the west. After traversing some loose sandy country we reached Hprseshoe Bend, on the Finke, and remained at this weird place for the night. Making a start next morning, Tuesday. May U)th, the cars ])l()ughed their way up the sandy bed of the Finke to come out up the bank in a mile and a half. Having gained the U)\} of the cliffs, we ])lunged into the great nci)ot sanclhills. con- tinuous sand ridge for 28 miles, with very narrow flats in be- tween. The drift sand is blown up in places to the height of 70 feet. We were over these dreaded sandhills by 4 ]).ni.. ihe first time any car had ever been through on its own »jowcr. We THE EiMU. Vol. XXII. PLATE LXVI The three cars in the long "Mitchell Grass," said to be one of the best grasses in the world ; a haunt of the Pheasant Coucal ( Centropus phosiaii i n us) Lunch in the haunt of the Red-breasted Babbler (/'onititos/oinin. rubeculus). '^''\™^] WHITE, Most Extcnsivf ()n,ltholo,/iral Tour 221 now crossed the Hugh River (a tributary of the Finke) eight times in \3> miles. The crossings were very difficult owing to the loose nature of the sand; reached Alice Well at dark, and camped for the night. Next morning, I counted 49 Black-backed Magpies (Gyiiinorhvia tibicen), a great many Magpie-Larks (Gralliiia cyonnlciica) , and Yellow-throated Miners ( I\f\cautha flin'if/iilii). Heavy sand again on our track. This country was covered with Porcui)ine Grass (Triodia) erroneously called "spinifex," Cassias, I'road-leafed Mulga (Grevillca junci folia) (a plant i)roducing much food for honey-eating birds, and whose flowers are freciuented by millions of ants and other insects). The Desert Oak (Casiiarijia decaisuama) is the largest tree. Bloodwoods {Eucalyptus termlnaUs) were now met with; they have great bunches of white to cream flowers laden with much honey. We arrived at Francis ^^^eIl at 11.30, had lunch, and left at 1 p.m. The vegetation here was chiefly Bre- mopJiila, Kochia, Bassia, all shrubs of the stony country; there was good grass in patches. Sandy country came in again, with Desert Oaks and such vegetation. The white-barked Gums, which play such a big part in the landscape for thousands of miles, were seen here for the first time. Deep Well, 23 miles from Francis Well, was reached at 2.30 p.m. ; stores and petrol were taken on here. We were now approaching the Ooraminna Range, and making our way through good mulga scrub, till we struck a sandy patch with Porcupine Grass, Desert Oak, and a strange Gum or Mallee with blue, rounded leaves (Eucalyptus f/aniopliylla). We were now 57 miles from Alice Well, and the country was well grassed. At 74 miles the MacDonnell Ranges came into view, their ragged peaks standing out on the skyline. We reached the narrow pass (Heavy-tree Gap) at dark. Great numbers of natives had assembled to give us a welcome, and their strange cries echoed amongst the great over- hanging crags of the range. Passing over a salt-bush plain, the cars pulled up at Alice Springs, known as the township of "Sturt." Owing to a member of the party being unwell, we re- mained two days here, and the writer spent the time in investi- gating the bird life. Birds were not numerous: Black-backed Magpies, Magpie-Larks, Yellow-throated Miners, Cloncurry Honeyeater {Meliphaga peyiicUlata leilavalensis) , Red Throat (Pyrrholcemus brnmieus), Bower-Bird (Chhuuydera cfuttata macdonnelli). The last-named bird, like so many other members of the genus, is a great mimic ; it gives other bird-calls so well that the writer has been deceived upon many occasions. Having had word that a most unusual occurrence had happened to the east of Newcastle Waters in the shape of a cloud-burst, and that water to the depth of 20 feet and 40 feet broad had swept across to the west, and that it would be impossible to think of ■crossing this for a month, we went on to investigate. Tyres which had left Oodnadatta over a month before us had not ar- 222 WHITE, Most Exteusive OnntlioIo,/ical Tour j'^isffan" rived, and we had lo j^o on without them. r)n Sunday, 21st of May, we left Alice vSprin,i,^s and called for a few minutes at the teleji;ra])h station, situated in the MacDonnell Ranges. Then we made our way through the ranges. Red Gums were seen in the creeks, P.loodwoods in valleys. Amongst the granite rocks Broad- leaved Mulga, Grevillea, Cassia, Eremophila, Kangaroo Grass, White-barked Gums, and Solanums, were found growing, and the banks of one creek were lined Avith Paper-bark Tea-tree {Mela- leuca). In 12 miles, we were out of the range on to Burt's Plain, a vast plain extending for hundreds of miles E. and W. and about 60 to 70 across in the direction in which we were travelling. At 15 miles from Alice Springs we were in dense Mulga, and came out on the Grassy Plain again. The WHiite-face (Apheloce- pJiala leucopsis) was met with in large numbers, but I was sur- prised not to see the Black-banded White-face (.1. )ii(/rici)icta). Crested Bell-l'irds (Oreoica guttural'is) were here numer- ous, and remarkably tame. At 68 miles we were still on the I)Urt Plain, with Mulga (a new species with a very long leaf), Grevillea (in blossom), Bloodvvood (also in flower), Cassia, Kan- garoo Grass, Cotton-bush, patches of Porcupine Grass, Eremo- phila and Bluegum. A large piece of country had been burnt, possibly by the natives. Termite mounds made their ap[)earance as soon as we were out upon the plain. Hooded Robins {Mcl- auodryas cucuUata) were numerous. Several Pipits were seen during the day. The ^'ellow-tailed Thornbills {Geobasilcus cliry- sorrlioa) were in small flocks. I>lack-faced Wood-.*^wallows (.Irlannis cincreus) were met with all through the country passed that day. Whistling Eagles (Haliastur sphoiurits) were also seen. Many Chestnut-eared Finches {Tccniopygia castauotis) were met with. Red-ca[)])ed Robins {Petroica ijoodcnovi) were ob.served during the day. At 80 miles broken ranges were seen on either side, and the flats were clothed in cotton bush and grass, with patches of Mulga, EremopJiila, and native ])ines {Calliiris robusta) were seen on the granite ranges. Red-capped Robins were seen here. Black and White Fantails ( Rliipiditra Iciicophrys) were plenti- ful. The Pnown Song-Lark (Cinclorhaiu pints cruralis) was also seen. y\t 90 miles we ])assed through Prouse's Gap at 5.10 p.m. The vegetation changed here, many sub-tropical plants ])utting in an a])i)earancc. \Ve went on four miles to more open countiy, and went into camp. Next morning, Monday. May 22nd, three of us left camp at 7.30 in one car, and went back to the Gaj). I found the vegetation very interesting, and collected many species of i)lants. Numbers of liustards (Enpodotis aiistralis \ rose from the long grass. Morgan Parrots were plentiful in the Red Gums. Black faced Wood Swallows, Red-rumped Kingfishers (Halcyon pyrrliopygiiis), P>lack Fork-tailed Kites (Mih-us tniijratis). Whistling Eagles, Chestnut-cared Finches, a \cry small form of the vSinging Honey-Eater { Mrlif^liai/a 7-ircscciis) . Shell Parrots, Vol. XXII. 1923 ] WHITE, Most Exfcusirc On,itlw}o;/lcaI Tour 223 or lUidgerygahs (Mclopsitiaciis uiidiilaliis) , Crimson Chats {Epthianiira tricolor) were all seen at this interesting place. At noon that day we had reached Central Mount Stuart, where we halted tf) take some photographs. Birds were fairly numerous. Here we noted the Brown Hawk (leracidea bcriijora), the typical inland form (/. h. herigora), which takes on a ruddy coloration. Black- faced Wood-Swallow, Pipits, Red-backed Kingfishers, Spiny-cheeked Honeyeaters {Acanthagenys rufogularis), and numbers of Shell-Parrots were seen. A beautiful pink Hibiscus was seen during the day. The shrubs were several feet in height, and were covered in bright pink blossoms. At Central Mount Stuart, 133 miles from Alice Springs, a dwarf yellow Hibiscus put in an api)earance. We had been travelling along the Wood- forde Creek, and now we were on the Hanson Creek, crossing it at 148 miles at 4.15 p.m. At 5 p.m. we started over No. 1 Stirling Sandhill, and soon left No. 2 behind us. These sand- hills were very high, and were composed of loose blown sand. Birds were now numerous. There were Brown Havvks, Black- faced Wood Swallows, Bustards, Crows, Magpie-Larks, Pipits, Chestnut-eared Finches, Cloncurry Honeyeaters, and others. Next morning, ^lay 23rd, we were away early, but in an hour got off our bearings, and found we wei"e too far to the east of a rugged range. We altered our course, stood to the west, and found a gap through the range. TJie country was very good and beautiful. We had been following a creek down, with beauti- ful white-barked gums ; the country was well grassed. Where we altered our course a very fine Bustard stood up and strode past us within a few feet, and a Black-breasted Buzzard soared over us for ([uite a time. Crested Pigeons (Ocyphaps lophotes) were plentiful. ^'ellow-throated miners (Mycaiitha flavigula), Black- faced Cuckoo-Shrikes {Graucalus novcc-lioUaudice) , Black- faced Wood-Swallows, Little Quail (Tuniix relo^), and Shell Parrots were all numerous. The vegetation was also very in- teresting; a fine pink-flowering Grexillea lit up the landscape. \\'hite-barked gums, and on the stony edges, a small- fruited Mallee. There were also tall Kangaroo Grass and bushes of Deadfinish {Acacia rigens). At 180 miles from Alice Springs we made Barrow Creek Telegraph Station, and received a warm welcome. This was a good bird locality, and amidst the broken ranges were many rock holes containing water. Southern Stone- Plover {Burhiniis magnirostris) , were both seen and heard. Square-tailed Kite (Lophoictiiiia isura) was quite plentiful. Black-backed Magpie, Pied (Black-throated) Butcher Bird (Cracticns nigrogularis), Pipit, Ground Cuckoo-Shrike (Ptero- podocys maxima) were all seen. Keartland Iloneyeater {Meli- pliaga kcartlandi) was quite numerf)us in the rocky gorges. The writer has now traced the bird from the Everard and Musgrave Ranges in the south to Barrow Creek in the north, and no doubt i: has a big range to the west. Another Honeveater with a wide 224 WHITE, Most Extensive Ornithological Tour [^^tf^"" range, and found in this locality, is the White-fronted Honeyeater {Glyciphila alhijrons). The Cloncurry Honeyeater was very common along all the gum creeks. The Dusky Honeyeater {Myzoinela ohscnra) was observed in the low scrub at the foot of the ranges. I take this to be Mr. Mathews' sub-species M . o. grisescetis. The Red-chested Quail (Tnrnix pyrrhothorax) was quite plentiful. Grass- Wrens ( Diaphorillas textilis) were found r.midst the boulders of the ranges. Crows (Con-us ceeilae) v.ere fairly i)lentiful. T.lack-faced Cuckoo Shrikes were seen; Chestnut-eared Finches and I'udgerygahs were in hundreds. The time here was too short to complete work amongst the birds. The night sj^ent at Harrow Creek was a mild one (56 deg. F.). The country was covered in grass, which had reached the flowering stage, and threw a puri)le sheen over every- thing. We crossed Barrow Creek at 3i miles from the station, and came in touch with large numbers of natives. Bustards were numerous amidst the high dry grass. .\. strange blue-leafed Malice or Gum grew in clumps, with Mulga, Hakea and Ere- mophilas. We overtook a camel team with oun stores, which should have been a hundred or more miles further on ; took on twelve large cases of petrol, and stores, which meant much addi- tional weight to the already over-loaded cars. Grass seeds be- came very bad in the long grass, and we had to abandf)n one car and push on for water, which we struck at 4 p.m., and then returned for the third car. Crows were numerous at this water. Ne.lunged into grass 12 feet in height, and flushed Bustards from this many times. .\t 120 miles from Barrow Creek we found water, and we were glad to get a good wash. Wc were in the Vol. XXII. )923 WHITK. Most li.vfciisiir OniUhohuncal Tour 225 midst of a fairly thick Mallee l)elt, a variety with smooth dark jj^reen stem.s. Cirey i Jacks (.bias supcrciliosa) were seen in a waterhole ; Red-backed Kingfishers, Magpie-Larks, and Chestnut- eared Finches, as well as Red-hreasted Iiahblers, were seen. We were now at 'I'ennant's Creek, 1,500 miles from Adelaide. Xe.xt day, May 28th, we were on our way again, and saw a good many natives, including a large hunting party out after game, which was abundant in that country. ATany stony creeks were crossed. The l>lack-faced Wood Swallow was numerous, and Whistling Eagles were seen. Pa])erbark Tea-tree (Melaleuca) was taking a prominent part in the vegetation now. Hooded Robins were numerous. At .^ i).m. we witnessed a great fight for liberty by a P>at, which was chased by a Grey Falcon (Falco hypolcncus). It lasted fifteen minutes, and the Bat wore the Falcon out by allowing the bird to make great rushes with superior speed, but dodging every time, till the Falcon was tired. We were in very picturesque wooded country. Reached the renowned Attack Creek at dusk, and went into camp near a fine waterhole. The birds round our camp or those identified while there was still light were: Shell-Parrots, Rose-breasted Cocka- toos or Galahs (Cucatiia roseicapilla ), Mistletoe Bird (Diccciim hiruud'maccum ), Black-faced Wood Swallow, White-faced Heron {Notophoyx novcc-hollaudicc), Barn-Owl (Tyto alba), Boobook Owl {Nhwx boobook), \Vhite-throated Nightjar (Eurostopodw; mystacalis), Cloncurry Honeyeater, Magpie-Lark, Grey Duck, Grey Teal (Tirafjo (jibberifrous), Black and White Fantail, Chestnut-eared Finch and the Diamond Dove (Gcopelia cuneata). During the 29th, we crossed many creeks, which gave us trouble, as also did the anthills, which were very numerous. There was much i:)ai)er-bark tea-tree along the creeks. A very bright-flower- ing Grcvillca, which formed a large shrub, was very conspicuous. Several species of BretuophUa were noted, with pink Hibiscus' and high porcupine bushes. Many vShell Parrots were in flocks. At 58i miles from 'Pennant's Creek we came out upon well grassed country at Banka Banka Station, owned by the .\mbrose Brothers, who entertained us at lunch. Later we passed through the open grass country, entered a timber belt, and came out upon tablelands, with white-barked gums. ^^hell-Parrots were very numerous, also Chestnut-eared Finches. Red-browed Pardalotes (Pardalotits rubricatiis) were heard calling in the trees. At 7S miles, we crossed the Tomkenson, and in a large waterhole a Royal Spoonbill (Platolea regia) was seen. Brown Song-Larks were flushed from the grass. At 88 miles, we reached Plelen vSprings at 5.25 p.m. We here noted both vS(]uare- tailed and Forked-tailed Kites. Went into camp at Renner Springs at 6.30 p.m. Xext morning many birds came to this fine spring for water. There were Australian Goshawks (Astiir fasciatns), Galahs, Quarrions, or Cockatoo- Parrots (Lcptolophus Jiollandiciis), Black and White Fantail, I>lack- faced Cuckoo 226 WHITE, }[ost li.vtcnsizr Onntholoc/ical Tour W^stf^!" Shrike, Red-rumped Kingfisher, Restless Fantail {Seisura in- qiiieta). A pair of AustraHan Cranes (Antigone ruhicunda) set- tled close to us, and took little or no notice of our presence. Tuesday, May 30th, we left camp early, and were soon in trouble with the high grass ; by 10.30 a.m. we had reached a very rocky ridge, and, climbing over it, descended into the valley, where Powell Creek Telegraph Station is situated 119 miles from Ten- nant's Creek and 1619 miles from Adelaide. This is a charming spot, and should be a great place for birds, the country being diversified — a fine well timbered range with plains on either side. I regretted much not ha\'ing a chance to s])en(l time here, here. Many tropical trees and plants have been ])lanted close to the station, and are doing well. We left at 1.30 p.m., and passed through low scrul), long grass, and anthills. The small pale form of the Rufous-breasted Whistler ( Pachyccphala riifi- ventris) was met with. At 13 miles from Powell Creek, Cuckoo Shrikes and Rufous-breasted Whistlers were seen. From a very rocky mountain ridge (along which we had to find our way). Lake Woods, a vast sheet of water) was sighted to the west. After descending to lower ground several fine reaches of water were found in the creeks and beautiful timber, with vast grassy plains to the west. IMack-faced Wood Swallows were numerous. We camped on the edge of the great grassy plain. The night temperature was mild (57 deg. F. ^ Alany water-birds were travelling during the darkness (for we were in close proximity to the great storm waters). Amongst them could be distinguished the Pied Gee.se {Anscranas scinipohuata). r)irds seen round the camp in the morning were: Chestnut-eared Finches, Black-faced W^ood-Swallows, Diamond Doves, Red-breasted T'abblers (Ponia- tostoinns rnhecnlus), Pied Rutcher-Birds, Bustards, Fairy Mar- tins (HylocJielidon arid), Red-br(^wed Pardalotes. and Galahs: Leaving camp we crossed a great plain of \va\ ing grass. W^e were now approaching the flooded areas, and when we came in sight of the waters thousands of Pelicans, Cormorants, and other water-birds were seen. Bustards came cpiite close to the cars or allowed us t(j pass them by at a distance of a few feet. I'irds were numerous, including I'rown Hawks, Whistling Eagles, AVhite Cockatoos, Wliite-necked Heron (Xotoplioyx pacifica), Red-browed. Pardalote, Rufous-breasted Whistler, Black-faced Wood-Swallow, Brown Song-Lark, Quarrions. or Cockatoo-Parrots. Red-kneed Dotterels {Eryihrmjonys ductus), and Black-fronted Dotterels {Charadrius nidanops). In the- afternoon we reached the edge of the fast-running flood waters at Newcastle Waters, and had to i)ull the cars through water 7 to S feet deep and 150 yards wide by means of a rope passed through a pulley-block (rn the oj)posite side and brought back and fastened on to one of the cars. No. 1, having a winding gear. jHilled the other two over. It was dark by the time two cars were over, and we had to leave the one which did the pulling till Till-: K.MI. I '-/. .v.v//. PLATE LXVII. A white barked Gum {Eucalyptus terminalis) a feature of a large area of the Northern Territory and the nesting tree of hawks nnd eaples. Crossing Newcastle Waters after a "Cloud burst." The car (almost submerged) is being hauled over by a second car. \ol. XXII. ] WHITE, Most Extensive Ornithological Tour 227 next niorninj,^ Birds were Hying u]) and down the stream in the morninj;, amongst them being White-faced Herons, White- necked Herons, Grey Ducks, Grey 'Peal, Black Cormorant (Phala- crocorax carbo), Little Black Cormorant {P. ater), Pied Cor- morant {P. varins), White-headed Stilt {Himantopus Iciico- cephalus), Red-kneed Dotterel, Black-fronted Dotterel, Plumed Egret {Eijretta intermedia), Royal Spoonbill, Kites, both vSquare- tailed and Forked-tailed. Yellow-throated Miners were seen in the timber. Pratincoles were very quiet, alighting on the ground within a few feet of us. We now went a long way west of our route to get round some very bogg}- country, and had to cross several bad creeks and plains of high grass, where Brown Song- Larks were numerous. When we entered low sub-tropical scrub. Crested Pigeons became plentiful, and Bustards and Ouarrions were seen in numbers. Later we were moving through high grass out on a boundless and treeless plain. Here a large Bush- Lark (Mirafra) first appeared. When flushed they hovered over the high grass for a time and then dropped into it. Several Pipits were seen, and Black-faced Wood-Swallows were plen- tiful. A very rufous Mirafra was observed, but no specimen was taken. I take this to be M. rufescens. After crossing a treeless plain 17 miles across we entered sub-tropical open park-like coun- try, with many young Ouarrions and Shell-Parrots. The country was very lovely with many wild flowers. We next reached Frew's Ironstone Rounds, a most wonderful forma- tion— immense pot-holes in an ironstone formation. On the water were Pelicans and Grebes, and perched on the rocks were Royal Spoonbills, and close handy Australian Cranes, Galahs, and Cloncurry Honeyeaters. W^e now motored through a beautiful open forest or park-like country; it was a very beautiful and rich country. The vegetation was intensely interesting. In the high grass were many anthills. Black-faced Wood Swallows were still plentiful. The first specimen of the Black-tailed Tree- creeper (Cliniacteris nielanura) here came under observation^ Rufous-breasted Whistlers were plentiful as we were passing through thick scrub. Some of the Eucalypts were in blossom here, many trees being capped with masses of bloom. It was very interesting to see numbers of Black- faced Wood-Swallows clustering on the gum blossom for the honey the flowers contained. We were now passing through a won- derful piece of country, well timbered and grassed, and the land was rich. Much of this country was park-like in appearance. We went into camp at 136 miles alongside a fine waterhole. Birds round this camp w^ere.very numerous. Species seen included the Long-tailed Finch (Poephila acnticauda), very plentiful in the bush country; Banded Finch (Ster/anopleiira hichenovii), very numerous in the thick brush along the watercourses ; Chestnut- eared Finch. Diamond Dove, Red-browed Pardalote, Quarrion This bird was verv numerous, and there were large flocks com- 228 Wlin^E, .1/0.9/ Extensive Ornitholor/icol Tour [\^st f^T posed mostly of young birds. They rose in parties of eight or ten to twenty, right in front of the cars. Budgerygahs were also in great numbers. Galahs, Ked-tailed Tilack Cockatoo {Calypto- rhynchus banksi), were seen in very large flocks. Brown Fly- catcher {Microcca fasclnans) were numerous. Apostle-Bird (Struthidea cinerca) were seen in large parties. A large Brown Quail {Syfwicus) was flushed in the high grass, but the species was not identified. There was also a species of Honeyeater (Melithreptiis) which was not identified. The Red-backed King- fisher was seen. Native Companions, Black Falcon (Palco sub- niger), Black and White Fantails, and the White-eyed Duck {Nyroca australis) were also observed. Leaving camp early next morning, June 4th, we passed through beautiful, well-grassed, park-like country. There were a good many natives, mostly of small stature. Their dead were seen on platforms in the trees. Reached Daly Waters Telegraph Sta- tion duVing the morning, and received a great welcome from the officer in charge. Mr. llultze, and his assistant, Mr. Woodroof. We had now travelled 1,650 miles. Weather was mild, the last night temperature being 54 deg. F. Gouldian Finches (Peophila (jonldiae) were numerous here. Next morning a beautiful specimen of the ^\'hite-breasted Cuckoo-Shrike (Craucalus hypolencns) came and .sat on a stump near the cars. Soon after leaving Daly Waters we were in high grass up to 8 feet high. Black- faced Wood-Swallows were numerous still, and at 23 miles we saw a very large flock of Masked Wood-Swallows {Artaimis personatus). We had now some ver)- nnigli country to get over. There was a beautiful wild flower, like a globe amaranth, which covered hundreds of acres, ])roducing a bright pink colora- tion over the whole landscape. This with thousands of butter- flies made an unforgettable scene. We camped on water at noon. Gouldian Finches, mostly immature, were numerous. The Red Goshawk {Brythrotriorchis radiatns), the Red-winged Parrot {Aprosmictiis crythroptcriis), Black-tailed Tree-creeper (CUniacteris luchuntra), I'ied l>utcher-Bird, and Black and White Fantail, were noted here. We were running down a chain of waterholes along a creek. High grass was everywhere. We came to a grave marked "John T'earson, died May 29th, 1899." Tree marked on the side of waterhole — ; another tree 70 yards west marked M. This was the waterhole where John Forrest, after- wards Lord Forrest, camped when he reached the overland tele- graph on his great journey from Perth in 1874. Brown Hawks, the Little Wood-Swallow (.Irtannis minor) and the Red-breasted Babbler, were seen here. We camped on water that night, and it was cold, 35 deg. F. Monday, June 5th, we were travelling through high grass. Many Wrens {Maliints) were flushed, but not a single male bird in summer ])lumage did we see, so it was impossible to identify the species. Passing oxer a flooded area which was covered in grass 8 to 10 feet high, the Warlock Ponds '11 If KMr. Vol. v.v//. PLATE LXVlll. it t-M Vol. XXII, I VVlirri-:, MosI Hxlcnslvc Onillliolof/ical Tour 229 were reached. 'I'hese waterlioles had beautiful flowering watcr- lihes earance ; they kept very close to the ground, cree]»ing about with their heads down, and in some instances they e\en allowed the cars to j>ass over them. W'aterholes in the timbered country were met with, and they were covered in very beautiful blue Water IJlies. With a Snow-white Egret or two perched on a snag or fallen tree these made a wonderful picture. A beautiful Yellow Hibiscus came into the landsca])e; als gorge, through which a creek found its way. The scenery was very beautiful. We met with several big flocks of Partridge Pigeons, and the Leatherheads, or Xoisy Friar I>irds ( Phllenwn corniculatus ) were making a great noise amongst the strange tango-coloured gum blossoms. The whole of the country is here hea\ily timbered. The lilack- faced Cuckoo Shrike was there, and several Red-winged Parrots passed over. We also met with large flocks of Quarrions and Galahs. At 11.30 we had reached the Katherine River. Having forded this deep watercourse, the cars came out up a steep bank over 100 feet high. We camped on the north side of the Katherine. and were on the move at a very early hour next morning to try to make Darwin that night. We i>assed through open scrub country till we reached Pine Creek. Many watercourses were now winding in front of us, and at P>rock's Creek we examined the j>ineapple i»lantations. the 1st Jan. fruit being of excellent tiavour. Most of the creeks had the large variety of ornamental bamboo along their banks. The McKinly Creek was very beautiful. The country is a very beau- tiful and well watered one. The run into Darwin was fine. Many Kangaroos of a small species crossed our path during the late afternoon and evening. We reached the hotel at 7 p.m. Next day was spent sending ofif telegraph messages to the south, calling on the Administrator, etc. On the 9th, after breakfast, we made out on to the Rapid Creek ; the country was very heavily timbered, and there was much bird life there. Saw Drongos (Chibia bracteata), Olive-backed Orioles (Oriolus sagit- tatus), Yellow Oriole (O. flavocinctus), Green-winged Pigeon {Chalcophaps clirysochlora). These beautiful pigeons were num- erous. Bar-shouldered Doves {Geopclia huuicraUs), very com- mon; the White-breasted Cuckoo-Shrike {Graucalus hypoleu- ^iis), White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater (Cauipephaga tricolor), and Varied Lorikeets (Psitteuteles versicolor), in great numbers amongst the flowering Eucalypts. We had a trij) down the coast for about 50 miles (jne day, but saw very few sea birds. A Tropic-Bird and a few Terns were all that came our way. We made a start at an early hour on the return journey on Monday, June 12th. We had not gone far from Darwin when the Forest Kingfisher (Halcyon macleayi) was met with. There v^ere some large flocks of Black Cockatoos {Calyptorhynchus niacrorhynchus). White-breasted and Black-faced Cuckoo Shrikes, White Ibis, Black-headed Stork or jabiru, White-faced Heron, Pied liutcher I'irds, Diamond Birds (Pardalotus uropy- gialis), Partridge-Pigeons, very numerous; Jyong-tailed Finches, Kites, Whistling Eagles, Little Wood-Swallows (.Irtamiis niuior), Nankeen Night-Heron (Xycticorax calcdonicus). Plumed Egrets, Magpie-Larks, Red-backed Wrens {M alums melanoccphalus), Nankeen Kestrels {Ccrchncis cenchroides) were all seen, and Wedge-tailed Eagles (Uroactiis aiidax) were plentiful during the day. Tt was all timbered country, and the cycads, palms, bright flowering shrubs, and forest trees, as well as the magnetic termite mounds (all with long axis north and south), spiral mounds, and others again huge buttresses 25 feet high, all made a wonderful scene. \\'e arrived at Pine Creek in the evening, and at ^.^0 a.m. next day we drove out into the ranges to a rich valley, where the Chinamen are growing rice. The party returned to the hotel for breakfast, after which we continued our way .south. Crimson Finches (Xcoclnnia phaeton ) and Gouldian Finches were numerous, and Red- faced Finches ( Hathilda nificauda) were seen. We reache\ midday we had reached the head waters of the Roper l\i\cr. The grass ^"'ig^a'" I WHITE, Most Ext.'fisiir Ormtholo,ilcal Tour 231 was very long, and we liad much irouhle getting tlnougli, imicli of it being over 8 feet high. \Ve came to the site of tlic old Elsey Station, saw Mr. Gunn's grave, crossed the Elsey Rixcr, and at 103 miles from the Katherine we came upon the remains of Birtles' car and camped near a hole in the Ikirdum Creek. For the next day we followed the i>urdum Creek down for a long way. We reached Daly Waters Telegraph Station in the afternoon. Pdack-tailed Tree-creej)ers, Rufous-breasted Whistlers, Red-wing Parrots and P>ronze-wing Pigeons were noted. The weather was very hot. Next morning we were away by 8.30, passing through a wonderful country, open forest land, till we reached Frew's Ironstone Ponds; Here we saw Pelicans, Little Grebe (Fodiceps ruficollis), Coots, and around the ponds there were Native Companions or Australian Cranes, Ikidgery- galis, Chestnut-eared Finches, Crows, Diamond Doves, and Red- backed Kingfishers. The dry country birds were now putting in an appearance. 'I'he treeless Sturt Plain, with its ruddy-brown grass, was traversed ; the only birds seen were Bush-Larks. When we got back to Newcastle W^aters there were many Pratincoles. The next day we got the cars over the water (or, more correctly, under the water). At 1 p.m. on the 17th of June, we left the scene of our great adventure with the troublesome water behind us, and with cars too heavily loaded by far struck out to the eastward, passing over a saddle in a low range. The vegetation was the Blue-leafed Gum, Bloodwood and Paperbark {Melaleuca). At 4 miles we changed our course to S.S.E., with a vast open plain under waving grass to the east. We were following the foot of the range, avoiding going out on to the plain till we were compelled, for it was very rough going. Black- faced Wood Swallows were plentiful. A hen Bustard came within a few fet of us. Black and Whte Fantails or Willie Wag- tails were plentiful. Jacky Winter (Microeca fasciiians), Crimson Chats and P>rown Hawks were seen, the last-named having the dark coloration of /. h. occidentalis. The Rufous Song-Lark was seen, but w-as very silent, a well-known habit when the birds are not nesting. A Spotted Harrier {Circus assiniilis) went skim- ming over the waving grass, and Galahs were seen travelling towards the ranges. At 34 miles from Newcastle Waters I saw a very rufous Bu.sh-lark hovering over the grass; it was one of the Mirafra, \vithout doubt ; this may be M. riifescens, of Ingram. We now took our course o\er the great plain, which was fearfully rough, and threatened to shake everything to ])ieces. We came to a depression with some box trees, called Tandiger Creek by the natives, 44 miles, when darkness came upon us, and we camped on a fine waterhole. The night was mild (50 deg. F.). When the day broke a lovely scene unfolded itself — a fine sheet of water with large box trees along its edge, and a great many White and Straw-necked Ibises in the trees. There were Blue 232 WHITI-:. Most lixtcnskc Onntlwloi/ual Tour ["^isffan" or White-faced Herons and Whistling Eagles, and a W eelMll (Smicrornis, sp. ?). Leaving camp early we had dinicully in finding a crossing. At 50 miles we entered a well-grassed flat, with bean trees. We passed oxer a very rough piece of coun- try, and at 74 miles made Monmoona Creek. Xankeen Kestrels were very numerous here. We followed the creek dow n for a long way, and then made out over the treeless plain. .Several waterholes were seen in low depressions or "gilgies," and liere Si|uatter-Pigeons {Ccophaps scripta) were met with in great numbers. They kept down in the long gras> during the greater part of the day, but towards evening rose and congregated in great flocks of several hundreds, and flew round and round the waterholes. After drinking, they flew round for a while and droj^ped in pairs or ones into the grass almost in the darkness. yVlthough there • were many hundreds of fully-lledged young, odd pairs were still breeding. Some of my compani(;ns saw a pair doing the broken-wing trick, and several specimens taken by me showed unmistakable signs of breeding. The writer saw one pair of Chestnut-(|uilled Rock-Pigeons (Fetropliassa rufipennis) on a rocky ridge, the only time these birds were seen. Bustards were very plentiful on these vast prairies of rolling grass, and there were numbers of Quail. I secured specimens of a light form of Bush-T^ark ( Mirafra) , with lai^ge bill, which I am not able yet to place. The night of the 18th was cold (44 deg. P.). We moved off next morning early, and during the day saw many Brown Song-Larks. I secured a very small Boobook Owl of very light coloration from the long grass, which appears to be a very distinct type. We were out on vast plains — not a slirub, let alone a tree, in sight; and the ground oxer which xve were traxelling was fearfully rough. Hunted for .some time for a crossing over the lately flooded "Broad" — a deej) and wide depression in the plain. Having reached the far side, xve xvere out on to the bumpy i)lain again amongst ttie long grass. We noxv struck rising ground, in j)laces all the world like islands in a sea of grass. On these islands, or i)ieces of ele\ated ground (xvhich are islands in reality in wet time, iov the grass land would be soft and boggy all round), low scrub was growing, a stunted round F)luc4eafed Gum, Bloodwood, a bright yellow flowering Cassia, and other shrubs. .V I'.rown Hawk xvas seen, but he was of the dark variety. The .\ustralian Pratincoles (Stiltia isabclla) xvere very numerous, and were seen in dozens upon any bare i)iece of ground. We bum])ed through the grass over rough ground for many miles, and then reached higher ground and better going, soon to meet rough ground again. On the evening of the 21st we went into camp on a "gilgie" ; there was very little muddy xvatcr. and no xvood. We boiled the billy with dry mallow stems. The night xva> cold (44 deg. P.). with a strong S.K. wind blowing. Xcxt morning ^"'iglf'J WHITK. Mosi lixtciislzr Oniitliolo;/ical Tour 233 there were j^neal numhers of Scjuatler-I'ii^eons all rctuiid. lakinj^ their morning- Ihji^lu. There were many hiiiuheds of hirds in some of these ilij^dits. There were also many Native Com- panions, or Australian Cranes, and one dance consisted of a hundred performinj^ birds — a most wonderful sight. Their strange calls were heard throughout almost every nighi, while we were on the great plains. .Vl midday we were much re- lieved at the sight of Anthony's Lagoon at 180 miles. Wo had been making for this water across the trackless ])lain. and we were now rapidly approaching the Queensland I'order, and get- ting within the pale of civilisation once again. We continued on from Anthony's Lagoon, and traversed country similar to that near P)arr(jw Creek, the vegetation being the same, and the red termite mounds had re-a])peared. Hlack-faced Wood Swallows had also come into evidence, and the exerlasting "Porcupine Grass" (Triodia). White-headed Stilts were seen on Anthony's Lagoon, and there were thousands of Chestnut -eared lynches drinking there. W^e now passed over open downs country co\ered in a great cro]^ of Mitchell Grass, for all the world like a crop of wheat ready to har\est. W^e came to a creek thickly lined with Gid}ea trees, and cattle were seen, so we knew we were approaching a cattle station. Prunett Downs was reached at 4.30, at 58 miles from Anthony's Lagoon. Next morning we went down to the large vvaterhole and found vast numbers of Pelicans, both the Large and .^mall Black Cormorants, and the Little Pied Cor- morant, White-faced Plerons, Black-fronted Dotterels, Caspian Terns {Hydroprognc caspia). Mr. Barnard did a good deal of work here some little time ago. We left at 9 a.m., and made rapid strides homeward, for we had a beaten track now . Cloncurry Honeyeaters were very plentiful all through the country, and the \\'hite-barked Gums were often seen. Willie Wagtails were seen. Alexandra Station is one of the largest in the world (12,000 sq. miles, with 50,000 cattle). At 150 miles. Black-faced Wood-Swallows, I>ush Larks, l>rown Hawks, Kes- terels. Pratincoles, were very numerous. We came to the Rankin River at 163 miles, and passed through waving Mitchell and Flinders grasses. We camjied on Lfjrne Creek. On June 22nd, a very cold morning, we made away through the Acacia shrubs, and were soon passing through "Mulga" (Acacia aiuira). Over the tableland country we saw many Kestrels. At 254 miles from Anthony's Lagoon we came to a gate, and passed through into Queensland. The countiy changed. It was very bare and poor, and at 263 miles we came into Camooweal. We left at 6.30 p.m. ; went four miles, and camped in low scrub ; very poor countiy, very dry, and no water. Our next stage to water is 50 miles. For 8 miles, stunted Blue-leaved Gums, and we crossed the Georgina at 27 miles; stopped the car, for I was sure the ]\TacGillivrav Parrot (Baruardius haniordi luacqUlkraxi) 234 WHITE. Most Extensive OrmtJwlogkal Tour ["^sffan" passed overhead. They flew so rapidly that I lost sight of them. We now entered rough rocky ranges. Black- faced Wood bwallows were all along the track, and Rufous Whistlers were heard and seen. IMed Butcher-Rirds and Hooded Robins were noted. At 99 miles from Camooweal we stopped for lunch in a deep gorge, on the bank of a creek lined with Redgums. As soon as I got out of the car 1 saw the Macgillivray Parrot, and secured a specimen. They were very silent, and kept up in the leafy tops of the Myrtle trees. The birds seen on this creek were the Barn-(Jwl, Red-breasted I'abbler, Crested Pigeon, Pied liUtclier-Bird, and Yellow-throated Miners. We were on the Leichardt Creek in the afternoon, but the birds did not differ. Kestrels were often seen. Redgums, Mulga, Bloodwood, Gidyea, White-barked Gums, Cassias, Porcupine Grass, and other vegetation were seen during the day. The country was very rocky, dry and dusty; in fact, the dust was awful at times. At 147 miles, we camped at 6.30 near a beautiful bush of pink flowering Hibiscus. The night was mild, the glass falling only to 58 deg. F. At daylight w^e were on the move, and passed through some very rough but picturesque country. Great masses of rock covered in vegetation towered over us, as we passed through some of the gaps in the ranges. The same birds were seen. (lalahs made their ai)i)earance again. At 262 miles we made the town of Cloncurry. and stayed there the night. Leaving at 10 a.m., June 25th, we passed out over a rocky ridge and into the ranges be}ond. The country was very rough, but picturescjue. In one ])lace a great mass of granite boulders was simply alive with Wallaby, and we pulled up and watched them gambolling about. There was little change in the birds. A little after leaving Cloncurry a small party of Macgilli- vray Parrots was seen. Emus were met with. We had not seen any of the.se birds in the Territory. Black-faced Wood Swallows were numerous. vShell-Parrots were met with, and Black-backed Magpies put in an appearance. Chestnut-eared Finches, Masked \\'o()(l-v^wa11ows. Brown Hawks and Spotted Harrier were all seen. Yellow-throated Miners were there; also Red-breasted I'abblers, P>owcr Birds, and Grey Jumpers were seen. The vegetation changed l)ut little. We camped at 125 miles for the night. The night was mild {S7 deg. F.). W^e were uj) early. The birds seen round the camp were: — Black-backed Magpies, Galahs, I'ardalotes, \\'eebills (Tree-Tits), Cloncurry Honeyeaters, P>lack- faced Wood-Swallows. Whistling Eagles, Chestnut-eared Finches. P)irds seen during the day on our line of travel were Rlack and White Fantails, i^ciuar^-tailed Kites, Restless Flycatcher, Red-backed Kingfisher. White Egrets, Aus- tralian Pipits, v^poltcd Harrier. Little Falcon. Wedge-tailed Eagle. (Juarrions (Cockatoo Parrots), Pied P>ulcber P)ird, Australian Bustards, .and iCnius. At 11^ miles wc made Winton — a large tow n. Wo had luiuli and scnl away wires, .and we were ofi^ agaiti. ^°'i;^3^"] WHITK. 1/n.s-/ lixfcushr Ornifholof/iral Tour 235 At 70 miles from W inlon we weiil iiilo a dry cami) al'ler dark. The night was warm (60 deg. F.) Small Pied Butcher I5irds. Crows, Crested Pigeons were round our camp. Quarrions and Australian Cranes were seen. On the 27th of June we covered a good piece of country, and reached Longreach, 121 miles from Winton. Ob.served few birds during the morning. After leaving the town saw Yellow-throated Miners, P)lack-faced Wood- Swallows, Crested Pigeons, Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrikes, Fantails and Singing Honeyeaters; we travelled through high grass much of the time. On Balkaldena vStation, at 73 miles from Pongreach, Australian Cranes and Grey-crowned Babblers (P. temporalis) were seen. We camped that night on a very low ])iece of ground, but in a beautiful district. The weather was threatening for rain, and it set in during the night, developing into a down- pour; so we were fixed for a while, as we could not move. The vegetation was very lovely. Next day Emus came right up to the camp. Australian Cranes were close by. Grey Ducks, Laughing Kookaburras (Dacelo (/igos), Restless Flycatchers, Jacky Winters, Wrens (sp. ?), Thornbills (sp. ?), Frogmouth {Podargus, sp. ?), Spiny-cheeked Honeyeaters, Rufous Song- Lark (CinclorJianiphiis mathewsi), the last-named singing very loudly; Galahs, Whistling Eagles, Crested Bell-I>ird, Pied Butcher-Bird, Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoos, Red-wing Parrot, and Bower Bird were noted. We pushed on over a sandy piece of country, which was well timbered. We now got on to black soil, which was very wet, and we had a great job to make any headway. We went into cam]) after dark on low ground, and heavy rain set in. The morning of the 29th found us in a pretty mess, for we had to remain till the country dried up. Birds round the camp were Australian Cranes, Striped Honeyeaters (Plectorhyncha lanceolata), Grey Thrush (CoUitriciiicla har- monica), Crested Bell-Bird, Yellow-throated Miner, Bower Bird (the latter came on to the table for the crumbs). Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo (Chalcifes basalis), vStriated Thornbill {/Ican- thiza lineata), Yellow-tailed Thornbill ( Geobasilcus chrysor- rkons), Butcher Bird, Hooded Robin, vSpiny-cheeked Honeyeater, Cloncurry Honeyeater, Chestnut-eared Finch, Crimson Chat. Restless Fantail, Crows, and Black-backed Magpies. It was a cold night {?)7 deg. F. ). We got away at ''..^O a.m., through fairly open grass country. We saw Emus. Australian Cranes, Kestrels. At 204 miles, 7.30 p.m., we reached Tambo. and were glad to get there, for the day has been bitterly cold. A cold night (37 deg. F.). On July 2nd, we packed up, and got away at 7.50 a.m. (xoing was very heavy, just natural tracks; heavy black ground. We saw Emus, Pdack-faced Wood Swal- lows. We reached Charleville at 7.30 p.m., at 332 miles. We had a bitterly cold day in the mud. The mercury dropped to 33 deg. F. that night. We saw Red-capped Robin, P>rown 'Pree- creej)er (CUmactcris picnmua) , Black-faced Wood-vSwallow, 236 WHITE, Most Extensive OrnHholo.jIcal Tour ['^,^,t f,T Emus, Jjrown Hawk, While Cockatoo (Caeatiia (/alerito), and \\'edi,'e-tailed Eagle. We saw the first Rabbits to-day. We reached Cunnamulla at 7.35 ( L32 miles) ; a cold night (35 deg. F.). We were away again at 9.45 a.m., across black soil country. Galahs were very numennis. Black-faced Wood-Swallows, Whistling Eagles. Brown Hawk, Bronzewing Pigeon, Pink Cock- atoo (Caeatiia leadbeateri). We arrived at Bourke at 2% miles at 6.30 p.m.; night cool (42 deg. F.). Away again by 10.30 a.m. on July 5th. W'c did not see many birds, as we came down the Darling River liial day, and went into camp at 108 miles from Bourke. That evening we saw a good many Red-backed Parrots {PsepJwtus hccniatoiotns) and Galahs. Rain fell in the night, and made it very bad for us, for we had no tents. In the morning we saw many Black Cormorants, Little Pied Cormorants. Galahs, Crested Bell-Bird, Greenies or Chickawees {Mclifhaiia peii'ieUlata) , Laughing Kookaburra, Tree-Swallows ( Hyloelieli- doti nUiricans). Winking Owls (Tyto eonniz-ejis) were calling in the night. 'I'hat day i'elicans. Black-faced Wood-Swallows. Brown Tree-creej)ers, Restless Flycatchers, and Galahs were seen. We reached W^ilcannia at 5.30, at 211 miles; a very cold day. Leaving next day, we saw Black-faced W'ood-Swallows, White Cockatoos, Grey Teal (Virac/o gibberifroiis), C^rey Ducks, and Spiny-cheeked Honeyeaters. We reached ]\Ienindie at 4.10 ]).m., 95 i miles, after crossing the Darling on the punt. .Mong the river were White-necked Herons, White and Straw-necked Ibises, Pelicans, Grey Duck, Grey Teal and Black and Pied Cormorants. At 7.30 we went into camp, at 122 miles from Wilcannia. Next day, the 8th, it rained, and although we pushed on as fast as the slip[)ery soil allowed, we saw few birds. Some Emus, Yellow-billed vS])oonbill (Platalea fJaz-ipes), Egrets, Grey Duck, and Grey Teal, Wood Duck (Chenonetta jiibata). We reached Mildura thick with mud, and left again next day in the rain. At Ilattah cam|)ed for the night. Reached Birchip, 86 miles, next day through heavy mud; it was bitterly cold. Next day, the 11th, made Ararat at 10.25 p.m.. 221 miles. The following day we turned west, and reached Mt. Gambier at 4.55 i).m., 373 miles. The going was wet and sticky. Leaving Mt. (iambier on the 13th, we reached Robe f(3r the evening meal ; then went on to Kingston for the night. The following dav went along the Coorong to McGrath's Flat — the Messrs. .McCal- lum Brothers' station and home. Lea\ ing McC^rath's Flat before daylight next morning, we arrived at the C^i.P.O.. .Vdelaide. at 11.20 a.m. on July LSth. with a huge crowd awaiting to greet us. So 5,5()() miles was accomplished across .\ustralia since .Ma) 9th —a record that will take a lot of beating, but unfortunately too fast a trip for the best ornithological work. The writer has miirkcd down the countrv to be worked, and will do this as opportunities are presented. Many notes were taken which should be \aluablc to science in general. Vol. XXII. 192.S i AicGlLl', Jrircis of Lake I'rowc Pislr'ul 237 Birds of Lake Frome District, South Australia By J. XKIL -McC-IIJ'. K..\.().l'.. Kin-'s i'ark, Adelaide. I 'art. I. The l^ake Fronie Districl coiiipri.ses al)()m six thousand ,^(|uare miles of country. It we lake a map oi South Australia and draw a line from h'arina through the centre of Lake Frome and on to the New South Wales border, this would very nearly represent the middle of the district. If we travel along this line in imagination, we will gain some knowledge of the country. First we start in the high rugged hills of the Flinders Range, then pass over "gibber" (small stones) tablelands, and open plains, till we reach Lake Frome, which is a lake in name only, it being nothing more than a saltpan, and containing water only in its deepest parts after a heavy rainfall. Passing over Lake Frome, we reach the sandhills, a collection of high red sand dunes, running in an east-west direction. \Ve travel through these till we reach the New South Wales border. In the sand- hills many small lakes are to be seen, unfortunately usually dry, and containing water for a few months only after rain. Several artesian bores form channels of water several miles long. These are the only permanent waters ; in fact, with the exce])tion of a few rock springs and a small area of mud springs in the Flin- ders Range, the whole district is devoid of permanent natural waters, though water is easily obtained by sinking wells. The district is unfortunately subject to severe droughts. At the time of writing it is eleven months since the last fall of rain. The average yearly rainfall is 5 inches. To compile a list of birds in this part on a given date would not be fair to the district, for in drought time few birds are to be seen, they hav- ing sought better cjuarters, and in a good season the list would contain many species that visit the locality only at long intervals. The writer, from observations made during a i)eriod of 15 years' residence, endeavours to record every sj^ecies identified during this time. Some of the notes may not agree with observations made in a country with a higher and more regular rainfall, but they tend to show that many birds alter tlieir haliits to conform with the conditions ruling in their habitat. It will be noticed that the breeding season is very irregular. In bad years, few birds. attempt to breed; in fact, most of them seek better quar- ters, but, when a break-up of the drought occurs, they return and commence nesting operations at once. The best rains usually fall in the summer months, so that birds which breed in the spring about Adelaide are often found nesting in this district at the end of the summer or in autumn or winter. In good seasons some birds nest practically all th=? year, and in this way make up for the non-breeding years. 238 McGIIJ'. nirds of Lake frame District. f^^ffaT Dromaius novse-hollandisp. Emu. — Usually plentiful, except in very bad seasons, when they seek better quarters. Breed freely, preferring same nesting site year after year. Old bleached egg shells often noted with freshly laid eggs. No nest is formed other than that small sticks, stones, etc., that may have been on selected site are worked out in a circle. Clutch varies from 6 to 11 eggs, according to season. Breeding starts in normal years at end of April, and young are plentiful by end of June, does not breed at all in bad years; lives chiefly upon vegetable matter and fruits, which are taken whole, the stcnes being passed out in their normal state. A quantity of stone and hard objects is swallowed, possibly as an aid of digestion. No record has been made of an Emu having died from eating poisoned meat and pollard baits. Practically no grubs, grasshoppers or insects taken as food. Emus are rather troublesome to fences, and many meet their end through becoming entangled in fencing wires. Coturnix pectorali.s (Stubble Quail) and Synoicu.s australis (Brown Quail). — Occur only in good seasons, when both species, moi'e especi- ally the latter, appear in great numbers and inhabit the clover flats and swamps; no record of breeding in district. Turnix velox. Little Quail. — These fine little birds come along in thousands when the season is favourable. Breed in fair numbers; clutch, 4 eggs. Nest a small grass-lined depression in ground under grass tussocks at edge of small swamps, crabholes or almost any situation aff'ording cover. Gives two or three squeaking calls when suddenly flushed. Pedionomus torquatus. Plain- Wanderer. — Very rare, only two having been seen during last three years. A female was captured and presented alive to Capt. S. A. White. No record of breeding. Geopelia cuneata. Diamond Dove. — Common, breeds freely. Nest,^ a few light twigs used in forming a flat frail platform, which is usually placed in a fork of a low tree, sometimes on the top of an old Babbler's nest, and at other times on debris washed up in bushes in creeks. (]lutch invariably 2 eggs, which can generally be seen through bottom of nest. Bird sits close to eggs and young. Both birds feed young. Breeds at any time of year in accordance with season. Its mournful note is often heard during the night, especially in breeding season. Phap.s chalcoptera. Bronzewing. — Plentiful, breeds freely. Nest a platform of sticks in a horizontal fork in low, thick bush or on a heap of debris in a tree. The depression for eggs is better defined than it is with the Crested Pigeon. Young birds have adult plumage from nest, but the colour is somewhat pallid in comparison. These fine Pigeons congregate in great numbers at some of the springs. Just at dusk and at daybreak they come and go singly, landing with a thud a little distance from water and walking in. They prefer dark gullies and the shade of thick trees by day. Usual breeding season, August to October, but of course depending on rainfall, still it is more regular than most of the birds. Clutch, 2 eggs. Lophophaps plumifera. Plumed Pigeon. — Only a single specimen noted on "gibber" (stony) tablelands. Ocyphaps lophotes. Crested Pigeon. — Very numerous. The metallic sound made by these birds as they fly in flocks of a hundred or more strong is wondei-ful. Breed freely; nest a frail platform of sticks placed in fork of tree, upon old nests of almost any of the larger birds or on top of creepers and parasitic growth in low bushes, usually placed within 10 feet of ground, though a record has been made, 14th May, 1919. Saw Crested Pigeon flush from two eggs in nest built inside old Magpie's nest, 24 feet from ground. Clutch is invariably two eggs. Birds sit closely on eggs and young; the young ^'°'i9i^'H McGILP. nirds of Lake Frame District. 239- assume adult pluniajre before leaving nest, but the coloration is not as brig-ht as in the adult bird. This Pigreon usually deserts nest if eggs are handled, but before doini^- so will push off any eggs in the nest. The writer has observed them do this on more than one oc- casion. They do not desert the young when handled. If "an excep- tion proves the rule," I might say that I have taken an incubated set from one bird, but later on found a fresh set, and not wishing to take both, I restored the incubated set to its nest, and the Pigeon which was sitting on nest, when I returned, successfully reared its young. Porzana fluminea. Spotted Crake. — Rarely seen in swamps; no re- cord of breeding. One bird chased by Black Falcon took refuge in house, and is now doing well in captivity. Tribonyx ventralis. Black-tailed Native Hen. — In good seasons it comes along in thousands, and a few birds can generally be noted along bore streams. Breeds occasionally in polygonum swamps; clutch 5 to 7 eggs. Record made, "19th September, 1918. Moola- watana Bore. Thousands of Water Hens disappeared during night, none visible this morning." Heard afterwards that a heavy thunder- storm fell on 17th September, 1918, at a station 60 miles away, and thousands of these birds arrived the day after. Porphyrio melanotus (Swamp-Hen) and Fulica atra (Coot). — Rarely seen, remains only a short time. No record of breeding. Dur- ing a hot summer, 1916, one bird (Swamp Hen), apparently in need of water, came into the fowl yard and continued to live with domestic fowls for sevei'al months, and became very quiet, but when rain fell it disappeared. Podiceps poliocephahis. Hoary-headed Grebe. — This is probably the only species of Grebe found in district, certainly it is the only resident. Fairly numerous in good seasons, and odd pairs may be seen at any time on small natural pools of water in hilly country. Breeds freely on swamps in good season and also on small springs. The nest is a compact mass of water-weeds, rushes, etc., attached to I'eeds, rushes or almost any object standing in water. The nest itself floats on the water; clutch, ?> to 5 eggs. Before leaving nest, the bird drags up a quantity of water-weed, and completely covers the eggs. I have never observed the bird covering herself when sitting on eggs, nor do I think that she does. The eggs are a bluish white, sometimes slightly lime encrusted, when first laid, but from contact with vegetable matter they gradually change to a dark chocolate brown when at point of hatching. Young birds leave the nest as soon as hatched. The young are dusky brown, covered with down with a few grey spots here and there. The flight of this Grebe is very rapid, straight ahead and low. Have often made it fly from small pools. Breeding season of visiting birds takes place when con- ditions favourable — swamps full of water — but the resident birds usually nest in September to November. Chlidonias leucopareia (Whiskered (Marsh) Tera), Gelochelidon nilotica (Gull-billed Tern), and Hyroprogne caspia (Caspian Tern). — The two smaller Terns visit the district in fair numbei's, but only an occasional Caspian Tern has been noted in good seasons; probably do not breed in district. Larus novae-hollandiae. Silver Gull.— A few Gulls noted every good season. One bird was feeding with domestic fowls on 28th Febru- ary, 1919, a very hot and dry time; stayed only a few hours. A young bird in down just able to fly captured alive at bore stream. iPossibly reared in district. No record of its breeding in locality. Erythrogonys cinctus. Red-kneed Dotterel. — A few birds generally found along bore streams, and a great increase in number takes place- 240 .McGIlJ', llinis of Lake fromc District. \\f, f^T in good seasons. Breeds on small islets in swamps and along: bore streams; nest a slijfht depression in sand, usually scantily lined with short pieces of dry herbage and invariably placed under a bush; clutch, 4 eggs. Whereas Red-capped and Black-fronted Dotterels are usually found in pairs, this species is usually in fair-sized companies. Lcbibyx nova'-hollandiie. Spur-winged Plover. — A few pairs always along bore streams; nests on small islets in stream, making a slight depression in ground. This is usually lined with short pieces of samphire, saltbush and gj-ass, and a few pieces of dried earth are placed round depression. Eggs, 4 in number, placed with pointed ends to centre of depression. Breeds in August and September. Ap- parently visitors even in good seasons. Zonifer tricolor. Black-breasted Plover. — Nomadic, appearing only when grubs or grasshoppers are about. Nests freely, fc^ggs, four in number, placed points in centre in a depression in ground; a slight lining of small twigs and grass in depression usually sur- rounded by several pieces of horse manure. Breeds at any time when conditions favourable. Rescrts to the usual decoying antics to lead one from its nest. Have seen a bullock tread upon the wing of one bird that fluttered about to protect its nest. The wing was broken, but this did not prevent the bird from returning to its four "chipping" eggs. Charadrius ruficapilhis. Red-capped Dotterel. — Resident along bore streams and springs; numbers largely increasing in good seasons, when it breeds freely, laying its usual complement of two eggs in a small depression, no lining, on open ground on a small islet. Oc- casionally nests may be found as far away as a mile from water; in these cases the nest is usually formed close to a bush. Young birds leave the nest as soon as hatched, and apparently need no in- structions in the way cf disappearing from one's sight. They are curiously mottled, downy objects, and when crouched down look like a hairy caterpillar curled up; they resort to the well-known ti'icks to lead danger from nest and eggs and the young, but only if suddenly flushed. Charadrius melanops. Black-fronted Dotterel. — Found in pairs along bore streams and at springs — in good years, however, their numbers lar'gely increased. Breeds freely, laying two or three eggs in a slight depression in ground, usually close (o edge of water and rarely on islets. The depression is generally lined at bottom with small, short, dry twigs. When available a stone-strewed patch of sand is selected as a nesting site, and the eggs are then hard to locate, especially as the bird keeps a good look out for danger and leaves the nest quietly. If suddenly flushed direct from nest it pretends the broken-winged tricks to perfection. In good seasons this bird nests at almost any time, but in normal years during October to December. Peltohvas australis. Australian Dotterel. — The writer has fully dealt with this bird in the "S.A. Ornithologist," vol. v., part 2, April. 1920. The only additional note is that although the writer has not observed this fine bird watering at stock tanks or troughs during the hot summer months, when there was no surface water, his brother (L. K. McGilp) records that upon an evening early in Janu- ary, when camped at a stock tank, he saw hundreds of Dotterels come to water just at dusk. Himantopus leucocephalus. White-headed Stilt. — Rare visitors, re- maining only a few weeks, usually in summer months. No record of breeding. Recurvirostra nova'-hollandiap. Red-necked .\vocet. — A few always present along bore streams and at mud springs. When lakes are tull, thousands of them come along and commence breeding operations mi- Vol. xxn 192:. ] McClTfJ', !r,rds of Lake Promc District. 241 mediately. In May, 1918, thousands of younf>- were reared; clutch, 4 eggs, placed in a bare depression, rarely lined, in damp mud of islets. Nesting in colonies, nests being close together. When dis- turbed they give forth their loud barking call so energetically that one cannot hear another speak. The young leave nest as soon as hatched, and are curious balls of light-coloured, mottled down. It is a pretty sight to see the parents with the young chicks wading along water's edge, the young look like Red-capped Dotterels from a short distance. Parents make no attempt to protect the nest other than flying overhead "barking" continuously. Eggs are placed with points to centre of nest. I'isobia acuminata. Sharp-tailed Stint. — In February, 1918, some of the deeper parts of Lake Frome held flood waters. Thousands of Swans, Ducks, small Dotterels, Avocets scon gathered there. On May 18th thousands of these Stints were first reported to me. I visited the lake and found much of interest, as this was my first introduc- tion to the bird in its natural state. Truly, they were in thousands, but were divided up in flocks of fully 500 strong. When disturbed, 1 was astounded to watch the perfect "company" flying of each flock; they twisted and turned as one bird, and all settled practically as one mass in the water. I discharged shot after shot to disturb them, and each time their evolutions were wonderful. None remained by 10th July. This is the only record for district, as it was also a record so far as water to any extent being in Lake Frome during my resi- dence at Moolawatana. Stiltia isabella. Australian Pratincole. — Locally known as "Spear- wing" on account of its pointed wings. Visit locality in large num- bers in good seasons only. Breeds occasionally, laying 2 eggs only — small ends together, on bare ground, no depression formed. If a stcne-strewn spot is chosen as a nesting site, the stones are scratched out in circle, but more often a hard, bare clay patch is chosen. Young- leave nest as soon as hatched, and when approached either crouch down in herbage or in small cracks in ground and even down rabbit burrows. Birds sit closely to eggs, and when disturbed pretend in- jury, but will quickly return to nest or young. On account of protec- tive coloi'ation, they are hard to see until their bobbing action calls one's attention. When not nesting they are very wary, and easily take to flight, which is a peculiar "side-slipping" action. The call is a plaintive whistle. These birds may be seen watering at stock tanks at any time during the day. Burhinus magnirostris. Southern Stone-Plover. — Fairly plentiful in ranges, but rarely seen or heard on the plains and sand hills. Breeds in September and October, two eggs being deposited on bare ground at the foot of a small shrubby bush. Bird sneaks quietly from nest and remains close at hand. Eupodotis australis. Bustards or Wild Turkey. — When a good season gives an ample supply of food in the shape of grubs and grass- hoppers, these birds appear in numbers, but they leave to follow the food supply. For many years none nested in district, though about ten years ago several nests with the single egg were noted. The eg.^ is laid on bare ground close to a shinib, and invariably rising ground is chosen for the nesting site. The old male birds are the last to arrive and the last to leave the district. When danger is near, the female, which does the incubating, will often crouch down on its nest, but directly one stops near the nest, she sneaks a few yards and then rises. If one continues straight on she will remain on nest. Antigone rubicunda. Brolga (Native Companion). — Small parties come along in good seasons when lakes are full; others are often seen passing over district flying at a great height. Only once saw a party of 23 birds dancing on a flat near a bore stream. One record of a 242 McGILP, Birds of Lake Fromc District. [\^^ ^T nest in district. On a small islet in Teatree Lake a large nest was placed on the ground between cane-grass; it was a flat mass of sticks and grass, some of the latter being quite green. Two Brolgas were close at hand, and appeared very nervous, but did not leave the vicinity. The nest resembled a Swan's nest, but was built of finer materials. A few days aftei-wards a thunderstorm filled the lake, covering the island with water, and the birds disappeared. Date, May 29th, 1918. Threskiornis molucca (White Ibis) and Threskiornis spinicollis (Sti-aw-necked Ibis). — Visitors in good seasons. Veiy few of the former species, but large numbers of the Straw-necks. The White Ibis prefers to remain about swamps and creeks containing water, but the other species spends most of its time feeding on flats, seeking after grubs, many of which they secure from out of the ground by probing down with their long bills. The Straw-necked Ibis is mdeed a very valuable bird. Plegadis falcinellus. Glossy Ibis. — A rare visitor for short periods only. In the summer of 1912 one bird Avalked into the house at an out station; it was almost exhausted from want of water and the ex- treme heat. It remained for quite six months, during which time it became so tame that it allowed itself to be caught. It was amusing to see it and a kitten playing together. It did not seem to relish the usual scraps thrown out from the hut, but preferi-ed to secure its ■own food. Every morning, it paraded a wire fence a few yai'ds in front of the house, at every post it would poke its bill into the wire holes within reach and in this way secured a great many spiders, ■etc. It disappeared one night in May or June. Platalea regia (Black-billed Spoonbill) and Platalea flavipes (Yel- low-billed Spoonbill). — A few of the former and a fair number of the latter occasionally call in for a short period during good seasons. It is amusing to watch both species fishing; they wade along in shal- low water with their long spoon-like bill right down in the water, the bill is worked from side to side as the bird walks along. No record of breeding. Egretta (species ?). — In July, 1918, several white Egrets were seen on a fresh-water lake. No specimen was taken for identifica- tion. It was possibly the Plumed Egret. They remained only for a week or two. No other record. Notophoyx novae-hollandiae. White-faced (-fronted) Heron. — Fairly common in good seasons. Breeding now and again in gums, the usual stick nest; clutch, 3 eggs. Odd pairs remain in hills, around perman- ■ent springs. Notophoyx pacifica. White-necked Heron. — Very numerous in good seasons, and they prefer to spread over the district on small crab- holes and claypans. No record of breeding. Nycticorax caledonicus. Nankeen Night Heron. — Usually a few birds in box trees along bore streams, numbers largely increased in good seasons. Birds in immature plumage also plentiful, but I doubt if these Night Herons breed in district. Have not seen plumes on any adult birds. Chenopis atrata. Black Swan. — Visits the district in large numbers when lakes are full, immediately starts breeding, building its nest of small branches of trees, bushes, leaves and down from its own breast. Nests are sometimes within a yard or two of one another. In May, 1918, hundreds upon hundreds nested on islands in deeper parts of Lake Frome. The clutch varied from 4 to 7 eggs. A small band of aboriginals camped on edge of water, and until my visit were living upon the young and eggs of the Swan. I threatened to stop their rations from the Government, and I also called on them the next •Vol. XXII, 1928 ] .Mc(;ilJ', IVa-ds of Lake Frame Pistrlrl. 243 ni^'-ht vvith the remains of a ba^- of bait, which I scattered close to their camp in the dark. The following- day they cleared out, and the birds were left to rear their young. The aboriginals claim that the Swan will continue to lay eggs so long as they are removed from the nest as long as the water lasted in the lake. I would not vouch for this. I camped about a mile from the island, and just after sunrise something disturbed the Swans from the water; the roar made by their wings striking the water, in their clumsy effort in rising resembled the rear of a heavy sea, a rushing gale of wmd, or an express train some distance away. An.seranas semipalmata. Pied Goose. — A party of eleven is the only record; seen on stock tank for one day only; disappeared during night. Ana.s superciliosa. Grey (Black) Duck. — Common in good seasons, generally a few residents on stock tanks, bores, etc. Breeds freely; nest made of a few thin twigs and leaves in a depression under sam- phire, polygonum, on islands in lakes. No hollow trees in vicinity. Breeding season after first rainfall in year sufficient to fill lakes. A few resident birds nest in reeds and rushes of pei'manent springs; these nest in September or October. Clutch from 6 to 8 eggs; eggs in nest usually partly covered wnth down. Chenonetta jubata, Maned Goose; Dendrocygna eytoni.f Plumed Whistling Duck; Virago castanea,* Chestnut-breasted Teal; Virago gibberifrons. Grey Teal; Spatula rhynchotis.f Blue-winged Shoveller; Malacorhynchus membranaceus. Pink-eared Duck; Stictonetta naevosa,- Freckled Duck; Nyroca australis. White-eyed Duck; Oxyura australis,* Blue-billed Duck; Tadorna tadornoides. Chestnut-breasted Shelduck (Mountain Duck). All these Ducks have been identified at one time or another. Those marked * recorded for first time in May, 1918, have not appeared since; 1918 was a record year for rainfall, and all the small lakes were filled. Those marked f are rarely seen except in good seasons. All the others appear in great numbers in suitable conditions, and also in small numbers on stock tanks, springs and bore streams. Very few indications of breeding have been noted; the waters are not suitable, as they have few lai-ge trees and little polygonum near them. Young of the Mountain Duck, Grey Teal and Pink-ear Ducks have been noted on several occasions, and those of the Wood Duck once only. These were all unable to fly, and prove that these Ducks breed in the district. In good seasons the waters teem with Ducks and Water Fowl of all descriptions, but w^hen a dry period arrives few remain. The Wood Duck has appeared in smaller numbers of late years, but in May of this year I was surprised to see them in hundreds on waters just south of this district. I had never seen so many together before. The Chestnut-breasted Teal is quite a distinct species from the tSrey Teal, and I have only one record of a specimen on Wattakilla Lake on May 11th, 1918. There were a few with thousands of other species of Ducks on the water. Biziura lobata. Musk-Duck. — Not plentiful, except in year 1918. Have no record of its nesting in district. Single birds, usually males, often seen in stock tanks. They fly away during night. Have never been able to make it rise in daytime, though have often caught one in shallow tanks with the help of wire netting; one particular bird I carried home alive a distance of six miles. It did not attempt to fly out of trap, though it was free to do so. I put it in a 10,000 gallon iron tank, the water being only within ?> feet of top. It remained there, diving and swimming round until nightfall, but next morning our "smelly" pet had gone. It could not have climbed out, as the sides of tank were of plain sheet steel. (To be Continued.) 244 Camera Craft. ^f j|r' Camera Craft Camera Craft has brought to hght many fine nature studies and subjects; but latterly members have been submitting prints without notes, which always enhance the value of illustrations. One was received without even the photographer's name. The subject was a fine group of Magpies at I'elltrees, X.S.\\'. (See Emu, ante, plate 48). The ])icture was attributed to Mr. H. L. White, instead of to Mr. Sid. VV. Jackson. We regret the mistake. Mr. Jackson's pictures are always welcome. Nest of Pink= Breasted Robins — Hearing the distressed cries of a Rfjbin, and the jubilant calls of a vShrike Thrush (Colluri- cincla harmonica sclbii), I ])r()ceeded to the spot, and saw the latter fly from the Robin's nest. Carefully lowering the stick I found the two egi^i^ just smashed, as per photo. — third eg^g being untouched. — Miss J. A. Fletcher, R.A.O.U., Woodbridge, Tas. Photographing the Dotterel.— Early in Oct., 1921, I watched, with Mr. Littlejohns, a pair of Black-fronted Dottrels (Cliara- driiis melanops) on a stretch of pebbles at Bendigo, and eventu- ally discovered two young birds. I visited the locality again on 22nd October, and, after a long wait, observed an adult Dotterel near a small pond. When 1 api>roached she became very excited and tried to lead me away, but she became quiet when I pretended to fol- low; so I felt sure her chick was very near. At length I found the little chap, which, from its size, I judged to be not more than 24 hours out of the egg. I placed him in the sun, set up the camera two feet away, at- tached 12 feet of cotton to the shutter and waited for the female to approach. When at last she did, I released the .shutter, but, unfortunately, she was too far away to be in focus, and, in ad- dition, was nearly out of the picture. I tried again, but this time she kept away and made sounds like a fly in a match-box. The y(jung one rei)lied in the same way, and, to my surprise, and annoyance stood up and ran after its mother. I had thought it too >oung and too frightened to move. It looked very funny as it ran off and flattened itself out when I chased it. This sort of thing occurred several times. When the female bird found that the youngster resj)onded to her calls she kept further away, so I wrapped the young bird in a piece of paper, i)laced it beneath the camera, and focussed on a spot about 18 inches away. This time the mother came clo.ser, and T was able to expose another i)late. During vSeptember rmd October of the present year I found the Black-fronted Dotterel again nesting freely along the Bendigo Creek. The Red-kneed Dotterel (Hrv///r<9//(9»i'.v ductus) was there also, and a few nests were found. Photography was a much more sim|)le business at nests of eggs than with the young birds the- previous year, and f was able to obtain pictures of both species. —Marc Coiin, R.A.O.U.. Bendigo, Vic. THE ExML, Fo/. IX 1 1. PLATE LXIX. THE EMU. Vol. XXII. IPLATE LXX ■^°S"1 Stray Feathers. 245 Stray Feathers New Zealand Notes. — Tl niay be of some interest to Aus- tralian memhers to know that this year the Double-banded Dotterel, Cliaradrins biciiictiis, is a very rare bird here. I have seen only ti\e indi\iduals all told. Last year a Hock of twenty was counted by me on the local domain, of which at least five pairs nested in that area, say 50 to 100 acres. In spite of much search, I found no nests until after the young had hatched out; when I found several broken shells, and was ])romising myself better luck (with more ])erseverance) this year. To my astonish- ment not a single pair has nested on the domain, and all told, as I have said, I have seen, while doing ni}- rounds, and while fishing in the rivers, only five individuals. Have they nested in Australia this year? By the way, has anyone noticed that the introduced Goldfinch feeds freely on the seeds of the Blue Gum, Eucalyptus alohulus, a common tree on the Canterbury Plains. I frecpiently see the dainty little birds picking at the ripe seed- cai)sules as they lie on the road, presumably trying to extract the seed therefrom. A bird census of this district miglit l)e interesting. JNly bounds are: — The Selwyn River, Lake Kllesmere, and the sea to the mouth of the Rakaia River, up that stream to the Christchurch- Dunedin railway, and back along that to the Selwyn. The latter river is a rain river, and the Rakaia is snow-fed. Both contain trout, and the Rakaia swarms with salmon, mostly Pacific, and a few Atlantic. The fishing is excellent, and the shooting (Pheasants, Quail (Californian), Hares and Rabbits) would be so too, if it were not for inveterate poaching. The avifauna, if shore birds be excluded, is almost wholly exotic, and I think four pairs of Kingfishers {HaIcyo)i 7'agaiis) and the same num- ber of Robins {Pctroica inacroccpliela) for the zvJiole area (about 10 miles square), and a pair of Warblers {Pseudogerygone igata) and the Grey Fantail ( Rhipidura flabellifera) to each farm (and perhaps half that number of the Swamp Harrier (Circus gouldi) would complete the census. I had forgotten the Pipit (^Inthus novce-zealandicc) and the Silver-eye (Zosterops lateralis), but it's a poor list surely.— T. J. Ick-Hewins, M.B., B.S., R.A.O.U. P.S. — Since writing the above I have been watching the Rakaia River in flood, after heavy thunderstorms in the Southern Alps, and was reminded by the diving Terns, of watching a flooded river in New South Wales two years ago, and seeing the White- plumed Honeyeater (Meliphaga penicillata), taking deliberate headers into the torrent, going apparently right under almost every time. 1 have never seen any other land bird go so thor- oughly into the water, especially into a swift-flowing and turbid stream. — T. J. Ick-Hewins. 246 S/ray Ralhcrs. I'^isffan" The Pheasant-Coucal. — The range of the Pheasant-Coucal {Ccntropiis phasiauimis) extends from N.W. AustraHa to New South Wales. The writer has observed it from the north of the Richmond River to La Perouse, near Sydney. It is more numerous in the Clarence and Richmond River districts than anywhere else, although along the Karuah River it is fairly common, while at La Perouse, in swamps near the Coast Hospital, odd birds have often been met with. The alhuial flats of the coastal rivers, where bracken fern is inter- mingled with sword-grass and rushes, or shallow fresh-water swamps and creeks overgrown with sedge, reeds and rushes, con- stitute the habitats and favourite haunts of this handsome and quaint species. In sugar-cane fields adjacent to creeks, low lying dam[) ground, or swamps, it is extremely plentiful, and has often been disturbed while searching for food among the cane. The Pheasant-Coucal is mainly insectivorous, all manner of insects being devoured, large or small, while many other small animals frequenting damp and swampy i)laces add to its bill of fare. Systematic investigation might prove that it is of real and inestimable value to sugar-cane growers, and may be found to be of great assistance in minimising the depredations of the two sugar-cane beetle pests {Xylotrupes anstranicus and Lepidoderma albo-hirtuin), which cause extensive damage at times. It is im- possible to give any idea of the raucous and harsh notes of this bird- — a raucity and harshness all its own. Its progression on foot is none the less characteristic; sometimes it hops, while now and then it has recourse to a sort of canter, when in the open ; but in the rushes and such like it cree]>s and nms with celeritv. One has to see it to appreciate fully its wonderful adai)tal)ilitv in getting through thick growth. During the breeding season, which usually commences in Octo- ber and extends over several months in favourable weather, the female is very cautious, and is seldom seen ; but the male may often be seen perched in a low tree overlooking its hauiU. When an intruder encroaches on its domain, and flushes it unexpectedly, it rises by a most laborious flight, simultaneously gives forth its harsh notes, and seeks refuge in anv low tree i)rotruding just above the rushes, where it can \ iew its enemy without showing its form completely. Perching on a lower branch close to the trunk, it scans the surroundings, then cautiously it hops from one branch to the next one higher till the limit of its ascent is reached, when it descends to a lower branch, returning to the undergrowth by a hover and a flutter, simply flo])])ing down as it reaches the tops of the rushes. It is essentially a ground bird, seldom taking to the wing unless forced to do so. On November 2nd. 1919, a few miles north of Ilallina, a nest was found with two incubated eggs; a couple of other nests were also found not comi)leted. As the season was \ery dry at that time, it may account for the small number of eggs, three to five being the usual sitting. The nest containing the two eggs was. ""%¥''■] Stray Feathers. 247 ])lace(l in the centre of a lar^e tuft of sword-f^rass near the .t^round, and was composed of short lenj^ths of rush and j,n-ass, and Hned with some leaves from a Callistemon or Mehdeuca tree, both of which were growing handy. The longer blades (jf the tuft were drawn over and down, bemg interwoven with the rigid stems and shorter blades, and forming a hood over the nest I^roper. giving the combined structure a tubiform appearance, with the entrance at one end and the exit at the other. This addition to the nest afifords shelter from heavy rain, shade from the scorching sun, and invisibility from enemies, especi- ally the wily and ever-present Raven. Near liallina, one day, while walking with a local juvenile through a ])artially dry swamji covered with rushes, sword-grass and stunted tea-trees, we came across a dead male Coucal. My companion informed me that it was shot on account of eating fowls' eggs, and this was one of the culprits. A most repre- hensible procedure is resorted to. A dog is sent into the swamp to scare the birds into the low trees, where they are promptly shot. We boiled the billy on the edge of the swamp, and, just as we were about to sit down to lunch, a Raven flew up from the rushes with an egg on its bill. It appears, to carry ofif a fowl's egg that it thrusts its bill into the egg, and lets it remain thus till a place of safety is reached, where it can devour the egg free from molestation. My mate was convinced that the Coucal may be \vrongly sacrificed. Whether he has convinced the ruth- less destroyer or not I have never heard. — P. A. Gilbert. R.A.O.U., Kalemba, N.S.W. * * * Kooweerup.— Sixty-five Magpies were counted yesterday in a paddock on newly ploughed ground here ; some are busy building their nests, pulling bits of cord out of the bags they find about ,- they are making the nests in the pine-trees near the private house. There are also Blackbirds, ]\Iagpie Larks, Butcher-Birds, Wattle- Birds, Starlings, Thrushes, and Parrots, also many other kinds, so we shall [)robably have a good nesting season. The ])lace seems alive with birds. We also see some hundreds of Sea- Gulls feeding on what they find on the land being ploughed and harrowed; they are very tame. There are also numbers of Plovers as well. The Sea-Gulls look very picturescjue, wheel- ing about in the air, like silver and grey clouds ; our pony got frightened at them, apparently taking the birds for aeroplanes. — 1. Cecil Le Souef. * * * Birds Observed near Wellinarton, N.Z. Tn my paper on the above, recently published in The Emu, I mentioned the proba- bility of the Blue (Reef) Heron (Deiniec/retta sacra) nesting in the harbour. I have since been informed that these birds actuallv do nest in the locality sus|)ected, about six miles from the citv.— RoBT. H. D. StidolVii, R.A.O.U., Masterton. X.Z. 248 Stray Feathers. I isf Jan." Breeding: Birds in the Perth Zoo.- We have had a good breeding season in the Zoo here. A i»air of Euroi)ean v^heldrakes, which have been 17 years in the collection, bred five ducklings this year, the first time they have bred. We have also Canadian Goslings, young Mallards, Indian Yellow-bill Ducklings, Emus, and Ibises; numerous Guinea-fowl of three species, and Indian Pochards. A pair of Indian Bar-head Geese bred and reared four young, after being in the collection for 21 years without breeding. About 50 Nankeen Night-Herons, which bred here, have gone to a new rookery this year to breed, and only the pinioned ones, about four, have stayed behind and nested. I expect them all to come back with their young. I would have had a much better season, but the "ubiciuitous boy" intervened, and destroyed many nests. I have two nests of White vSwans, and a boy stoned one nest, breaking the fertile eggs. — EknEST A. Le bouEF, B.V.Sc, Vice-President K..\.O.U. * * * American Golden Plover.— I thought it might interest your readers to know that last month there were 6 American Golden Plover in this district, and Mr. F. W. Price, of "Raroona," shot one and brought it in to me. They were about 45 miles from the coast, and were on a little ploughed ground close to a swamp. We have tried to locate them since, but w ithout success. I have never known them in this district before. I understand that the only specimens they have in the Sydney ^luseum were taken from Lord Howe Island. — J- E.alkixkk, R.A.O.U., ."Singleton. State Secretaries' Reports. N^ew Zealand. Bird Protection in New Zealand.— During the 1921 ses- sion. Parliament i)assed an efficient "Animals Protection and Game Act," which came into force on the 1st of April this year. Nearly all indigenous birds are protected, those not on the list being birds considered hannful. These include the Kea (Nestor >iotab}Iis), Black-backed (lull (Lams domiyticanus), White-eye {Zostcrops lateralis), all species of vShags (Phalaeroeorax) except the Chatham Island Shag (P. featlierstoni), the Hawks (Circus 33 acres, it will be seen that these alone afford considerable protection. Piesides these, many other areas, amounting to thousands of acres, are reserved as sanctuaries. The Sounds National Park, embracing the West Coast Sounds of the South Island, and cov- ering 2, .^26.200 acres, is one huge refuge for our birds. Orni- thologists and bird-lovers generally should congratulate them- selves on this satisfactorv state of affairs. — R. H. D. v^Tidolph, R.A.O.U., Masterton, N.Z. Xew South Wales. The inaugural meeting of the Ornithological Section of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales and New South Wales members of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union was held in the Royal Zoological Society's rooms on 21st April, 1922, and there was an attendance of ele\en members. The fol- lowing officers were appointed : — Chairman : Dr. E. A. D'Ombrain. Vice-Chairman : Mr. P. A. Gilbert. Hon. Sec. : Mr. Neville \\'. Cayley. 250 State Sccrctancs Reports. [^xstfT Messrs. E. Nubling and C. W. Chisholm were elected to act with them as an executive committee. The present membership of the section is 40; this number we hope will be greatly increased in the near future, when the work and objects of the Section become better known. Meetings are to be held on the third Friday in the months of February, \\)v\\, June, August, October and December, special and executive meetings being held when necessary. The following items have been discussed and action taken thereon : — 1. The establishment of permanent camps in suitable localities for purposes of bird observation. 2. The exhibition at sectional meetings of birds, nests, eggs or ])h()tographs bearing on bird life. 3. The action of the trustees of the National Park in allowing the timber to be cut down for milling purposes. 4. The Wild Life Preservation Act and gun license, and the a]»pointment of hon. rangers. 5. Representation to the Minister for Education request- ing reconsideration of his action in discontinuing the publi- cation of the Gould League Supplement to the Educational Gazette. All these matters ha\e I)een thoroughly investigated. The action taken by the Section relative to the timber felling in National Park i)roved successful in having the operations stopped, and the Section by this action alone has more than justified its existence. The members of the affiliated societies, in fact, the public of Australia, are deeply indebted to Messrs. J. Ramsay, F. Lynne Rolin (l^resident of the Wild Life Preserva- tion Society of Australia), and A. R. Hordern, for the splendid part each played in bringing about this result, to the whole- hearted supi»ort of the Press, the Royal Society of New South Whales, the Linnean Society of New South Wales, the Wild Life Preservation Society of Australia, the Trustees of the Australian Museum, and to the l^nion Pictures Ltd. Owing to the irouble incurred in fighting the Trustees of the National I'ark, no steps so far have been taken relative to estab- lishing a permanent camp, but we hope before next season to establish at least one camp. Messrs. |. Ramsay and N. W. Cayley jM-esented the Section with a lantern. Mr. Ramsay also presented a fine collection of his bird slides; he made the suggestion that if members would kindly donate slides or lend their negatives for the making of slides, a representative collection would soon be available for illustrating lectures or for exchange with kindred societies. Mem- bers of the Union are kindly invited to assist the cause by donating slides or lending their negatives. vo'ic^^f"] Reviews. 251 So far we have had no official notification of the su|^f?ested additions to the Wild Life Preservation, or the Gun License Acts, but we believe that these acts when officially gazetted will bring them in line with similar acts of the other States. It is our intention to arrange a series of lectures, illustrated with lantern slides, and members of the affiliated societies who are not already members of this Section are inxited to join uj) and help to make the Section a big factor in furthering its objects, i.e., to popularise and further the study and jjrotection of our native birds. XEX'ILLK CAYLEV, Hon. Secretarv of the Section and State Secretarv, R.A.O.l^. Reviews THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALL\ By GREGORY M. MATHEWS, F.R.S.E. Vol. X., pt. i., treats Scrub-Wrens and the Superb Warbler. The high standard of this great work is well maintained, and the beautiful hand-coloured plates by Gronvold are excellent. The historical notes for which Mr. Mathews is justly famed are again a striking feature. Five species form the genus Sericornis, the sixth being the mysterious lost S. tyrannida, founded by De Vis, for the "one example of this bird, and that of unknown sex." An especially fine plate depicts two pairs of Superb Warblers (Blue W^rens), one of the first known and best known of Aus- tralian birds. Its name {cyaneus) is from Ellis's Narrative of the Voyage of Captain Cook (1782), which recorded that, in Tasmania, they met with "A small bird .... with a bright blue head which we .... called Motacilla cyaiiea." THE SONGS OF THE BIRDS P>y W. GARSTANG, M.A., D.Sc, Professor of Zoology in the University of Leeds. Throughout the civilised world much attention has been given recently to the song of birds, which has proved to be a most interesting and complicated business. It is difficult indeed to understand clearly how the sound is produced, at all events in detail, especially how the musculature of the .syrinx works. It is still more difficult to be quite certain why the birds sing. More recently observers who possess good musical ears or gramo- phones have been copying the song of birds in musical nomen- clature. As, however, many birds do not use the diatonic scale, this has involved difficulty. The investigation has led to the dis- covery that the range, while generally limited to an octave or less, is greater sometimes — this circumstance may be related to- the limited length of the cochlea of birds. •9Ci9 U . ■ . [The Emu ZOZ heVlCXCS [ ist Jan. The interesting little work which is the >ul)ject of this review deals with the matter from many points of view. I'rofessor Garstang writes verses on the subject of birds, and reproduces most excellent black and white sketches by ]Mr. J. A. Shepherd, the whole forming a most attractive v(jlume. I'rofes.sor Gar- stang has not devoted his attention exclusively or even largely to the setting down of the song of birds in musical notation, but he has endeavored to rey)roduce it also l)y the syllabic method. He describes the Blackbird as the P>eethoven of birds. He omits reference to the extraordinary imitative capacity of the bird, which reaches its maximum in Europe, at all events with the Blackbird, which is able to imitate a large number of other birds. The writer recently heard a Blackbird imitate the call of a Korean duck to its ducklings. He traces the evolution of the song of birds from the cry f)f alarm and surprise to the deve]o|)mcnt of song, and naturally en(juires why the bird sings as it does. Those who wish to obtain information so far as it can be given are recommended to read this charming little book of about 100 pages. Our copy is from Angus & Robertson, booksellers, Sydney. "ArSTKAIJAX NATURE-STUDIEvS." Dr. J. A. J^each has recently been elected President of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union. It seems fit and prof)er that he should issue his book "Nature Studies" at the same time, if only to prove he is not likely to be an idle President. The price of the book (12/6) is marvellously reasonable, con- sidering that besides letterpress of good taste, point and diction, there are 512 images, 2000 original drawings, and six handsome art life coloured plates of rare and beautiful birds. These jilates alone are worth half the price of the book. Why so cheap a book? Becau.se the author has made his subject a labour of love, into which he has put years of exceptional experience. I.e., as organising inspector of nature study for the Education Depart- ment of Victoria. The three principal parts of the work are: 1. "Plant Life;" n. — "Animal Jyife" (which of course includes P>irds) ; and HI. — "General Studies," which includes rocks and soils, action of wind and water, etc." When the student has mastered the cha])ter on Birds. P>irds of Australia, P.ird Structures, l>ills or P>eaks. J^egs and Feet, Wings and Tails, Feathers and Colours, Nests and Eggs, he will, indeed, be an ornithologist, not merely a "lover of ornithologv," as pedantic ])crsons are i)lea.sed to call the bird-lovers. The romance of the moscpiito is most interesting — "Truth stranger than nian\ fictiotis." The whole life-history of the in- sect mav be followed at home in one's back \ar(l, where are Vol. XXII 1923 ] Revietvs. 253^ water-tubs, discarded preserved fruit tins, that have cauj,dit mois- ture from passing showers. It is the mother moscpiito with her venomous neb — -"a case of surgical instruments" — that lends point as well as special interest to the subject. Leach's "Ilird Book" has been easily first as the chea|)est book of its kind in the world. Now, Leach's "Nature Studies," which has been carefully and artistically i)roduced by Critchley Parker, 376 Flinders Lane, Melbourne, will be a fittinjj companion. "Cast thy bread upon the waters, for thou shalt find it after many days." In like manner, through first reading Dr. T^each's s[)lendid work, manv future natural scientists will arise. A QUARTETTE OF NATURE BOOKS Published b>- W'hitconibe cS: Tombs, Melbourne and Christchurch Mateship with Birds, by A. H. Chisholm, R.A.O.U., late State Secretary for Queensland, is a charming book. It embodies many of Mr. Chisholm's famous bird studies, and is fully illustrated by re{)roductions of excellent photographs by some of the most distinguished bird i)hotograph- ers of the R.A.O.U. The chapters are no dry matter-of-fact history of the bird treated, but personal experiences linked on to what is best in Australian and British literature in appreciation of birds, nature and man. They include : The Gifts of x\ugust, September Rivalry, October the Witching, The Passing, With Children in Birdland, The Idyll of the Blossom-Birds, The Aris- tocracy of the Crest, Days z\mong the Robins, Fine Feathers, and Fine Birds, The Spirit of Australia and The Paradise Parrot Tragedy, an interesting account of the history and re-discovery of one of the most interesting and beautiful of birds — the Paradise Parrot, which bird-lovers had feared was extinct. The title "Mateship" gives the keynote of this fine book. It should be available to every nature-student, and should be in e\ery school and public library. Price 7/6; 196 pages. Bush Charms, by L. G. Chandler, R.A.O.U., with introductiont by Charles Barrett, C.M.Z.S., illustrated by original photo- graphs by the author, who is one of the best field observers of the R.A.O.U. Nature lovers will welcome this volume, which puts interest and charm into rambles "in the coastal Tee-tree," "in North-western Victoria," "Where the Murray River Flows," "in the Gullies and Creeks," and "in the Open Timber." 116 pp., 27 full-page illustrations. Price, 6/-. Two interesting books by two of the best known of our bird- lovers — men who shoot birds with the camera and field glass, but not with guns. At the End of the Moonpath is a well developed dreamland fancy which includes much bird and nature lore in a most at- tractive form by our well-knovm honorary member, Dfjnald Macdonald. This delightful book is sure to be a great favourite 254 Correstondence. VntlT with children and nature-lovers of older .i,n-o\vth. Tt is well illus- trated by C. E. Tames. 143 pages. 11 full-page illustrations. Price, 5/-. The Fernland Story [3ook, edited by Charles Barrett, and con- taining articles by l)onald MaccUmald, Charles Barrett. Edith Howes, Helen Trego, "The l>eachcomber," ]\Iiss J. A. Fletcher, Mary Bruce Grant, and Maud Isabel Peacocke. 87 pp. This book is sure to be a popular favourite. Five coloured plates, 7 toned y)lates, and many drawings. Price 7/6. Children are fortunate to have available for prizes and gifts such excellent books as the four under notice. The publishers have done their part well. The ])rinting is clear, the binding is good, and the books are credital)ly i)roduced. Correspondence To the Editors of "The Emu.'' Sirs, — With regard to the origin of the name "Nullarbor," I showed the copy of the last Efiiu to Professor Sir Edgeworth David. As is well known, he recently spent some time in Central Australia. He was very interested in the two paragraphs con- cerning the subject, but said he was afraid that the gentlemen who wrote them were mistaken. His party enquired into the origin of the word, and discovered that it was derived from the two Latin words "X^ullus" and "Arbor." The plain was named by Delissa, who surveyed the boundary between South Australia and W^estern Australia. — I am, vours etc.. GEO. V. SCAMMELL. 7'o the Editors of "The Emu." Sirs, — Messrs. Kinghorn and Cayley's very fine paper on the -Storm Petrels i)ublished in the Emu for October last is a good example of the useful work which may be done by assembling available skins and instituting close comparisons. In the case of most Australian l)irds the type skins are not available to local students, and the action taken by the authors of the paper tpioted in obtaining from M. Berlioz a sketch and notes with reference to Y'ieillot's type of Frc(/etta t/rollaria was the nearest solution of the difficulty. I think it necessary, however, to i)()int out that by some over- sight the authors have omitted any reference to my connection with some of the skins dealt with by them. In October, 1910, Mr. (now Professor) T. Harvey Johnston gave me a bird which he had i)icked up at Lord Howe Island, and i)laced in si)irit. I had a skin i>repared by Mr. Robert Grant, of the Australian Museum, and I identified the bird. The label attached to the skin is in my handwriting as follows: — "fre(fctta (jraUaria.y\c\]\<){. Loc. Lord i lowc Island. Date, 10th October, ^°'j™] Correspondence. 255 1910. Taken In- T. Harvey jolnislon. First record for I. .H.I." I sent this skin to Mr. Gregory Alathews, who described it in his ^'Birds of Australia," vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 42 (1912), expressing his opinion that it was a distinct species, but he refrained from giving it a name. In writing to Mr. Tom Iredale, who was assisting Mathews, I commented upon the rather unusual procedure ado[)ted by the latter, and received a rei)ly to the effect that the bird was not named, but only described, and there was notliing to prevent me from remedying the defect and giving it a name ! As I did not agree with the conclusion that it was a new species, I did not adopt the suggestion. Tlie skin subse(|uently was ac- quired by Mr. H. L. White, and is now in the collection of the National Museum, Melbourne, and is Specimen C referred to by Kinghorn and Cayley. Mathews later obtained several skins of Storm Petrels from Lord Howe Island, four of which he de- scribed and named. One, doubtless similar to mine, was desig- nated, with somewhat sardonic humour, "innominatus." When Messrs. McCulloch and Troughton brought Specimen A, referred to in the paper under review, from Lord Howe Island, they submitted it to me for identification. At first I was inclined to regard it as a new species, but upon obtaining Specimen C from Melbourne, and making a careful comparison, besides studying the literature, I came to the conclusion that the new skin was merely a juvenile F. (jrallaria, in which the white abdomen was in process of development. This opinion I conveyed to Mr. Cayley. When Specimen B came to hand, I understood that Mr. Cayley was convinced that there were several species represented in the material contained in the two Museums (Sydney and Melbourne), and that he proposed to describe and figure two new species. That he has altered his opinion and arrived at the same con- clusion as myself is very gratifying to me, and my congratula- tions are tendered to him and his collaborator for the veiy con- scientious piece of work they have produced. — Yours, etc., A. F. BASSET HULL, C.F.A.O.U. Svdnev, 2nd December, 1922. To the Editors of " The Eniuy Sirs, — A paper on Storm Petrels, by Messrs. Kinghorn and Cayley appeared in the second part of ''The Eviu' (vol. xxii.), pp. 81 et seq. I am very glad to see new workers taking such an in- terest in those small birds. But I would like to comment on two matters connected therewith. Those authors say that I have confused leucof/aster with grallaria. Had they read my article in the "Birds of Australia," vol. ii., on grallaria, this statement could not have been made. As a matter of fact, it was I who pointed out' the dilTerences between those birds ; on ]ja^e 40 of my work I say that "Gould's T. leiico- gaster is a dififerent species . . ." and on p. 44 I .say that "F. grallaria is distinct from F. leucogaster." This does away also \\ 256 About Members l isf jan!*^ with the statement that the l)ir(l fif^ured a> (/rallaria is leiico- gaster. The writers go on to say that the measurements sent them of the ty[)e of grallaria were first ])ubhshed by them in their paper. But on page 41 of my work I gave the measurements of the type, in 1912 (oi'cr 10 years ago). The tyi)e was sent to me from France for e.\aminatif)n. Yours, etc., GREGORY M. MATITK\\'S. Foulis Court. Fair Oak. Hants., 14/11/22. About Members The popularity of Mr. A. H. Chisholm, R.A.O.U., who, for the past seven years, has been a member of the literary staff of The Daily Mail, Brisbane, was evidenced on the evening of 19th September last, when the combined staffs assembled in the com- posing-room, in large numbers, for the purpose of saying good- bye to him. Mr. Chisholm has severed his connection with this paper, with a view to taking up a ])()sition on the staff of the Daily 7'clcgrapli, oi Sydney, about the end of the year. Mr. C. E. Sligo (editor), in the unavoidable ab.sence of the managing director (Mr. Norman White), ])resented Mr. Chis- holm with a i)air of field glasses, which should prove of great value to him in his ornithological ramblings. Mr. Sligo referred to Mr. Chisholm's sterling qualities as a journalist, and voiced the hope that, should Mr. Chisholm decide to return to Queens- land, he would again join the "Daily Mail." Members of the R.A.O.U. will congratulate Mr. Chisholm on his promf)tion, although the Union loses his services as State Secretary tor Oueensland. No doubt some other useful office will lie found for liim in the Mother State. Obituary Mr. Joseph Gabriel, the well-known and genial field naturalist, has i)assed on. He had a strong leaning towards ornithology, and assisted in that direction in exploring Bass Strait Islands, notably with the Field Naturalists' expedition to Kent Group, 1S90. and to Furneaux Grouj). 1893. He also landed on the bald and bleak Albatross Island. 1895, with the late Mr. H. D. C. Ash worth, when the latter secured some excellent pictures of Albatrosses. In lS'»i, during a memorable Riverina tlood, Mr. Gabriel joined with -Mr. .\. J. Campbell in visiting the haunts of various wild- fowl among the back waters of the Ivlward and W'akool Ri\ers, when there was much adventure. Mr. Gabriel was a pharmaceutical chcmi>t by profession; as a man he wore a s|»otless garb; he was born in Wales 75 years ago, and spent his younger days at Bendigo, X^ictoria. Date of publication of this part of " T//c liwu' was Jan. nth, V^l?>. ^":.^.^/'» Vol. XXII.] JULY, 1922. [Part 1. The Emu A Quarterly Magazine to popularize the Study and Protection of Native Birds and to record Results of Scientific Research in Ornithology. Editor: J. A. LEACH, D.Sc, CM.B.O.U. Assistant Editor: R. T. LITTLEJOHNS, RJV.O.U. Official Organ of the ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION 2 Temple Court, Melbourne 5®= ^(i^'^ [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED] fH^^^lJ Price 21 - Yearly (include* M«mberahip of the Unioo); (Payable in JuV in Advance) *>«• ^ ■ ^ " •'««'• P"'' Contents July, 1922 Each Author is responsible for the opinions and fact<; c: : ssed in his article. PACB Buff -breasted Quail {Turtiix olivii). B\ A. '. Campbell, C.M.B.O.U., F.A.O.U., Melbourne ■ • ■ 1 Description of Nest and Eggs of Tumi: oliaii (Robinson). By H. L. White, C.F.A.O.U., M.B.O.U., " Belltrees." Scone, N.S.W. 2 An Abnormal Clutch of Blue-faced floney Eater's Eggs {Eniomyza cyanotis harterti). By H. L. White, C.F.A.O. U., M.B.O.U.." Belltrees." Scone, r..S.W. - - - - 3 The " Lost " Paradise Parrot, by A . H. Chisholm, R.A.O. U. State Secretary, QueenslanJ 4 A Method of Taking a Bird Census. By Professor J. Burton Cleland, M.D., University, Adelaide - - - • 18 Birds of the Moree District. By F. C. Morse, R.A.O.U., Moree, N.S.W. ■ - - 24 Egret and Glossy Ibis Rookeries. By F. C. Morse, R.A.O.U., Coocalla, Garah, N.S. W. 36 Bird Notes from Boree (New England Plateau). By Mrs. S. P. W. Norton, R.A.O.U., Tamworth. N.S.W. - - 39 The Birds of Little Barrier Island, N.Z. By W. R. B. Oliver, F.L.S., F.Z.S., R.A.O.U., Dominion Museum, Wellington, New Zealand - - - 45 Notes of Sea Birds between Sydney and England. By A. S. LeSouef, C.M.Z.S., Zoological Gardens, Sydney - - 52 Round the Lamp. By R. Stuart-Sutherland, F.Z.S., R.A.O. U., The Lighthouse, Cape Foulwind. Westport, New Zealand - 54 Field Notes on the Black Bell-Magpie (Strepera fulginosa). By Miss J. A. Fletcher, R.A.O. U., Woodbridge, South Tasmania - - - - 60 New Sub-species of Tit- Warblers (Acanthizae). By A. G. Campbell, J.P., R.A.O.U., Croydon, Victoria - - 63 Correspondence 66 Camera Craft.— The Dusky Wood-Swallow— From Egg to Bird. 67 ; Home Life of the Bronzewing, 68. State Secretaries' Reports - 69 Stray Feathers. — Bird Territories, 71; Owl Calls. 72; The Birds and the Crops, 72 ; Is Albinoism Connected with Sex Character- istic ? 73 ; Birds Seen on the Sydney-Melbourne Train Route, 73 ; Mantis and Young Birds, 74 : Mortality amongst Swallows. 74 ; Nesting of Grey Duck, 74; A Strange Nesting-place, 75; The Red crowned Pigeon in Tasmania, 75; Late Swallows, 76. Obituary - - - . 76 Reviews ----- 78 Notes - ... - - 80 EuROPBAN Agknts: ITHERBY. Z» High Holboi Vol. XXII.] OCTOBER, 1922. [Part 2. ^M The Emu A Quarterly Magazine to popularize the Study and Protection of Native Birds and to record Results of Scientific Research in Ornithology. Editor : Assistant Editor : J. A. LEACH, D.Sc., C.M.B.O.U. R. T. LITTLEJOflNS, RJtO.U. Official Organ of the ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION 2 Temple Court, Melbourne CaiiS^^ [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED] Price 21/- Yearly (include* Membe«iiip of the Umo»); (Payable in July in Advance) or 6/- per single part Contents October, 1922 Each Author is responsible for the opinions and facts expressed in his article. PAGB On the Status of several Species belonging to the two genera, Fregetta Bp. and Fregettornis Mathews. By J. R. Kinghom, R.A.O.U., Zoologist, Australia}; Museum, and Neville W. Caley, R.A.O.U., Sydney - - - - 81 New Sub-species of Acanthiza nana, \'igors and Horsfield. By H. L. White. C.F.A.O.U., M.B.O.U., " Bellirees," Scone, N.S.W. 97 Description of Eggs of the Golden-shouldered Parrot {Psephotus chrysopterygius). By H. L. White, C.F.A.O. U,. M.B.O.U., " Belltrees." Scone, N.S.W. - - - - 98 A Collecting Trip to Cape York Peninsula. By H. L. White, C.F.A.O.V., M.B.O.U., "Belltrees," Scone, N.S.W. ■ 99 Trip to the Northern River-Scrubs of N.S.W. By E. A. D 'Ombrain, M.B., Member of Council R.A.O.U. - - 117 The Orange- Winged Tree-Runner {Neositta chrysoptera). By P. A. Gilbert, R.A.O.U., Lakemba. N.S.W. - - - 124 Birds of Hobart. By M. S. R. Sharland and S. W. Crane, M's.R.A.O.U. - - - 127 List of Birds found Breeding in and around the Swamps near Moora, W.A., during 1921. By P. T. Sandland, R.A.O.U.. and O. L.E.Orton, R.A.O.U. - - - 134 In the Haunt of the Grey Butcher Bird (Cracticus torguatus) By Donald F. F. Thomson, R.A.O.U. Canterbury, Vic. - 138 Notes from Wahroonga, Sydney, N.S.W. By H. Wolsten- holme, R.A.O.U. .-.-..--. 141 Camera Craft. — Black Swan in New Zealand, 149 ; Wild Magpies at "Belltrees," 149 ; The Peaceful Dove, 150. Stray Feathers. — Spinetailed Swifts in Tas., 133 ; Acanthiza albiventris. 148 ; The Name Nullarbor, 150 ; The Origin of Nullarbor, 151 ; Magpie Cannibalism, 151 ; The Mopoke, 151 ; Observations at Pittwater, 152 ; Buff-breasted Quail, 152 ; Blue Budgerigahs, 152 ; Occurrence of Coot in New Zealand, 153 ; Royal Spoonbill in New Zealand, 153 ; House Swallows, 153 ; Meliphaga fusca, 154 ; The "Lost" Paradise Parrot, 154. State Secretaries' Reports ------ 155 Reviev/s - - . 155 Obituary - - - - - 158 Library Notes. By F. Erasmus Wilson, Hon. Librarian - 159 About Members --------- 160 EuRorEAN Agbnts : H F. .V G. WITHERBY. 8W HlOH HOLBORN. LoNDOM. ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION 2 Temple Court, Collins Street, MELBOURNE CO-PATRONS : Their Majesties the King and Queen President: Mr. CHAS. A. BARNABD (Queensland). A. LEACH. C.M.B.O.U., C.F.A.O.U. f Dr. J. \ Majoi Vieo-Preeidentat , j^^.^^. ^ ^ ^^ SOUEF. B.V.Sc. (Zool. Gardens. Perth). Hon. General Secretary; Mr. Z. GRAY, L.CJl. (2 Temple Court, Collins Street, Melbourne.) Hon. Assistant Secretary: Mr. H. F. CLINTON Hon. Treasurer: Dr. BROOKB NIGHOLLS. Hon. Editor of "The Enin": Dr. J, A, LEACH, C.M.B.O.U. (2 Temple Court, Collins Street, Melbourne.) Hon. Assistant Editor: Mr. R. T. LITTLEJOHNS. R.A.O.U. Hon Librarian: Mr. F. E. WILSON. Hon. Press Correspondent: Mr. D. F. F. THOMSON. Cnrators: (a) Skins: (b) Ekkb: Mr. J. A. ROSS; (c) Photos, &c. : Mr. S. A. LAWRENCE. JAS. BARR. F.C.P.A., 42 Temple Court. Melb. Hon. Aaditors: < Mr. 31 ( Mr. J. HEDDING, Monomeith Avenue. Cant«rbury. State Secretaries : Mr. N. CAYLEY. R.A.O.U., Pitt Street. Sydney. Mr. A. H. CHISHOLM. "DaUy Mail" Office, Brisbane, Queensland. Capt. S. A. WHITE, C.M.B.O.U., Wetunga, Fulham. South Australia. Mr. B. W. LEAKE, Woolundra. Western Australia. Mr. C . B. LORD. Mt. Nelson Road. Sandv Bay. Hobart. Tasmania. Mr. W. R. B. OLIVER, F.L.S., R.A.O.U., Dominion Museum. Wellington, N.Z. Council : Victoria.— Mr. C. L, BARRETT and Col. G. HORNE. New South Wales.— Dr. E. A. D'OMBRAIN and A. 8. LE SOUEF. Queensland.- Messrs. E. M. CORNWALL, W. B. ALEXANDER, M.A. and HENRY TRYON, F.E.S. South Australia.— Mr. E. ASHBY. M.B.O.TJ., and Prof. J. B. CLELAND. West Australia.— Mr. Justice T. P. DRAPER. M.B.E. and Mr. P. T. SANDLAND. Tasmania.— Mr. H. STUART DOVE, F.Z.S., and Col. T. M. EVANS. New Zealand.— Mr. R. H. D. STIDOLPH, 28 Makora Road. Masterton, Wairarapa, New Zealand. Ex-Presidents (ex officio members). — Sur.-Gen. Sir C. S. RYAN, Messrs. A. J. CAMPBELL, F.A.O.U.. A. H. MATTINGLEY, C.F.A.O.U,, D. Le SOUEF, R. HALL, J, W. MELLOR. A. B. HULL and Dr. W. MACGILLIVRAY. Check-List Committee: Mr. W. B. ALEXANDER, M.A.. C.FA.O.U. Dr. J. A. LEACH. C.Nf.B.O.U.. C.F.A.O.U 0. L. BARRETT, C.M.Z.S. Mr. W. H. D. LE SOUEF. C.M.Z.S.. *e. A. J. CAMPBELL. C.M.B.O.U. Dr. MACGILLIVRAY, R.A.O.U. A. H. CHISHOLM, R.A.O.U. Mr. G. M. MATHEWS. F.R.S.E. R. HALL, C.M.B.O.U. .. A. H. E. MATTINGLEY. C.M.Z,S, A. F. BASSET HULL, C.F.A.O.U. .. H. L. WHITE, C.F.A.O.U. Captain S. A. WHITE, C.M.B.O.U.. C.F.A.O.U. MELBOURNE ; W, A. HAMER, PRLNTER, 21 JONES LANE (Oft 118 Lonsdale Street) THE EDGE OF THE JUNGLE By WILLIAM BEEBE. Author of ' Jungle Peace." This is a book containing nature pictures and records of extraordinary scientific interest. Those readers who delighted in "Jungle Peace" will find still greater enjoyment in "The Edge of tiip Jungle." DemySvo, Illustrated, I2.s. 6d. net. I A Manual of the Birds of Australia I By GREGORY M. MATHEWS, F.R.S.E., M.R.A.O.U. (Authorof "The Birds of AustraUa/') and TOM IREDALE, M.B.O.U. In Pour Volumes. Crown 4to. £3 3s. net per vol. Vol. I.. Orders Casuarii I to Columbae, with 10 colour and 36 monochrome plates (now ready). ] "EXCELLENT IN ALL RESPECTS" i H. F. & G. WITHERBY, 326 High Holbom, LONDON AND LEADING BOOKSELLERS NATURE PHOTOGRAPHERS who desire Enlargements or other repro- ductions which, while in every way artistic, yet retain all the points of Scientific interest found in the negative, should get in touch with J. S. P. RAMSAY, 317 George Street, i SYDNEY, N.S.W. Send a print with enquiry. GRAFLEX and AUSTRAL Let the experience that ha« accumulated behind iheae two oamci aciUt when you go in aearch of canacra ■tudiea of natural life. A Graflex Camera and Auatral Plate* arc an ideal combination ai>d Mand for abtolutely dependable photography. There is a useful quarter plate model, fitted with Kodak F'4.6 anastigmat. Austral plates are made in every speed. Ask for a copy of new Kodak Catalogue from the nearest KODAK dealer, or from KODAK (Australasia) PTY. LTD. ' The Block." 284 Collina St.. MELBOURNE And all State, and N.Z. ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION 2 Temple Court, Collins Street, MELBOURNE CO-PATRONS : Their Majesties the King and Queen PreiMeat: Mr. CHAS. A. BARNARD (Qa«en»land) . Dr. J. A. LEACH. C.M.B.O.U.. C.F.A.O.U. Vic«-PresMeBU: > ^^.^^ ^ ^ ^^ SOUEF, B.V.Sc. (Zool. Gardens. Perth). Hon. General Secretary: Mr. Z. GRAV. L.OJI. (2 Temple Court, Collins Street, Melbcirn».) Hon. Assiat«nt Secretary: Mr. H, F, CLINTON Hen. Treasarer: Dr. BROOKE NICHOLLS. Hon. Editor •t "The Em«": Dr. J. A. LEACH, C.K.B.O.U. (2 Temple Court, Collins Street, Melbourne.) Hon. AKiatant Editar: Mr. R. T. LITTLEJOHNS, R.A.O.U. Hon Llbrariaa: Mr. F. E. WILSON. Hon. Press Corraipondent : Mr. G. FINLAY. Carators: (a) Skina: Mr. J. E. CHUBB; (b) Ekks: Mr. J. A. KU.SS : (c) Photos, &c. Mr. S. A. LAWRENCE. ( Mr. JAS. BARR. F.C.P.A., 42 Temple Court. Melb. Hon. Auditors: -^^^ j BEDDING, Monomeith Avenue, Canterbury. State Secretaries: Mr. N. CAYLEY. R.A.O.U., Pitt Street. Sydney. Mr. A. H. CHISHOLM, "DaUy Mail" Office. Brisbane, Queensland. Capt. S. A. WHITE, C.M.B.O.U., Wetunga, Falham, South Australia. Mr. B. W. LEAKE. Woolundra. Western Australia. Mr. C . E. LORD. Mt. Nelson Road. Sandv Bay. Hobart, Tasmania. Mr. W. R. B. OLIVER. F.L.S., R.A.O.U., Dominion Museum, Wellington. N.Z. Council : Victaria.— Mr. C. L. BARRETT and Col. G. HORNE. New South Wales.— Dr. E. A. D'OMBRAIN and A. S. LE SOUEF. Queensland.— Messrs. E. M. CORNWALL. W. B. ALEXANDER, M.A. and HENRY TRYON, F.E.S. South Australia.— Mr. E. ASHBY, M.B.O.U.. and Prof. J. B. CLELANX). West AnstralU.— Mr. Justice T. P. DRAPER. M.B.E. and Mr. P. T. SANDLAND. Tasmania.— Mr. H. STUART DOVE, F.Z.S.. and Col, T. M. EVANS. New Zealand.— Mr. R. H. D. STIDOLPH, 28 Makora Road, Masterton, Wairarapa, New Zealand. Ex-Presidents (ex officio members). — Sur.-Gen. Sir C. S. KYAN, Messrs. A. J. CAMPBELL. F.A.O.U.. A. H. MATTINGLEY, C.F.A.O.U., D. Le SOUEF, R. HALL. J. W. MELLOR, A. B. HULL and Dr. W. .MACGILLIVRAY. Check-List Committee : Mr. W. B. ALEXANDER. M.A.. C.F-A.O.U. D,-. J. A. LfiACH, C.M.B.O.U.. C.F.A <}.U „ C. L, BARRETT, C.M.Z.S. Mr. W. H. D. 'E SCUEP, C.M.Z.? , «c. „ A. J. CAMPBELL. C.M.B.O.U. Di . MACGI „ A. H. CHISHOLM, R.A.O.U. Mr, G. M. „ R. HALL, C.M.B.O.U. „ A. 11, : .. A. F. BASSET HXn.L, C.F.A.O.U. „ H. L. WiiiTE. C.F.A.O.U. Captain S. A. WHITE. C.M.B. J.U.. C.F.A.O.L'. MELBOURNE: | W. A. HAMER, PRINTER. 21 JONES LANE (Off 118 Lonsdale Street) | J THE EDGE OF THE JUNGLE By WILLIAM BEEBE. Author of Jungle Peace." Tiiis is a book containing nature pictur rris of extraordinary scientific interest. Those readers who f; Jungle Peace" will find still greater enjoyment in "The EAa. .— ngle." Demy 8vo. Illustrated, 12s. 6d. net. A Manual of the Birds of Australia By GREGORY M. ;»IATrlEWS, F.R.S.E., M.R.A.O.U. (Authorof "The Birds of Australia,") and TOM IREDALE, M.B.O.U. In Four Volumes. Crown 4t to Columbse, with Ivi .■ X3 3s, net per vol. Vol. I., Orders Casuarii and 36 monochrome plates (now ready). :T IN ALL RESPECTS" H. F. & G. WITHERBY, 326 High Holbom, LONDON AND LEADING BOOKSELLERS NATURE PHOTOGRAPHERS who desire Enlargements or other repro- ductions which, while in every way artistic, yet retain all the points of Scientific interest found in the negative, sliould get in touch with J. S. p. RAMSAY, 317 George Street, SYDNEY, N.S.W. Sent! a print with enciuiry. GRAFLEX and AUSTRAL Let the experience thai hju arcumuUted bcbind these two names asaiit when you go in scArch of cinef studies of natural life. A Gmflex Camera and Austral Plates are an ideal combination and stand for absolutely dcpcodabk photography. Theic is a iisotui quarter plate model, fitted with Kodak I 1 II rfmat.at£2iao/-— recently reduced from i value. Austral plates are made I in evLT 1 Asic lor !i riipy uf new Kod.nk Catalogue from the ' nt-arest KODAK dealer, or from \ KODAK (Australasia) PTY. LTD. 1 " The Block,' 284 CoUim St., MELBOURNE j And all States and N.Z. ! Vol. XXII.] APRIL, 1923. [Part 4. The Emu A Quarterly Magazine to popularize the Study and Protection of Native Birds and to record Results of Scientific Research in Ornithology. Editor : Assistant Editor : J. A. LEACH, D.Sc., C.M.B.O.U. R. T. LITTLEJOHNS, R.A.O.U. Official Organ of the ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION 2 Temple Court, '•felbourne )®= ^dl'jj^"^ [ALL RIGHTS RKSKRVED] Price 21 - Yearly dndud*. Membership of th* union) ^ (Payable in July in Advance) °' ^ " P*' "°8<' P*"^ Contents April, 1923 Each Author is responsible for the opinions and facts expressed in his article. Tree-Creepers of the Genus ClimacteHs. By A. J. Campbell, '^*^ C.M.B.O.U., F.A.O.U., Box Hill, Vic. - - - 257 Notes on the Pied Bell-Magpie (Strepr-.> _' Correspondence . - . 2r4 About Members - - _ - - J55 Obituary ----- - - 250 European Agents : ITHERBY. 826 HiGH HoLB. ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION 2 Temple Court, Collins Street, MELBOURNE CO-PATRONS: Their Majesties the King and Queen President: Dr. J. A. LEACH. C.M.B.O.U.. C.F.A.O.U. (Victoria) Vicc-PresidenU- ^ ^°^" ^" ^' "^^ SOUEF. B.V.Sc. vZool. Gardeng, Perth) ' \ Mr. E. ASHDY, M.B.O.U.. Wittuimft. Blackwoojl. S.A. Hon. General Secretary: Mr. Z. GRAY, L.C.A. (2 Temple Court, Collins Street, Melbournej Hon. Assistant Secretary: Mr. H. F. CLINTON Hon. Treasurer: Dr. BROOKE NICHOLL.S Hon. Editor of "The Emu": Dr. J. A. LEACH, C.M.B.O.U. (2 Temple Court, Collins Street, Melbourne; Hon. AssisUnt Editor: Mr. R. T. LITTLEJOHNS, R.A.O.U. Hon. Librarian: Mr. F. E. WILSON. Hon. Pr«8s Correspondent: Mr. A. H. CHISHOLM ("Daily Telegraph" Office, Sydney, N.S.W.) Curators: (a) Skins: Mr. D. DICKISON; (b) Eggs: Mr. J, A. ROSS; (c) Photos, &c.: Mr. S. A. LAWRENCE. .. . (' Mr. JAS. BARR, F.C.P.A., 42 Temple Court, Melb. Hon. Auditors: ^ ^^ j HEDDING, Monomeith Avenue, Canterbury State Secretaries: Mr. N. CAYLEY, R.A.O.U., c/o Angus & Robertson, 89 Pitt Street, Sydney. Mr. G. H. BARKER. Albert Street. Brisbane. Capt. S. A. WHITE, C.M.B.O.U., Wetunga, Fulham, South Australia. Mr. B. W. LEAKE, Woolundra, Western Australia. Mr. C. E. LORD, Mt. Nelson Road, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania. Mr. W. B. B. OLIVER, F.L.S., R.A.O.U., Dominion Museum, Wellington, N.Z. Council: VUtoria.— Mr. C. L. BARRETT and Col. G. HORNE. New South Wales.— Dr. E. A. D'OMBRAIN and A. S. LE SOUEF Queensland.— Messrs. W. B. ALEXANDER, M.A., and A. H. LONGMAN. South Australia.— Mr. E. ASHBY, M.B.O.U., and Prof. J. B. CLELAND. West Australia.— Mr. Justice T. P. DRAPER. M.B.E., and Mr. P, T. SANDLAND. Tasmania.— Mr. H STUART DOVE, F.Z.S., and Col. T, M. EVANS. New Zealand.— Mr. R. H. D. STIDOLPH, 28 Makora Road, Masterton, Wairarapa, New Zealand, and A. G. SMITH, Tatira, Napiei-. N.Z. £x-Pre6idents (ex officio members). — Sur.-Gsn. Sir C. S. RYAN. Messrs. CHAS. A. BARNARD. R.A.O.U., A. J. CAMPBELL, F.A.O.U., A. H. MATONGLEY, C.F.A.O.U., D. LE SOUEF, R. HALL. J. W. MELLOR, A. B. HULL and Dr. W. MACGILLIVRAY. Check-List Committee: W. B. ALEXANDER, M.A., C.F.A.O.U. Dr. J. A. LEACH. C.M.B.O.U. C. L. BARRETT, C.M.Z.S. Mr. W. H. D. LE SOUEF, C.M.Z.S . 4c. A. J. CAMPBELL, C.M.B.O.U. Dr. MACGILLIVRAY. R.A.O.U. A. H. CHISHOLM. R.A.O.U. Mr. G. M. MATHEWS, F.R.S.E. R. HALL. C.M.B.O.U. ,, A. H. E. MATTINGLEY. C.M.Z S. A. F. BASSET HULL. C.F.A.O.U. .. H. L. WHITF. TF.A.O.U. Captain S. A. WHITE C.M.BCi MELBOURNE : W. A. HAMER. PRINTER. 21 JONES LANE speed. Ask for a copy of new Kodak Catalogue from the iieartst KODAK dcaK^r. or from KODAK (Australasia) PTY. LTD. "The Block," 284 Collins St., MELBOURNE And all States and N.Z. ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION 2 Temple Court, Collins Street, MELBOURNE CO-PATRONS: Their Majesties the King and Qneen PrMident: Dr. J, A. LEACH, C.M.B.O.U.. Q.F.A,O.U. (Vlrtoria) f Major E. A. LE SOUEF, B.V.Sc. (Zool. Qartlent, Perth) Vke-PruU«BU: | ^^ ^ ASHBY, M.B.O.U., Wittunga, Blackwood, S.A. Hon. General Secretary: Mr. Z. GRA.7. L.G.A. (2 Temple Court, Collins Street, Melbourne) Hon. AsaisUnt Secretary: Mr. H. F. CLINTON Hon. Treasurer: Dr. BROOKE NICHOLLS Hon. Editor of "The Emu": Dr. J. A. LEACH. C.M.B.O.U, (2 Temple Court. Collins Street, Melbourne) Hon. Assistant Editor: Mr. R. T. LITTLEJOHKS. R.A.O.U. Hon. Librarian: Mr. F. E. WILSON. Hon. Press Correspondent: Mr. A. H. CHISHOLM. C.F.A.O.U. ("Daily Telegraph" Office, Sydney, N.S.W.) Curators: (a) Skins: Mr. D. DICKISON; (b) Eggs: Mr. J, A. ROSS; (c) Photos, &c.: Mr. S. A. LAWRENCE. f Mr. JAS. BARR, F.C.P.A., 42 Temple Court, Melb. Hon. Auditors: | j^ j jjeddu^q^ Monomeith Avenue. Canterbury State Secretaries: Mr. N. CAYLEY, R.A.O.U., c/o Angus & Robertson, 89 Pitt Street, Sydaay. Mr. G. H. BARKER. Albert Street. Brisbane. Capt. S. A. WHITE, C.M.B.O.U.. Wetunga, Fulham, South Australia. Mr. B. W. LEAKE, Woolundra. Western Australia. Mr. C. E. LORD. Mt. Nelson Road, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania. Mr. W. B. B. OLIVER, F.L.S., R.A.O.U.. Dominion Museum, Wellington, N.Z. Council: Victoria.— Mr. C. L. BARRETT, C.M.Z.S. and Dr. G. HORNE. New South Wales.— Dr. E. A. D'OMBRAIN and A. S. LE SOUEF, C.M.Z.S. Queensland.— Messrs. W. B. ALEXANDER, M.A., and A. H. LONGMAN. South Australia.— Mr. E. ASHBY, M.B.O.U., and Prof. J. B. CLELAND. West Australia.— Mr. Justice T. P. DRAPER, M.B.E., and Mr. P. T. SANDLAND. Tasmania.— Mr. H STUART DOVE, F.Z.S., and Col. T. M. EVANS. New Zealand.— Mr. R. H. D. STIDOLPH, 23 Makora Road. Masterton. Wairarapa, New Zealand, and W. W. Smith, New Plymouth. Ex-Presidents (ex officio members). — Sur.-Gen. Sir C. S. RYAN, Messrs. CHAS. A. BARNARD. R.A.O.U., A. J. CAMPBELL, F.A.O.U.. A, H. MATTINGLEY, C.FJl.O.U., D. LE SOUEF, R. HALL. J. W. MELLOB. A. B. HULL and Dr. W. MACGILLIVRAY. Check-List Committee: Mr. W. B. ALEXANDER, M.A., C.F.A.O,U. Dr. J, A. LEACH, C.M.B.O.U. „ C. L. BARRETT, C.M.Z.S. Mr, W. H. T). LE SOUEF. C.M.Z.S,. Ac. „ A. J. CAMPBELL, C.M.B.O.U, Dr. MACGILLIVRAY, C.F.A.O.U. ., A. H. CHISHOLM, R.A.O.U. Mv. G. M. MATHEWS, F.B.S.E. „ R. HALL, C.M.B.O.U. „ A. H. E. MATTINGLEY, C.M.Z.S. .. A. F. BASSET HULL. C.F.A.O.U. ,. H, L. WHITE, C.F.A.O.U, Captain S. A. -yVHlTE, C.M.B.O.U.. C.F.A.O.U. MELBOURNE : W. A. HAMER. PRINTER, 21 JONES LANE (Off lio l.uiu,u«i^ jh«*> FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA INCLUDING CEYLON and BURMA ^Published under the Authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. Medium 8vo., with 8 Coloured Plates and numerous Illustrations in the text: — BIRDS VOL. I. (Second Edition) London : Taylor & Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, E.C.4. Calcutta: Bombay: Thacker, Spink 8C Co. Thacker & Co., Ltd. NATURE PHOTOGRAPHERS who desire Enlargements or other repro- ductions which, while in every way artistic, yet retain all the points of Scientific interest found in the negative, should get in touch with J. S. P. RAMSAY, 317 George Street, SYDNEY, N.S.W. GRAFLEX and AUSTRAL Let the experience that hat accumulated behind these two names assist when you go in search of camera studies of natural life. A Gniflex Camera and Austral Plates are an ideal combination and stand for absolutely dependable photography. There is a useful quarter plate model, fitted with Kodak F/4.5 anastigmat. Austral plates are made in every speed. Ask for a copy of new Kodak Catalogue from the nearest KODAK dealer, or from KODAK (Australasia) PTY. LTD. "The Block," 284 Collins St., MELBOURNE And all Slair» and N.Z. 'SO Co <^